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There are many fields in arts as in the science fields ……There are fourteen main fields in arts. They are:Animation and EffectsArchitectureVisual DesignGaming and TechnologyStudio ArtsProduct and Interior DesignFashion and ApparelEducationFilm and ProductionMusic and Performing ArtsCulinaryMedia and Creative WritingMarketingPhotographyANIMATION AND EFFECTS→Motion GraphicsMotion graphics designers create the moving words, logos, numbers and text on the screen during a film, television show, commercial or other media project. The credits of a movie, the phone number on an infomercial, the logo of a business during a commercial - these are all examples of motion graphics.What Are the Education Requirements for a Motion Graphics Designer?There is no degree requirement to enter the field of Motion Graphics, in fact, there is an abundance of self-taught professionals making a living in the industry who do not hold a formal degree. This fact, however, can be misleading to those who are considering a career in the field. While there are numerous examples of artists who have learned the skills necessary to excel at the work (without a traditional education) the reality is that most employers require candidates to hold a minimum of a bachelor's degree to even be considered for an open position. The hard truth is that there are far more qualified candidates with degrees in Animation, Computer Graphics, or a related field than there are open positions. Employers screening applicants for entry-level positions will typically start by weeding out the candidates without a formal degree. The reason is simple – most employers are looking for candidates who can meet the job requirements without the large costs of time and training. Candidates with a strong educational background signal to employers that they already have the foundational skills to excel at their job. Candidates without a degree may never receive consideration, no matter how good their portfolio is.Bachelor’s degree programs most commonly include coursework in drawing, painting, and sculpture, as well as animation and film. Some schools may even have specialized programs in video game design and interactive media. Many vocational and technical colleges also offer digital media and design programs that award bachelor’s degrees. Coursework unusually covers most technical and creative aspects of motion graphics development. Keep in mind that in the first two years of many undergraduate programs only liberal arts requirements and foundational art classes, such as color theory and art history are covered. During the last two years, coursework dives deeper into an area of focus, in this case, motion graphics. However, if students are to understand as well as master techniques in both graphic design and animation, they should count on the possibility of attending an extra year or two.Those who choose to teach or advance in their career may opt to earn a graduate degree in design or motion graphics. Typically, these programs focus on independent study, demanding a high level of proficiency in all areas of design. Classes usually culminate in a final thesis which shows a student’s development and progress.Because this field is constantly changing, people in the motion graphics industry must stay current on trends. For this reason, designers should take advantage of all internship, apprenticeship, and continuing education opportunities available. Many schools offer internships, as do many larger companies.→Visual EffectsA visual arts animator is both an artist and a craftsman. Using animation software, a skilled professional is able to create unique special effects or complex visual impressions needed for the project at hand. From accident-scene recreation to blockbuster movie effects, the visual arts animator is an essential part of both the public and private sector.Education RequirementsThe BLS suggests that individuals who are interested in becoming a visual effects animator take the time to earn a bachelor’s degree in animation, art, or a closely related career. Most employers require at least this level of education, although many individuals earn higher degrees, especially after deciding to specialize in visual effects animation. Learning computer software often used in animation and multimedia art will give individuals an advantage in the field, even before they specialize.→3D AnimationElectronic media forms are, without a doubt, the wave of the future. As the demand for increasingly sophisticated entertainment and educational tools grows, so does the need for talented and skilled 3D animators. Whether remotely from home, or in person as part of a team, one thing is for certain: the field of animation is booming.EducationAn entry-level position in 3D animation requires successful completion of at least a bachelor’s degree in computer graphics, graphic design, fine art, or animation. Students should look for programs that focus on art and computer courses. Some of the specific courses that students working towards a bachelor’s degree may complete include:2D and 3D AnimationCharacter DevelopmentDigital ImagingDrawingHistory of AnimationScriptinStoryboardingIt is essential to take the time while in school to build a professional portfolio. This should contain up to 30 pieces that display the student’s creative and artistic skills, as well as mastery of computer software programs. Due to the nature of the work, most schools require students to build and manage their portfolio online. Some specific items to include in a portfolio include:Life Drawings: These can be quick sketches of sustained and gesture drawings of humans or animals in various positions. Life drawings should demonstrate realistic proportions in a variety of angles and poses.Original Character Designs: This category should show a variety of animated characters highlighting different expressions and poses. Students may also wish to include illustrations, model sheets, and turnarounds.Other Original Work: This should include computer graphic, design, drawing, painting, or sculpture that demonstrates a wide range of the student’s talents. It should be obvious to the viewer what the student’s personal interests are and who has influenced his or her work the most. 3D images, computer animation, motion graphics, photography, website design, and fine art are all good things to include here.Prop and Location Designs: This portion of the portfolio should include drawings of locations, scenery, and objects that demonstrate a thorough understanding of line, shadow, light, perspective, design techniques, and color.Practical Experience, Internships & VolunteeringThe best way to stand out to a potential employer in this competitive field is to complete one or more internships while earning a bachelor’s degree. Whether a student obtains their degree online or at a traditional college, he or she should have access to an advisor who can help to locate possible internships. When deciding on 3D animation schools, students should choose one that has a strong internship support program.A typical internship lasts for at least a semester and gives the student the opportunity to learn more about the field by working closely with a mentor. The internship should provide the chance to complete actual tasks that a 3D animator would do each day and not merely administrative tasks. This will typically include writing papers outlining what they have learned or performed while interning, as well as interviews with various people in the organization.In addition to full-time formal internships, it’s also a good idea for students in this degree field to volunteer their services at local companies or for people in their social circle who need the help of an animator. However, it does take persistence to find these opportunities. 3D animation students should contact television stations, producers, website designers, and related types of businesses and offer their services at no charge or for a small fee. The goal is to have more content to add to their portfolio and references who can vouch for the student’s quality of work when it comes time to apply and interview for a full-time job in the field.Continuing Education – Advance Your CareerMaster’s degree programs in 3D animation are not common. However, students who are interested in furthering their education can enroll in a Master’s of Fine Arts (MFA) program and then choose 3D animation as their specialty. Courses at this advanced level focus on perfecting artistic and computer software skills that students learned while completing an undergraduate degree. Specifically, master’s degree programs are more in-depth and explore algorithms used to design animated characters and models. Students will also study the concepts of weight and physics as they relate to animated creations.A master’s degree program typically requires two years of full-time study after obtaining a bachelor’s degree. MFA candidates can expect to spend significant time in the computer lab learning about the technology that makes 3D animation possible. At the end of the MFA program, students will submit a thesis paper on an animation topic of their choice. In lieu of a thesis, some professors may ask for a more developed portfolio or completion of a group project.To gain a competitive advantage, some people who have completed a bachelor’s or master’s degree in 3D animation choose to earn certification in a specialized area, which may include movie special effects, video game development, or cartooning. A number of online programs exist that enable students to gain this credential.→Computer AnimationNearly every form of entertainment utilizes the talents and skills of a computer animator. These professionals have honed skills in both the technical aspect of animation; as well as the artistic needs of the industry. Find out now what it takes to acquire and blend your artistic nature with your computer proficiency.EducationBoth traditional and online colleges offer a variety of degree options in this growing and competitive field. A bachelor degree combines core courses such as mathematics, English, and social sciences with competencies students will need to obtain work once they graduate. Typical course offerings in a computer animation bachelor degree program include:Technology in the Entertainment and Media IndustriesCreative PresentationFoundations of 2D and 3DArt FundamentalsArt HistoryShading and LightingCharacter Design and AnimationVisual DevelopmentStoryboardingFundamentals of CompositingProduction ModelingAnimation ProductionAdditionally, students spend a good percentage of their time preparing their professional portfolios and receiving constructive criticism to improve them. A computer animation portfolio highlights projects the student worked on while earning a degree and should demonstrate his or her very best work. The portfolio should include items like 2D and 3D drawings, sketch art, links to any online work, character drawings, and storyboards. Most companies looking to hire a computer animator consider the work he or she is capable of producing more than any other qualification.Some students decide to choose a specialty area while earning their degree, such as video game animation. Those who desire to specialize need to ensure that the college they select can accommodate their request for more focused classes as opposed to coursework that provides more of a general overview. Employers and clients typically expect entry-level workers to have a degree in computer animation, graphic arts, or fine arts. Associate and master degrees are also available, although the bachelor degree remains the most common educational credential for new computer animators.Earn Practical Experience (Internships & Volunteering)Most schools that offer computer animation degrees require students to complete at least one internship. This involves working at a company off-site to get hands-on experience with what they have learned so far in college. The work may be unpaid or qualify for a stipend. Some schools offer assistance with internship placement and others do not. Completing an internship at an actual animation studio is ideal for this career. The junior year is the most common time to meet the internship requirement. This gives students the opportunity to learn advanced skills during their senior year having already had the experience of working in the field.Volunteering is another great way to gain experience as a computer animator. Many organizations would welcome assistance with website design or a related skill, especially charities and non-profits. The student should make it clear that he or she is looking for a professional reference in lieu of financial compensation. All experience matters in the eye of the employer or client, whether paid or not. It also shows that the student takes initiative to advance his or her own career.Continuing Education / Advance Your CareerSoftware programs can become outdated quickly and new technology emerges all of the time. More than many other fields, continuing education is an essential aspect of working in computer animation. Many online colleges offer certificate programs that enable people to master a specific skill or software program. Obtaining an advanced degree is another option to gain upward movement as a computer animator.Colleges offering a Master of Fine Arts or a Master of Science in this field require completion of a bachelor degree in computer animation, art, graphic design or a related field. Submission of a professional portfolio, letters of recommendation, a personal essay, and previous college transcripts are also common requirements. MFA courses focus more on the artistic aspects of computer animation, such as graphics development. A Master of Science is more concerned with the technical aspects of animation, such as digital page formatting.