E Light - Foundry Church: Fill & Download for Free

Here Is The List From Samsara:100:00:20,000 --> 00:00:28,000Balinese Tari Legong Dancers - Indonesia200:01:50,000 --> 00:01:58,000Kilauea Volcano – Hawaii USA300:04:30,000 --> 00:04:38,000Museum Of Egyptian Antiquities400:05:35,000 --> 00:05:43,000Popa Taungkalat Monastery - Bagan Myanmar500:05:51,000 --> 00:05:59,000Bagan - Myanmar600:08:22,000 --> 00:08:30,000Thiksey Monastery - Leh Ladakh India700:13:07,000 --> 00:13:15,000Mt. Nemrut National Park – Adiyaman Turkey800:14:24,000 --> 00:14:32,000Petra - Jordan900:15:10,000 --> 00:15:18,000Cappadocia - Turkey1000:15:33,000 --> 00:15:41,000Dogon Village - Bandiagara Escarpment Cliff Dwellings Near Terelli - Mali1100:16:07,000 --> 00:16:15,000Kolmanskop Namibia1200:17:30,000 --> 00:17:38,000Katrina House - Ninth Ward - New Orleans USA1300:18:19,000 --> 00:18:27,000Ninth Ward - New Orleans USA1400:19:32,000 --> 00:19:40,000Chateau De Versailles - France1500:20:50,000 --> 00:20:58,000Divino - Salvador Church - Sao Paulo Brazil1600:21:43,000 --> 00:21:51,000Cathedral De Notre Dame – Reims France1700:22:17,000 --> 00:22:25,000Cathedral Notre Dame – Paris France1800:23:03,000 --> 00:23:11,000Convento Dei Cappuccini – Palermo Italy1900:23:30,035 --> 00:23:38,035La Sainte Chapelle – Paris France2000:23:50,000 --> 00:23:58,000Mont Saint Michel – Normandy France2100:24:29,000 --> 00:24:37,000Naukluft National Park - Sossusvlei Namibia2200:26:55,000 --> 00:27:03,000Ron Mt. Blanc - France2300:28:13,000 --> 00:28:21,000Arches National Park - Utah USA2400:28:39,000 --> 00:28:47,000Monument Valley - Arizona USA2500:28:50,000 --> 00:28:58,000Antelope Canyon – Arizona USA2600:29:43,000 --> 00:29:51,000Epupa Falls - Angola2700:30:30,000 --> 00:30:38,000Mursi Tribes - Omo Valley Ethiopia2800:31:49,000 --> 00:31:57,000Himba Village - Kunene Namibia2900:34:09,000 --> 00:34:17,000Marcos Luna - Tattoo Daddy - USA3000:36:18,000 --> 00:36:26,000Hiroshi Ishiguro - Professor And Robot Clone - Japan3100:37:24,000 --> 00:37:32,000Oloiver De Sagazan – Paris France3200:40:03,000 --> 00:40:09,000Toshimaen/Hydropolis – Tokyo Japan3300:40:10,000 --> 00:40:18,000Lotte Kasai Golf – Chiba Japan3400:40:34,000 --> 00:40:42,000Indoor Skiing – Dubai UAE3500:41:29,000 --> 00:41:37,000Burj Khalifa Tower – Dubai UAE3600:42:53,000 --> 00:43:01,000Burj Al Arab Hotel – Dubai UAE3700:44:37,000 --> 00:44:44,000Galleria Vittorio Emanuele - Milan Italy3800:44:46,000 --> 00:44:54,000Teatro Alla Scala – Milan Italy3900:49:00,000 --> 00:49:08,000Aadlen Brothers Auto Wrecking - Sun Valley California USA4000:49:15,000 --> 00:49:23,000Electronic Recyclers International - Fresno California4100:55:29,000 --> 00:55:37,000Costco - Van Nuys California4200:57:24,000 --> 00:57:32,000Tsuchiya Shokai Doll Factory - Japan4300:58:38,000 --> 00:58:46,000Ladyboy - Cascade Go-Go Bar - Nana Plaza – Bangkok - Thailand4401:00:04,000 --> 01:00:12,000Fushimi Inari Shrine – Kyoto Japan4501:01:02,000 --> 01:01:10,000Kikumaru Geisha - Japan4601:03:50,000 --> 01:03:58,000Cebu Province Detention Center - Cebu City Philippines4701:07:20,000 --> 01:07:28,000Payatas Trash Dump - Quezon City Philippines4801:08:33,000 --> 01:08:41,000Kawah Ijen Sulfur Mine - Java Indonesia4901:12:02,000 --> 01:12:10,000Kane Kwei Coffin Shop - Accra Ghana5001:13:43,000 --> 01:13:51,000Arms Corporation Of The Philippines5101:14:40,000 --> 01:14:48,000Mursi Tribes - Omo Valley Ethiopia5201:16:40,000 --> 01:16:48,000Staff Sergeant Robert Henline - Los Angeles National Cemetery USA5301:18:17,000 --> 01:18:25,005Tagou Wushu Academy - Zhengzhou China5401:19:02,000 --> 01:19:10,000Demilitarized Zone - Panmunjom North Korea5501:22:02,000 --> 01:22:10,000Wailing Wall – Jerusalem Israel5601:22:56,000 --> 01:23:04,000Great Mosque Of Djenne - Mali5701:24:07,000 --> 01:24:15,000Great Pyramids Of Giza - Egypt5801:24:49,000 --> 01:24:57,000Mosque Of Sultanahmet - Istanbul Turkey5901:25:29,000 --> 01:25:37,000Al-Masjid Al-Haram - Mecca Saudi Arabia6001:30:20,000 --> 01:30:28,000Thiksey Monastery - Leh Ladakh India6101:32:36,000 --> 01:32:44,000Beijing—-Here Are Also The Filming Locations From Baraka:100:00:31,008 --> 00:00:37,079Himalaya mountain rangeTibet, NEPAL200:00:43,339 --> 00:00:47,492Tibetan monasteryTibet, NEPAL300:01:20,571 --> 00:01:26,365Mount Everest, North FaceTibet, NEPAL400:01:48,879 --> 00:01:54,404Hot springsNagano, JAPAN500:03:36,734 --> 00:03:41,794Durbar SquareKathmandu, NEPAL600:04:16,067 --> 00:04:20,516Pasupati templeKathmandu, NEPAL700:04:43,570 --> 00:04:48,704Swayambhu TempleKathmandu, NEPAL800:04:54,937 --> 00:05:00,022Bhaktapur: Hanuman GhatKathmandu, NEPAL900:05:21,559 --> 00:05:26,570Pasupati TempleKathmandu, NEPAL1000:06:04,048 --> 00:06:08,761Swayambhu TempleKathmandu, NEPAL1100:06:40,348 --> 00:06:45,120Sadhu (Shiva devotee) prayingKathmandu, NEPAL1200:07:12,494 --> 00:07:17,431Wailing WallJerusalem, ISRAEL1300:07:37,335 --> 00:07:42,556The Whirling Dervishes, Galata Mevlevi TempleInstambul, TURKEY1400:08:16,480 --> 00:08:21,375Muhammad ShrineMecca, SAUDI ARABIA1500:08:34,474 --> 00:08:41,520Emam MosqueIsfahan, IRAN1600:08:58,024 --> 00:09:03,462Church of the Holy SepulchreJerusalem, ISRAEL1700:09:12,589 --> 00:09:17,673Reims CathedralReims, FRANCE1800:09:35,098 --> 00:09:40,300Church of the Holy SepulchreJerusalem, ISRAEL1900:09:55,952 --> 00:10:01,816Light offerings, Jokang TempleLhasa, TIBET2000:10:28,263 --> 00:10:33,258Swayambhu TempleKathmandu, NEPAL2100:10:44,518 --> 00:10:48,656Oil fireKUWAIT2200:10:56,547 --> 00:11:01,897Ryoan-Ji Temple, Zen Karesansui rock gardenKyoto, JAPAN2300:11:19,372 --> 00:11:22,549Tokyo, JAPAN2400:11:23,029 --> 00:11:25,357HONG-KONG2500:11:27,943 --> 00:11:30,419Tokyo, JAPAN2600:11:42,576 --> 00:11:48,348Big SurCalifornia, USA2700:12:01,222 --> 00:12:06,591Uluwatu TempleBali, INDONESIA2800:12:10,035 --> 00:12:15,635Rice fieldsBali, INDONESIA2900:12:32,145 --> 00:12:37,803Preah Khan TempleAngkor, CAMBODIA3000:12:40,385 --> 00:12:46,447Angkor WatAngkor, CAMBODIA3100:12:53,013 --> 00:12:59,941Angkor WatAngkor, CAMBODIA3200:13:05,497 --> 00:13:09,682Prambanan TempleJava, INDONESIA3300:13:11,053 --> 00:13:16,609Borodour TempleJava, INDONESIA3400:13:23,680 --> 00:13:28,226Prambanan TempleJava, INDONESIA3500:13:28,876 --> 00:13:33,061Gunung Kawi, Tampak Siring TempleBali, INDONESIA3600:13:34,288 --> 00:13:38,473Kecak (Balinese Monkey Chant)Bali, INDONESIA3700:15:53,625 --> 00:15:58,388Mount BromoJava, INDONESIA3800:16:33,313 --> 00:16:39,230Puuoo National ParkHAWAII3900:17:18,123 --> 00:17:24,401Haleakala National ParkMaui, HAWAII4000:18:18,304 --> 00:18:24,510Arches National ParkUtah, USA4100:18:48,251 --> 00:18:53,302Canyonlands National ParkUtah, USA4200:19:09,578 --> 00:19:15,235Mesa Verde National ParkColorado, USA4300:19:49,121 --> 00:19:54,374Arches National ParkUtah, USA4400:20:18,519 --> 00:20:24,868Galapagos