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Which were the worst death sentences in history?

This answer may contain sensitive images. Click on an image to unblur it.Warning- graphic descriptions that may be not be suitablle to allThe Ancient Persian Torture Method That Killed Victims With Milk And HoneyScaphism 16th century wood carving (Scaphism)Once again something we take for granted to sweeten our lives was in antiquity associated with one of the most horrific forms of torture.Most of us are not sociopaths (or at least I hope not), people who merely want to hurt, torture, or kill. We live our lives, go to work, try to find something that makes us happy, and hope to die a peaceful death one day surrounded by loved ones. But there are some extremely disturbed, if not evil, individuals out there who not only dream of harming and killing other people, but actually do it. The worst of them devise incredibly elaborate and sadistic methods to do away with their victims and commit crimes that are so unspeakable that they are remembered with fear for hundreds and even thousands of years.In the bible, the Promised Land is described as a “land flowing with milk and honey” (Exodus) which has been interpreted as referring to the fertility of the land to which the Israelites would be led.[1] For the ancient Persians milk and honey were used in a much different manner.Scaphism (originating from the Greek word skaphe, meaning scooped or hollowed), otherwise known as “the boats” is possibly one of the darkest and grossest ways of ending someone’s life.[2] Scaphism was developed by the Persians and described by the Greeks who were normally the intended victims of the procedure. Given how spectacular the executions could be, it’s reasonable to assume that, it was reserved for the crime the king found most offensive: regicide(or at least, murder of a member of the royal family).This is the case of a deranged Persian mind (or minds) that came up with scaphism, around the 5th century B.C.[3] It was devised to inflict as much pain and discomfort as possible for as long as the victim remained alive, and it was reserved only for people guilty of the worst crimes (for instance, murder and treason).[4] The method consisted of trapping the victim in the space between two small boats or two hollowed-out tree trunks and force-feeding them milk and honey over the course of a few days until the person died.[5]The Ancient Persian Torture Method That Killed Victims With Milk And HoneyZonoras, a 12th century Byzantine historian explains the procedure in detail: “two boats are joined together one on top of the other, with holes cut in them in such a way that the victim’s head, hands, and feet only are left outside. Within these boats the man to be punished is placed lying on his back, and the boats then nailed together with bolts. Next they pour a mixture of milk and honey into the wretched man’s mouth, till he is filled to the point of nausea, smearing his face, feet, and arms with the same mixture, and so leave him exposed to the sun.[6]The Ancient Persian Torture Method That Killed Victims With Milk And HoneyThis is repeated every day, so that flies, wasps, and bees, attracted by the sweetness, settle on his face and all such parts of him as project outside the boats, and miserably torment and sting the wretched man. Moreover his belly, distended as it is with milk and honey, throws off liquid excrements, and these putrefying breed swarms of worms, intestinal and of all sorts. Thus the victim lying in the boats, his flesh rotting away in his own filth and devoured by worms, dies a lingering and horrible death”.[7]Scaphism–the torture method - EmadionIn order for the method to work, it had to take place in a swamp or somewhere where the boats could lie exposed to the sun.[8] The victim would be tied inside the space between the boats in a way that left their head, hands, and feet outside. Then, the person in charge of the process would feed the victim a mixture of milk and honey, forcing them to swallow against their will.Additional honey would be smeared around the eyes, nose, mouth and genitals, and also in the ears and the anus, the idea was that it would attract every insect, vermin, and wild animal in the area.[9] Very soon afterwards, flies and rats, for instance, would show up and start attacking the victim, eating the mixture of milk and honey, but also eating the person alive along the process. [10] It should be noted that one cannot usually die from the mass of insect bites and stings alone. Asphyxia can sometimes occur if the insects (such as ants) swarm enough to enter your body through the ears, mouth, and nose, and enter the lungs.[11] The ‘feeding’ can take place from the ‘inside out.’Now, as if the bugs eating them alive weren’t enough, there was also the inevitable severe diarrhea that left them feeling weak and dehydrated. This horrifying symptom was the intended consequence of their enforced milk-and-honey diet.The honey and milk would give him more than enough nutrients to survive and live through the ordeal.[12] The more they were fed this mixture, the more they would defecate inside the boats, but also, the longer they stayed alive. This point, precisely, was the cruelest yet most effective aspect of scaphism: the victims couldn’t die from the diarrhea-induced dehydration because they were fed milk and honey every day.[13] As a result, the victims could survive for days and even weeks in a small hell of bugs, feces, milk, and honey.As delirium and septis set in, the victim would have no choice but to empty their bowels inside the boats, the feces would accumulate and breed maggots and other vermin that slowly made their way into the victim’s body and ate them up from the inside.[14] This is what killed them, ultimately, as was confirmed when the victim died and the boats would be separated, revealing their half-eaten body. One can only imagine what a body would smell like that had been sat in diarrhea for a few days and partially eaten and putrefied by insects in a swamp?Most Brutal Execution Methods #2: ScaphismThe primary source is Plutarch's 'Life of Artaxerxes II', where he attributes the story to Ctesias, a notoriously suspect source.[15] Plutarch reported that the most famous victim of “the boats” was a young Persian soldier by the name of Mithridates who died around 401 B.C. [16] He was sentenced to die because he accidentally killed Cyrus the Younger, a nobleman who wanted the throne, during the Battle of Cunaxa.The army of Cyrus seemed to have victory at hand, but a soldier of Artaxerxes called Mithridates shot an arrow that went to stick straight in the head of Cyrus.[17] Artaxerxes was delighted and gave Mithridates gifts and wealth, as long as he never revealed to have killed Cyrus. Artaxerxes wanted everyone to believe that it was him who killed his brother and won the battle. But one day, after being invited to a banquet by his sovereign, Mithridates got drunk and told everyone the truth: how he was the one who killed Cyrus and not Artaxerxes.