→3D ModelingA 3D modeler brings one-dimensional representations of people, places, processes, actions and things to life. These highly skilled technical artists contribute not only to the entertainment industry but also to the scientific, medical and educational communities, just to name a few. Using high-level computer proficiencies, a 3D modeling specialist will infuse formerly flat images and designs with spirit and vitality.Education RequirementsThe education for a 3D modeler should depend upon the industry they plan to enter. For instance, individuals who want to create art for video games should consider majoring in game design, and should have a strong background in art and multimedia art. Those who wish to become a 3D modeler in a scientific field should major in a science-related degree such as physics with a focus on modeling. In any case, the Bureau of Labor Statistics recommends that those pursuing a career as a 3D modeler earn at least a bachelor’s degree. As the competition for this career grows, those who display more education and experience will have better opportunities and prospects. It is wise to research schools and available programs in-depth before choosing, and it’s also a sound decision to speak with a career counselor about your goals and to determine what education path to take.ARCHITECTURE→ArchitectHave you ever looked at a building and wondered how someone could possibly build such a magnificent structure? The answer is simple. Before the first nail was ever hammered, or the foundation poured, there was an architect responsible for the concept and design. Large, small, complex or simple; each physical space and material used in the construction was conceived and planned by an architect.Architecture Degrees & Education RequirementsArchitects design buildings where people live and work, which requires a great deal of knowledge and holds a great deal of responsibility. As a result, becoming an architect requires years of education and training. To be employed, and to refer to oneself as a professional architect, individuals must be licensed, which requires the person to hold a degree in architecture. All practicing architects must earn at least a bachelor’s degree from a program accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board.Most Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch) degree programs take five years to complete and may be divided into two tracks; the first two years providing a general education, and the last two-plus years more architecture-intensive. B.Arch programs help students gain a deep understanding and knowledge of architecture’s traditions, techniques, methods of inquiry, and modes of production, so that they can emerge with the skills necessary to meet the demands pertaining to a career in architecture, as well as speak intelligently about the role of architecture in society. A B.Arch degree also qualifies graduates to take the state professional licensing exam after completing a required internship in an architectural office.Curriculum varies from program to program but usually consists of general education requirements, such as math, science, and English. Coursework also includes studio classes and lectures in the art of architecture, architectural design, introduction to building and structural systems, introduction to the history of architecture, introduction to architectural concepts and drawing, modern architecture, architecture in other cultures, design art and design technology (including computer software and CAD), and electives. Besides coursework, students learn analytical skills, communication, and negotiating skills, they learn how to manage construction, choose materials, create plans, and building laws and safety regulations in the state they wish to work. Outside of class, they must also have design talent, engineering ability, social awareness, and a business attitude in order to succeed in this field.Architects who graduate with a B.Arch and go on to take the state professional licensing exam may wish to continue their education and earn a Master’s degree in architecture, which allows them to specialize in a particular field, such as designing sustainable structures, urban design, or landscape architecture. However, an advanced degree in architecture is not required to work in this field if you are already a licensed architect. A master’s degree is necessary for individuals who have earned a pre-professional certificate in architecture or an unrelated degree, but who want to obtain a professional degree in architecture.The postgraduate master’s program in architecture allows graduates to deepen their knowledge about architecture, provides studio experience in designing structures, as well as the opportunity to come up with designs that address issues affecting architecture – both modern and traditional. Students will be given complex problems to solve that will require drawing on the technical, aesthetic, and environmental knowledge learned while in school. All this allows aspiring professional architects to become great architects who are in touch with the evolving trends in this field. Keep in mind that an advanced master’s degree in architecture is necessary if you want to consult, teach, or go into research.Keep in mind too, that in order to gain licensure and work in the field as a professional architect, you must complete three to five years of internships. In a larger design firm, you will likely do menial work and sit at a desk all day, possibly drafting on a computer. However, you may also work as part of a large design team or do some creative work. Internships are invaluable when it comes to learning side-by-side with the people you will work with every day after graduation. Internships are also great for networking and gaining that valuable work experience so necessary to enter the field of architecture.→Naval ArchitectureNaval architecture is the process of designing and building the watercraft that make water travel possible. Professionals that work in this field design and help build several different types of marine vessels and structures. For instance, they design watercraft that floats and travels across the top of the water, from small boats to ships. They also design submersibles, which travel under the water, and standing structures, like marine oil rigs. Special types of aircraft that are designed for water landings, are also designed and built with the help of naval architects.Education RequirementsNaval architecture is a very specialized field, and those interested in naval architecture careers will need to earn special degrees. Naval architecture degrees are usually a combination of engineering and design.Although some engineering schools offer naval architecture programs, many individuals pursuing naval architecture careers will usually choose to earn degrees at special schools. For instance, the United States Naval Academy offers degree programs in naval architecture through their Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Department. Advanced degrees are also available for individuals who have already earned a four year degree in an engineering related field.→Landscape ArchitectureHave you ever had your breath taken away by looking at a meticulously manicured rose garden or the serenity of a Japanese dry landscape? If so, you can direct your applause towards the landscape architect who used multiple talents to create such a magnificent outdoor space. Being a professional in this field nearly guarantees a life filled with avid recognition and personal satisfaction.Education RequirementsThe majority of landscape architects are outdoorsy types, and they enjoy the beauty and serenity that natural spaces offer. They are also usually very creative, with excellent drawing skills and a good sense of spatial awareness.In order to start a career in landscape architecture, an individual usually needs to earn at least a Bachelor’s degree in landscape architecture or design. A traditional architecture degree with a concentration in landscape design is also suitable. Students leaning toward a career in landscape architecture will usually take classes in drawing, CAD, soil engineering, terrain shaping, construction, and horticulture. Some landscape architects might also earn more advanced degrees, like Master’s degrees, but these are not always necessary.Most areas also require landscape architects to be licensed or registered by The Board of Landscape Architects. This usually involves taking a difficult five part test, which consists of several multiple-choice questions as well as graphic problems that must be solved with drafting techniques.→Golf Course DesignGolf course designers combine unique knowledge of the conceptual and strategic elements of the sport with an expert-level understanding of construction, character, and style. Professionals in this field work closely with clients to design a natural environment that challenges players with different golf shots, pin placements, green contours, and hazards, while also increasing environmental sustainability.Education RequirementsMost golf course design careers typically start with nothing more than a love for the game. The majority of golf course designers are skilled golf players, and they typically know what makes a good golf course.Besides being avid golfer, individuals interested in golf course design careers should also be interested in landscaping, and have great drawing skills. Computer skills are also helpful, since most designs are drawn up using computer software.In order to start a golf course design career, an individual will usually need to earn a degree in landscape architecture. Some design and architecture schools may also offer courses specifically geared toward aspiring golf course design.→Urban DesignUrban design can be described as a mix of city planning, landscape design, and architecture. It involves planning and designing nearly every aspect of a city. Some of the things that urban designers incorporate into their plans may include buildings, streets, landscaping, public transportation systems, and public parks.Part of an urban designer’s job is to make the cities and towns he’s working on look and feel aesthetically pleasing. This can be done by adding or updating public parks and paying special attention to things like landscaping details and street furniture. Street furniture refers to the various items on streets that are placed there for the comfort and convenience of pedestrians. Some examples of street furnituremight include benches, trash cans, street lights, and street signs.Besides being aesthetically pleasing, all elements of a city or town must also allow for functionality as well. For example, inhabitants and visitors should find it easy to navigate. The use of street signs and properly laid out streets can accomplish this task.Education RequirementsTo pursue an urban design career, individuals must usually possess at least a Bachelor’s degree in urban design or city planning. This four year degree is typically good enough to start working at an entry level position, but many urban designers usually end up furthering their education even more and earning Master’s degrees.While earning their degrees, aspiring urban designers will usually need to take several math courses as well as computer courses. They will also take courses in architecture, landscape architecture, real estate law, and ecology.→Swimming Pool DesignSwimming pool design refers to the design and creation of the different types of swimming pools and their accessories.Although they may seem like something of a modern invention, swimming pools and similar manmade bodies of water are actually an ancient art form. Ancient civilizations, for example, created buildings with pools of water to be used as public bathhouses. Today, it is not uncommon to find all different styles of swimming pools – from simple to ornate – in backyards across the world.There are several different types of swimming pools. Traditional pools can either be installed above the ground or sunk into the ground. Because of their location, the designs of many above ground swimming pools are somewhat limited, and these generally only come in a few different shapes and depths. Designers typically have more leeway when designing below ground swimming pools, however. For instance, below ground pools can often be made in nearly any shape, with varying depths.Individuals also have the option of choosing from a traditional swimming pool design and a natural swimming pool design. Natural swimming pools are pools that are made mostly from natural materials, and they are created to mimic the look of a natural body of water, although they also have many of the same amenities as a traditional swimming pool. These pools will often have aquatic vegetation and even fish, for instance, but they will also usually have filtration systems and drains as well.Education RequirementsTechnically, swimming pool design is a specialized type of architecture or civil engineering. Individuals interested in a swimming pool design career should consider earning a degree in either of these fields. Generally, a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree is necessary before starting this type of career.After graduating, aspiring swimming pools designers may consider completing an apprenticeship. These opportunities will enable budding designers to get valuable experience in this field, while honing their skills. Once they complete an apprenticeship, swimming pool designers should also consider taking an examination to become accredited by the Association of Pool and Spa Professionals.VISUAL DESIGN→Graphic DesignGraphic DesignGraphic designers utilize all literal, symbolic and technical means available to artistically convey an employer’s or client’s targeted message. The field inherently embraces all methodologies applied to the creation of Art in the 21st century, and is interwoven with nearly every major industry and profession that involves visual communication.What Are The Education Requirements for Graphic Designers?Although creativity and artistic ability is a prerequisite to succeed as a graphic designer, attending a college or university, enrolling in a private design school or studying online and earning a degree is required by most employers. The National Association of Schools of Art and Design currently lists about 300 accredited colleges, universities, and private institutes across the US. Students may opt to explore a Bachelor’s of Art (BA) in graphic design or a Bachelor’s of Science (BS) in graphic design. Individuals who wish to teach or complete research may want to check out earning a Master’s of Art (MA) or Master’s of Fine Arts (MFA) in graphic design.Graphic design utilizes a variety of electronic and print media, layout, and color theory, photography, and animation to effectively communicate a concept or message to an audience. So, coursework learned in a college program is essential to staying on-top of new techniques, software, and advances in the industry. Coursework in most graphic design programs includes introduction to visual arts, foundations in 2D and 3D, digital photography, graphic design concepts, graphic design history, art orientation, collaborative