IslandsECUADOR4500:21:06,070 --> 00:21:11,843Ayers Rock, Uluru National ParkAUSTRALIA4600:21:50,881 --> 00:21:56,365Cave drawings, Kakadu National ParkDarwin, AUSTRALIA4700:22:51,753 --> 00:22:57,309Al Aukre, Kayapo VillageBRAZIL4800:23:27,759 --> 00:23:33,099Masaai Mara, Masaai tribeKENIA4900:25:32,377 --> 00:25:37,645Kayapo tribeBRAZIL5000:26:19,659 --> 00:26:25,612Pukamani ceremony (Funeral Dance), Tiwi TribeBathurst Island, AUSTRALIA5100:26:57,813 --> 00:27:04,308FlamingoesLake Magadi, KENYA5200:27:13,147 --> 00:27:18,469Iguazu FallsARGENTINA5300:28:59,808 --> 00:29:06,572Lake NatronTANZANIA5400:30:19,814 --> 00:30:26,038SerengetiKENYA5500:30:35,328 --> 00:30:41,372Thompson Gazelles, Masaai MaraKENYA5600:31:04,057 --> 00:31:09,694RainforestBRAZIL5700:32:03,589 --> 00:32:09,452Kayapo LeaderBRAZIL5800:32:16,555 --> 00:32:22,080Serra Pelada gold mineBRAZIL5900:33:07,744 --> 00:33:13,381Al AukreBRAZIL6000:33:23,669 --> 00:33:28,179Kayapo tribeBRAZIL6100:33:37,058 --> 00:33:42,555Favela da RocinhaRio de Janeiro, BRAZIL6200:35:59,825 --> 00:36:05,181Walled City, demolished in 1992Kowloon, HONG-KONG6300:36:44,502 --> 00:36:50,280Ciudad Blanca, Cemeterio General(The White City, Cemetery)Guyaquil, ECUADOR6400:37:17,199 --> 00:37:22,413INDONESIA6500:37:27,910 --> 00:37:34,675Gudang Garam Cigarette FactoryKediri, Java, INDONESIA6600:38:30,062 --> 00:38:35,418JR Shinjuku StationTokyo, JAPAN6700:39:25,309 --> 00:39:31,369Green Plaza Capsule HotelTokyo, JAPAN6800:39:44,758 --> 00:39:50,678Japanese Buddist monkTokyo, JAPAN6900:41:44,977 --> 00:41:51,178Belo HorizonteSao Paolo, BRAZIL7000:42:21,902 --> 00:42:28,526Park AvenueNew-York, USA7100:43:15,599 --> 00:43:21,378Great MosqueMecca, SAUDI ARABIA7200:43:30,961 --> 00:43:36,458Shibuya StationTokyo, JAPAN7300:44:01,827 --> 00:44:08,592Grand Central TerminalNew-York, USA7400:44:37,343 --> 00:44:43,121JR Shinjuku Rail StationTokyo, JAPAN7500:45:32,449 --> 00:45:37,945JVC Yokosuka FactoryTokyo, JAPAN7600:46:15,160 --> 00:46:21,077NMB Keyboard FactoryBang Pa-In, Ayutthaya province, THAILAND7700:46:44,882 --> 00:46:51,662Gudang Garam Cigarette FactoryKediri, Java, INDONESIA7800:47:28,296 --> 00:47:35,186World Trade Center, North TowerNew-York, USA7900:48:02,852 --> 00:48:08,539Chicken farm8000:50:24,730 --> 00:50:31,073Park AvenueNew-York, USA8100:50:56,992 --> 00:51:02,766Silent scream, Buto dancerTokyo, JAPAN8200:51:37,257 --> 00:51:42,506YEMEN8300:52:10,392 --> 00:52:15,969City landfillCalcutta, INDIA8400:54:15,605 --> 00:54:21,948São João AvenueSão Paolo, BRAZIL8500:55:44,293 --> 00:55:50,745INDIA8600:56:12,178 --> 00:56:17,099CAMBODIA8700:56:52,531 --> 00:56:57,998BRAZIL8800:57:13,964 --> 00:57:19,104Bangkok, THAILAND8900:57:43,491 --> 00:57:49,069Buto danceTokyo, JAPAN9000:58:53,808 --> 00:58:58,839B-52 bombers, Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration CenterTucson, Arizona, USA9100:59:29,786 --> 00:59:34,707Wailing WallJerusalem, ISRAEL9200:59:51,876 --> 00:59:57,563Oil fireKUWAIT9301:01:26,687 --> 01:01:32,702Highway 80KUWAIT9401:02:09,665 --> 01:02:15,461Bytom foundryBytom, POLAND9501:03:19,763 --> 01:03:26,980KonzentrationslagerAuschwitz, POLAND9601:05:07,998 --> 01:05:14,013Tuol Sleng MuseumPhnom Pen, CAMBODIA9701:06:24,820 --> 01:06:31,108CAMBODIA9801:06:53,116 --> 01:07:00,361Great Hall of The People, Tianenman SquareBeijing, CHINA9901:07:46,290 --> 01:07:53,467People's Heros Monument, Tienanmen SquareBeijing, CHINA10001:08:02,010 --> 01:08:08,845Terracotta Army, Mausoleum of the First Qin EmperorShaanxi province, CHINA10101:09:01,985 --> 01:09:08,649Persepolis, IRAN10201:09:56,663 --> 01:10:04,352Pyramids at GizaCairo, EGYPT10301:10:23,660 --> 01:10:29,128Temple Of Ramses IILuxor, EGYPT10401:10:55,100 --> 01:11:02,106Angkor WatAngkor, CAMBODIA10501:11:31,837 --> 01:11:37,817Angkor Ta Proum courtyardAngkor, CAMBODIA10601:12:48,215 --> 01:12:54,196Ganges RiverINDIA10701:13:32,300 --> 01:13:39,134GhatsVaranasi, INDIA10801:13:52,121 --> 01:13:58,272Dasaswameth GhatVaranasi, INDIA10901:14:08,524 --> 01:14:14,334Uttar PradeshVaranasi, INDIA11001:14:42,527 --> 01:14:48,849Benaras GhatVaranasi, INDIA11101:15:20,289 --> 01:15:28,149Ganges RiverINDIA11201:19:51,159 --> 01:19:58,848Ryoan-Ji TempleKyoto, JAPAN11301:20:36,866 --> 01:20:43,487Masaai MaraKENYA11401:21:24,923 --> 01:21:32,185The Whirling Dervishes, Galata Mevlevi TempleInstambul, TURKEY11501:22:35,833 --> 01:22:41,813Wailing WallJerusalem, ISRAEL11601:22:52,706 --> 01:22:58,473Church of the Holy SepulchreJerusalem, ISRAEL11701:23:19,618 --> 01:23:24,317Isfahan, IRAN11801:23:29,656 --> 01:23:37,131The Ka'abaMecca, SAUDI ARABIA11901:24:22,198 --> 01:24:28,178Grand MosqueMecca, SAUDI ARABIA12001:24:40,353 --> 01:24:45,479Hagia SophiaInstambul, TURKEY12101:24:45,480 --> 01:24:51,886St. Peter's BasilicaVATICAN, ITALY12201:25:20,507 --> 01:25:28,623Mausoleum of Shah-e-CherachShiraz, IRAN12301:25:42,720 --> 01:25:49,554Church of the Holy SepulchreJerusalem, ISRAEL12401:26:03,438 --> 01:26:09,632Funeral Lights on the GangesVaranasi, INDIA12501:26:29,281 --> 01:26:35,048Ryoan-Ji TempleKyoto, JAPAN12601:26:57,261 --> 01:27:03,455Angkor WatAngkor, CAMBODIA12701:28:35,083 --> 01:28:42,132Temple Of Ramses IILuxor, EGYPT12801:29:36,597 --> 01:29:44,927The Turret Arch, Arches National ParkUtah, USA

Hi AmandaWow, you ask a lot, more than you probably realise! You have access to the internet right? Firstly, ‘Oak trees’ are completely different to ‘Hemlocks’. But, literally, hundreds of books have been written exclusively on Oak trees.Secondly, I have pasted below a short history of English Oak I wrote about 12 years ago, for you. But it is not so scientific as perhaps you would like.I don’t know much about Hemlocks, but a useful factoid for you maybe that their genra is Tsuga, the Japanese work for a Fir, which they very closely resemble.English Oak (Quercus robur)A HistoryOak trees and their ‘Pannage’, were first recorded as a national asset in The Doomsday Book: the Norman stock-take of England after the conquest of 1066. Pannage refers to the wealth of acorns to fall in a forest in terms of supporting swine. However the importance of Oak trees to the economy goes back much further. Due to its long and hot burning charcoal, Oak was the preferred timber with which to separate iron from its ore and thus was one of the key vectors from Bronze to Iron Age. Oak’s strong durable timber was used to make homes and boats and the tannin from the sap and bark had many uses mainly in the curing and preservation of leather. Coopers admired its durability and due to its plentiful nature, it became the prime wood of barrels and the tannin flavour is still prized today in fine wines. The plentiful tannin found in galls on the Oak used to be concentrated down and mixed with ‘iron salts’ for a good ink.The Tudors loved Oak for building their fine houses and ships. It was in