[18] The king was angry, and condemned Mithridates to death by scaphism.The king decreed that.Mithridates should be put to death in boats; which execution is after the following manner: Taking two boats framed exactly to fit and answer each other, they lay down in one of them the malefactor that suffers, upon his back; then, covering it with the other, and so setting them together that the head, hands, and feet of him are left outside, and the rest of his body lies shut up within, they offer him food, and if he refuse to eat it, they force him to do it by pricking his eyes; then, after he has eaten, they drench him with a mixture of milk and honey, pouring it not only into his mouth, but all over his face. They then keep his face continually turned towards the sun; and it becomes completely covered up and hidden by the multitude of flies that settle on it. And as within the boats he does what those that eat and drink must needs do, creeping things and vermin spring out of the corruption and rottenness of the excrement, and these entering into the bowels of him, his body is consumed. When the man is manifestly dead, the uppermost boat being taken off, they find his flesh devoured, and swarms of such noisome creatures preying upon and, as it were, growing to his inwards. In this way Mithridates, after suffering for seventeen days, at last expired.Plutarch Life of Artaxerxes[19]The 10 Most Horrifying Execution MethodsThere are numerous references to Christian martyrs having been killed by scaphism. These refer to reports of an execution in A.D. 363 during the reign of Julian.[20] As retold in The History of Christian Martyrdom:Marcus, bishop of Arethusa, having destroyed a pagan temple in that city, erected a christian church in its room, on which account he was accused to Julian as a Christian. His persecutors, stripping him naked, cruelly beat him . . . and lastly, he was hung up in a basket in the heat of the sun, after having smeared him over with honey, in order to be tormented to death by wasps. As soon as he was hung up, they asked him if he would rebuild their temple? To which he answered, that he would neither rebuild it nor advance a single doit towards its being rebuilt; upon which they left him, and he fell a martyr to the stings of the insects (108).[21]The implication is that the Roman state sanctioned the execution, though it may have been carried out by a mob.[22] Although reported by some contemporaneous sources, modern scholars have expressed doubt that the manner of execution was actually used, which if it did caused death from septic shock.Cœlius Rhodiginus states that there existed among the Ancients a form of punishment known as “Cyphonismus,” so named from the word Cyphon(κύφων), “from which also Cyphon is so called in Aristophanes’ play of Plutus. It was a sort of fetter of wood or, as in the present day, of iron, commonly styled a pillory, to which the prisoner was fastened by way of ignominy and there detained, smeared with honey and exposed to the bites of the flies.[23]Rhodiginus described a regulation to the following effect: “that any man who shall have insolently thrown contempt on the decrees of the law, shall be kept in fetters at the public place of execution for twenty days, naked and smeared over with honey and milk, to be food for bees and flies; and when these have done their work, he shall be dressed in women’s clothes and cast headlong down a cliff.”[24]Here Are 8 HORRIFYING Torture Devices From The Past. It's Crazy To Imagine A Society Using These.In early modern Europe , the Barrel Pillory, or the “Spanish Mantle” method of pillory was used generally for drunkards to embarrass them publicly.[25] This was a “nicer" veariation of Scaphism. The victim was stripped naked then fastened in a tub, or a rowing boat. The victim was then forced to eat tons of milk and honey, as well as having it rubbed all over his or her face. They would then get diarrhea from the food. Along with this, the milk and honey on their faces would attract flies and other insects, feasting on the victim.[26]Scaphism - Most Horrifying Ancient Torture Technique | Antarctica JournalA more recent instance of execution-by-insect (though not scaphism proper) is provided by Jeffrey Lockwood, author of Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War.[27] Lockwood shows that torture by insects is disturbingly common throughout human history. The last state-sanctioned insect-aided execution probably comes from 19th-century Bukhara:The epitome of insect torture was developed by a 19th-century emir of Bukhara, in present-day Uzbekistan. He threw political enemies into a bug pit, a deep hole covered with an iron grille and stocked with sheep ticks and assassin bugs. The bite of the latter has been compared to being pierced with a hot needle, and the injected saliva digested the victims’ tissues until, in the words of the emir’s jailer, “masses of their flesh had been gnawed off their bones.[28]Now, if horrible ways to die and ancient torture methods are your thing, you’ll be glad to know that ancient Persia came up with many other methods that were just as horrific as scaphism. For instance, they’re the ones who thought of killing people by forcing them to drink molten gold[29] , tearing people apart with trees[30] , and drowning them with ashes.[31] This last method, in particular, sounds too awful to be real, but it is. It consisted of throwing the victim into a tower filled ashes. The ashes were moved by a series of wheels that pushed the victim deeper into the “pool,” so that the ashes got into their mouth and nose, and they drowned.It would be nice to think that the ancient Persians were alone in devising extreme torture methods like scaphism, and that nobody else ever came up with anything similar ever again, but that wouldn’t be true. If there’s one thing we can learn from history, it’s that people from all over the world have thought up cruel and horrible things throughout the ages, and that their sadism knows no limits.The fact that humans kill and torture one another is always shocking and hideous, but what is most chilling is the thought process behind it. How can humans so cold-heartedly and thoughtfully manufacture a procedure purely designed to make someone suffer in the worst possible manner. It’s a horrible fact that from the onstart of humanity, every culture and continent have dreamed up weird ways to make people die horribly.Footnotes[1] 18 Examples of Crime and Punishment in the Ancient Persian Empire[2] 9 Insane Torture Techniques[3] How did Mongols interrogate & torture their rebel enemies (Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Persians, Eastern Europeans) for information?[4] What sort of crime was punished by Scaphism?[5] What sort of crime was punished by Scaphism?[6] T. Kampianaki, "Plutarch and Zonaras", in S. Xenophontos and K. Oikonomopoulou (eds), Brill Companion to the Reception of Plutarch[7] T. Kampianaki, "Plutarch and Zonaras", in S. Xenophontos and K. Oikonomopoulou (eds), Brill Companion to the Reception of Plutarch[8] Page on unisa.ac.za[9] Brewer’s: Scaphism[10] Scaphism[11] Asphyxia - Wikipedia[12] Scaphism[13] http://Haggard, H. Rider (1920). "VI. The doom of the boat". The Ancient Allan. London and Melbourne: Cassell and Co.[14] Most Brutal Execution Methods #2: Scaphism[15] Plutarch's Life of Artaxerxes[16] Page on jstor.org[17] Warfare History Network[18] Scaphism–the torture method - Emadion[19] Scaphism[20] Redirect Notice[21] An Universal History of Christian Martyrdom[22] The Law of Christ Respecting Civil Obedience, Especially in the Payment of Tribute[23] Tortures and Torments of the Christian Martyrs[24] OF THE EIGHTH MODE, TO WIT SUSPENDING THE VICTIMS FROM UPRIGHT STAKES, AFTER SMEARING THEM WITH HONEY, SO THAT THEY SHOULD BE TORTURED BY THE BITES OF FLIES AND BEES.[25] Here Are 8 HORRIFYING Torture Devices From The Past. It's Crazy To Imagine A Society Using These.[26] Stocks and Pillories /Barrel pillory[27] Six-legged soldiers: using insects as weapons of warfare[28] Opinion | The Scary Caterpillar[29] Redirect Notice[30] The Boats – Riot Material[31]  8 brutal Persian punishments - Net Curios

What is the weirdest thing you have ever experienced?

