Molecular Modeling Diels Alder Reactions I: Fill & Download for Free

"I'm struggling in my organic class" or "how should I be studying for organic?"Why is this?What are your thoughts?I don't know how to learn itMany people make it through most of their courses simply by memorizing and regurgitating. you can't memorize at all because you do need to know the reagents for certain reactions (e.g. what you need for a Diels-Alder reaction). So the course challenges you to both take in new knowledge relatively quickly and to apply that knowledge in a completely new way.In organic chemistry you need to understand and visualize the structures, if you struggle with drawing tetravalent carbons you fall behind very quickly. It would be a great help if every student of organic chemistry got at the first lecture a decent molecular model kit, like this one:As others have said, it's like learning a language. The rules are what's most important. Ask yourself, "where are the electrons?" and "where do they want to go?". If you ask yourself these questions you can answer all basic organic chemistry. Trends you need to know in order to predict reactions are pKa values, nucleophilicity, electronegativity and a bit about orbital symmetry.many students are used to memorizing information instead of fully understanding the concepts.Applying broad principles to complex 2D and sometimes 3D visualizations. You can't do it without general chemistry, but it draws on an utterly different skill set. Personally I did BETTER in organic than in a lot of other areas I've just managed to forget it all in the last 20 years.my professor was interesting and a great lecturer (he's given other talks that have been fantastic!) but I just could not bring myself to care about the material.if you just relax and let yourself actually learn the material, Organic is like a big logic puzzle and I'm really excited to take Organic chemistry

The subjects in B. Pharmacy first year no:Remedial Mathematical BiologyAdvanced MathematicsAnatomyPhysiology and Health EducationPhysical ChemistryOrganic ChemistryPhysical PharmacyBasic Electronics and Computer ApplicationsPharmaceutical AnalysisInorganic Pharmaceutical ChemistryPharmacognosyin India.Introduction to pharmacopoeias and other compendia.Definition of drug, New Drug as per D&C Act 1940, steps for New Drug Development – filing of INDA, clinical research, filing of NDA.Brief Introduction to Good Manufacturing Practices & Quality AssuranceIntroduction to Dosage formsClassification of the basis of nature, routes of administration, concept of new drug delivery system sustained release and targeted drug delivery system with some examples.Concept of Pre-formulations and formulation- introductory aspects of physicochemical properties with their application, types of additives with examples.Concept of Bio-availability, Bioequivalence, Biopharmaceutics, Absorption, and Mechanism of absorption. Concept of drug distribution, Concept of drug metabolism and concept of drug excretion. Drug efficiency and dose response concept. Physiological consideration of various routes of administration.Radiopharmaceuticals: Radioactivity, Production and Quality control of radiopharmaceuticals.Packaging: Containers, closures, and materials for them, until dose packing.Alternative systems of medicine: Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Unani and Siddha.Section –IISolution – Definition, factors affecting rate of solution, methods used to improve solubility and preformulation studies. Types of ingredients used during formulation. Manufacturing processes involved in liquid oral preparation. Evaluation including control on raw materials, in process control and finished Product controls. Formulation – syrups, elixirs, aromatic water, linctuses, ENT preparations and pains, mouth washes.Equipments used in manufacturing and packing of oral solution, liquid mixing mechanism of mixing, impeller, propeller mixers, paddle mixer, baffles, prevention of aeration and foam.Filtration and Clarification.Size ReducationSize SeparationPowdersGranule manufacturing as a dosage formSubjects for 1st year (Semester 1)SubjectsTheoryPracticalHoursMarksHoursMarksHUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-I451004/week50PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS451004/week50PHARMACEUTICS- I451003/week50PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY451004/week50COMMUNICATION SKILLS*30502/week25REMEDIAL BIOLOGY*/ REMEDIAL MATHEMATICS(Only theory)*30503025Total marks675/725 $/750##Applicable ONLY for the students who have studied Mathematics / Physics / Chemistry at HSC and appearing for Remedial Biology (RB) course.$Applicable ONLY for the students who have studied Physics / Chemistry / Botany / Zoology at HSC and appearing for Remedial Mathematics (RM) course.