a booming Elizabethian economy that the first law protecting Oak trees and their good husbandry was passed, the results of which we still admire today. The defeat of the Spanish Aramrda in 1588, made clear the importance of naval defence and the protection of the forests that the ship builders depended upon. Not only were Oaks just preserved, but also they were managed, often low branches would be ‘crooked’, half snapped, tip up, such that in time the thick branch would be have a right-angle in it, which when felled, would form the mighty ‘knees’ of a battle ship, those right-angular, knee-like sections of wood that would attach the stern and the decks to the sides. The Oaks would also be planted at the correct spacing to allow their mighty limbs to curl upward at the correct sweep for the ‘ribs’ of the battleships.Oak provided the ‘wooden walls’ of England in the form of the Royal Navy, again during the early 19th Century, when Napoleon’s 1 million strong invasion army was massing at the French channel ports, provoking the first sea lord, Earl St Vincent, to say at the time “I am not saying that he [Bonapart] can not invade, but I am saying he can not invade by sea!”A first rate ship such as HMS Victory needed some 6000 mature Oak trees to build, about 100 acres of Oak woodland and in 1800 the Royal Navy listed 300 first rate ships as active, representing over a million oak trees! Thus the planning of King Henry VIII to preserve the New Forest, used at the time for hunting, near Portsmouth, the centre of the Royal Navy, was provident indeed. Even so a million Oak trees felled would have cleared the countryside, just as well many of these ships were captured from the French! Nelson was so concerned that in 1802 he beseeched the admiralty to plant more Oaks, which finally in 1808 in The Forest of Dean, they did.The first boilers of the emerging Industrial Revolution used Oak charcoal for fuel, until in the early 17th Century, and the discovery that coal formed a hotter and cleaner fuel. The great foundries powered by coal, produced the iron and steel that made the wooden walls of England obsolete, with the great ‘Ironsides’ forming the new navy. Yet still the Official March of the Royal Navy is ‘Hearts of Oak’, to acknowledge those wooden walls that kept Britain safe for nearly 800 years.Since that time, Oak has had a lesser part to play in history, yet still its qualities as static hardwood (less likely to warp and twist, or ‘move’ when dried) are praised and it is the carpenters’ choice from floors to doors. And of course the musty tannin flavour is still cherished in fine wine today.Spirituality and FolkloreThe Oak has long been revered and admired for its qualities of strength and endurance and if Lions have their place as ‘King of the Beasts’ then it would be oaks that would be ‘King of the Trees’. Indeed Oaks have a long connection with Royalty, or perhaps Royalty with them, for Kings were anxious to be symbolised with similar virtues of strength, constance and shelter. It was under a huge Oak in France that a concord was reached between the Kings of England and France in the 13th Century, so huge that 12 men could just link hands about the trunk. It was an Oak that sheltered King Charles II near Boscobel in Shropshire after his defeat at The Battle of Worcester in 1651. At the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles formed the Knighthood of ‘The Order of The Royal Oak’ for those who had offered protection and sanctuary to the royalist cause. It was in this time that a popular restoration cartoon showed Oliver Cromwell ‘Felling the ‘Royale Oake of Brittayne’.The Major Oak of Sherwood Forest, vast and cunningly hollow, was reputably the hiding place of Robin Hood. Thought to be over 800 years old, this tree, though splendid, must have been very much thinner in the 13th Century, Robin must have indeed been a clever fellow to get inside! However the symbolism of Oak as shelter and strength in adversity, probably was in truth a reality to the Mediaeval outlaw, who had no home but the Forest.Pliney the Elder, writing in circa AD75, after Claudius’s conquest of England in AD 51, was fascinated by the rituals of Druids, meaning Oakmen, involving Oak trees, the celtic symbol of life, Mistletoe, gold daggers, white cloaks and the sacrifice of Bulls. Indeed no Druid would perform any ritual without Oak foliage somehow involved and any ritual fires would only be form Oak wood, started by rubbing furiously together. It was said at this time that a squirrel could cross from coast to coast without ever touching the ground, if it did, it would have been mainly Oak branches that it scampered upon.Before the even the Romans, the Greeks recognised the strength of oak for symbolically, the Club of Hercules was of Oak, from which, later, the Romans fashioned the Bow of Cupid from, perhaps pertaining to the truth and integrity of Oak, strangely the wood for the arrows are not mentioned!Oaks across Saxon Europe were worshiped as a connection with spirituality, and to those of a pagan mind it is easy to see why, when standing under an ancient gnarled and vast Oak, the qualities of endurance, perseverance and longevity are not lost on those bound not to endure. Both in German and US military awards Oak leaves are used to symbolise an enhancement or repeat of valour, endurance and courage. Coinage in European culture often has used Oak leaves in the sense of lending reliability and longevity to the money.In the 17th Century the Herbalist Culpepper, no doubt mindful of the robust and enduring nature of Oaks, wrote of powdered acorns taken in wine “to resist the poison of venomous creatures”, I not at all sure he just referring to animals! In contemporary herbal medicine, Oak bark decoctions and tinctures are used as an Astringent for Diarrhoea and Dysentery internally and Haemorrhoids, mouth inflammations, nasal polyps, sore throats and ‘wounds’ externally. These prescriptions do come with heavy warnings on the astringent nature of Oak bark.Oak is one of the Bach Flower Remedies, (Dr E Bach, Homeopathic Physician) being given to ‘support brave and strong people who never give up the fight, in connection with their health or every day affairs, but who do not know how or when to give up and who have difficulty acknowledging their weeknesses’. Again the Oakish qualities of robust endurance, come what may, seem to feature here.No folklore on Oak would be complete without a reference to The Green Man, that evergreen, ephemeral spirit lord of the forest. A symbol of fecundity and renewal, though often sinister and deeply pagan, most Green Men are decorated with Oak leaves, again symbolising kingship of the woods. Cunningly interwoven into the fabric of the early churches, peeping from a dark corner, or the end of a pew, oak leaves emerging from mouth or ear, The Green