THE SALTHILL UFO SIGHTING,GALWAY, 22nd February - 1st of March 1986I am convinced I once saw an UFO, have never seen one since,and this is my account of this sighting.ChronologyThe following account follows my precognition of the space shuttle Challenger disaster, on January 28th, 1986.The precognition and analysis is described on this page.February / March 1986THE SALTHILL UFO SIGHTINGOne of the many pleasures of living in Galway, Ireland, was walking on the beach to breathe in the fresh sea air.One early spring day I walked up a hill on my way to Salthill beach.It looked liked it could rain, even though there were patches of blue in the sky.As I examined the clouds, to judge if it would rain soon,a cigar shaped object appeared in the sky between the roofs of a row of houses.Here is a reconstruction of this sighting, using Google street view.Can you see the object?I have identified the location of the actual sighting as being close to 46 Dalysfort Road, because of the tree, but it is difficult to be 100% certain after 31 years.Unfortunately I did not carry my 35mm camera with me to take photos,the reconstruction is actually pretty close, to what I saw that day.In reality the UFO may have been smaller.As I continued walking the object moved in the sky relative to the position of the houses on the ground,due to the perspective. I made a stab at estimating it's distance.It hovered above the roof tops about one or two miles away, not moving.It's appearance and color made me think of a Zeppelin.Then I continued walking and the object disappeared behind the roof of a house and some trees, because I moved and the perspective changed.I expected to see it again where it should have reappeared,but it remained disappeared.Then I walked back to where I had seen the object last, because this was strange.A slow moving blimp should still have been in about the same position in the sky.But the object was no longer there.All this happened within a few seconds.After I reached the top of the hill I walked down to the promenade,I could see that there was a lot of activity in Claude Toft Park, next to the beach, it looked like a festival was going on.At the seafront I had a clear view of the whole sky,and I asked people about having seen a blimp or if balloons had been launched for the festivities, but no one had seen anything.I ran into a friend, who owned a local amusement arcade, and I asked him what was going on, and he told me it was "College Week". He also hadn't seen any unusual activities in the sky, although he looked at me in a funny way when I asked him.Horses were on show and riders did what they do best, they rode around in a small concourse that was set up. The sound of live music was in the air, or so it seems to me, College week came to a close on the 1st of March 1986.About two weeks after this I saw a headline in a magazine at a newsstand:"Major UFO flap reported over Irish coast and England".A large number of witnesses had seen UFO's and reported them.Corroborative evidence that UFO's were active around Ireland at the time,I found 30 years later.My particular sighting is not mentioned,but there were a number of reports.The following section does not deal with "my" UFO sighting,for which there don't seem to exist sources except myself,but it investigates a famous encounter during the same time period:NEAR PARALLEL UFO SIGHTINGS REPORTREFERENCE ONE:Flying over the Irish Sea on 23. February 1986, Prince Charles was returning from a visit to the USA in a RAF VC-10.The pilot reported ahead to Heathrow that he had been startled by a glowing red object in the sky, which lit up the cockpit of the aircraft.No official comment was ever made from the Palace regarding the incidentbut the MoD did confirm that there was no danger to the Prince.Many hundreds of people from Ireland, Wales and Cumbria saw it, too,as well as four other aircraft near the royal plane reported it.REFERENCE TWOOne of the hundreds of people that saw the UFO over the Irish Sea on the night of the 23rd of February was investigator Miles Johnston in Belfast, who reported it to Armagh Observatory.He described it as a red fireball with a tail.This is according to "Northern UFO News, number 118", from 1986, edited by Jenny Randles, found on page three.These days Miles Johnston runs "The Bases Project",which seems to be some kind of TED for UFO topics (http://thebasesproject.org/).From Salthill, Galway, which is on the West Coast, the Irish Sea is of course in the opposite direction, on the East Coast. The distance between the two coasts is less than 200 miles.Presumably, an unidentified flying object would be able to cover that distance quite easily.REFERENCE THREEGeorge Clinton Andrews:In his book "Extra-Terrestrials Among Us",he refers to the Prince Charles incident on page six.Prince Charles was quoted as saying"I felt I was in the presence of something outside our knowledge or control".However, the book only refers back to the tabloid newspapers, as a source.This book is available to read for free online via the Open Library:https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2551674M/Extra-terrestrials_among_usREFERENCE FOURAn unusual object was sighted over the Irish Sea,that had unconventional appearance and performance.Nocturnal lights were observed by five witnesses on the ocean.References for this UFO sighting and others from February to March 1986 can be found here:http://thecid.com/ufo/uf00/uf7/007390.htmhttp://thecid.com/ufo/chrono/chrono/1986.htmAnother reference to the Prince Charles UFO is found in the New York Times, May 26, 2008: British UFO shocker! Government officials were telling the truthhttp://nyti.ms/2hJVk1pAgain, I must make it clear that the description of the Prince Charles UFO does not fit what I saw. The Salthill UFO was a gray Zeppelin shape. Not an orange disk.I have included the "Near Paralell UFO sightings" report as a way to establish credence that there was a flap at the time.After my "encounter" things returned to normal for me.Well, actually, not.CRASH NEAR GREENLANDTwo weeks later I dreamed of a vessel crashing.In the dream the occupants of the craft tried to avoid a collision but failed.I woke up from the dream, bewildered.Unaccountably, I remembered map coordinates.This dream came AFTER my precognition of the Challenger shuttle disaster:if this had not been the case I might have laughed and forgotten all about.Instead, I quickly I wrote down the map coordinates.Maybe this would have a significance in the future...The next day I went to the local library,checked out an atlas and found were this place in the coordinates was.(Today, with the resources of the Internet at everyones fingertips, it's much easier to look up information).To me then, it was a revelation that the coordinates pointed to the vicinity ofan Island called "Disko Island" in Baffin Bay, located between Greenland and Canada.I found it curious that the place was called "Disko",an association with a disc-shaped object sprang to mind, like a crashed saucer.Did a connection exist between this and the UFO?It did in a way, because I conceived that my dream was a kind of Mayday call from an UFO,clearly, a ridiculous idea.I mused on this for a while and then filed the experience away, in my mind.There was nothing I was able to do about this, at the time.SPRINGTIME IN IRELANDThe weeks passed, relatively uneventful.Around this time I started a business as a self-employed electrician.I repaired electric ovens, washing machines and re-wired a two hundred year old cottage.One night, before falling asleep, I mused about my unusual dreams that year.It then suddenly occured to me, that the model (topology) of Albert Einstein's Universe, which he used to describe his theory of relativity, was based on the idea of his teacher, Hermann Minkowski, and that it was incomplete.Instead of thinking of the topology (geometry) of the Universe as a ball (or sphere), I visualized it as a donut, or a bagel-like shape, a torus, in proper terms.