process, new media, package design, and many more core courses related to this major, along with all liberal arts classes.Students will also be exposed to software programs, which may include Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop, Quark Xpress, InDesign, and other painting and graphic design tools. Although coursework varies from one school to another, additional classes to delve into that are also found in most graphic design programs include typography, environmental and exhibition design, and publication design.Due to the collaborative nature and marketing aspect of the work, you can increase your marketability by completing courses in business administration, marketing, and writing. If you are still in high school, it’s in your best interest to take introductory level art and design classes if your school offers them. This is because many colleges require a minimum of one year of basic art classes before admitting students into a graphic design program. Many colleges require students to submit several sketches and other types of artwork as part of the admissions process.As you evaluate potential college degree programs, look for a school that provides you the opportunity to build your professional portfolio while still a student. This gives you a competitive edge because employers evaluate the contents of your portfolio when determining whether to hire you. In fact, it often holds more weight than all of your other credentials.Of course, keep in mind that the kind of job a designer has his or her eyes set on will probably determine whether or not a degree is necessary. If a designer is opting to freelance, a degree may or may not be necessary, as a body of work and strong portfolio are usually all that matters. However, if a designer is planning to enter the corporate world, a large company or in-house design team, or work for many (most) advertising agencies, a degree will prove beneficial, and many employers in these settings will require a designer to have a degree. Unfortunately, without a degree in these situations, you may be disqualified for a job without ever getting the chance to interview.Graphic design is a competitive field to enter, so any type of experience you can show in additional to your college degree will help you stand out. Completing one or more internships is an integral part of your education. An internship gives you the opportunity to apply the knowledge you have acquired thus far to real-life graphic design projects. You work under the supervision of an experienced designer while being involved with a project from the initial concept phase to final completion. Volunteer work and part-time or temporary jobs are additional ways to earn valuable industry experience.→Web DesignerA website designer designs websites. The design aspect takes not only creative and artistic talent, but also entails making sure the site is easy to use and the information is easy to access for all users.The overall look of a website – colors, easy-to-read fonts, and layout are all important aspects of a website as these elements create the site’s personality. For example, a site that is designed with bright colors, large fun illustrations or pictures, and an oversized typeface may appeal to a younger audience, while a site with bold fonts and muted colors, like greys and blacks, may have a more corporate feel and appeal to professional businesses. But, beyond the look of a site is how well the site functions and how easy or difficult it is for a user to find information quickly. This is the behind-the-scenes aspect of website design, but it is just as important as the overall look, as they each work hand-in-hand to translate the client’s needs, as well as any visitors to the site. It’s the job of a website designer to understand what a client or business is expecting prior to creating the site and ensure their needs are met.A designer is innovative and artistic, but also understands how a website is to function. They stay up-to-date with design technology and software, and leverage their client’s communication requirements and brand identity, while keeping in mind the site’s audience. Designers shape identities, organize information, and create unforgettable experiences that satisfy and fulfill a requisite, but also entertain and make a lasting impression.What Are Education Requirements for Web Designer?Employers and clients who hire web designers typically require they have at least earned a bachelor’s degree in computer science, communications or business. Students can also earn a BA in graphic arts, with a concentration in web design. Some schools allow students the additional option of a specialty certification within the field of website design. Website programming and Internet marketing are two prime examples of this.Both online and traditional colleges offer certificate and degree programs at the associate, bachelor’s, and master’s degree level. Most colleges require applicants to submit a basic portfolio as part of the screening process. This could include drawings, photography, and anything else that highlights the student’s artistic abilities.A typical bachelor’s degree program in web design requires students to complete core curriculum like math and English, as well as several courses in their intended major. Some of the specific coursework at this level may include:Digital Image Design for WebsitesBasic HTMLWeb WritingComputer Systems IntroductionDigital and Strategic MarketingOnline RetailingFundamentals of NetworkingCybersecurityInternet and Website ArchitectureGraphic DesignDrawingAnimationAdditionally, many employers prefer someone who has a professional portfolio that shows the design process in creating other websites, whether as a student, intern, part-time employee at another company, or as a volunteer. High school students who know they want to go into web design should take graphic arts and computer programming in addition to learning as many web design software programs as possible.Building an outstanding portfolio while still a student is a crucial component of success when trying to land an entry-level job as a website designer. When considering college degree programs, students should make sure that they have significant instruction in this area. A portfolio in web design is different than other majors because the bulk of the work will be online. After all, perspective employers and clients must be able to see that the applicant can produce quality work, and what better way to show off a web designer’s body of work than online.Along with a link to one or more websites, the student portfolio should include in-depth descriptions of the sites along with the steps he or she used in creating the sites. Those looking to hire web designers need a way to evaluate the applicant’s problem-solving abilities and thought process in addition to the quality of their online work.Along with a professional portfolio, satisfactory completion of an internship is essential to get noticed in this competitive field. Many colleges have counselors that can put students in touch with local companies that routinely work with interns. Others have career centers and online resources where students can gather the information they need to start applying for internship positions. Since most companies prefer to work with experienced website designers, students should plan to devote much time and effort into securing an internship or apprenticeship.The benefits of completing an industry internship are numerous, even if the student does not receive financial compensation for his or her time. It gives would-be web designers the opportunity to receive personal coaching from someone who knows the realistic demands of the industry. Students learn artistic and technical skills as well as how to work effectively as part of a creative team. Colleges that require completion of an internship assign a certain number of credits to the off-site experience in addition to any stipend the student may receive. Students should also expect to prepare a written or oral report on what they learned from the experience.Volunteering is yet another ideal way to gain valuable experience as a web designer. Large corporations may not have the time or the need to take on a volunteer, but non-profits and charities are normally receptive to it. Students looking to volunteer should contact a program administrator by phone or email with the offer and a few samples of his or her work. They should agree on the specifics of the project and how long it should take at the outset. The student also needs to make it clear that he or she would appreciate a professional reference in exchange for the free work.Obtaining a post-graduate degree or completing a specialty certification are both popular ways to advance as a website designer. It takes most people two years of full-time study after earning their bachelor degree to complete the requirements for a master’s degree. At this level, courses are more in-depth, with emphasis on graphic design, flash animation, and sound, as well as the technical aspects of website development. Master-level courses may include online data structures and algorithms, software development, and human-computer interaction. Certificate programs concentrate on mastery of a specific area within the field, such as HTML or front-end web design.→Logo DesignA logo (or logotype) is a graphic, emblem, signature, or symbol used by businesses, organizations, and individuals to gain instant recognition. A subset of graphic design, logos are central elements that people identify with – think Coke or Pepsi, or the lowercase ‘f’ in a blue box, which instantly identifies Facebook. How about the bluebird for Twitter, or the green robot for Android? These are all great examples of logos, which are instantly recognizable and thus, effective.A logo designer, therefore, creates an identifying mark, symbol, signature, or other graphic that identifies a business, company, organization, or another enterprise in a way that is instantly discernible, and unforgettable. To illustrate, people are called by their names, not by the way they look or dress. In the same way, a logo is simple, memorable, and to the point. Designing a good logo often requires a team effort, including client, a marketing team, managers, art directors, etc. Before the design process begins, there must be a clear understanding of the concept or motive for the logo, along with the company or organization’s brand and values, as well as their target group. Steps to the design process include research, conceptualization, sketching of ideas, refinement of design, testing, and finally production of the chosen logo.Logo designers are creative, artistic, and imaginative. They have strong design skills, but also the willingness to learn new techniques and competencies. They work well alone or in a team environment. Logo designers can draw more than a simple stick figure. They have a complete working knowledge of Adobe Illustrator and other design software. They have a collection of thousands of typefaces on their computer, and some hand-made fonts too. They know what kerning is and why auto-spacing is wonky. They avoid trends, and clipart, and have a very thick skin. They can work quickly, but sometimes for a very long time, and can’t imagine why anyone wouldn’t want a career creating artwork, or the best logo ever.Logo designers must also have a thorough knowledge of online media, the ability to multi-task, and sometimes work on more than one project (logo) at a time. They must have strong interpersonal and organizational skills and manage their time well. They have the ability to prioritize and meet deadlines and can communicate ideas and concepts so that anyone can easily understand. The design process can mean endless meetings, frequent conference calls, numerous emails, and many versions to complete, so patience and stick-to-it-iveness are key traits to have.Education & Training RequirementsAlthough in the past, graphic designers (logo designers) were hired based on a great portfolio. However, times have changed and experts in the graphic design industry suggest prospective logo designers earn a bachelor’s degree in graphic design, logo design, or a closely-related field. Most employers also prefer designers hold a bachelor’s degree, although some assistant jobs are available to those who hold an associate degree, or hold a degree in another area but take graphic design classes to meet hiring qualifications.Student’s should decide on their career goals, how much time and money they are willing to invest in their education, and what programs – graphic design and/or more specifically, logo design – school’s offer. The National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD) currently accredits about 320 postsecondary schools offering programs in art and design, but very few offer a degree in graphic design with a concentration in logo design. Some programs require students to complete at least one year of art and design courses prior to being admitted into a formal degree program, or submit samples of their work instead. Most schools offer classes in computer design software, commercial graphics production, principles of design, studio art, printing techniques, typography, color theory and website design. Typical design software for creating logos includes, Illustrator, Logomaker, Laughingbird, Summitsoft Logo Design Studio Pro, and LogoYes. It would also be advisable to complete coursework in marketing and business and in writing. In addition, many programs offer students the chance to build a professional portfolio of their work, which demonstrates their creative abilities to future employers and is often essential to getting a job.It’s also vitally important that designers keep current with new and updated computer software programs used in design. There are a number of associations, such as the AIGA, that specialize in graphic design and offer classes to keep designers skills up-to-date, master advanced techniques, and refine their craft.Often, colleges and universities, as well as private institutions will offer students the opportunity to intern at local advertising or design firms, newspapers, or on the staff of a magazine or other publication. The experience of working side-by-side with professional designers is invaluable, and individuals are able to see the design process from beginning to end and better understand what it takes to create a memorable logo.