* Non University Examination (NUE)Syllabus for 1st SemesterSubjectsSyllabusTheoryPracticalHUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-IUnit I(Introduction to human body, Cellular level of organization, Tissue level of organization); Unit II(Integumentary system, Skeletal system, Joints); Unit III(Body fluids and blood, Lymphatic system); Unit IV(Peripheral nervous system, Peripheral nervous system); Unit V (Cardiovascular system)1. Study of compound microscope. 2. Microscopic study of epithelial and connective tissue 3. Microscopic study of muscular and nervous tissue 4. Identification of axial bones 5. Identification of appendicular bones 6. Introduction to hemocytometry. 7. Enumeration of white blood cell (WBC) count 8. Enumeration of total red blood corpuscles (RBC) counts 9. Determination of bleeding time 10. Determination of clotting time 11. Estimation of hemoglobin content 12. Determination of blood group. 13. Determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). 14. Determination of heart rate and pulse rate. 15. Recording of blood pressure.PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSISUnit I(Pharmaceutical analysis, Errors, Pharmacopoeia); Unit II(Acid base titration, Non aqueous titration); Unit III(Precipitation titration, Complexometric titration, Gravimetry, Basic Principles,methods and application of diazotisation titration); Unit IV(Redox titrations); Unit V(Electrochemical methods of analysis- Conductometry, Potentiometry, Polarography)Limit Tests- (1) Chloride (2) Sulphate (3) Iron (4) Arsenic; Preparation and standardization of -(1) Sodium hydroxide (2) Sulphuric acid (3) Sodium thiosulfate (4) Potassium permanganate (5) Ceric ammonium sulphate; Assay of the following compounds along with Standardization of Titrant- (1) Ammonium chloride by acid base titration (2) Ferrous sulphate by Cerimetry (3) Copper sulphate by Iodometry (4) Calcium gluconate by complexometry (5) Hydrogen peroxide by Permanganometry (6) Sodium benzoate by non-aqueous titration (7) Sodium Chloride by precipitation titration; Determination of Normality by electro-analytical methods – (1) Conductometric titration of strong acid against strong base (2) Conductometric titration of strong acid and weak acid against strong base (3) Potentiometric titration of strong acid against strong basePHARMACEUTICS- IUnit I(Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy, Prescription, Dosage forms, Posology); Unit II(Pharmaceutical calculations, Powders, Liquid dosage forms); Unit III(Monophasic liquids, Biphasic liquids Suspensions, Emulsions); Unit IV(Suppositories, Pharmaceutical incompatibilities); Unit V-Semisolid dosage forms1. Syrups a) Syrup IP’66 b) Compound syrup of Ferrous Phosphate BPC’68 2. Elixirs a) Piperazine citrate elixir b) Paracetamol pediatric elixir 3.Linctus a) Terpin Hydrate Linctus IP’66 4. Solutions b) Iodine Throat Paint (Mandles Paint) a) Strong solution of ammonium acetate b) Cresol with soap solution c) Lugol’s solution 5. Suspensions a) Calamine lotion b) Magnesium Hydroxide mixture c) Aluminimum Hydroxide gel 6. Emulsions a) Turpentine Liniment b) Liquid paraffin emulsion 7. Powders and Granules a) ORS powder (WHO) b) Effervescent granules c)Dusting powder d)Divded powders 8. Suppositories a) Glycero gelatin suppository b) Coca butter suppository c) Zinc Oxide suppository 8. Semisolids a) Sulphur ointment b) Non staining-iodine ointment with methyl salicylate c) Carbopal gel 9. Gargles and Mouthwashes a) Iodine gargle b) Chlorhexidine mouthwashPHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRYUnit I(Impurities in pharmaceutical substances, General methods of preparation of compounds); Unit II(Acids, Bases and Buffers, Major extra and intracellular electrolytes, Dental products); Unit III(Gastrointestinal agents, Acidifiers, Antacid, Cathartics, Antimicrobials); Unit IV(Miscellaneous compounds, Expectorants, Emetics, Haematinics, Poison and Antidote, Astringents); Unit V- Radiopharmaceuticals1.Limit tests for following ions(Chlorides and Sulphates Modified limit test for Chlorides and Sulphates Limit test for Iron Limit test for Heavy metals Limit test for Lead Limit test for Arsenic) 2. Identification test Magnesium hydroxide Ferrous sulphate Sodium bicarbonate Calcium gluconate Copper sulphate 3.Test for purity Swelling power of Bentonite Neutralizing capacity of aluminum hydroxide gel Determination of potassium iodate and iodine in potassium Iodide 4.Preparation of inorganic pharmaceuticals Boric acid Potash alum Ferrous sulphateCOMMUNICATION SKILLSUnit I(Communication Skills, Barriers to communication, Perspectives in Communication); Unit II(Elements of Communication, Communication Styles); Unit III(Basic