(Actually, it was more like a torus with a 0-dimensional hole, a singularity).The following months were spent trying to put my vision into words and diagrams.The title page and introduction of the emergent theory started as:"THE TORUS-PEARLSTRING PROPOSALAn Amendment to H. Minkowki's Analogon of the Cosmos as a Sphere, the Torus".Sadly, no copy of this 78 page manuscript has survived, as far as I know.Much of the paper dealt with geometry, by its nature.Many illustrations and ideas from this book I found later mirrored in books from the New Age movement. I don't know how the graphics made it into those publications.But I shook my head, the concepts had not been developed,no further or deeper meaning was discovered or revealed in these New Age writings, from my point of view.Maybe there is a common subconscious, were all these images, symbols and archetypes float around, only rarely surfacing. And then we struggle to make sense of it all.Roswell alien autopsy, by Orbital MediaIntermission, 22 years ago from 2017On the 28th of August 1995 TV stations globally aired what became known as the "Roswell alien autopsy" footage.The footage intrigued me to such an extent that I called up its discoverer,Ray Santilli.In the light of the controversy that surrounded the film, I asked him personally if it was real.To most people, this is an open-and-shut case because of the way the disclosure was handled. Most of the footage is admittedly faked.Around the same time another documentary was released: "UFO, Secrets of the Third Reich". This dealt with claims that the Nazis developed flying saucers and attempted to make contact with extraterrestrial civilisations via spiritual mediums.I perceived a dial, or clock face, seen in the movie and on the left, that began counting down from the time I saw it, until the 14th of April 2016. (explanation and link to follow, not fully explained yet)Combined, these two movies made me recall my own experience from 1986.For my own interest I wanted to know if it would be possible to speak with Prince Charles about his UFO experience.I wanted this meeting private and did not mention the subject in the letter beforehand, as I was shy about talking about my encounter in advance.Letter to Prince CharlesDecember 1995, StaffordshireYour Royal Highness,Prince Charles,I have been an admirer of your work for many years.There is a matter of great importancethat I would like to speak to you about in person.Presently I live in Staffordshire and would like to ask you for a short meeting at your convenience.Yours sincerely,Erich HabichReply from the Palace10th January, 1996Dear Mr. Habich,the Prince of Wales has asked me to thank you for your letter.His Royal Highness regrets that he cannot accede to your request, as he receives many similar letters every day and unfortunately cannot aggree to them all.Nevertheless, the Prince of Wales was grateful to you for taking the trouble to write and has asked me to send you his best wishes.If there is no one to listen to an experience, it may just as well never have happened.THE VIRTUAL TOURIST NETWORK (and strange circles)Over the years Galway had become my second home, where I spent about 7 years over a 16 year period.In the year 2000 I created a tourist guide of the city. That site is still fully functional and can be accessed here. However, the Virtual Reality movies are now only viewable for users of Quicktime Pro.I took an aerial photograph of the city, created hotspots with clickable points of interest (tourist attractions) to zoom into the street level:site visitors can explore their surroundings with in Apple Quicktime technology (now defunct) and listen to recordings of musicians and see and read further details about the attractions.This was well before Google bought Keyhole (aerial and satellite images) in 2001and preceded Street View, which was launched in 2007.All photography was done by myself and I compiled the website over the course of six months. In doing so I revisited Salthill and went to the beach where I believed to have been the location of the UFO, had it been real.Now equipped with a camera, I came across these strange markings in the sand:Reference.: http://ireland.ehabich.info/salthill.htmlThe circles are on the beach at the Claddagh, which used to be an old fishing village, famous for the design of the Claddagh ring.The markings are normally below the sea level and I only noticed them because there was a low tide.Needless to say, I was fascinated.In the Salthill UFO incident from 1986 I had estimated the vessels approximate location to just this place.Many theories had been advanced about crop circles, least of which are UFO's sweeping down in the middle of the night to leave their fingerprints, so to speak.This was something different. The circles were not made of corn, that merely last until the next harvest.Whilst I strolled around the strange circles I examined them.Dark seaweed had accumulated around rocks protruding from the beach.In my mind there was a clear connection to the UFO sighting, although it wasn't clear in what way.Fast Forward to March 2016When I looked at the target area again with Google maps in 2016,it was really surprising to find them on the satellite pictures.I wouldn't have thought it possible that they were still visible after all those years.We had watched a documentary about a similar landmark in the United States, that turned out to be from 900-500 BC, the Miami circle.It occured to me then, that the Galway circles might also be of archaeological interest.It had to be possible to find out if they had an ancient origin.On St. Patricks Day on March 17, 2016, I got in touch with Galway University to find out more.Subject: Three Roundhouses near the Claddagh?Hello,dear Dr. Carleton Jones,three circles can be seen on the beach during low tide off the shoreline from Salthill, Galway. Here is their location on Google maps: https://goo.gl/maps/2rSXTKdJFUuDuring high tide the circles are covered by water.I wonder how they withstood the pounding of the Atlantic waves during storms for that many years.Do you know what they are?:Jupiter symbol?The largest circle has a diameter of about 50 meters and is shaped like a giant spoked wheel. It has a very technical appearance.Because there are actually three different shapes to the formation, I can't' think of any particular function that could be given to them.Would it be possible that something is buried under the sand? Maybe some old dwellings?There is a certain resemblance to the famous Miami Circle, but it isn't anything like it, really.I have no data on the existence of rock underneath the beach in Galway,Ireland (where stilted huts might have been built).If it turns out that there were no septic tanks buried on the beach,novel fishing methods employed or a park of abandoned merry-go-rounds sat around, then an interested party could examine the area.Thanks for your help.Dear Erich,These features dates to the early 1990s and are described as follows in the Archaeological Survey of Ireland:GA094-141---- Class: Monumental structure, Townland: Galway BayDescription: This is one of three intertidal art installations that were constructed in the early 1990s along the shoreline in the inner reaches of Galway Bay. It was designed by Martin Byrne and Padraig Conway as part of the 'Solas Atlantis Galway 1993' project.Kind regards,Dr. R. Sherlock. MIAII then wrote to the artist Martin Byrne and I learned the following:First medicine wheel on the beach in September 1993.The artist wearing a Lord of the Rings t-shirtThe art project called Solas Atlantis was loosely inspired by native American medicine wheels, Irish megalithic art, and the projected sewage plant on Mutton Island.Martin had studied archaeology and art and never dreamed this would turn out to become part of a bigger story back in 1993, when two ex art students hung around Galway for the summer and hatched their plan for the project.Eric:Hello, thanks for your response Martin,please take a look at the scale of the circles.You are standing in front of a circle that has a diameter of maybe 3 meters.It looks like you are standing in front of the middle one (medicine wheel).That actually has a diameter of 30 meters according to Google maps.Is someone else expanding on your designs?I believe I saw some small circles at the Claddagh in 2000, but they were mostly washed away. Not so the big ones.Martin:We made the big ones too. The small ones were models.PS:, there is a 4th large stone design to the north, which seems to have been missed.Eric:You called your artwork Solas Atlantis,meaning Electromagnetic Wave, Source of Light, a spiritual truth.Did you have any reason in particular for your choice of site?SOLAS ATLANTISHere our conversation ended, in March 2016.Now, that I have been doing at bit of further research, it appears that I missed a few details.From the Solas Atlantis project website (http://www.carrowkeel.com/files/art/claddagh/index.html):The Claddagh, the oldest part of Galway and in full view of the ... Aran Islands with their ancient stone forts seemed a perfect place to experiment with new forms of art and stone age design.Enigmatic stone engravings, carved by Neolithic ancestors over 5,500 years ago, provided the inspiration for the project,which was based on the solar system of which we are a part, the environment in which we live, and on Irish heritage and culture.The stone age cairns/temples that cover Ireland were built by the Tuatha de Danann, a magical race of supernatural light beings who inhabited Ireland until the coming of the Celts.Legend says that the 'Tuatha de Danann' came in great ships that flew through the air, bringing with them the stone of destiny, the sword of light, the cauldron of Dagda and the spear of Lugh.