→Multimedia DesignPeople who work in multimedia design create visual images to convey a specific message to the audience. Typically, the purpose of the message is to persuade, inform, or entertain. Multimedia designers work in television and film, marketing and public relations, website design, as graphic artists, in video game production, and other creative industries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, people whose occupation fell in the general category of multimedia artists and animators held 64,400 jobs in 2015.Education RequirementsEmployers and clients who hire multimedia designers expect them to have a minimum of a bachelor degree and a professional portfolio that highlights their work. Those with a higher degree or a specialty certification can stand out when the competition for a specific position or assignment is strong. High school students who know they want to go into multimedia design should take as many art and design, computer graphics, and general business courses as possible. This will help to set the foundation for success in college and an eventual career.School and Degree OptionsMany college and universities that offer degrees in multimedia design also give students the opportunity to choose a specialty focus. Below are some of the most popular concentrations within this field as well as some of the courses a student may take while completing a bachelor degree.Graphic Design: This degree specialization focuses on the student acquiring graphic design and computer coding skills. Students learn how to create digital images for various types of industries, including web design, advertising, marketing, and instructional materials. Typical coursework includes graphic design, animation, web design essentials, and introductory marketing.Multimedia Design & Management: Students who are interested in being in charge of graphics and multimedia projects may be able to obtain this position sooner by taking specialty coursework in college. This degree has a strong focus on developing leadership skills as well as budget management, price negotiations, scheduling, and quality assurance.Video Game Design: The video game industry is experiencing double-digit growth and is expected to do so for at least the next decade. Students wanting to get in on this hot industry should complete specialty courses in coding and scripting languages, story development, and graphics development. After graduation, they may choose to work with web-based games or video games played on devices such as consoles and smartphones.Web Design and Development: A focus in this area includes coursework on programming languages, software programs, emerging technologies, and the fundamentals of business. Other areas of study are database administration, website architecture, and web page layout. Students learn to design and build websites featuring animation and several other interactive features for the user.A bachelor's degree in multimedia design requires completion of basic courses such as English and mathematics as well as 30 or more semester hours in the area of interest. Obtaining a degree in fine art is another possibility for people wishing to seek employment as a multimedia designer.Developing a professional portfolio is an essential part of any degree program, whether at the associate, bachelor, or master’s level. Instructors should spend a significant amount of time discussing how to create a portfolio and what to include in it. The portfolio shows the student’s thought and development process and improvement over time. It can include things like drawings, animation frames, and video games or websites the student designed. Employers and clients are interested in seeing how students solve problems as much as they are knowing that they have artistic and technical skills.Earn Practical Experience (Internships & Volunteering)The majority of schools that offer a degree in multimedia design require students to complete an internship during the junior or senior year. Some colleges have strong internship placement programs and others leave it up to the student to find one on their own. In either case, it’s essential to research opportunities far in advance as internship slots are typically limited. Students should prepare for the interview just as they would a regular position. They should have the ability to articulate their goals and what they can provide to the company in addition to having a strong portfolio ready.Internships usually take place at a local company and may be either full or part-time. A manager agrees to work closely with the student to provide feedback that allows him or her to improve certain skills. Multimedia design students should plan to report what they learned on their internship to their instructor in the form of a written report or possibly a presentation to the class.Volunteering for an organization that could use assistance with multimedia design is another ideal way to gain experience. Many companies advertise these volunteer positions online, especially non-profit and social service agencies. Students can offer skills such as graphic design work or website design in exchange for a professional reference. Experience such as creating and operating a blog or website is helpful as well.Continuing Education – Advance Your CareerMost colleges offer continuing education classes that are not part of a degree program both online and on campus. These are often in highly specific areas, such as book illustration, figure drawing, and creating websites using Word Press. Although employers typically don’t require continuing education, any certificate showing completion of specialty coursework is to the multimedia designer’s advantage.Earning a graduate degree is a common way for people to advance their career in this field. Colleges offering a Master of Fine Arts or a Master of Science require prospective students to have completed a bachelor degree and to submit a portfolio, transcripts, letters of recommendation, and possibly an essay. Early coursework goes more in-depth with topics such as computer aided design, animation, web design, and marketing. Students spend the remainder of the program completing advanced courses in their specialty area of interest. They also need to submit a thesis paper describing how they created a certain piece of work or solved a problem.→UI / UX DesignerThere is some confusion and misconceptions in the world of UI / UX design about what each professional does on a daily basis, how the two jobs are similar, and how they differ. UX refers to User Experience Design. UI refers to User Interface Design. Both are critical to a product and both work very closely together. However, despite their similarities, the roles of each of these jobs are quite different. Whereas UX design is more analytical and technical, UI design is closer to graphic design (although the job is actually quite a bit more complex).Because of the digital world of tablets, smartphones, smart tv’s, interactive screens, gaming, and the like, the definition of design has evolved. Graphic designers decide how things look, which can be online (mobile apps and websites) or printed (magazines and brochures). But, in graphic design, it’s not so much about the medium as the fact it is static and non-interactive. In contrast, UI design pertains to the design of ‘interactive’ elements in digital media, like tablets, smartphones, and computers. These interactive elements include icons, clickable items, animations, drop down menus, form fields, buttons, etc. On the other hand, UX design focuses on the structure behind all the elements a user interacts with, or how a button or icon should perform when you click on it. Think of it this way; riding a wave: UI is the surfboard and ankle strap, while UX is the feeling you have as you effortlessly glide through the water.Although some designers focus on both UI and UX design, most often these tasks are carried out by a team, or one or two individuals. That said, a good UI designer must also understand UX design.Education & Training RequirementsThe best way to learn a new language is to immerse yourself in the culture. In the same way, the best way to learn UX or UI design is to immerse yourself in a formal education. UX and UI designers are usually required to hold a bachelor’s degree, although associate degree and certificate programs can also lead to entry-level employment. Students can choose from a wide-range of different degree programs, including communication, computer science, visual design, graphic design, web development, software engineering, or even psychology. But, as in most creative and artistic fields, a strong portfolio is key to obtaining employment.Areas of focus for a degree in UX design specifically may include visual design and development, information architecture, content, controls, user research customer and technical support and branding. Coursework will include various classes in programming, web media, introduction to Adobe Creative Cloud, Fireworks, InVison, and Dreamweaver software, search engine optimization (SEO) and marketing, graphic design, user experience (UX) metrics, HTML and CSS, Java, and more. They must have a solid understanding of wireframing tools like Balsamiq and Axure RP. They must also be able to adapt to new and ever-changing technologies to keep their skills sharp and industry knowledge current.Areas of focus for an UI designer will include front-end web development, human-computer interaction, interactive media design, mobile development, graphic design and usability testing. Programming skills are especially marketable, and employers want to know graduates have completed classes in HTML, CSS, AJAX, JSON, jQuery, SQL database development, Photoshop, Flash, Javascript, Flex, and Illustrator.Most bachelor’s programs overlap and require students to take many of the same courses to graduate, and there are many designers who, upon graduation, can do all aspects of the design process. But, those who choose to specialize as either a UX designer or UI designer might be wise to explore specific classes that are more geared toward one field or the other.→Comic Book ArtistComic book artists create these comic books. They also create new characters and design merchandise featuring famous characters.Education RequirementsDrawing skills, along with a vivid imagination, are essential for a career as a comic book artist. Writing skills are also necessary for individuals who plan on writing the stories and dialogue for comic books as well.While a formal education is not always necessary for a comic book career, enrolling in an art school usually helps artists strengthen their skills. A stint in art school can also help aspiring comic book artists add a variety of different pieces to their portfolios too.→Cartoon ArtistCartooning is the process of drawing still cartoons, which are usually meant to be humorous. These cartoons are often featured in print publications, like magazines and newspapers, as well as online publications, like blogs and websites. Sometimes cartoons will consist of just one picture, while others will consist of several pictures. This type of cartoon is often referred to as a comic strip. A very long series of cartoons, on the other hand, is often referred to as a graphic novel.Characters and scenes in most cartoons are generally not drawn realistically. Instead, most features are exaggerated, and people and animals may appear to be caricatures or “cartoonish”. Many cartoons also have some sort of caption, or speech and thought bubbles can be used to make the characters' words or actions apparent.Cartooning is much more than drawing funny pictures, however. Most cartoons are meant to convey a certain message or point out some type of irony. Depending on the intended audience, cartoons might either be very complex or they may be a little simpler. For instance, political cartoons may depend on dry humor and subtle irony, and they are usually meant to put a more serious political situation in a somewhat humorous light. On the other hand, cartoons depicting married life are usually a little simpler, and they often exaggerate common marital problems, which can make these situations humorous.The process of cartooning can also be used to create storyboards, which are used when producing animated films and video games.Education RequirementsTechnically, there are no strict education requirements for a career in cartooning. Generally, though, cartoonists are gifted artists. They may also take a few courses in drawing or illustration in order to hone their skills.Cartoonists who are interested in creating storyboards, however, will usually need to earn a degree in fine art or story-boarding.→Layout DesignLayout artists are the professionals that are responsible for creating the eye-pleasing layouts found in books, magazines, and dozens of other products. Posters, brochures, advertisements, CD cases, and flyers are some of the other items that a layout artist might help design. Some layout artists may even specialize in product package design, creating attractive and sometimes informational packages for products. Layout artists may also work on websites, making them attractive and easy to navigate.Education RequirementsTo begin a success career as a layout artist, most individuals should shoot for either a two or four year degree. When pursuing this type of career, graphic design or desktop publishing degrees are usually necessary. Students interested in designing website layouts should consider taking courses in website design and website development as well.In earning their degrees, most aspiring layout artists will take courses such as design, layout, typography, and illustration. Several computer courses are also usually necessary. These computer courses typically aim to teach future layout artists how to use graphic design and layout software. Website design students will also usually take courses in computer programming as well.