Listening Skills, Effective Written Communication, Writing Effectively); Unit IV(Interview Skills, Giving Presentations); Unit V- Group DiscussionBasic communications covering the following topics -Meeting People Asking Questions Making Friends What did you do? Do’s and Don’ts; Pronunciations covering the following topics- Pronunciation (Consonant Sounds) Pronunciation and Nouns Pronunciation (Vowel Sounds); Advanced Learning Listening Comprehension / Direct and Indirect Speech Figures of Speech Effective Communication Writing Skills Effective Writing Interview Handling Skills E-Mail etiquette Presentation SkillsREMEDIALBIOLOGYUnit I(Living world, Morphology of Flowering plants); Unit II(Body fluids and circulation, Digestion and Absorption, Breathing and respiration); Unit III(Excretory products and their elimination, Neural control and coordination, Chemical coordination and regulation, Human reproduction); Unit IV(Plants and mineral nutrition, Photosynthesis); Unit V(Plant respiration, Plant growth and development, Cell – The unit of life, Tissues1. Introduction to experiments in biology a) Study of Microscope b) Section cutting techniques c) Mounting and staining d) Permanent slide preparation 2. Study of cell and its inclusions 3. Study of Stem, Root, Leaf, seed, fruit, flower and their modifications 4. Detailed study of frog by using computer models 5. Microscopic study and identification of tissues pertinent to Stem, Root Leaf, seed, fruit and flower 6. Identification of bones 7. Determination of blood group 8. Determination of blood pressure 9. Determination of tidal volumeREMEDIAL MATHEMATICSUnit I(Partial fraction, Logarithms, Function, Limits and continuity); Unit II(Matrices and Determinant); Unit III(Calculus –Differentiation); Unit IV(Analytical Geometry- Introduction, Straight Line, Integration); Unit V(Differential Equations-Application in solving Pharmacokinetic equations, Laplace Transform- Application in solving Chemical kinetics and Pharmacokinetics equations)Subjects for Semester 2SubjectsTheoryPracticalHoursMarksHoursMarksHUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II451004/week50PHARMACEUTICALORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I451004/week50BIOCHEMISTRY451004/week50PATHOPHYSIOLOGY45100––COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACY*3075–25ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES*3075––Total marks725* The subject experts at college level shall conduct examinationsSyllabus for Semester 2SubjectsSyllabusTheoryPracticalHUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-IIUnit I- Nervous system(Organization of nervous system, neuron, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibre, electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse, neurotransmitters. Central nervous system: Meninges, ventricles of brain and cerebrospinal fluid, structure and functions of brain (cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum), spinal cord (gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts, reflex activity) ); Unit II- Digestive system(Anatomy of GI Tract with special reference to anatomy and functions of stomach, Acid production in the stomach, regulation of acid production through parasympathetic nervous system, pepsin role in protein digestion) small intestine 54 and large intestine, anatomy and functions of salivary glands, pancreas and liver, movements of GIT, digestion and absorption of nutrients and disorders of GIT. Energetics-Formation and role of ATP, Creatinine Phosphate and BMR) ;Unit III-Respiratory system(Anatomy of respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs, mechanism of respiration, regulation of respiration Lung Volumes and capacities transport of respiratory gases, artificial respiration, and resuscitation methods),Urinary system (Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation, micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney and disorders of kidney); Unit IV- Endocrine system (Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, structure and functions of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus and their disorders.); Unit V- Reproductive system(Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition), Introduction to genetics Chromosomes, genes and DNA, protein synthesis, genetic pattern of inheritance1. To study the integumentary and special senses using specimen, models, etc., 2. To study the nervous system using specimen, models, etc., 3. To study the endocrine system using specimen, models, etc 4. To demonstrate the general neurological examination 5. To demonstrate the function of olfactory nerve 6. To examine the different types of taste. 7. To demonstrate the visual acuity 8. To demonstrate the reflex activity 9. Recording of body temperature 10. To demonstrate positive and negative feedback mechanism. 