How is it that in only the last 100 years or so, mankind has developed, invented or created such astonishing things? Whereas in the previous million years or so we basically invented only a wheel?

How does the knowledge accumulated in the Human spices is better way to look answers? Astonishing things have no value sometimes.Fire was considered the FIRST Invention especially in cool temperatures and perhaps led to colonization of Homo Sapiens, so called Humans.Food: Raw vegetables / Fruits besides hunting was next, still there are tribes do this, there may be less than million.Shelter: Housing was learned from Birds, Termites, ANTS, even King Cobra builds a nest.Clothing has been remarkable process began two thousand years ago with Silk and Cotton. Weaving is a great art, the saries made in India, especially GUNTUR, AP, or Kanchi, Tamilnadu or Dharmavaram.Lavishing clothes in Greek and Roman empire is better or what shit people do in FASHION shows now?Great accomplisments of FORT, Temples, Pyramids are exemples of only few men, merely thousands works as slaves just like in the factories where car / mobiles / toothpaste / soaps / home appiances made now.What it takes to build Taj Mahal now?The process of communication started with a variety of language may be 3000 BC as Greek, Hebrew, Latin, Sanskrit and Mandrian rose before BC is a key point.Dried leaves, Skins were used to store written information until metal plates became a way in may be after Jesus Christ. It is a laborious process to make a printing page what million do not think now. Because we got it free, go to mall get paper or swipe on smartphone see news.How hard it is to put that matter? How many appreciate?Cultivation of FOOD: How did human master Potato or Tomoato or Banana or AppleHow and when did wheat / rice became a crop? may 1500 BC.Metal were identified after stones for utensils or toolsMaking tools of AXE / Knife are not Inventions for You.Pottery, Paintings, story telling, folk glory was forgetten by 90 percent humans.Cooking is not a easy job though mankind advanced with food habbits. But restaurants are there EAT.Perhaps more than 50 percent of HUMANs just eat, do some work, eat again and Sleep, what a waste.How many wonder how ENGLISH flourished? only from 12 or 13 century. Many great pieces written such as Illiad over 1500 years before The Paradise Lost by John Milton in 16th century so called EPIC. Ramayana / Mahabharat were written before 3000 BC.Kalidasa wrote 5 great pieces but Indian History says that he is Shakespeare of EAST, but it is other way round. Shakespeare is the Kalidas of West.Travelling has been great difficult, cycle was used only in 1890s as mechanis were understood, so the wheel was the key part of human civilization along with Hosrse, the animal carried billions befor railways or cars came into existence.Making paper itself a great process and took over 1000 years to master.Efficiency and Effectiveness are not clearly understood even by students now.Who started noodles and why they are good?How the wine process started and even Roman adore it because just gives pleasuere for few hours but creates problems in LungsStudy Gutenburg who made printing or even a rubber stamp we use in 15 century to print perhaps BIBLE.How the medicinal world evolved? Does Alexander Fleming was known to 50 percent students across the world, I disagree.What did Turmeric do? there were firms outside India tried to make patent out of this common crop in India as anti-septic material even in 1990s.How did Onions or Ginger or Cloves or Black Peper became common medical usage.As Maslow defined, human poupulation need Phsychological or Social needs fulfilled then go to next stage as shown belowThere is a great list but wikipedia, one can see a lot of things before 20th century created with great difficulty1st millennium BC[edit]7th century BC[edit]600 BC Lighthouse in Egypt[88]Late 7th or early 6th century BC: Wagonway called Diolkos across the Isthmus of Corinth in Ancient Greece6th century BC[edit]With the Greco-Roman trispastos ("three-pulley-crane"), the simplest ancient crane, a single man tripled the weight he could lift than with his muscular strength alone.[89]Late 6th century BC: Crank motion (rotary quern) in Carthage[90] or 5th century BC Celtiberian Spain[91][92]c. 515 BC: Crane in Ancient Greece[93]5th century BC[edit]5th century BC: Cast iron in Ancient China: Confirmed by archaeological evidence, the earliest cast iron is developed in China by the early 5th century BC during the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BC), the oldest specimens found in a tomb of Luhe County in Jiangsu province.[94][95][96]5th century BC: Crossbow in Ancient China and Ancient Greece: In Ancient China, the earliest evidence of bronze crossbow bolts dates as early as the mid-5th century BC in Yutaishan, Hubei.[97] In Ancient Greece, the terminus ante quem of the gastraphetes is 421 BC.[98][99]5th–4th century BC: Traction trebuchet in Ancient China; appeared in the Mediterranean by the 6th century AD.[100]Before 421 BC: Catapult in Ancient Greece (incl. Sicily) or Phoenician Carthage[98][99]c. 480 BC: Spiral stairs (Temple A) in Selinunte, Sicily (see also List of ancient spiral stairs)[101][102]4th century BC[edit]375–350 BC: Animal-driven rotary mill in Carthage.[103][104]4th century BC: Gears in Ancient ChinaApproximately 350 BC: Greek hydraulic semaphore system, an optical communication system developed by Aeneas Tacticus.3rd century BC[edit]An illustration depicting the papermaking process in Han Dynasty China.By at least the 3rd century BC: Archimedes screw in Ancient Greece[105]Early 3rd century BC: Canal lock in Ancient Suez Canal under Ptolemy II (283–246 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt[106][107][108]3rd century BC: Cam during the Hellenistic period, used in water-driven automata.[109]3rd century BC: Water wheel and Liquid-driven escapement in Hellenistic kingdoms described by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 – 220 BC)[110]3rd century BC: Gimbal described Philo of Byzantium[111]3rd–2nd century BC: Blast furnace in Ancient China: The earliest discovered blast furnaces in China date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, although most sites are from the later Han Dynasty.[94][112]2nd century BC[edit]The earliest fore-and-aft rigs, spritsails, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft.[113] Here a spritsail used on a Roman merchant ship (3rd century AD).2nd century BC: Paper in Han Dynasty China: Although it is recorded that the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (born c. 50–121 AD) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new raw materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan, Gansu.[114]150 BC Astrolabe invented in the Hellenistic world.1st century BC[edit]1st century BC: Glass blowing discovered on the Lebanese coast.1st century BC: Segmental arch bridge (e.g. Pont-Saint-Martin or Ponte San Lorenzo) in Italy, Roman Republic[115][116]1st century BC: Arch dam (Glanum Dam) in Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Republic (see also List of Roman dams)[117][118][119][120][121]Before 71 BC (possibly 3rd century BC[122][123][124]): Watermill (grain mill) by Greek engineers in Eastern Mediterranean (see also List of ancient watermills)[125][126]Before 40 BC: Trip hammer in China[127]Before 25 BC: Reverse overshot water-wheel by Roman engineers in Rio Tinto, Spain[128]1st millennium AD[edit]1st century: The Aeolipile, a simple steam turbine is recorded by Hero of Alexandria.