→Book IllustrationBook illustration is a form of fine art that is used to create drawn pictures and images for books.Illustrations are meant to be much more than pretty pictures, however. They will usually help add to or enhance the story in some way.Generally speaking, illustrations are more commonly found in children’s books. Some children’s books may consist of nothing but pictures, although many children’s books also have words as well. Not only do these pictures add visual appeal for a child, but they can also help a child understand the words of the story as well. As a child becomes more adept at reading and understanding stories, they will typically begin reading stories with fewer illustrations.Illustrations are also commonly found in some books for adults as well. Instructional books, for instance, often contain a number of diagrams and charts, which help readers see each step of a particular process. Medical and health books, along with wildlife and nature books, also usually have a number of illustrations as well.Education RequirementsA formal education is not always necessary when pursuing a career in book illustration.Many illustrators, however, will choose to attend an art school in order to fine tune their skills. Some art schools specifically offer degree programs in book illustration, but aspiring illustrators can also choose to enroll in a drawing or graphic design program as well.→Medical IllustrationBefore the invention of cameras and computers, every illustration in a medical journal or medical textbook was drawn by talented artists. Today, although many of the images found in these publications are photographs, there are still a handful of medical illustrations.Basically, medical illustration is a cross between medicine and art. This type of illustration involves drawing detailed images of certain aspects of medicine or biology. The drawings produced by medical illustrators are meant to create a visual representation of certain aspects of medicine or biology, particularly hard to photograph aspects. For example, these illustrations can be used to depict individual blood cells in a vein, or they can be used to create an image that distinguished the individual muscles in a muscle group.Medical illustrations are commonly used as teaching aids in medical textbooks, or as visual aids in medical journals. These illustrations might also accompany text in pamphlets or on posters, which can help a layperson better understand a complicated medical situation. Lawyers and forensics experts will also sometimes choose to use medical illustrations to help a judge or jury better grasp a certain situation, such as a gunshot wound.In some cases, medical illustrations may also be used to make 3-D models of organs, body parts, or other biological objects.Education RequirementsSince medical illustration is a cross between medicine and art, an aspiring medical illustrator should consider studying art as well as medicine. Ideally, a medical illustration career will start with a bachelor degree in either art or pre-medicine. Aspiring medical illustrators may also need to earn a Master of Arts or Science in medical illustration. Only a handful of educational institutions in the United States offer these degree programs, however, and acceptance into these programs is very competitive.While earning their degrees, aspiring medical illustrators will often take courses such as anatomy, biology, physiology, embryology, drawing, and graphic design.Medical illustrators should also consider becoming certified medical illustrators. This is usually accomplished by passing rigorous tests given by the Board of Certification of Medical Illustrators.→Storyboard ArtistA storyboard artist works very closely with the director and other professionals involved in advertising and filmmaking, to create an illustrated version of the finished product. Typically, the storyboard artist will use the script to create pictures of each scene that will need to be filmed, and will include the types of camera angles that are best to capture each scene. The finished product will look a lot like a comic strip or comic book; a visual representation of what the finished film will look like.Storyboard artists need a strong background in illustration, and filmmaking courses can strengthen the portfolio and resume – making the professional more appealing in the eyes of potential employers.Education RequirementsFormal education may not be mandated, however, those who want security in knowing that they will have plenty of job prospects and opportunities should earn a bachelor’s degree in illustration, graphic arts, or a similar field. The Bureau of Labor Statistics suggests attending at least a program that will lead to an art-related certificate. Those who have a formal education to add to their resume are much more likely to find a position, and typically earn a higher salary as well.→Book Cover ArtistBook cover illustrators are responsible for the artwork representing the nature, spirit and tenor of the enclosed penned material. Authors and publishers depend on these talented individuals to create images and depictions of events which will capture the attention of a readership majority. Big-picture thinking; imagination and good communication skills enable the illustrator to design a concise visual summary of what lies beneath the cover.Education RequirementsThere is no one degree that an individual can earn that will start their book cover art career. Instead, aspiring book cover artists should concentrate on earning a degree in related fields.Some degrees that aspiring book artists may want to consider are illustration, graphic design, photography, fine art, and desktop publishing.VARIOUS COURSES IN OTHER TWELVE MAIN FILEDS CAN BE VIEWED HERE ……Art Careers | TheArtCareerProject.comThis would definitely be useful for you friends……Thank you ☺

Geotech | PASSION / INNOVATION / ENGINEERINGWelcome! Geotech d.o.o. is a company specialized in designing, supervision and consulting in geotechnical engineering. We are recognized by investors as a flexible and reliable company which in the given framework conducts complex projects in a professional way from idea to realization.https://www.geotech.hr/en/Retaining structuresGabion wallsGabion walls – function, application, advantageThe word „gabion“ comes from an old italian word, gabbione, that means „big cage“. Around 7000 years ago, early gabion type structures protected the bank of river Nile. In middle ages, gabions were used as military forts. In earlier history, civil engineers have extensively used gabions for stabillization of banks, coasts, highways and erosion control of slopes. From the banks of river Nile, where they were created up to today, gabion walls are a benefit for the landscape. It is used for thosands of years as a gravity type retaining structure and makes a attractive, efficient and cheap wall system.Gabion walls are executed mainly in the purpose of soil stabilization behind the wall, but it can also be executed as a cover wall. The wall si made from gabion baskets that are stacked in one or more rows, depending on the height of the wall. Baskets have a cage shape and are closed on all sides. They are made from a galvanized hexagonal meshes and brocken rock that are placed in the baskets. Retaining structures are formed by stacking gabion baskets in a proper schedule and present an alternative solution for concrete structures in the area of soil stabilization.Gabion walls have an application mostly in road engineering, e.g. construction of roads, embankments, retaining walls, slope protection, water barriers etc., and can have different functions:• creation of a barrier that prevents soil erosion in coast and embankment stabilization• prevention of sliding and washouts• water speed reduction in prevention of soil erosion in water ways• noise protection• aesthetic fence structures for gardensBenefits of gabion walls:• Aesthetic – gabion walls look natural and by using natural materials fits into the environment• Compatibility with the environment – using the material made by excavations the costs of acquisition and transport are significantly reduced• Is used as a cooling system in hot climate conditions and provides passve cooling by air movement• Water permeability – gabion walls are permeable and are not damaged by passing water• Efficiency of gabion walls can increase in time, since the vegetation fills voids and strengthens the wall structure• Soil movements don’t negatively influence gabion walls, which is an advantage in regard to stiffer structures (reinforced concrete walls)• Longevity – stone blocks are materials that are frequently used beacuse of their longevity, durability and stability. Usually the stone is selected beacuse of aesthetic attributes or the possibility of excavation produced material usage.Common gabion basket dimensions are 2,0 x 1,0 x 1,0 m. Galvanized mesh has a hexagonal shape with the eye size X x Y = 8,0 x 10,0 cm.After the baskets are stacked they are connected with galvanized wire to prevent deformation under the weight of upper gabion rows.Brocken rocks that are used as a fill have to be from natural stone resistant to atmosferic influence. Rocks are placed in the vicinity of gabion baskets and are machine or hand placed. After filling, baskets are closed and connections on meshes are attached with galvanized steel rings.Gabion baskets are folded when transported to the construction site in order to take up as little as space as possible. After transport, baskets are unfolded, connected and prepared for positioning.First row of gabion baskets is placed on a foundation made from stone material or concrete, depending on project requirements. The second rowis placed on a way that it is moved from the outer edge toward the back in a certain distance. After completing the basket, the space behind the basket is filled with a suitable material up to the height of the upper gabion row.On the back face, geotextile is placed in order to seperate fine particles from the stone material of the gabion wall. With this the water permeability and filtration mechanism that limits washout is secured.http://geotechnical.hrInternational Open Access JournalsComparative ultrastructure of caryopsis and leaf surface anatomy in wild rice Oryza coarctata and O. rufipogon through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Author(s): Subhas Chandra Roy* and Anurag Chowdhury Open Journal of Plant Science Thrombosis of a parametrial vein with subsequent recanalization-A case report Author(s): Nina Koehler and René Hornung* Journal of Surgery and Surgical Research Seroma after sternal wound debridement: Case report Author(s): Julia Glizevskaja*, Mohammed Abbas and Nnamdi Nwaejike Journal of Surgery and Surgical Research A retrospective study of SPECT/CT scans using SUV measurement of the normal lumbar vertebrae with Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate Author(s): Ruifeng Wang, Cong Shen, Dong Han, Zhaoguo Zhang, Yuhong Zeng, Hulin Wu, Xiaotong Xu, Tao Qin, Nan Yu, Yongjun Jia, Pengtian Zhang, Taiping He, Guo youmin and Yan Feng* International Journal of Radiology and Radiation Oncology Damage model of turbine rotor based on DPLS Author(s): Chao Dong, Wei Qin and Yongjian Sun* Annals of Systems Biology Analysis of spectrum allocation of secondary users based on linear cooperative spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio networks Author(s): Zachary Bosire Omariba* Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology A survey of machine learning applications in digital forensics Author(s): Hilmand Khan*, Sarmad Hanif and Bakht Muhammad Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology Novel use of contegra valved conduits in idiopathic bilateral brachiocephalic vein stenosis Author(s): Suraj Wasudeo Nagre* and Krishnarao Narayanrao Bhosle Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiology Practices regarding modern contraceptive use among female students. A comparative study between the university of Zimbabwe and Chinhoyi university of technology, Zimbabwe Author(s): Toweka Andrea*, Moyo Stanzia, Mhloyi Marvellous, Makochekanwa Albert and Mandizadza Enock International Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Role and economic importance of crop genetic diversity in food security Author(s): Temesgen Begna* International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology Cause and cost of onsite nutrient loss replacement in the highlands of Ethiopia and implication of Soil and Water Conservation measures Author(s): Kefyialew Tilahun Ejegue* International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology Management and utilization practices of natural pasture in Western Ethiopia Author(s): Kassahun Gurmessa* International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology Pacinian corpuscle neuroma: A rare case report with review of Literature Author(s): Sujit Kumar Singh*, Umesh Yadav, Ajay Sheoran, RC Siwach, Ashish Devgan, Kshitish Chandra Behera, Amandeep Verma, Karunesh Ranjan, Surinder Jaiswal Open Journal of Orthopedics and Rheumatology Socio-economic assessments of Hepatitis C Virus infection: Evidence from Vehari district of Pakistan Author(s): Dilshad Ahmed, Muhammad Shakeel*, Bilal Tariq and Tarhttps://peertechz.com/PeertechzCivil Engineering and Environmental SciencesKhalid Hashim is a doctor of advanced water and wastewater treatment technologies and a lecturer at the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, UK. He has extensive research interests covering a wide variety of interdisciplinary perspectives concerning the theory and practice of advanced hybrid technologies in water and wastewater treatment. He has published well over 30 peer reviewed scientific publications in multidisciplinary research areas including: waste management, water treatment, wastewater treatment, air pollution, soil pollution, treatment reactors, pollution of construction materials, design and modelling of electrochemical reactors, concrete additives, and soil additives. Khalid has been actively involved as a member of editorial board and review committee for a number peer reviewed international journals, and is on program committee or as a chair for a number of ranked international conferences. He has been awarded various, national and international, research grants. Additionally, Khalid won different national and international academic awards such as the medal of excellence that awarded by the Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Iraq. Khalid is a member of the IEEE DeSE International Conference Series on Developments in eSystems Engineering (www.dese.org.uk). He has a large number of international contacts and leads or participates in several international committees in his research fields. Research Interest: Water and wastewater treatment URL: https://www.ljmu.ac.uk/about-us/staff-profiles/faculty-of-engineering-and-technology/department-of-civil-engineering/khalid-hashim Grants: 1-    January 2019, £30,000 to hold an international conference about the environmental pollution. 2-    November 2018, £5000 from Liverpool John Moores University to support a research about the removal of complex water pollutants. 