11. Determination of tidal volume and vital capacity. 12. Study of digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular systems, urinary and reproductive systems with the help of models, charts and specimens. 13. Recording of basal mass index. 14. Study of family planning devices and pregnancy diagnosis test. 15. Demonstration of total blood count by cell analyser 16. Permanent slides of vital organs and gonadsPHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –IUnit I- Classification, nomenclature and isomerism, Classification of Organic Compounds Common and IUPAC systems of nomenclature of organic compounds (up to 10 Carbons open chain and carbocyclic compounds) Structural isomerisms in organic compounds); Unit II-Alkanes*, Alkenes* and Conjugated dienes* (SP3 hybridization in alkanes, Halogenation of alkanes, uses of paraffins. Stabilities of alkenes, SP2 hybridization in alkenes E1 and E2 reactions – kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides, rearrangement of carbocations, Saytzeffs orientation and evidences. E1 verses E2 reactions, Factors affecting E1 and E2 reactions. Ozonolysis, electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes, Markownikoff’s orientation, free radical addition reactions of alkenes, Anti Markownikoff’s orientation. Stability of conjugated dienes, Diel-Alder, electrophilic addition, free radical addition reactions of conjugated dienes, allylic rearrangement); Unit III-Alkyl halides* (SN1 and SN2 reactions – kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides, stereochemistry and rearrangement of carbocations. SN1 versus SN2 reactions, Factors affecting SN1 and SN2 reactions, Structure and uses of ethylchloride, Chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane and iodoform), Alcohols*( Qualitative tests, Structure and uses of Ethyl alcohol, Methyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, Cetosteryl alcohol, Benzyl alcohol, Glycerol, Propylene glycol); Unit IV- Carbonyl compounds* (Aldehydes and ketones) Nucleophilic addition, Electromeric effect, aldol condensation, Crossed Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Crossed Cannizzaro reaction, Benzoin condensation, Perkin condensation, qualitative tests, Structure and uses of Formaldehyde, Paraldehyde, Acetone, Chloral hydrate, Hexamine, Benzaldehyde, Vanilin, Cinnamaldehyde); Unit V- Carboxylic acids*(Acidity of carboxylic acids, effect of substituents on acidity, inductive effect and qualitative tests for carboxylic acids ,amide and ester Structure and Uses of Acetic acid, Lactic acid, Tartaric acid, Citric acid, Succinic acid. Oxalic acid, Salicylic acid, Benzoic acid, Benzyl benzoate, Dimethyl phthalate, Methyl salicylate and Acetyl salicylic acid), Aliphatic amines* – Basicity, effect of substituent on Basicity. Qualitative test, Structure and uses of Ethanolamine, Ethylenediamine, Amphetamine)I. Systematic qualitative analysis of unknown organic compounds like1. Preliminary test: Color, odour, aliphatic/aromatic compounds, saturation and unsaturation, etc. 2. Detection of elements like Nitrogen, Sulphur and Halogen by Lassaigne’s test 3. Solubility test 4. Functional group test like Phenols, Amides/ Urea, Carbohydrates, Amines, Carboxylic acids, Aldehydes and Ketones, Alcohols, Esters, Aromatic and Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Nitro compounds and Anilides. 5. Melting point/Boiling point of organic compounds 6. Identification of the unknown compound from the literature using melting point/ boiling point. 7. Preparation of the derivatives and confirmation of the unknown compound by melting point/ boiling point. 8. Minimum 5 unknown organic compounds to be analysed systematically;II- Preparation of suitable solid derivatives from organic compounds;III. Construction of molecular modelsBIOCHEMISTRYUnit I– Biomolecules (Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids and proteins), Bioenergetics (Concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reaction, Relationship between free energy, enthalpy and entropy; Redox potential. Energy rich compounds; classification; biological significances of ATP and cyclic AMP) ; Unit II- Carbohydrate metabolism(Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance,Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance, HMP shunt and its significance, Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD), Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance,Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus), Biological oxidation(Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism. Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate phosphorylation, Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouplers.);Unit III –Lipid metabolism(β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic acid), Formation and utilization of ketone bodies, ketoacidosisDe novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid), Biological significance of cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol intobile acids, steroid hormone and vitamin D,Disorders of lipid metabolism: Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver and obesity.) Amino acid metabolism(General reactions of amino acid metabolism: Transamination,deamination & decarboxylation, urea cycle and its disorders,Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders(Phenyketonuria, Albinism, alkeptonuria, tyrosinemia), Synthesis and significance of biological substances; 5-HT, melatonin,dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundi); Unit IV- Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer(Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides,Catabolism of purine nucleotides and Hyperuricemia and Gout disease, Organization of mammalian genome,Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions, DNA replication (semi conservative model),Transcription or RNA synthesisGenetic code, Translation or Protein synthesis and inhibitors); Unit V- Enzymes(Introduction, properties, nomenclature and IUB classification of enzymes,Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot)Enzyme inhibitors with examples,Regulation of enzymes: enzyme induction and repression, allostericenzymes regulation, Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes, Coenzymes –Structure and biochemical functions)1. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates (Glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Maltose,Sucrose and starch)2. Identification tests for Proteins (albumin and Casein)3. Quantitative analysis of reducing sugars (DNSA method) and Proteins (Biuret method)4. Qualitative analysis of urine for abnormal constituents5. Determination of blood creatinine6. Determination of blood sugar7. Determination of serum total cholesterol8. Preparation of buffer solution and measurement of pH9. Study of enzymatic hydrolysis of starch10. Determination of Salivary amylase activity11. Study the effect of Temperature on Salivary amylase activity12. Study the effect of substrate concentration on salivary amylase activity.PATHOPHYSIOLOGYUnit I – Basic principles of Cell injury and Adaptation:(Introduction, definitions, Homeostasis, Components and Types of Feedback systems,Causes of cellular injury,Pathogenesis (Cell membrane damage, Mitochondrial damage,Ribosome damage, Nuclear damage),Morphology of cell injury – Adaptive changes(Atrophy, Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia),Cell swelling, Intra cellular accumulation, Calcification, Enzyme leakage and Cell Death Acidosis & Alkalosis, Electrolyte imbalance), Basic mechanism involved in the process of inflammation and repair:(Introduction, Clinical signs of inflammation, Different types of Inflammation, Mechanismof Inflammation – Alteration in vascular permeability and blood flow, migration ofWBC’s, Mediators of inflammation, Basic principles of wound healing in theskin, Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis); Unit II–Cardiovascular System:(Hypertension, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis), Respiratory system: (Asthma, Chronic obstructive airways diseases.),Renal system: (Acute and chronic renal failure.)Unit III- Haematological Diseases: (Iron deficiency, megaloblastic anemia (Vit B12 and folic acid), sickle cell anemia, thalasemia, hereditary acquired anemia, haemophilia), Endocrine system: (Diabetes, thyroid diseases, disorders of sex hormones.), Nervous system: (Epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, psychiatric disorders:Depression, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease.),Gastrointestinal system: (Peptic Ulcer),Unit IV– Inflammatory bowel diseases, jaundice, hepatitis (A,B,C,D,E,F) alcoholic liverDisease, Disease of bones and joints: (Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and gout), Principles of cancer: (classification, etiology and pathogenesis of cancer),Diseases of bones and joints: (Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout),Principles of Cancer: (Classification, etiology and pathogenesis of Cancer)Unit V- Infectious diseases: (Meningitis, Typhoid, Leprosy, Tuberculosis, Urinary tract infections), Sexually transmitted diseases: (AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhea)_COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACYUnit IV- Number system: (Binary number system, Decimal number system, Octalnumber system, Hexadecimal number systems, conversion decimal to binary, binary to decimal, octal to