[129]1st century: Vending machines invented by Hero of Alexandria.1st century: Automatic doors invented by Hero of Alexandria.2nd century[edit]118 AD: Wheelbarrow was found in a tomb at Chengdu, Sichuan province during Han Dynasty China[130]132: Seismometer and pendulum in Han Dynasty China, built by Zhang Heng. It is a large metal urn-shaped instrument which employed either a suspended pendulum or inverted pendulum acting on inertia, like the ground tremors from earthquakes, to dislodge a metal ball by a lever trip device.[131][132]3rd century[edit]Schematic of the Roman Hierapolis sawmill. Dated to the 3rd century AD, it is the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism.[133][134][135]Early 3rd century: Woodblock printing is invented in Han Dynasty China at sometime before 220 AD. This made China become the world first print culture.[136]Late 3rd century: Crank and connecting rod (Hierapolis sawmill) in Asia Minor, Roman Empire[133][134][135]Late 3rd–early 4th century: Turbine in Africa (province), Roman Empire[137][138][139]4th century[edit]4th century: Fishing reel in Ancient China: In literary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th-century AD[140] work entitled Lives of Famous Immortals'.[141]347 AD: Oil Wells and Borehole drilling in China. Such wells could reach depths of up to 240 m (790 ft).[142]4th century: Stirrups in Ancient China: The first dependable representation of a rider with paired stirrups was found in China in a Jin dynasty tomb of about AD 322.[143][144][145] The stirrup appeared to be in widespread use across China by AD 477.[146]4th–5th century: Paddle wheel boat (in De rebus bellicis) in Roman Empire[147]5th century[edit]5th century: Horse collar in Southern and Northern Dynasties China: The horse collar as a fully developed collar harness is developed in Southern and Northern Dynasties China during the 5th century AD.[148] The earliest depiction of it is a Dunhuang cave mural from the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty, the painting dated to 477–499.[149]5th/6th century: Pointed arch bridge (Karamagara Bridge) in Cappadocia, Eastern Roman Empire[150][151]6th century[edit]A Nepali Charkha in actionafter 500 AD: Charkha (spinning wheel): invented in India, between 500 and 1000 A.D.[152]563 AD: Pendentive dome (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire[153]577 AD: Sulfur matches exist in China.589 AD: Toilet paper in Sui Dynasty China, first mentioned by the official Yan Zhitui (531–591), with full evidence of continual use in subsequent dynasties.[154][155]7th century[edit]650 AD Windmill in Persia[88]672 AD: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from Baalbek, as described by Theophanes.[156] However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious,[157] and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.[158]7th century: Banknote in Tang Dynasty China: The banknote is first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots are in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desire to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions.[159][160][161]7th century: Porcelain in Tang Dynasty China: True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.[162]9th century[edit]A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281.9th century: Gunpowder in Tang Dynasty China: Gunpowder is, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality.[163] Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (618–907).[164] The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder are written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).[165][166][167]9th century: Algebra in Syria[168]9th century: University in Morocco[168]9th century: Numerical zero in Ancient India: The concept of zero as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India.[169] In India, practical calculations are carried out using zero, which is treated like any other number by the 9th century, even in case of division.[169][170]10th century[edit]10th century: Fire lance in Song Dynasty China, developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is a painting found at Dunhuang.[171] Fire lance is the earliest firearm in the world and one of the earliest gunpowder weapons.[172][173]10th century: Fireworks in Song Dynasty China: Fireworks first appear in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), in the early age of gunpowder. Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder.[174]10th century: Dry docks in Song Dynasty China.[175]2nd millennium[edit]11th century[edit]11th century: Ambulance by Crusaders in Palestine and Lebanon[176]11th century: Early versions of the Bessemer process are developed in East Asia11th century: Endless power-transmitting chain drive by Su Song for the development an astronomical clock (the Cosmic Engine)[177]1088: Movable type in Song Dynasty China: The first record of a movable type system is in the Dream Pool Essays, which attributes the invention of the movable type to Bi Sheng.[178][179][180][181]12th century[edit]1119: Mariner's compass (wet compass) in Song Dynasty China: The earliest recorded use of magnetized needle for navigational purposes at sea is found in Zhu Yu's book Pingzhou Table Talks of 1119 (written from 1111 to 1117).[180][182][183][184][185][186][187] The typical Chinese navigational compass was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water.[188] The familiar mariner's dry compass which uses a pivoting needle suspended above a compass-card in a glass box is invented in medieval Europe no later than 1300.[189]13th century[edit]1206: The camshaft, a shaft to which cams are attached, first described by Ismail al-Jazari13th century: Rocket for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th century China.[190]13th century: The earliest form of mechanical escapement, the verge escapement in Europe.[191]1275: Torpedo Concept by Hasan al-Rammah.[192]1277: Land mine in Song Dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history is by a Song Dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who uses an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277.[193]1286: Eyeglasses in Italy[194]13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs are used in 1221 by the Jin dynasty against a Song Dynasty city.[195] The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in the 13th century in China and are called "thunder-crash bombs",[196] coined during a Jin dynasty naval battle in 1231.[197]13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan Dynasty who in 1288 suppresses the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or chongzu, this being the earliest known event where this phrase is used.[198]14th century[edit]Early to Mid 1300s: Multistage rocket in Ming Dynasty China described in Huolongjing by Jiao Yu.By at least 1326: Cannon in Ming Dynasty China[199]1378: Naval artillery in Korea[200]14th century: Jacob's staff invented by Levi ben Gerson14th century: Naval mine in Ming Dynasty China: Mentioned in the Huolongjing military manuscript written by Jiao Yu (fl. 14th to early 15th century) and Liu Bowen (1311–1375), describing naval mines used at sea or on rivers and lakes, made of wrought iron and enclosed in an ox bladder. A later model is documented in Song Yingxing's encyclopedia written in 1637.