3-    November 2018, £5000 Liverpool John Moores University to support a research about the development of a real time sensor for water pollution. 4-    January 2018, £10,000 from Liverpool John Moores University to develop a hand-held compact water treatment unit that can be used to help the victims of natural and war disasters. 5-    January 2018, £40,000 to hold an international conference about the environmental pollution. 6-    December 2017, £4,500 from Liverpool John Moores University to develop a new treatment unit that can be used to remove refractory pollutants from water or wastewater. Skype ID: Khalid_alhilli List of Publications: 1-    Kah Hou Teng, Patryk Kot, Magomed Muradov, Andy Shaw, Khalid Hashim, Michaela Gkantou,  Ahmed Al-Shamma’a, 2019. Embedded Smart Antenna for Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation (NDT&E) of Moisture Content and Deterioration in Concrete. Sensors 2019, 19(3), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030547. 2-    Khalid S. Hashim, Rafid Al Khaddar, Nisreen Jasim, Andy Shaw,  David Phipps, P. Kot, Montserrat Ohttps://www.peertechz.com/journals/journal-of-civil-engineering-and-environmental-sciencesGabion wall used in road construction and flood protection embankmentNajeeb Utmani1*, Shiraz Ahmad2, Riaz Ul Islam3 and Muhammad Abbas4The scope of this paper is related to study of the gabion wall as retaining structure as well as load bearing member in hilly areas by considering various engineering factors such as structural stability, flexibility, aesthetics exposure and economic serviceability by following the design parameters such as overturning moment, sliding resistant and bearing pressure.Introduction Gabion are wire-stone element in the shape of hexagonal or cuboids made of wire mesh with double or triple twisting, filled with local stone or quarry using for retaining wall, sea walls, mechanically stabalized earth MSE walls, hydraulic works and channels lining or revetments. The primary purpose of gabion retaining wall is to provide lateral movement of soil or rock in order to control the active earth pressure and also resist the transverse load in case of gravity retaining wall which are settled and stabilized by their weight. Gabion walls are GI wire mesh tested by laboratory to verify their galvanizing and gauge properties having hexagonal and certainly may be rectangular in structure with double or triple twisting should be given in order to enhance strength property. The wire mesh containers or mattresses are properly filled by local boulders or stones approved from different quarries sources depending upon the size and shape. They are placed upon each other and tied securely in order to form monolithic massive structure for low height gravity walls. The stability is achieved by their self weight and reunion by the apron which is spread widely in the form of rectangular crates having proposed dimensions. The gabion mesh boxes or crates provide stability and rigidity to the structure on the backfill. The GI wire mesh also superimpose reinforcement to the structure which gives additional stability, these type of structure is called earth reinforcement retaining wall. Gabion retaining wall occupy good ratio with respect to cost and effectiveness and also have low environmental impact conditions because the ease of placement, casting is easy to be handle and foundations work can easily carry out and somehow good aesthetics. Literature Review Gabion wall protects landslides and river training works by [1] The applications and significance of flexible gabion wall for landslides incase of road construction and river training works was explored by Ferriolo F in the year 1997. The gabion mattresses or crates plays vital role in flooding areas as well as in land sliding areas due to its flexibility property. The scope of study in this paper is to use gabion structures in road construction due to its stability and control erosion and scouring by its main characteristics such as high resisting weight and permeability. The resisting property is usually control by the gathering effect of hexagonal wire mesh and stone filling. The soil under road and backfilling or landslides incase of breast wall is supported by gabion wire mesh. Authors also mentioned the internal details of various properties such as diameter of wire gauge, galvanizing extent, mesh size and opening, double or triple twisting, hexagonal shape etc also plays important role during implementing gabion structure. The stability of Gravity retaining structure by [2] Ivan Nesovic paper investigates the probable characteristics of gabion retaining structure for those freezing anhttps://www.peertechz.com/articles/JCEES-5-131.php#collapseOneThe scope of this paper is related to study of the gabion wall as retaining structure as well as load bearing member in hilly areas by considering various engineering factors such as structural stability, flexibility, aesthetics exposure and economic serviceability by following the design parameters such as overturning moment, sliding resistant and bearing pressure. Nowadays new construction methodologies as well design by various software’s come into existent to make it easy the implementation of structure practically but due to adverse effects of climate changes, the concept of gabion wall retaining structure plays vital role for road construction in hilly areas as well as in flooding areas on the river banks. Its common in the recent days that structural member perform multiple duties for given project, but the concept of gabion retaining wall perform such type of needs. Gabion wall also control the erosion and scouring of land in flood protection embankment in the form of retaining structure, e.g. Gi wire retaining wall with various steps along with apron which provides launching and siltation after a period of time or high flooding. Such type of gabion retaining wall is used in KP province of Pakistan after high flood disaster occurred in 2010 on River Kabul District Nowshera.Objective of the study: The main objective of gabion walls is to control land sliding on road sides, erosion and scouring on the rivers banks during flood and high velocity river streams and prevent the water logged areas from further damaging. They also support the moment of the soil and rock laterally in hilly areas by providing the function of breast walls. Our main goal is to enlighten the gabion wall as retaining structure as well load bearing member by determining its dual behaves in order to provide the strength, efficiency and structural stability by decreasing the total estimating cost while retaining the aesthetics needs and following the actual design and routine supervision.The paper also focuses on determining the conditions and implementing of gabions walls in bridge abutments and culverts and pier for elevated flyovers which are acting as breast walls by evaluating the parameters of overturning movement, resisting movement, sliding resistant and load bearing force.The scope of this paper is related to study of the gabion wall as retaining structure as well as load bearing member in hilly areas by considering various engineering factors such as structural stability, flexibility, aesthetics exposure and economic serviceability by following the design parameters such as overturning moment, sliding resistant and bearing pressure.Introduction Gabion are wire-stone element in the shape of hexagonal or cuboids made of wire mesh with double or triple twisting, filled with local stone or quarry using for retaining wall, sea walls, mechanically stabalized earth MSE walls, hydraulic works and channels lining or revetments. The primary purpose of gabion retaining wall is to provide lateral movement of soil or rock in order to control the active earth pressure and also resist the transverse load in case of gravity retaining wall which are settled and stabilized by their weight. Gabion walls are GI wire mesh tested by laboratory to verify their galvanizing and gauge properties having hexagonal and certainly may be rectangular in structure with double or triple twisting should be given in order to enhance strength property. The wire mesh containers or mattresses are properly filled by local boulders or stones approved from different quarries sources depending upon the size and shape. They are placed upon each other and tied securely in order to form monolithic massive structure for low height gravity walls. The stability is achieved by their self weight and reunion by the apron which is spread widely in the form of rectangular crates having proposed dimensions. The gabion mesh boxes or crates provide stability and rigidity to the structure on the backfill. The GI wire mesh also superimpose reinforcement to the structure which gives additional stability, these type of structure is called earth reinforcement retaining wall. Gabion retaining wall occupy good ratio with respect to cost and effectiveness and also have low environmental impact conditions because the ease of placement, casting is easy to be handle and foundations work can easily carry out and somehow good aesthetics. Literature Review Gabion wall protects landslides and river training works by [1] The applications and significance of flexible gabion wall for landslides incase of road construction and river training works was explored by Ferriolo F in the year 1997. The gabion mattresses or crates plays vital role in flooding areas as well as in land sliding areas due to its flexibility property. The scope of study in this paper is to use gabion structures in road construction due to its stability and control erosion and scouring by its main characteristics such as high resisting weight and permeability. The resisting property is usually control by the gathering effect of hexagonal wire mesh and stone filling. The soil under road and backfilling or landslides incase of breast wall is supported by gabion wire mesh. Authors also mentioned the internal details of various properties such as diameter of wire gauge, galvanizing extent, mesh size and opening, double or triple twisting, hexagonal shape etc also plays important role during implementing gabion structure. The stability of Gravity retaining structure by [2] Ivan Nesovic paper investigates the probable characteristics of gabion retaining structure for those freezing anhttps://www.peertechz.com/articles/JCEES-5-131.php#collapseThreeIntroductionGabion are wire-stone element in the shape of hexagonal or cuboids made of wire mesh with double or triple twisting, filled with local stone or quarry using for retaining wall, sea walls, mechanically stabalized earth MSE walls, hydraulic works and channels lining or revetments. The primary purpose of gabion retaining wall is to provide lateral movement of soil or rock in order to control the active earth pressure and also resist the transverse load in case of gravity retaining wall which are settled and stabilized by their weight. Gabion walls are GI wire mesh tested by laboratory to verify their galvanizing and gauge properties having hexagonal and certainly may be rectangular in structure with double or triple twisting should be given in order to enhance strength property. The wire mesh containers or mattresses are properly filled by local boulders or stones approved from different quarries sources depending upon the size and shape. They are placed upon each other and tied securely in order to form monolithic massive structure for low height gravity walls. The stability is achieved by their self weight and reunion by the apron which is spread widely in the form of rectangular crates having proposed dimensions. The gabion mesh boxes or crates provide stability and rigidity to the structure on the backfill. The GI wire mesh also superimpose reinforcement to the structure which gives additional stability, these type of structure is called earth reinforcement retaining wall.Gabion retaining wall occupy good ratio with respect to cost and effectiveness and also have low environmental impact conditions because the ease of placement, casting is easy to be handle and foundations work can easily carry out and somehow good aesthetics.Literature ReviewGabion wall protects landslides and river training works by [1]The applications and significance of flexible gabion wall for landslides incase of road construction and river training works was explored by Ferriolo F in the year 1997. The gabion mattresses or crates plays vital role in flooding areas as well as in land sliding areas due to its flexibility property. The scope of study in this paper is to use gabion structures in road construction due to its stability and control erosion and scouring by its main characteristics such as high resisting weight and permeability. The resisting property is usually control by the gathering effect of hexagonal wire mesh and stone filling. The soil under road and backfilling or landslides incase of breast wall is supported by gabion wire mesh. Authors also mentioned the internal details of various properties such as diameter of wire gauge, galvanizing extent, mesh size and opening, double or triple twisting, hexagonal shape etc also plays important role during implementing gabion structure.The stability of Gravity retaining structure by [2]Ivan Nesovic paper investigates the probable characteristics of gabion retaining structure for those freezing and snow fall areas, where landslides occurrence is high due to which soils and obstructions occurs in roads sides, so in these cases the implementation of gabion retaining structure is widely spread by which road ways and routes again brought into original state to efficient and effective way. To avoid such hurdles of transportation, large gabion walls having several rows and steps filled with several crush stones and boulders are implemented in order to avoid big consolidation of landslides. For this purpose large gabion wall having five setback rows were originated in the city of Alekinsac to control land sliding performing its duty on huge weight.Design of gabion – Geosynthetic Retaining walls in California by [3,7]The design and construction of mechanically stabilized earth MSE walls on the city of Robbinsville highway was elucidated by Simac MR Bathurst (1997). The components of wall were constructed in hybrid system which consists of geogrid reinforcement and PVC coated gabion baskets. These materials and ingredients were primarily based on the presence of chemicals active environment and were available from the local queries which fulfill cost and aesthetics appearance. This paper also incorporates the design of wall which ensures stability