Man, a craftsman device, half smiling, covered and covert, seems to offer a small loop hole of pagan thought to creep into the bright new churches. Oak was used extensively in the building of early churches and I think that is why The Green Man was tolerated in these Christian buildings, in acknowledgement of his sacrifice.Oak features in many place names in recognition of this mighty tree and through our heritage, legend and folklore, Oak in our culture has become a bye-word for strength, integrity and endurance. The botanical name for The English Oak, acknowledges this, Quercus robur, robust. Long living, despite adversity, the Oak is prized in heritage, revered in Folklore and steeped in legend.Environmental FactorsThe mature Oak is unique in Britain as it integrates with or supports over 2000 different species of flora and fauna; by far the greatest. This is partly as a result of being indigenous to Britain from a very early stage and as a result of its longevity. Approximately 1 in 10,000 small acorns will actually become a ‘mighty’ Oak, but once established, the individual tree is indomitable and Oak becomes the dominant forest species. King of the forests indeed.In the managed woodlands of the last 1,000 years, the economic importance of Oak, enhanced this dominance with management schemes such as the ‘Oak over Hazel’ copse becoming commonplace. The Hazel would be coppiced, giving the woodland its name, on an 8-12 year basis, (cut to ground level, to then re-emerge as strong straight stems, ideal for wattle, a mediaeval equivalent to plasterboard), and mature Oaks felled in small numbers continually.Due to the great numbers of species associated with the mature Oak tree and its longevity, it is true to an extent that singularly, the mature Oak forms the main frame for its very own eco-system. Remove the Oak tree and the whole eco-system it supported fails. Thus in terms of bio-diversity, the watch word for the preservation, there is no other species, plant or animal, in Britain more important than Oak.A squirrel would be hard pressed to cross a couple of miles walking on Oak branches alone today. That is why the Oak needs our protection now and for the next 1,000 years, just as we were protected by the Oak for the last 1,000 years.Health and SafetyThe Common Oak is prey to all manner of pests and diseases, but very few prove fatal. ‘Sudden Oak Death’ though sudden is very rare, so far. In Britain this disease Phytophthora ramoram attacks the main stem of the tree and is thought to get there from under-canopy Rhododendrons. Only two cases have been confirmed in Britain since 1993, in Sussex and Cornwall and neither involved the English Oak. However we must be vigilant least the Oak suffers a similar fate to the Elm.Of perhaps more concern is the endemic, pan-European ‘Oak Decline’, which is perhaps a combination of many factors. Oak dieback and mortality can be noted all over Britain and some areas it can be seen particularly clearly. These are normally associated with leaf or root attack, not stem cankers as in Sudden Oak Death. Oak decline perhaps also involves, air quality, climate change, surface and sub-surface water retention, as well as biotic agents such as Scale insect attack, etc.Over mature Oaks do ‘Staghorn’. This is a very good lay-man’s term to describe the Oak’s shrinking canopy, leaving behind, or above, the old dead branches, like Staghorns, normally occupied by a Crow or a Buzzard. The canopy of a tree is linked to the roots, if the roots are compromised, for whatever reason, then they can only support a lesser amount of leaves.Perhaps the most common reason Oaks’ Staghorn is due to water levels in the soil dropping, this will have an effect on the ability of the roots to supply the crown with water and the crown will shrink. With Oak, due to the incredibly hard nature of its dead wood, dead branches do not drop off neatly after a few years, but accusingly remain, to attest to the changed environment about it, for many a year.More likely than suddenly die, Oak is known to ‘Summer Branch Drop’. A progressive weakness such as a fungal pathogen within the wood can ultimately cause the wood to fail structurally. This is most likely to happen first at the trunk-branch union where most weight operates on the wood, particularly on such a tree as English Oak, where the branches almost grow out at right angles to the trunk. This syndrome is also most likely to happen when maximum weight is on the branch, late summer, with a full leaf and acorn load, after a rainstorm.Oaks generally are a very safe tree, however they do produce a fair amount of dead wood, which, depending on the location, is wise to remove from time to time, as sooner or later, probably later, it will fall off. They will tolerate heavy tree surgery, even Pollarding.Most common bracket fungi likely to effect a mature Oak’s safety in terms of collapse (structural integrity of roots and stem) are:Fistulina hepatica Beefsteak Fungus (looks like a steak)Ganoderma lucidum/resinaceum Artists Fungus (you can draw on the underside)Inonotus dryadeus Warted Oak (big pale blob at base)Laetiporus sulphurous Chicken in the Wood (looks like a chickens tail)Arboricultural considerationsEnglish Oak makes a large spreading tree, not suitable for small gardens.They will tolerate poor soils and hard conditions. They tolerate hard pruning in the winter months.It is usual for Oaks to produce dead wood as the crown grows, as the heavy outer foliage shades internal shoots out. Sometimes if a single tree is over-run by a pest one year, that attacks the buds, it is the larger terminal bud that is more often attacked. As a result a lateral buds shoots forth and takes the branch growth in a different location. If a similar terminal bud failure occurs the same will happen again and branches will appear to zig-zag reflecting this.Ivy can kill Oaks. Not by strangulation, as is commonly miss-understood, but rather suffocation, by denial of light to the leaves. Ivy is an admirable plant with a clever strategy of success, its evergreen leaves provide year round shelter for small birds and the insects they feed on. However, infestation of ivy adds significantly to the load of a branch and offers winter sail for the heavy weather of the year, as well as competing with the Oaks leaves for light. Thus my rule is, ivy in the forest not in the garden and often advise severing or removing the ivy of park and garden trees.In the crown a less healthy tree, you may look to find, sparse foliage, plentiful dead wood, zig-zagging branches, epicormic growth, which is that new growth from old wood.Key Points of IdentificationThere thought to be over 600 species of Oak, mainly in warmer climes than the British Isles. The other common Oaks are The Sessile Oak, The Turkey Oak and The Holm Oak which is evergreen. (Scarlet Oaks and Red