[201]15th century[edit]The 15th-century invention of the printing press with movable type by the German Johannes Gutenberg is widely regarded as the most influential event of the modern era.[202]Early 15th century: Coil spring in Europe[203]15th century: Mainspring in Europe[203]15th century: Rifle in Europe1420s: Brace in Flandres, Holy Roman Empire[204]1439: Printing press in Mainz, Germany: The printing press is invented in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Gutenberg before 1440, based on existing screw presses. The first confirmed record of a press appeared in a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg.[205]1441: Water gauge in Korea: The Joseon scientist Jang Yeong-sil invented the world's first water gauge, called the supyo.[206][207][208]Mid 15th Century: The Arquebus (also spelled Harquebus) is invented, possibly in Spain.[209][210]1480s: Mariner's astrolabe in Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa[211]1494: Double-entry bookkeeping system codified by Luca Pacioli16th century[edit]1551: Taqi ad-Din describes a simple steam turbine-like device used in steam jacks.[212]1560: Floating Dry Dock in Venice, Venetian Republic[213]1569: Mercator Projection map created by Gerardus Mercator1577: Newspaper in Korea[214][215][216]1589: Stocking frame: Invented by William Lee.[217]1594: Backstaff: Invented by Captain John Davis.By at least 1597: Revolver: Invented by Hans Stopler.17th century[edit]A 1609 title page of the German Relation, the world's first newspaper (first published in 1605)[218][219]1605: Newspaper (Relation): Johann Carolus in Strassburg, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (see also List of the oldest newspapers)[218][219]1608: Telescope: Patent applied for by Hans Lippershey in the Netherlands. Actual inventor unknown since it seemed to already be a common item being offered by the spectacle makers in the Netherlands with Jacob Metius also applying for patent and the son of Zacharias Janssen making a claim 47 years later that his father invented it.c. 1620: Compound microscopes, which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image, first appear in Europe. Apparently derived from the telescope, actual inventor unknown, variously attributed to Zacharias Janssen (his son claiming it was invented in 1590), Cornelis Drebbel, and Galileo Galilei.[220]1630: Slide rule: invented by William Oughtred[221][222]1642: Mechanical calculator. The Pascaline is built by Blaise Pascal1643: Barometer: invented by Evangelista Torricelli, or possibly up to three years earlier by Gasparo Berti.[223]1650: Vacuum pump: Invented by Otto von Guericke.1656: Pendulum clock: Invented by Christiaan Huygens. It was first conceptulized in 1637 by Galileo Galilei but he was unable to create a working model.1663: Friction machine: Invented by Otto von Guericke.1680: Christiaan Huygens provides the first known description of a piston engine.[224]18th century[edit]1700s[edit]c. 1700: Bartolomeo Cristofori crafts the first piano.1709: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the alcohol thermometer.1710s[edit]1712: Thomas Newcomen builds the first commercial steam engine to pump water out of mines.[225] Newcomen's engine, unlike Thomas Savery's, uses a piston.1730s[edit]c. 1730: Thomas Godfrey and John Hadley independently develop the octant1733: John Kay enables one person to operate a loom with the flying shuttle[226]1736: John Harrison tests his first Sea Clock, H1.1738: Lewis Paul and John Wyatt invent the first mechanized cotton spinning machine.1740s[edit]1745: Musschenbroek and Kleist independently develop the Leyden jar, an early form of capacitor.1746: John Roebuck invents the lead chamber process.1750s[edit]1755: William Cullen invents the first artificial refrigeration machine.1760s[edit]1764: James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.1765: James Watt invents the improved steam engine utilizing a separate condenser.1767: Joseph Priestley invents a method for the production of carbonated water.1769: Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot invents the first steam-powered vehicle capable of carrying passengers, an early car.1770s[edit]1770: Richard Salter invents the earliest known design for a weighing scale.1774: John Wilkinson invents his boring machine, considered by some to be the first machine tool.1775: Jesse Ramsden invents the modern screw-cutting lathe.1776: John Wilkinson invents a mechanical air compressor that would become the prototype for all later mechanical compressors.1780s[edit]1783: Claude de Jouffroy builds the first steamboat.1783: Joseph-Ralf and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier build the first manned hot air balloon.1785: Martinus van Marum is the first to use the electrolysis technique.1786: Andrew Meikle invents the threshing machine.1789: Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom.1790s[edit]1790: Thomas Saint invents the sewing machine.1792: Claude Chappe invents the modern semaphore telegraph.1793: Eli Whitney invents the modern cotton gin.1795: Joseph Bramah invents the hydraulic press.1796: Alois Senefelder invents the lithography printing technique.[227]1797: Samuel Bentham invents plywood.1798: Edward Jenner develops the first successful vaccine, the smallpox vaccine.1799: George Medhurst invents the first motorized air compressor.1799: The first paper machine is invented by Louis-Nicolas Robert.19th century[edit]1800s[edit]1800: Alessandro Volta invents the voltaic pile, an early form of battery in Italy, based on previous works by Luigi Galvani.1802: Humphry Davy invents the arc lamp (exact date unclear; not practical as a light source until the invention of efficient electric generators).[228]1804: Friedrich Sertürner discovers morphine as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant.[229]1804: Richard Trevithick invents the steam locomotive.[230]1804: Hanaoka Seishū creates tsūsensan, the first modern general anesthetic.[231]1807: Nicéphore Niépce invents the first internal combustion engine capable of doing useful work.1807: François Isaac de Rivaz designs the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine fuelled by hydrogen.1807: Robert Fulton expands water transportation and trade with the workable steamboat.1810s[edit]1810: Nicolas Appert invents the canning process for food.1811: Friedrich Koenig invents the first powered printing press, which was also the first to use a cylinder.1812: William Reid Clanny pioneered the invention of the safety lamp which he improved in later years. Safety lamps based on Clanny's improved design were used until the adoption of electric lamps.1814: James Fox invents the modern planing machine, though Matthew Murray of Leeds and Richard Roberts of Manchester have also been credited at times with its invention.1816: Francis Ronalds builds the first working electric telegraph using electrostatic means.1816: Robert Stirling invents the Stirling engine.[232]1817: Baron Karl von Drais invents the dandy horse, an early velocipede and precursor to the modern bicycle.1818: Marc Isambard Brunel invents the tunnelling shield.1820s[edit]1822: Thomas Blanchard invented the pattern-tracing lathe (actually more like a shaper) and was completed by for the U.S. Ordnance Dept. The lathe can copy symmetrical shapes and is used for making gun stocks, and later, ax handles. The lathe's patent is in force for 42 years, the record for any U.S. patent.