binary etc, binary addition, binarysubtraction – One’s complement ,Two’s complement method, binary multiplication, binary division.), Concept ofInformation Systems and Software : (Information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle, planning and managing the project.); Unit II- Web technologies: (Introduction to HTML, XML,CSS andProgramming languages, introduction to web servers and Server Products, Introduction to databases, MYSQL, MS ACCESS, Pharmacy Drug database.); Unit III- Application of computers in Pharmacy(Drug information storage andretrieval, Pharmacokinetics, Mathematical model in Drug design, Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy, Electronic Prescribing and discharge (EP) systems, barcode medicine identification and automated dispensing of drugs, mobile technology and adherence monitoring, Diagnostic System, Lab-diagnostic System, Patient Monitoring System, Pharma Information System); Unit IV-Bioinformatics: (Introduction, Objective of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Databases, Concept of Bioinformatics, Impact of Bioinformatics in Vaccine Discovery)Unit-V Computers as data analysis in Preclinical development:(Chromatographic dada analysis(CDS), Laboratory Information managementSystem (LIMS) and Text Information Management System(TIMS))1. Design a questionnaire using a word processing package to gather information about a particular disease.2. Create a HTML web page to show personal information.3. Retrieve the information of a drug and its adverse effects using online tools4 Creating mailing labels Using Label Wizard , generating label in MS WORD5. Create a database in MS Access to store the patient information with the required fields Using access6. Design a form in MS Access to view, add, delete and modify the patient record in the database7. Generating report and printing the report from patient database8. Creating invoice table using – MS Access9. Drug information storage and retrieval using MS Access10. Creating and working with queries in MS Access11. Exporting Tables, Queries, Forms and Reports to web pages12. Exporting Tables, Queries, Forms and Reports to XML pagesENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESUnit-I:The Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studiesNatural Resources (Renewable and non-renewable resources: Natural resources and associated problems a) Forest resources; b) Water resources; c) Mineral resources; d) Food resources; e) Energy resources; f) Land resources: Role of an individual inconservation of natural resources.); Unit II: Ecosystems§ Concept of an ecosystem.§ Structure and function of an ecosystem.§ Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function ofthe ecosystems: Forest ecosystem; Grassland ecosystem; Desertecosystem; Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans,estuaries); Unit- III:Environmental Pollution: Air pollution; Water pollution; Soil pollution._B.Pharmacy & M. Pharmacy Projects: Titles Project Work Topics {Pharmaceutics} »« Top Pharmacy Colleges Chennai -10 Best Madras Pharma Universities TN Tamil NaduAvinash Kodoori :An M.Pharm graduate in Pharmaceutical TechnologyComments are closed.RRB Pharmacist AGE LIMIT – RRB 2019 Paramedical Job Exam Age DetailsTablet Making Machine India – Cost Price ManualPharmaceutical Packaging Machinery – Medicines Packing Equipment TypesTop | View Non-AMP Version All Rights Reserved

Chemistry of carbonAlkanes have no functional groups and are unreactiveFunctional groups add nucleophilicity or electrophilicity ( or the possibility of forming reactive free radicals)You have to memorize the various types of reactions, but you have to know mechanisms also - no short cuts except that it's easier to see everything as an electrophile/nucleophile reaction (with few exceptions); even oxidation and reduction reactions and redox reactions are electrophilic/nucleophilic when you look at the mechanisms, as are certainly acid-base reactionsEXAMPLE OF AN OXIDATION (ALCOHOL TO KETONE OR ALDEHYDE)REDOX MECHANISMNote in the redox reaction propogation step, the nucleophilic double bond is attracted to the partial electrophile Br radical, so much so that it’s willing to pick up an extra nucleophilic electron in the process. That nucleophilic electron extracts the H+ electrophile from HBr and regenerates the Br radical. At the core, these are still nucleophile/electrophile reactions.Even the Diels Alder cycloaddition reaction is nucleophile/electrophile. I leave it as an exercise for you to work that one out. I challenge you to find a reaction in your organic text that is not nucleophile/electrophile! You might find one, but you won’t find very many.5. No short cuts for nomenclature - get through it once and never worry about it again - IUPAC is nonsense in the lab usually - not gonna call acetone “propan-2-one” or isopropanol “propan-2-ol”. Sorry about this bad attitude, but common names are more useful. I guess you need some IUPAC familiarity, tho, so pass that test. And then go into the lab and see what the chemicals are actually called by people. “Butan-2-one” would be called methyl ethyl ketone by most or all chemists in the lab, as another example.6. Stereochemistry has to be understood with molecular models - no way around it. It will be hard to understand cyclohexane stereochemistry fully without a model kit. Build the models and understand it. Most profs let you use models for exams these days, I believe. This will take time to build models and see what the book is telling you - no big shortcut here.7. Know acid-base chemistry very well - hopefully, you remember it from Gen Chem. There are only a very few strong acids and bases - memorize them. Understand that strong acids and bases completely ionize in water, while weak acids and bases only partially ionize in water. HCl completely ionizes in water due to the ionic bond between H and Cl that is predicted by their large electronegativity difference. Further, H+ ions are generated upon dissociation, which meets the definition of an acid. Acids that completely dissociate are strong acids. Organic acids like acetic acid are usually weak acids. The hydrogen atom is attached by a bond with partially ionic and partially covalent character, so that it does not completely dissociate in solution - that by definition makes it a weak acid.8. Sn2, Sn1, E2, E1 are not that hard to understand. Sn2 substitution is favored in a polar aprotic solvent like DMF or DMSO. E2 elimination is favored in a polar protic solvent like alcohols or water. Sn1/E1 also occur in polar protic solvents but tend to be reserved for very stable tertiary carbocations, I believe. For a primary halide, the reaction will almost always be Sn2. For a tertiary halide, the reaction cannot be Sn2 - you’ll get a mix of Sn1 and E1 products, most likely. The use of charged nucleophiles rules out Sn1/E1. The use of uncharged nucleophiles usually indicates Sn1 or E1. There are other tips, but you can usually Sherlock it together with these clues combined.9. Polar organics H bond with water and dissolve in it. Nonpolars repel water and form a separate phase.10. Work old exams and end of chapter problems.11. Try to understand a reaction and why it goes - it all becomes similar soon enough and becomes easier ( hard at the start). Don't just memorize. If you memorize in a high level class, you'll be lucky to get a C. Seek to understand. I don’t mean to imply that all mechanisms can be worked without looking at the text - this is brand new to you, and you have to study the text mechanisms before you can begin to write mechanisms yourself. However, don’t think arrow pushing is an exact science. Lab studies often have to be conducted to elucidate reaction mechanisms, intermediates, etc. - sometimes the mechanism was a surprise to the researchers. So, don’t think you can work them all out in your head like algebra. However, you should be able to study the mechanism in the book, follow the nucleophile/electrophile reactions, and understand how the reaction proceeds. If you understand, you can apply that mechanism to a twist scenario on an exam that really tests what you have learned. If you simply memorize, that could be difficult for you. There is no doubt about it: there are LOTS of reactions in organic chemistry, and each one has a mechanism that you have to learn to go along with it. That’s a LOT of memorization and possibly an impossible task without understanding what you are memorizing. Once you understand, it feels less like memorizing and more like “oh, yeah, that makes sense and should be easy enough to remember”.12. See the prof in office hours so he or she knows you care.13. Ask questions and participate in class.14. Come to class prepared by reading ahead.15. Oh, and one more tip: FtIR looks for certain functional groups; proton NMR gives you the # if H in different environments and is ultimately more useful than FTIR for fully characterizing a structure (Ftir can confirm a functional group like a carbonyl after NMR is run); Uv/vis is not generally extremely useful for structural determination; GC-Ms can separate liquids by boiling point or polarity and tell you what they are with a library match; Lcms can do the same for solids; GPC gives polymer Mw info; carbon-13 nmr tells you the number of different types of carbons and the functional group environment they are likely in16. Here is one of the best web pages I’ve seen to help undergrad students study: Organic 1 - Master Organic ChemistryThat's all I have to offer tonight!