Oaks refer to their autumn colour and are seen in parks and gardens, seldom in the countryside.)Oaks are in the Beech Family of trees, the Fagaceae family. This refers to their flowers, which are the sexual organs of the tree. Fagus comes from the latin ‘wind’ thus in this family the male seeds are wind borne. The male flowers are small and inconspicuous and their tiny pollen is blown off during spring. The female flowers start inconspicuous but swell to form the fruit, or acorns once pollinated. As both sexes exist on one tree, Oaks are monoecius.All Oaks have acorns and all Oaks bud in tip clusters.The English Oak Quercus robur (quercus meaning ‘Oak’ in latin and robur, robust)The English Oak has leaves with the familiar lobed shape, with almost no petiole, that mini branch that joins the leaf to the twig. But the acorns do have a stalk and this stalk gives the tree another common name The Peduncular Oak. As the first bud of the tree was also in a blunt cluster, this gives rise to The English Oak’s primary branch structure of a short squat stem from where, at the top, typically four or five major branches erupt without a very dominant main leader. The winter outline of the singular tree is normally of a hemi-spherical shape and the branch tips appear twiggy in that they are not straight and are multi-directional, as lateral buds have similar growth to the terminal buds.The Sessile Oak Quercus patrea (patrea comes from the latin for ‘rocks’)The Sessile Oak leaves are not so deeply lobed as Q. robur, and do have a yellowy petiole, the acorns do not, hence ‘Sessile’, (without stalk). This tree is a pioneer species, which means that it was one of the first trees to inhabit these islands after the last ice-age. This why we see this tree typically toward the north of The British Isles or on high ground in the south, this is why it’s botanical name is associated with rock, as opposed to the lowland or valleys of the English Oak.Form afar, The Sessile Oak is more upright than Q. robur, with a dominant main stem, resulting in a longer bowl and taller domed shaped tree. Less spreading and with straighter branches and tips as a result of the terminal buds more dominant growth pattern.The Turkey Oak Quercus cerris (cerris comes from the Greek name for this tree)The leaves of The Turkey Oak are longer, slimmer and more deeply lobed that Q. robur & patrea. It is a tall upright tree, easily mistaken from afar with Q. patrea, normally with one dominant leader that was introduced from the Balkans (hence Turkey) early in the 18th Century by an Exeter nursery man John Lucombe. The key to identify this tree is that the cups of the acorns have a mossy growth or ‘beard’, also the bud tips have protruding whiskers. It is also called The Mossy Cup Oak as a result. It is a fast grower, resulting in massive straight bowls, but the timber is not as durable as Q. robur & patrea with long cracks or ‘shakes’ appearing in the felled stem so it is not so favoured as timber tree.The Holm Oak Quercus ilex (ilex being the botanical name for Holly)This tree is evergreen and goes by many common names, reflecting this; Holm being the old English for Holly, also Holly Oak, Green Oak, etc. Leaves on the juvenile tree can have quite spiky lobes adding to the Holly connection, but in time the lobes shrink to form a more rounded shape. The stem of this tree is very dark greyish black with the bark fissures forming shallow square shapes. From afar, this tree if un-pruned, forms a fairly untidy boxy shape.

The Culture of the Democratic Republic of Congo Observing from ethnic groups, languages, religions, literature, theatre, sculptures, masks, music and fashion, Congo is, without a doubt, one of the most remarkable and exceptional artistic centers that Africa has to offer.Kasai velvetBuli’s Master stool, (Berlin Ethnological Museum).Peoples, languages, culturesAs for other African countries, the borders of the country were drawn by the colonizer, without particular concern to coincide with the ethnic borders. There are at least 450 languages spoken in the country, and an undoubtedly equivalent number of ethnic groups. It is generally considered that there are four large ethnic families:The pygmies, the first inhabitants of the Congo, generally hunter-gatherers in the equatorial forest. Accustomed to a life in the middle of nature, they generally trade the product of their hunting with the other tribes against agricultural products. They are more and more involved in Congolese society, losing some of their particularities;The Bantu, arrived in Congo in successive waves between 2000 and 500, coming from southern Nigeria. They are by far the largest group, and are mostly cultivators. They are found across the country, and three of their four languages ​​have the status of the country's national language . These are lingala , tchiluba and kikongo. Kikongo is spoken by the Bakongos, in the west of the country, in the province of Bas-Congo and the south of Bandundu. We can also find traces of kikongo among American descendants from slavery. For example in the language Gullah in South Carolina which contains various elements Kikongo. Kikongo was originally spoken in the capital Kinshasa, but it has been supplanted by Lingala, spoken throughout the middle course of the Congo River and its tributaries. It is also the language traditionally used in the army, as well as in traditional popular music ( Papa Wemba, Koffi Olomidé , Werrason , Ray Lema ...) whose production is centered in Kinshasa. The tchiluba (orChiluba or Luba-Kasai ) is spoken in the Kasai region .The East African led the fourth national language, Kingwana — a local dialect of Kiswahili. East Africans are related to Bantu, but are more willing to breed. They arrived in the Congo from different territories (Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi and Tanzania ), occasions and times, and tensions with the Bantu have repeatedly manifested themselves, especially during recent conflicts.The northeastern part of the country is inhabited by groups who are believed to have originally come from the southern Sudan region.In addition to these languages, French, which at the end of colonization avoided having to choose between the many languages ​​of the country and which was the only one that the elites had been trained to write, has the status of official language, used especially for all official communications and generally in writing.The Democratic Republic of the Congo is now estimated to be the most populous French-speaking country in the world. These cutouts are partially a simplified view. Many Congolese are multilingual (local mother tongue, one or more national languages, French), and languages ​​are used preferentially depending on the context. French is the language used by the administration, the national languages ​​are generally