[233][234]1822: Nicéphore Niépce invented Heliography, the first photographic process.1822: Charles Babbage, considered the "father of the computer",[235] begins building the first programmable mechanical computer.1824: Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse invents the bolt-action rifle.[236]1825: William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet.1826: John Walker invented the friction match.[237]1828: James Beaumont Neilson develops the hot blast process.1828: Patrick Bell invents the reaping machine.1829: William Mann invents the compound air compressor.1830s[edit]1830: Edwin Budding invents the lawn mower.1831: Michael Faraday invents a method of electromagnetic induction. It would be independently invented by Joseph Henry the following year.1834: Moritz von Jacobi, a German-born Russian, invents the first practical electric motor.1835: Joseph Henry invents the electromechanical relay.1837: Samuel Morse invents Morse code.1838: Moritz von Jacobi invents Electrotyping.1839: William Otis invents the steam shovel.1839: James Nasmyth invents the steam hammer.1839: Edmond Becquerel invents a method for the photovoltaic effect, effectively producing the first solar cell.1840s[edit]1841: Alexander Bain devises a printing telegraph.[238]1842: William Robert Grove invents the first fuel cell.1842: John Bennet Lawes invents superphosphate, the first man-made fertilizer.1844: Friedrich Gottlob Keller and, independently, Charles Fenerty come up with the wood pulp method of paper production.1845: Isaac Charles Johnson invents Modern Portland cement.1846: Henri-Joseph Maus invents the Tunnel boring machine.1847: Ascanio Sobrero invents Nitroglycerin, the first explosive made that was stronger than black powder.1848: Jonathan J. Couch invents the pneumatic drill.1849: Walter Hunt invents the first repeating rifle to use metallic cartridges (of his own design) and a spring-fed magazine.1849: James B. Francis invents the Francis turbine.1850s[edit]1850: Sir William Armstrong invents the hydraulic accumulator.1852: Robert Bunsen is the first to use a chemical vapor deposition technique.1852: Elisha Otis invents the safety brake elevator.[239]1852: Henri Giffard becomes the first person to make a manned, controlled and powered flight using a dirigible.1853: François Coignet invents reinforced concrete.1855: James Clerk Maxwell invents the first practical method for color photography, whether chemical or electronic.1855: Sir. Henry Bessemer patents the Bessemer process for making steel, with improvements made by others over the following years.1856: James Harrison produces the world's first practical ice making machine and refrigerator using the principle of vapour compression in Geelong, Australia.[240]1856: William Henry Perkin invents Mauveine, the first synthetic dye.1857: Heinrich Geissler invents the Geissler tube.1859: Gaston Planté invents the lead acid battery, the first rechargeable battery.1860s[edit]1860: Joseph Swan produces carbon fibers.[241]1862: Alexander Parkes invents parkesine, also known as celluloid, the first man-made plastic.1864: Louis Pasteur invents the pasteurization process.1865: Carl Wilhelm Siemens and Pierre-Émile Martin invented the Siemens-Martin process for making steel.1865: Gregor Mendel publishes 'Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden' ("Experiments on Plant Hybridization"), effectively founding the science of genetics, though the importance of his work would not be appreciated until later on.1867: Alfred Nobel invents Dynamite, the first safely manageable explosive stronger than black powder.1870s[edit]1872: J.E.T. Woods and J. Clark invented Stainless steel. Harry Brearley was the first to commercialize it.[242]1873: Frederick Ransome invents the rotary kiln.1873: Sir William Crookes, a chemist, invents the Crookes radiometer as the by-product of some chemical research.1873: Zénobe Gramme invents the first commercial electrical generator, the Gramme machine.1874: Gustave Trouvé invents the first metal detector.1876: Nikolaus August Otto invents the Four-stroke cycle.1876: Alexander Graham Bell has a patent granted for the telephone. However, other inventors before Bell had worked on the development of the telephone and the invention had several pioneers.[243]1877: Thomas Edison invents the first working phonograph.[244]1878: Henry Fleuss is granted a patent for the first practical rebreather.[245]1878: Lester Allan Pelton invents the Pelton wheel.1879: Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison both patent a functional Incandescent light bulb. Some two dozen inventors had experimented with electric incandescent lighting over the first three-quarters of the 19th century but never came up with a practical design.[246] Swan's, which he had been working on his since the 1860s, had a low resistance so was only suited for small installations. Edison designed a high-resistance bulb as part of a large-scale commercial electric lighting utility.[247][248][249]1880s[edit]1881: Nikolay Benardos presents carbon arc welding, the first practical arc welding method.[250]1884: Hiram Maxim invents the recoil-operated Maxim gun, ushering in the age of semi- and fully automatic firearms.1884: Paul Vieille invents Poudre B, the first smokeless powder for firearms.1884: Sir Charles Parsons invents the modern steam turbine.1885: John Kemp Starley invents the modern bicycle.[251][252]1886: Carl Gassner invents the zinc-carbon battery, the first dry cell battery, making portable electronics practical.1886: Charles Martin Hall and independently Paul Héroult invent the Hall–Héroult process for economically producing aluminum in 1886.1886: Karl Benz invents the first petrol or gasoline powered auto-mobile (car).[253]1887: Carl Josef Bayer invents the Bayer process for the production of alumina.1887: James Blyth invents the first wind turbine used for generating electricity.1887: John Stewart MacArthur, working in collaboration with brothers Dr. Robert and Dr. William Forrest develops the process of gold cyanidation.1888: John J. Loud invents the ballpoint pen.[254]1888: Heinrich Hertz publishes a conclusive proof of James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in experiments that also demonstrate the existence of radio waves. The effects of electromagnetic waves had been observed by many people before this but no usable theory explaining them existed until Maxwell.1890s[edit]1890s: Frédéric Swarts invents the first chlorofluorocarbons to be applied as refrigerant.[255]1891: Whitcomb Judson invents the zipper.1892: Léon Bouly invents the cinematograph.1893: Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel engine (although Herbert Akroyd Stuart had experimented with compression ignition before Diesel).1895: Guglielmo Marconi invents a system of wireless communication using radio waves.1895: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen invented the first radiograph (xrays).1898: Hans von Pechmann synthesizes polyethylene, now the most common plastic in the world.[256]1899: Waldemar Jungner invents the nickel–cadmium battery.Source: Timeline of historic inventions - Wikipedia

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