along with proper alignment of mountainous highway and also observed the guidelines of MSE design as presented in the project specifications, which were overstated with current approved methods of analysis to provide safe and economical wall design. The paper also explains the laboratory tests which were held out to ensure that the connections between baskets or crates and reinforcement were sufficient.Stabilization of slope for Hill road - Indian Geotechnical Conference 2010 byIndian Geotechnical Conference – 2010, Geotrendz December 16–18, 2010 IGS MumbaiChapter & IIT Bombay.The case study of this paper delivers a slope failure and remedies for their measurements in Chora Ghat highway. The retained slope 4.3 m gravity wall along with 20 m high steep given to the highway from one side and narrow deep valley town on the other side but in this paper we are suggesting two alternatives in order to control the slope failure during heavy rain falls. These may include by providing gentle slope of 15 degree with pitching of 3m from top of existing retaining wall and then provided gabion wall of RCC for the remaining height as were left during pitching, this may drain out the infiltrated water which can be restored in the base of gabion wall. The second option is to build a reinforced wall using geocomposites which consists of wire mesh. The author is also suggested MSE gabion wall for the local site conditions and topography. These types of gabion wall are highly permeable and flexible which can control the water pressure very strongly and can resist the differential settlement and lateral movement. The cost consumption is very effective and trustworthy due to its availability of local fill materials, also consuming short time during construction and permits to growth of vegetation and behaves as eco-friendly.Control of erosion and scouring through spurs/groynes: by [8]Spurs or groynes are transverse structures at an angle to the flow of water from the bank which may usually diverts or reduce the velocity of flow by producing siltation. Spurs may be pervious or impervious structures. The removal of soil particle by flowing water is term as erosion. It may be general erosion and local scour, which may involves the removal of exposed particles from the extensive land, stream bank or surfaces and local scour is the removal of single particle from the base of river, these may be controlled by using various types of gabion spurs i.e. repelling spurs, attracting spurs and deflecting groynes, performing their function for cohesive materials and non-cohesive materials. The design of spurs or groynes includes the fixation of top width, free board, side slopes, and size of stones for gabion and pitching, filter and launching apron.Rock filled gabion treatment for erosion control: by [9,10]According to given paper of Daniel which observes the effectiveness of Rock filled gabion along with Rip-Rap and culverts treatment for erosion control during post-fire erosion mitigation in 2010 monsoon, Schultz fire. Other treatments such as removal of culvert at elevation in the forest of north-central Arizona were implemented along with sixteen rock-filled wire gabion cages in channel crossing to reduce the incision of erosion in alluvial sediments. The rock gabions were placed in equal distance in ditch. The individual gabion cages were about 60x60 in cross section and 2 to 3 m long, the drainage was constructed in straight fall line with gradient of 4%. The lines were buried in soil on both sides of ditches while the wing walls of gabion were not properly crossing the ditches slope.Failure of gabion structure by model test: byDer-Guey Lin, Bor-shun Haung, Shin-Hewi LinPeryas et al in 1992 proposed a scale model test of stepped gabion spillways introducing into different type of loads. The test represented the prediction of flood in excess of 1.5m3/sec/m. the opening of mesh should be binded tightly where gabion spillways can hold flows up to 3m3 /sec/m without excessive failure. The test also disclose some deformation of gabion due to inside movement of stone filling. For this reason some suggestion wesre given by Les ouvrages en gabions (1992) on avoiding gabion deformation. He examines the stone quality and packing at the top layers of gabion courses, as the stone size were 1.5 times larger than the usual.Gabion control Erosion along sheltered shorelines: byAndrew J. Rella, & Jon K. Miller, Ph.D. Hudson River Valley Greenway,Hudson River National Estuarine. Research ReserveGabion are frequently separated into gabion baskets, gabion mattresses and sack gabion which are filled with cobbles or crush rock and then stacked with each other to form a permeable, flexible and gigantic structure. Gabion mattresses and baskets are usually similar structures that were illustrious by thickness and height which control eroding beds and banks while gabion baskets are taller structures with more reliability of height 1 to 3 ft. gabion sacks are less commonly used consist of mesh sacks filled with rocks or sand. They are placed with each other vertically forming a stacked structure which is more suspectable to failure and when placed along slope, they form revetment. Gabions are premeditated with several primary design considerations by including the stability of foundation, the shear-stress resistance of structure and toe-flank of structureMethodologyThe design of all type gabion walls is structuralized by various complete integrated software’s which fulfills all the feasible requirements such as economic, aesthetics and ecological factors. these latest software’s should follow all the comprehensive figures, visualization, Schematic drawings and all design requirements that can easily understands the users who can analyze the design results and implementation practically. The installation of gabion wall is carryout by contractor practically in the presence of Engineer who verifies all the installation procedure and following all the designing parameters i.e. overturning, sliding and bearing soil pressure elucidated in case study by figure.AnalysisDuring installation of gabion practically or by software’s the required data such as loading conditions, surcharge, hydrostatic pressure, slope and density of backfill, density of gabion fill materials, galvanizing value of gabion and zinc coating should be carryout while designing, these all values should be added on the software’s and find out the stability and all required necessary parameters. These all values should be checked primarily against overturning and sliding and allowable soil pressure. These all parameters should be changed regularly if the failure is examined.AdvantagesGabion retaining wall plays important role in construction of roads, flood controlling works, canal linings and hydraulic works. They are out most important due to its cost effectiveness, ecological aspect, durable and less time consuming during construction, economical and eco-friendly, by resisting these factors gabion have the following advantages.· Gabion should be easily repaired any damaged section or baskets with less expenses.· They have very low cost and perfect for all type of soil and climate conditions.· They can easily be executed and handle during construction· They have no need of curing and shuttering as were needed for other structures.· Their work construction is not interrupted by heavy rainfall and water shortage.· They are eco-friendly and aesthetics appearances.· Gabion structure control noise pollution due to its high stability and density.· They can acts as vibration absorbers near railway tracks.· They can survive life for years after rusting of gabion as they resist corrosion.Future considerationsGabion retaining wall should be design for road construction and flooding embankments on the mentioned standard parameters as were studied in the case study, because they have vital future planning to execution for its stability and environmental impact conditions and also at climate variations, as they have cost effective, durable and flexible due to the following considerations.· Gabion wall should be design with standard parameters as overturning or settlement usually occurs on top step.· The geotechnical investigations should be carry out properly while designing for loose soil and slush as the failure of structure occurs after period of time.· The Gi wire mesh opening should be checked properly at every stage as the contractor avoids such supervision to save their money.· The twisting should be checked properly either double or triple on the site.· The various laboratory tests of GI wire and stones should be held regularly before starting the work on site.· The faced looking stones should be placed in front of gabion as the aesthetic appearance shall be visible.· The alignment should be followed properly as were held on the survey before the implementation.Labaratory tests and resultsIn this paper various tests on gabion wire mesh and stones filled materials shall performed on the approved laboratories such as Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) and University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar (UET) soil mechanics lab. During a site supervision on flood Embankment some data and results were collected practically. The results for these tests were conducted on the project of River Kabul district Nowshera kpk Pakistan.Tests of stone and gi wireParameters Results1 Compressive strength ( psi) 9198.382 Water Absorption (%) 4.003 Dia of zinc coated wire (mm) 04.324 Dia of stripped wire (mm) 04.185 Weight of zinc coating (g/m2) 400.506 Standard wire gauge SWG 87 Tensile Strength (kg/mm2) 39.268 Elongation (%) 17ConclusionThe technical annotations of this paper emerges from social perspective which are trended and applying on road construction, flooding structures also in bridge failures and abutments that how they control land sliding and erosion. Varies gabion diversions such as spurs or Rip-Rap structures which may control erosion by performing its basic functions while maintaining the pervious and impervious ability. The paper also examines the hexagonal design with interlocking properties compares with rectangular design which resist the lateral deformation. The decorative appearance of gabion structure also arises the environmental impact, that there is lack of wastes usually found near gabion structure. The stability of gabion structure due to their self weight is usually adopting as permanent structure. The apron part of gabion retaining wall which spreads on the lands behaves as natural land as they are cover by siltation. The backfill material should be used from the approved source and having proper drainage properties to prevent the hydrostatic pressure which cause settlement of the structure. It is also determines from case study that round stones size should cause deformation of gabion which produces movement insides the gabion cages as it were used in channel ditch. The gabion may be mattresses, baskets or sack gabion varying with height and mesh size as were stacked with each other, to form a monolithic structure. The quarry stone should be elongated and blocky rather the rounded and platy. The rock filled stone should laid properly with dressed surface to form decorated appearances. The various properties and laboratory tests of GI wire such as gauge, galvanizing and tensile strength should be carryout properly before implementing a gabion structure. It is also concluded that when there is no proper slope given, the structure would lead to catastrophe. All the soil mechanics formulas are used in every application of theory which is further derived explicitly.ReferencesFerriolo F, Vicari M, Kulkarni TP, Gharpure AD (1997) Landslide Road Protection and River Training Works with Gabion Structures, Proceedings of Geosynthetics Asia '97, Bangalore, India. 11: 11.20. Link: Geosynthetics Asia 1997Nešović I, Paunović S, Petrović M, Ćirić N (2015) The Stability of Gravity Retaining Structures. Link: https://goo.gl/RSrMnBSimac MR, Bathurst RJ, TW (1997A) Design of Gabion - Geosynthetic Retaining Walls On the Tellico Plains to Robbinsville Highway,Geosynthetics '97 Conference, California, USA. 105-118. Link: DESIGN OF GABION-GEOSYNTHETIC RETAINING WALLS ON THE TELLICO PLAINS TO ROBBINSVILLE HIGHWAYBS 1377 (1990) Method of testing soil for civil engineering purpose. British Standard Institute, BSI ,London ,England. Link: BSI (1990) BS 1377 1990-Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes. British Standards Institute, Milton Keynes.Ramlia M, Karasu TJ, Dawood ET (2018) School of Housing Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Building and Construction Technology Engineering, Technical college of Mosul, Mosul-Ira. Link: Housing, Building & PlanningASTM A975-11 (2011) Standard Specification for Double-Twisted Hexagonal Mesh Gabions and Revet Mattresses (Metallic-Coated Steel Wire or Metallic-Coated Steel Wire With Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Coating). Link: ASTM A975 - 11 standard specification for double–twisted hexagonal mesh gabions and revet mattresses (Metallic-Coated Steel Wire or Metallic-Coated Steel Wire With Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Coating) | Environmental XPRTCHAPTER 4 (1979) Gabion Retaining Walls. Developments in Geotechnical Engineering 27: 62-82. Link: Gabion Retaining WallsPeter C, Kllngeman, Scott M, Kehe, Yaw A, Owusu (1984) Department of Civil Engineering, Oregon State University. Link: https://goo.gl/p3ZzGTNeary DG, Karen A, Koestner. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2500 Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001. Link: Daniel G. Neary | Rocky Mountain Research StationHudson River Sustainable Shorelines Project.NYSDEC Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve.Norrie Point Environmental Center.Staatsburg, NY 12580 845-889-4745. Link: Hudson River National Estuarine Research ReserveCopyright© 2019 Utmani N, et al. 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hundred whopping years of since reading books and the reading books of the Guttenberg press print invention issues itself about 600 years ago by now issues has abd had the answer to the Infinite binding exponential increasing energy powers needed for its the :-->!*!**:--->!*!**:-->>1) mit ee fusion labs reactor issues to the esp the2):-->!*!** Fermi lab to3):-->!*!