used for business, and the local language in private life. Practically not spoken in the west, English increased in importance in the east especially since the fall of Mobutu. President Joseph Kabila himself would have a better command of English than French. Practical slang exist, such as the Indubil whose existence is reported from the vicinity of the sixties and continues to evolve today.Mixed marriages are common, especially in urban areas where communities coexist. Europeans are mainly focused in large cities (mainly Kinshasa and Lubumbashi), generally working in trade and humanitarian work. Missionaries officiate in the countryside. Certain communities, including the Lebanese (Kinshasa), the Greeks (Lubumbashi) or the Pakistanis, established for decades, have maintained their activities despite the upheavals of the country, and control a significant part of the economy.Agriculture, hunting, food and drinkLess than 2% of the land is cultivated, and mainly used for local consumption. The peoples of the bush thus harvest fruits, mushrooms, honey ..., as well as game meat and fish. They sometimes sell these products on local markets, or by the roadside. Since the recent wars and their consequences (looting, deterioration of infrastructure, communication ...), livestock and large-scale agriculture have been in decline. The Agriculture Crop bring many vegetables, such as corn, the rice, the cassava, the yam, the peanut, the banana plantain, tomatoes and a variety of peas or beans, and many fruits. These are found across the country, but there are other local productions. Some commodities are exported, particularly coffee and palm oil.Congolese food is most often composed of starchy foods, vegetables, and sometimes meat or fish, cooked in a single dish or stew. Starchy foods are often presented in the form of bread baked from a dough made from cassava or corn, called foufou or ugali. For consumption, the foufou often comes in balls the size of a tennis ball, often half open to allow the moistening of the sauce. A fermented cassava bread, baked and wrapped in large sheets, the Chikwangue (sometimes kwanga), is also widespread throughout the country. The Lituma is made of crushed plantains and cooked in the form of balls. Sweet potato is usually prepared in the same way, sometimes mixed with peanuts cooked in certain regions. Rice is usually served with beans. To accompany these starchy foods, green vegetables including cassava leaves (sakasáka or mpoundu), bítekuteku (close to spinach), mfumbwa, okra or ngaï-ngaï (sorrel). The mushrooms are appreciated, especially in Lubas.The vegetarianism is unknown, but these foods, however, are often eaten without meat, due to its price. The fish is usually on the menu along the river, its tributaries, its lakes. It can be baked or over a fire, boiled, fried for immediate consumption, or smoked or salted for delayed consumption. It is often presented in the form of liboke (pl: maboke), papillotes in banana leaves. The goat is consumed.The Mwambe (moambe) is a common preparation of chicken, and is based sauce peanut (instead of palm oil as in other countries). Insects (caterpillars, grasshopper) are widely eaten by some various ethnic groups. To the west are the cossa-cossa (prawns). The sauces in these dishes are usually made with tomatoes, onions, and local aromatic plants. The flavor is given by palm oil, salt and red or green peppers.BeveragesWaterSodaTraditional (millet, sorghum) or modern beerPalm winePowdered milkLotoko, Supu Na ToloNganda malewa restaurantsThe term Malewa comes from the deformation of the vocabulary “Madesu” which means “Bean”, the most requested dish in our restaurants, that’s why when someone went to the restaurant, we said “okeyi malewa? Are you going to eat the beans?”. The Nganda Malewa restaurants in Kinshasa, a city with multiple culinary influences, are restaurants serving food from a particular region of the Congo, with possible more western foods, such as bread and beer. Often run by single women, Nganda Malewa restaurants are snacks between bars and restaurants.Typical distinctions of Nganda restaurants malewa are:Nganda du fleuve, serving fire-cooked fish with plantains, from upstream of Kinshasa;Nganda du Kongo, serving fish dishes with vegetable sauce, with chikwangue described above, from Bas-Congo ;Nganda from Kasaï, serving goat meat with rice and vegetables.The Nganda Malewa restaurants differ according to the geographic or ethnic origin of their customers, but also according to the majority social class of the customers: workers, migrants, traders, government officials. Mayi ya lobo means the tea or coffee that is taken in the morning always in the malewa before going to the serving. The expression Mayi ya lobo or simply Lobo, comes from a small stream in the commune of Ngaba called Lobo where, an avenue bears this name to this day, and whose water is the color of tea without milk. To take a red tea with bread, we said mayi ya lobo.HealthHealth in the Democratic Republic of CongoMalaria, yellow fever, HIV ...MalnutritionAlcohol consumption 6Onchocerciasis ( Onchocerca volvulus parasite )Ebola virus diseaseBas-Congo virus (BASV), spotted in 2012traditional healerMedicinal plantsSportsSports in Congo (DRC)Congolese sportspeople (DRC), Congolese sportswomen (DRC)Democratic Republic of Congo at the Olympic GamesDemocratic Republic of the Congo at the Paralympic GamesAfrican Games or Pan-African Games , since 1965, every 4 years (... 2011-2015-2019 ...)Raphaël de la Kethulle de Ryhove (1890-1956)Martial ArtsList of traditional African struggles by countryHandcraftsApplied Arts , Decorative Arts, Minor arts, Arts and Crafts, Artisan (s), Living Human Treasures , Master of artCrafts by country, Artists by country The know-how linked to traditional crafts is (partly) part of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity.Graphic artsCalligraphy, Illumination, Engraving, OrigamiList of petroglyphic sites in Africa, Rock artTextilesTextile Art, Textile Arts, Fiber, Textile Fiber, Textile DesignFashion, Suit, Garment, Garment Making, StylingTextile transformation technique, Weaving, Embroidery, Sewing , Knitting, Lace, Tapestry,FashionSape, fire, Sapologie, La SapeLeatherLeather, Shoe, FurPaperPaper, Printing, Paper and graphic technology, Illumination, Graphic design, Graphic arts, Digital designWoodWoodworking, Woodwork, Carpentry, Cabinetmaking, Marquetry, Woodcut, Wood Carving, Furniture, ViolinMetalMetal , Seven metals, Ironwork, Armory, Foundry, Dinanderie, Gilding, ChalcographyPottery, ceramics, earthenwareMosaic, Pottery, Ceramic, TerracottaCeramics from sub-Saharan AfricaGlass ArtGlass art, Glass, Stained glass, MiroirJewelry, bijouterie, goldsmitheryManufacture of pearl bracelets.Lapidary, Jewelery, Watchmaking, Jewelery, Goldsmith’sSpaceInterior architecture, Decoration, Lighting, Scenography, Marble, MosaicGarden, Landscaping.Clothing and fashionFormerly the Congolese dressed in clothes made of raffia or bark fabric. Today, these modes of clothing continue in ceremonies or other ritual or folk events. The colonization of the country changed the local dress standards which adopted the western dress mode. During Mobutu’s presidency, abacost made its appearance as a formal costume as a garment of authenticity. Western ties and jackets were prohibited. Women traditionally wear a large printed fabric, called loincloth. Jewelry is usually only worn for special occasions. Men often wear patterned shirts and pants. In town, it is common to see young people dress like music stars, which is considered by some to be a mark of elegance. Hip-hop fashion is growing in popularity among the Congolese youth.Traditional dancersDouble loinclothLoincloth dressWestern clothingSappers’ outfits.TraditionsReligionReligion in the Democratic Republic of the CongoCatholicism in the Democratic Republic of CongoIslam in the Democratic Republic of CongoBumba (god)Bon Nouveau Message Church / KCC (1955)Kimbanguist Church, Simon Kimbangu (1887-1951)Various religious movements: Ngunzism (1934-); mzadism, khakism, matswanism ( André Matswa )Aniota (secret society), Tupelepele, Kitawwala.CompanyEducationEducation system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (headings)Lycée français René-Descartes de KinshasaBosangani High SchoolPrince de Liège High SchoolSchool of computer science, electronics and accountingList of universities in the Democratic Republic of CongoKinshasa Academy of Fine ArtsFrench Institute of the Democratic Republic of CongoLiteratureCongolese writers (DRC)List of writers from the Democratic Republic of Congo (in)Zairian literature of the French language 1945-1965 (Mukala Kadima Nzu, 1984)New history of Congo-Kinshasa literature (Silvia Riva, 2000)The literature in the DRC is contrasted. Is essentially French-speaking, in writing, with the exception of books on religion or community development.WritersLéonie Abo (1945– ), autobiographical writerJ'ongungu Lokolé Bolamba (1913–1990), poetRaïs Neza Boneza (1979– ), poet and peace researcherAmba Bongo, writer and advocate for refugeesLima-Baleka Bosekilolo, poetAmini Cishugi (1996– ), writer, actor and youtuberMaguy Kabamba (1960– ), writer and translatorChristine Kalonji, French-language fiction writerKama Sywor Kamanda (1952– ), writer and poetCharles Djungu-Simba Kamatenda (1953– ), journalist, teacher, publisher, and writer[Gikandi]Paul Lomami-Tshibamba (1914–1985), novelist, born in Congo-BrazzavilleNgal Mbwil a Mpaang (1933– ), novelistBuabua wa Kayembe Mubadiate (1950– ), playwrightV. Y. Mudimbe (1941– ), philosopher, academic and authorFiston Mwanza Mujila (1981–), novelistPatrick Mukabala (1978– ), actor, filmmaker and scriptwriter[Kavidi Wivine N'Landu, poetClémentine Nzuji (1944– ), poetSony Labou Tansi (1947–1995), novelist and poetFrederick Kambemba Yamusangie, novelist, playwright and poetLye M. Yoka, playwright and short story writerBatukezanga Zamenka (1933–2000), novelist and essayistVisual artsVisual arts , Plastic arts , Art brut , Urban artTraditional African Art , African Art ContemporaryCongolese artists (DRC)Kinshasa Academy of Fine ArtsPaintingPaintingCongolese painters (DRC)Poto-Poto painting schoolTshibumba Kanda-Matulu, Chéri Samba , MokeSculptureCongolese sculptors (DRC)As in all the countries of black Africa, the tradition of sculpture remains alive. The sculptures are always sponsored by secret societies, often for religious reasons. Several old works of traditional Congolese art were stolen or acquired during and after colonization (notably many Mintadi from Bas-Congo) and are now exhibited outside the country. For example, the Tervuren museum in Belgium has several works in its collection, such as the Cup Carrier. But there are also exhibits in English, American and Swiss museums. Some works of art belong to private collectors such as the Ryckers family. The cup carrier is probably the best known sculpture. It is the work of the master of Buli, of the Luba-Hemba ethnic group.The statue of Kuta Mbula, 109 E King Bakuba. The Balubas carve kinds of small chessboards called Lukasa adorned with small balls and other symbolic elements of several colors which form different patterns that can be deciphered in order to trace the history of their people. The elements can recall people, places, events, they can also be used to count. These elements are semagrams like Egyptian hieroglyphs or solfege, the Lukasa is the whole support and memory elements, it is a document. To read a Lukasa (or a musical score) you have to be trained.Mask Mulwalwa , the xixth centuryRaffia fabrics from Bashoba (Kuba)Yombé sculpture , scepter top.ArchitectureBefore European colonization, the populations lived in domains. Each family estate has a wooden enclosure inside which huts and huts for each family member were arranged.town planningKinshasa Urban History , Kinshasa Symphony (2010)PhotographyCongolese photographers (DRC)The forerunner Antoine Freitas (1919-1990), originally from Angola, traveled the country as a traveling photographer from 1935. Jean Depara (1928-1997) illustrates daily life - especially at night - in Kinshasa, from the 1950s to 1970.Performing ArtsPerforming arts, Performance, Sound ArtAmani Festival in Goma 2020Music(s)One of Congo’s greatest contributions to contemporary African culture has been its music, particularly the orchestra music that developed in the 1960s. The first authentic Congolese musicians were troubadors of the 1930s and 1950s, travelling to perform primarily in the more remote provinces. Among the early troubadors were Antoine Wendo Kolosoy, Tête Rossignol, Paul Kamba, Polidor, Jean-Bosco and Colon gentil. They travelled as soloists but as the music developed, the solo acts became groups, adding African drums and acoustic guitars. Antoine Kasongo, Tekele (believed to be the first female music star), and Odéon Kinois were among the first leaders of groups. Traditional music was given up by younger generations as they were shifting towards new forms and adding more instruments.The first recordings of Congolese music were made by colonial museums in 1947. At about 1953, Joseph Kabasele, one of the founding fathers, formed the African Jazz Orchestra and made a few records. Luambo Makiadi Franco, the first to begin playing cha-chas, formed the O.K. Jazz Orchestra. The influence of Cuban and Latin music began to be felt in the late 1950s. A number of Latin American records were adapted and recorded by Congolese groups. These included “Kay-Kay”, “Son”, “Tremendo”, “L’Amor” , and “Lolita”. Most composition of songs in this period have Latin rhythms and Congolese lyrics with such classics as “Indépendance Cha-cha” by Tabu Ley Rochéreau to commemorate