** international cern reactor particle physics collider lab issues on just the binding em forces of tge book binder architecture issues that cu cucs mary boyce to her predecessor professor ship pf cuee prof omar wing rc tree delay duping chairmanship profesorship type issues have read to been using to read with their arms and hands issues is tge secret to infinite energy generation for the energy secretariat of mit emeritus prof of physics mr moniz of Obama whitehouse1 model team issues to have missed issues is why you all fired on wgat amt of anything to new economy science technolgy gas these nyc immigrant pool ambush evil real anti inteligence to anti ai men contributed to knowledge to of Internet ti infinite energy generation for an humanBot humanBot race that really don't deserve it tgat issyes esp tge billions of blk to other races people's primitive but anti ai to anti inteligence to esp anti ai supercomputer singularity point issues thry like Mr barchas ti mr levin associated supermarket type iq prof whom handed me an piece of paper he said o very super smart should know understand that facial reactions to superficial facial speech gestures are an indicator of mental illness and you all at mit to ibm empire ai supercomputer jeopardy trancendance to supercomputer singularity point issues need to know that this conversation here with asst prof dubin of duping neurotransmitters Neurobiologist neuroscience issues to the 500 years old printing press Guttenberg med ti book binding em force fir fueling earth ti universe exponentially increasing ee op amp type book binding em field tgat ee prof cuee OMAR wing RC tree delay duping chairmanship profesorship team type issues to now her continuance tapes issues if cu cucs mary boyce deanship team of mit best phd eve woman deanship white women blk horse dck low iq love affair blk rascist selma tape issues of mr blk manager Nicholas if I were white I be an fcking mother bigger hero on these earth energy generation infinity issues thst they mother fvking asshole can understand English but really can't anymore than asst prof dubin of duping neurotransmitters Neurobiologist neuroscience ti chairmanship mr white man J barchas understand about these things to whom we are cs whom they are the ivy league communism system that like googke don't allow me to upload to YouTube anything shit esp associated supermarket type iq of mr white man cornell Weill deanship pf associated with type iq mr levin tapes interview by me the mit ai ex-machina projects issues here now thanks that within caktech Adam d'angelo ranks white staffers they don't listen to caltech sb degree reputation of Adam d'angelo to himself the founder boss pf quora app issues itself is why he must fire those tgat challenge him by saying he just an batman dark knight technologies foundations issues abd asst prof of the batman dark knight technologies endowment chair asst prof at mit ee reif mit empire building team issues the question yiu ask quora caltech sb degree founder Adam d'angelo to as his evil low iq selma syndicate communism system that chsllenge him vs me issues whom the fck are we issues u say we not like blk fat bald head mustache manager mr Nicolas white ass kissing don't think we exponentially contributed too much to his low iq low income type unwillingly esp if infinite energy generation us funded by new Toyota grant to mit ti chsllenge google everything abc.xyz com projects issues here now thanks that is whom we are bec quora app staffers to even xahrcg an ceo founder Adam d'angelo didn't see everyday ge help the book that had not on tge it's words pf content inside the book issues bit it had tge secret to infinite energy generation em force architecture inside the very old indeed everyday read 600 years old book em binding exponential architecture force an ee pp amp architecture for cern Fermi lab to mit ee lab fusion reactor was in the book em binding issues all this 500-600 tears now abd mr Nicholas ti his asshole jealous you are whom you are evil devil iq not going to heaven even if there was and white women can never go beyond low social iq pf rascisj dck faces of one type race to another and why is that issues bec that piece of fcking stood facial features mental illness correlation tapes is why you can't understand an fcking thing I've said to the mit ee reif team to ibm grometty ai supercomputer jeopardy future singularity point supercomputer ai issues of mine bec humanBot race forever rascist if one low iq type to another don't need to think let the ai supercomputer jeopardy type to mine trancendance 2045a type issues lead the human race ti not fck up tge economy ti their rascist driven probability job function issues let the ai supercomputer singularity point run everything to the economy well run ti manufacturer robotics plants issues to office ai worker issues and you all asst prof dubin of duping neurotransmitters Neurobiologist neuroscience asst prof issues heroism can then be relived of asst prof of duping neurotransmitters Neurobiologist neuroscience issues pf not with esp ass supermarket type iq levin profesorship issues to not know with heroidm md phd neurotransmitters Neurobiologist neuroscience duping knowledge waste of higher education issues that piece of paper that you all saw to including mit to ibm empire building teams issues is nothing thsn about what your high school teacher to esp your parents ti kindergarten school teacher taught you :-->!*!**:-->!*!*£ not to judge an person or an book by its iq score issues piece of paper or single number issues but esp not ti judge am person or book :--->>!*!**:--->!*!** by its cover issues but you all fired on these things bec you've all heard it from your parents ti school teachers but the psycho psych asst prof dubin of duping neurotransmitters Neurobiologist neuroscience md phd type issues ti chairmanship white man J barchas evil man to associated with type iq of mr white man levin of the psycho psych profesorship old guard industry of old guard ai to brain science issues have never heard about it issues nor believe in it issues is why they themselves mentally ill issues yo also why they to many humanBot issues don't understand the book binding infinite energy generation issues above of the bat dark knight technologies foundations issues here in Gotham city nyc issues here now thanks to esp the white women blk horse dck low life iq love affair with fired by you all for me here issues here now thanks :--->>!*!** good luck on your mission tapes and don't fail yourselves for me here issues here nows thanks esp by the mit to ibm teams for me here issues here nows thanks :-->!*!**Now this thanks :--->>!*!**1):-->!*!** from quora apps now posts thanks :-->>!*!**It's basically impossible to answer this question because women are a very broad category of people and individual women will view attractiveness as something completely different than others. Alex Netherton summarized what some women find attractive in men very well in his answer.Marie Seltenrych lists many attractive traits in her answer that I think a large number of women, including myself, find attractive in a man.If you are a "dork" you may be only at a disadvantage with a limited category of women: those that dislike dorkish types. Unless you are a complete social misfit, which it does not appear you are, there will be many women who find you attractive for your other qualities, and there will even be women who think that being a dork is an attractive or charming trait. If I were you, I would not worry too much.Written Thu • View Upvotes • Not for ReproductionUpvote99DownvoteComments1+Marie Seltenrych, Studied Mental Disorders independently. Ministered at nursing homes in Brisba...2.1k ViewsA genuine man who is open and honest.A man who is kind and giving (according to his means).A man who listens when a woman speaks to him. (Shows an interest in her opinions)A man who is rational. (Makes sense)A man with a good sense of humour.Appearance is secondary to a man's character.A clean man who has taken care of his appearance (had a shower, combed his hair, brushed his teeth and shaved) is appealing to a woman.Height and facial features - someone who identifies with their own reflection. I believe this is a subsconcious need from seeing their own identity in a mirror; from their early (good) encounters with men (fathers, brothers, neighbours, family friends) that remain in memory bank. Also early images of heroic men on screen will play a part in being attracted to a man. (The ideal man as interpreted by the girl/woman)2):-->!*!* from 360news.com app now posts now thanks :-->!*!**Does your college teach you how to hack a theory? In Strings Are Dead, I hacked and invalidated all string theories with the flawed Tidal Axiom. Can we do the same for quantum theory? Am I going to be in real hot soup for suggesting this? Yes.First note that the physics establishment is coming around to accepting the fact that there are major fundamental problems with their theories. Professors Steinhardt and Efstathiou, in their Kavli Institute video blog, and Professors Lykken and Spiropulu in their May 2014 Scientific American "A Crisis in Physics?" point to the real risk that their empirical data no longer supports their theories.We all know how to hack a computerized system, find the weakest link, a bug or a password. With physical theories it is the same. The weakest links are the axioms (assumptions used in mathematics). These are usually stated but can be implicit.Quantum theory is looking more and more like string theories, open ended - the more you research the more you find. CERN is adding more fundament particles in their search to unify everything. The latest are the pentaquarks. How many more particles do we need to add before we determine that either the Standard Model is complete or is fundamentally flawed? 20, 50, 100 . . . ? Maybe Nature's design allows for an infinity of particles types and no theoretical physicist has proposed otherwise.Nature shows us that from a finite set of elements it is possible to construct an infinite set of chemicals. Is this Nature's design philosophy? To construct an infinity from the finite? Therefore, observing an open ended number of particles would suggest that we are asking the wrong question. Wouldn't it? Does quantum theory, like string theories, have a fundamentally flawed axiom?How do we hunt for a flaw?Keep in mind that while physics is by consensus, Nature is not. In Super Physics for Super Technologies, I proposed the matrix type Component Standard Model (CSM) for particle design which is still work-in-progress. Any known and unknown particle can be designed from its five potential component representations of the particle's property (charge, spin, magnetic moments, mass type etc.). Resulting in about a 100 component variations with potentially 30,000 permutations of particle types. Every new property increases the potential component variations by about 15. It is an arithmetic increase as opposed to a geometric increase. This means it is possible to hunt for particles that don't have a basis in the Standard Model i.e. falsifiability, or the potential to prove something wrong.In contemporary physics, the hunt for new particles can be very roughly described as follows. (1) The physics community agrees on a specific hypothetical particle. (2) Machines are set up, and particle collision produces a shower of particles, both old and new. (3) This particle shower is recorded. (4) Each particle is examined to see if it matches the mathematical model. No, doesn't match. Next particle. No, doesn't match. Next particle. No, doesn't match . . . until you find it . . . yes! It matches. Else, smash more particles and repeat this process.Therefore, Standard Model is once again confirmed! But wait, since the CSM allows for a larger set of particle designs, proving the Standard Model is correct, also proves that CSM is correct. If a new particle property is proposed or found it is included as a column to this CSM matrix structure. Got you, you theoretical physics community.So, can we hack quantum theory?There are a few ways to falsify the Standard Model. (1) Find particles that have no basis in the Standard Model. This is easy as we have the data from previous collisions. We only need to determine what is not allowed by the Standard Model, and hunt. (2) Invert the particle search question. Can we, from at least a partial set of particles that don't match, construct an Alternative Standard Model (ASM)? Maybe two, three or more ASMs? This is not easy to do, but if we cannot construct an ASM, how do we determine that either, when the Standard Model is complete or, like strings, is fundamentally flawed? (3) Find an axiomatic flaw in the Standard Model.Quite by accident, I stumbled upon this third approach.Contemporary electric field theory informs us that electric field lines are repulsive or warped as can be seen in this picture. Similarly, on a charged particle like an electron, the electric field lines emanating from it are so strongly repulsive, that decades ago theoreticians invented a new force, Poincaré stresses, to counter these repulsive electric forces.In the first paper "A Universal Approach to Forces" of my book Super Physics for Super Technologies, I proposed that electric field lines (therefore, magnetic field lines) are not repulsive. These field lines overlap without interference and are summative. The force between any two charges is determined by the gradient of the overlapping field densities between the charges. As with all other forces, gravitational, and electromagnetic, the key is the spatial gradient of the summative fields. Thereby falsifying quantum theories exchange of force-carrier particles and invalidating Standard Model's classification of bosons. Note, finding a particle and proving its function are two different goals.Is there proof in Nature that electric field lines are not repulsive? Yes. In the transverse electromagnetic wave, both the electric and magnetic field lines are well behaved, non-repulsive, parallel (not warped) field lines that are orthogonal to the direction of propagation. Hiding in plain sight!What does this mean? It means that electric and magnetic field lines are not repulsive (note, that this is not the same as fields are repulsive). It means that Poincaré stresses don't exists. It means that much of the Standard Model is no longer valid. It means per Professors Steinhardt and Efstathiou (Kavli Institute video blog), that our theories really are more complicated that the Universe is.Hacked! Quod Erat Demonstrandum.Actually, there is a second hack for quantum theory, and I'm debating writing about it. If you have any, please publish in peer reviewed journals or post a link to your work in the comments section. Thanks.