independence, and “Cha-cha-cha de Amor” by Luambo Franco. “Congo Jazz” is used generally to describe Congolese orchestral music, with Franco, Rochéreau, and Docteur Nico among the most popular musicians. The term “Soukouma” (Lingala for “shake”) had been introduced and gradually became the dominant form of music by the late 1960s. Congolese music has become one of the most popular in Africa by this time. By the late 1970s, as the number of bands had multiplied and the music considerably pluralized, some leaders incorporated disco, jazz, and blues harmonies into their compositions. Others preferred ballads and traditional musical forms. Although many languages were used in the lyrics, Lingala remained the most common. Several were created deriving from the African Jazz and OK Jazz, we can name Grand Zaiko of Manuaku, Viva la Musica of Papa Wemba, Choc Stars of Ben Nyamabo, Victoria Eleison of Emeneya JoKester, Quartier Latin of Koffi Olomide, Empire Bakuba of Pepe Kale, and the group Wenge Musica. This third generation of bands introduced new dances like Cavacha, Griffe Dindon, Caneton, Silauka, Kwassa Kwassa, Ndombolo etc.Congolese music is most of all dance music, usually favored in large, open-air dance clubs. Kinshasa used to be one of the earliest recording centers in Africa, but economic hardships and shortages of foreign exchange led the industry to decline in the late 1970s, leaving space and opportunities for other African cities like Abidjan and Lagos. Congolese orchestras frequently perform and record in Paris and Brussels. A few better known artists and orchestras manage to tour or record in the Americas, including Werrason, Koffi Olomide, JB Mpiana, Fally Ipupa, Lokua Kanza, Mbilia Bel, just to name a few.Abeti Masikini, Mbilia Bel, Tshala Muana, M’pongo Love, Yondo Sister, Faya Tess, Barbara Kanam are among the most popular female musicians who are celebrated throughout Africa and internationally.The absence of a recording industry and a limited market for art has led a few artists to leave the country and settle abroad. Within this groupwe find popular artists like Papa Wemba, Emeneya JoKester, Awilo Longomba, Kanda Bongoman, Lokua Kanza, Makoma,Chico Mawatu, Alain Makaba,Reddy Amisi and many more.Undoubtedly, Congolese have music in their blood; and it is one of the arts through which they’ve come to best express their outstanding creativity. The most striking fact is that most Congolese musicians are exclusively self-taught and exceptionally gifted.Lokua KanzaTabu Ley Rochéreau & Emeneya JoKesterM’pongo LoveAbeti MasikiniLuambo FrancoDance(s)List of dancesModern dancesCongolese dancers (DRC)Congolese choreographers (DRC)TheaterTheatrical improvisation , Narrative playWriting for theater and cinema in the Democratic Republic of Congo , article, 2005Jean-Marie Ngaki Kosi A building theater, a theater for reconstruction, 2008Others: puppets, mime, pantomime, conjuringMinor forms of the performing arts (de)Street Arts, Arts fairground, circus, street theater, Street showPuppet, Multidisciplinary arts, Performance (art)…Puppetry arts in the DRC on the website of the International Puppetry UnionCinemaCinema DRCList of films from the Democratic Republic of the CongoCongolese directors (DRC)DirectorsBalufu Bakupa-Kanyinda (1957-)Guy Bomanyama-Zandu (en) (1972-)Dieudonné Hamadi (1984-)Mamadi Indoka (1976-)Guy Kabeya Muya (en) (1970-)Josef Kumbela (en)Roger Kwami Zinga (1943-2004)Monique Mbeka Phoba (1962-)Mwezé Ngangura (1950-)Petna Ndaliko KatondoloDjo Tunda wa Munga (1972-)Zeka Laplaine (Joseph) (1960-)OthersVideo , Video Games, Digital Art, Interactive ArtAfrican Network of promoters and cultural entrepreneurs (RAPEC), NGOsAfrican Society of Culture, association (SAC, 1956), now African Community of Culture (CAC)Congress of Black Writers and Artists (1956)World Festival of Negro Arts (1966, 2010)Brotherhoods of hunters in AfricaTourismTourism in the Democratic Republic of CongoTourist attractions in the Democratic Republic of CongoTipsMission report of the National Court of Asylum Law (France) in 2013HeritageThe World Heritage program (UNESCO, 1971) has not included anything for this country in its World Heritage list (as of 01/15/2016). The Intangible Cultural Heritage program (UNESCO, 2003) has not included anything for this country in its representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity (at 15/01/2016). The Memory of the World program (UNESCO, 1992) has not recorded anything for this country in its international Memory of the World register (as of 01/15/2016).Museums and other institutionsList of museums in the Democratic Republic of CongoNational Museum of the Democratic Republic of CongoRoyal Museum for Central Africa ( Tervuren , near Brussels, in Belgium)African museum of NamurWorld Heritage ListThe World Heritage program (UNESCO, 1971) has included in its World Heritage list (as of 12/01/2016): List of World Heritage in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.AnnexesBibliographyBokonga, C., et alii, Cultural policy in the republic of Zaire , Paris, 1975.Bemba, S., 50 years of music from Congo-Zaire , Paris, PA, 1984.Rik Otten, Cinema in the countries of the great lakes: Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi , OCIC, Brussels; L’Harmattan, Paris, 1984,Mukala Kadima-Nzuji, Théâtre et destin national au Congo-Kinshasa (1965-1990) , L'Harmattan, Paris, 2012, 202 p.(in) Kaplan, Irving. (ed) (1994) Zaire: A Country Study Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Partly out-dated guide sponsored by the US Government.( fr ) Mukenge, Tshilemalema. (2002) Culture and Customs of the Congo Greenwood Press.. An academic view of Congolese culture.( fr ) De Boeck, Filip & Plissart, Marie-Françoise. (2004) Kinshasa: Tales of the Invisible City Ludion.. Photography and analysis of everyday life in Kinshasa, together with extensive quotations from contemporary Congolese. The last chapter is available as a PDF(en) (2004) Nature and Culture in the Democratic Republic of Congo Royal Museum for Central Africa. Well illustrated volume covering a broad range of subjects.(en) Stewart, Gary. (2000) Rumba on the River: A history of the popular music of the two Congos Verso. Tells the story of Congolese music, history, and popular culture.(in) Bernard, G. and Caprasse, P., “Religious movements in the Congo: a research hypothesis”, CES, IRES, 3, 1965, 1, p. 49-60 .DiscographyCongo: music of the Shi people, songs accompanied by likembe (coll. Tsutomu Oohashi), Victor Entertainment Inc., Japon, 2000FilmographySoul power , documentary film by Jeffrey Lévy-Hinte, TF1 video, Océan films, Paris, 2009, 93 min (DVD)Footnotes: [Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Wikipedia] [Democratic Republic of the Congo | Culture, History, & People] [Democratic Republic of the Congo] [Congolese Culture - Friends of the Congo]