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Earth Day Vs Earth Hour Vs Earth Overshoot DayPIB Prelims Specific Analysis: 21st April 2020 (Source: Telegram Channel: Prelims Specific Notes for IAS)Earth DayEarth Day is an initiative of the Earth Day Network.Every year it is celebrated on April 22.April 22, 2020 will mark 50 years of Earth Day.In April 1970, the first Earth Day was inspired by a photograph from Apollo 8, an image of the Earth as a fragile blue ball in the vastness of space.On April 22, 1970, 20 million Americans — 10% of the U.S. population at the time — took to the streets, college campuses and hundreds of cities to protest environmental ignorance and demand a new way forward for our planet.The first Earth Day had led to the creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the passage of the Clean Air, Clean Water, and Endangered Species Acts.Earth Day continues to hold major international significance: In 2016, the United Nations chose Earth Day as the day when the historic Paris Agreement on climate change was signed into force.It the largest civic observance in the world.It has nothing to do with switching off the lights.The theme for Earth Day 2020 is climate action.The theme for Earth Day 2019 was 'Protect Our Species'.The theme for 2018 Earth Day was to ‘End Plastic Pollution’.What is Earth Hour?Earth Hour is an annual environmental campaign that brings attention to the effects of climate change by asking people to switch of lights at homes and businesses for an hour at 8.30pm (20:30), local time, usually on the last Saturday of March.World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), which organizes the annual Earth Hour event, aims to stop the degradation of the Earth's natural environment.Earth Hour 2020 was held on 28th March, Saturday from 8:30 pm to 9:30 pm.The theme for 2020's Earth Hour was 'Raise your voice for nature'.The theme for 2019 was #Connect2Earth.WWF has partnered with United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to create #Connect2Earth.”Earth Hour was famously started as a ‘lights out event’ in Sydney, Australia in 2007.Earth Hour only asks people to turn off the non-essential lights for one hour - not lights that affect public safety.Earth Hour is not a black out.Earth hour does not claim that the event is an energy or carbon reduction exercise - it is a symbolic action.WWF-Uganda created the world’s first Earth Hour Forest.Earth Hour is not to be confused with Earth Day.Why is Earth Hour held in late March?The second-to-last and last weekend of March is around the time of the Spring and Autumn equinoxes in the northern and southern hemispheres respectively, which allows for near coincidental sunset times in both hemispheres, thereby ensuring the greatest visual impact for a global ‘lights out’ event.Earth Overshoot DayEarth Overshoot Day marks the date when humanity’s demand for ecological resources and services in a given year exceeds what Earth can regenerate in that year.Earth Overshoot Day is hosted and calculated by Global Footprint Network (GFN), an international research organization that provides decision-makers with a menu of tools to help the human economy operate within Earth’s ecological limits.GFN maintain this deficit by liquidating stocks of ecological resources and accumulating waste, primarily carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.Earth Overshoot Day is computed by dividing the planet’s biocapacity (the amount of ecological resources Earth is able to generate that year), by humanity’s Ecological Footprint (humanity’s demand for that year), and multiplying by 365, the number of days in a year:(Earth’s Biocapacity / Humanity’s Ecological Footprint) x 365 = Earth Overshoot DayThe remainder of the year corresponds to global overshoot.The Ecological Footprint tracks the use of six categories of productive surface areas: cropland, grazing land, fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on land.Both the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity are expressed in global hectares.WWF, the world’s largest conservation organization, has participated in Earth Overshoot Day since 2007.In 2019, Earth Overshoot Day was on July 29.Country (there are countries between Canada and China): Overshoot DayQatar: February 11, 2020Luxembourg: February 16, 2020United Arab Emirates: March 7, 2020Bahrain: March 10, 2020Kuwait: March 10, 2020Trinidad and Tobago: March 12, 2020United States of America: March 14, 2020Canada: March 18, 2020China: June 13, 20201t.org ProjectThe World Economic Forum has launched a global initiative to grow, restore and conserve 1 trillion trees around the world - in a bid to restore biodiversity and help fight climate change.The 1t.org project aims to unite governments, non-governmental organisations, businesses and individuals in a "mass-scale nature restoration".A day ahead of its official launch, the initiative received the support of US President Donald Trump.The Forum acknowledged the work of existing reforestation schemes such as American Forests and the Trillion Trees Initiative and said Home Updated - 1t.org was "an opportunity to help join-up these initiatives in a unifying platform", and help mobilize funds and political support.Trillion Trees InitiativeTrillion Trees is a collaboration between three of the world’s largest conservation organisations - Wildlife Conservation Society, BirdLife International and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) - to protect and restore one trillion trees by 2050.World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)It is an international organization committed to conservation of the environment.Mission:to conserve the world’s biological diversity,to ensure that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, andto promote the reduction of pollution and of wasteful consumption.The WWF provides money for conservation initiatives around the world.These include programs focused on individual species, forests, and freshwater and marine issues as well as climate change and responsible international trade.The group has also been involved in efforts to provide a safe and sustainable habitat for the world’s peoples, both urban and rural, including clean water, clean air, healthful food, and rewarding recreation areas.Among the WWF’s notable achievements is its use of debt-for-nature swaps, in which an organization buys some of a country’s foreign debt at a discount, converts the money to local currency, and then uses it to finance conservation efforts.The WWF’s first successful debt-for-nature swap took place in 1987 in Ecuador.The organization’s logo is a distinctive panda.Living Planet Report 2018.The WWF’s ‘risk index’ for the globe shows India among countries whose soil biodiversity faces the highest level of risk.Coloured red on the Atlas, these include Pakistan, China, several countries in Africa and Europe, and most of North America.The findings were part of WWF's bi-annual Living Planet Report 2018.The Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas was also prepared by the WWF along with the report.While India’s per capita ecological footprint was in the lowest band among countries surveyed, its high population made it vulnerable to an ecological crisis, even if per-capita consumption remained at current levels.BirdLife InternationalBirdLife International (formerly the International Council for Bird Preservation) is a global partnership of conservation organisations that strives to conserve birds, their habitats and global biodiversity, working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources.It is the world’s largest partnership of conservation organisations, with over 120 partner organisations.BirdLife International is the official Red List authority for birds, for the International Union for Conservation of Nature.Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs)IBA is an area identified using an internationally agreed set of criteria.These are globally important for the conservation of bird populations.The program was developed and sites are identified by BirdLife International.Currently there are over 12,000 IBAs worldwide.IBAs are identified for terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments as well.Legal protection only if they become part of already protected areas, so no special legal protection on being identified as an IBA.CriteriaTo be listed as an IBA, a site must satisfy at least one of the following criteria:1. Globally threatened speciesRegular presence of a Critical or Endangered species, irrespective of population size, ORVulnerable species, more than a threshold limit.2. Restricted-range species3. Biome-restricted species4. CongregationsDo you know?Why did birds lose their teeth?Birds gave up teeth to speed up egg hatching.This is because there is no need to wait for the embryo to develop teeth — a process that can consume 60% of egg incubation time.Wildlife Conservation SocietyWCS is a New York based international NGO whose mission is to save wildlife and wild places worldwide through science, conservation action, education, and inspiring people to value nature.Its goal is to conserve the world's largest wild places in 15 priority regions, home to more than 50% of the planet's biodiversity.In 2013 WCS developed a new strategy called WCS: 2020 Strategy.WCS is supporting the management of 8 of the 19 World Heritage sites that have been declared Sites in Danger.

I believe you are referring to trout, a species of freshwater fish. TroutFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchFor other uses, see Trout (disambiguation).Brown troutTrout is the common name for a number of species of freshwater fish belonging to the genera Oncorhynchus, Salmo and Salvelinus, all of the subfamily Salmoninae of the family Salmonidae. The word trout is also used as part of the name of some non-salmonid fish such as Cynoscion nebulosus, the spotted seatrout or speckled trout.Trout are closely related to salmon and char (or charr): species termed salmon and char occur in the same genera as do fish called trout (Oncorhynchus – Pacific salmon and trout, Salmo – Atlantic salmon and various trout, Salvelinus – char and trout).Lake trout and most other trout live in freshwater lakes and rivers exclusively, while there are others, such as the steelhead, which can spend two or three years at sea before returning to fresh water to spawn (a habit more typical of salmon). Steelhead that live out their lives in fresh water are called rainbow trout. Arctic char and brook trout are part of the char family. Trout are an important food source for humans and wildlife, including brown bears, birds of prey such as eagles, and other animals. They are classified as oily fish.[1]Contents1Species2Anatomy3Habitat4Diet5As food6River fishing7Ice fishing8Trout fishing records8.1Fishing bait9See also10References11Further reading12External linksSpecies[edit]The name 'trout' is commonly used for some species in three of the seven genera in the subfamily Salmoninae: Salmo, Atlantic species; Oncorhynchus, Pacific species; and Salvelinus, which includes fish also sometimes called char or charr. Fish referred to as trout include:Salmo: marble trout, S. marmoratusGenus SalmoAdriatic trout, Salmo obtusirostrisBrown trout, Salmo truttaRiver trout, S. t. morpha farioLake trout/Lacustrine trout, S. t. morpha lacustrisSea trout, S. t. morpha truttaFlathead trout, Salmo platycephalusMarble trout, Soca River trout or Soča trout – Salmo marmoratusOhrid trout, Salmo letnica, S. balcanicus (extinct), S. lumi, and S. apheliosSevan trout, Salmo ischchanOncorhynchus: rainbow trout, O. mykissGenus OncorhynchusBiwa trout, Oncorhynchus masou rhodurusCutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkiCoastal cutthroat trout, O. c. clarkiCrescenti trout, O. c. c. f. crescentiAlvord cutthroat trout O. c. alvordensis (extinct)Bonneville cutthroat trout O. c. utahHumboldt cutthroat trout O. c. humboldtensisLahontan cutthroat trout O. c. henshawiWhitehorse Basin cutthroat troutPaiute cutthroat trout O. c. selenirisSnake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout, O. c. behnkeiWestslope cutthroat trout O. c. lewisiYellowfin cutthroat trout O. c. macdonaldi (extinct)Yellowstone cutthroat trout O. c. bouvieriColorado River cutthroat trout O. c. pleuriticusGreenback cutthroat trout O. c. stomiasRio Grande cutthroat trout O. c. virginalisOncorhynchus gilaeGila trout, O. g. gilaeApache trout, O. g. apacheRainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykissKamchatkan rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss mykissColumbia River redband trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneriCoastal rainbow trout (steelhead), Oncorhynchus mykiss irideusBeardslee trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus var. beardsleeiGreat Basin redband trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss newberriiGolden trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonitaKern River rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita var. gilbertiSacramento golden trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita var. stoneiLittle Kern golden trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita var. whiteiKamloops rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss kamloopsBaja California rainbow trout, Nelson's trout, or San Pedro Martir trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoniEagle Lake trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss aquilarumMcCloud River redband trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss stoneiSheepheaven Creek redband troutMexican golden trout, Oncorhynchus chrysogasterSalvelinus: brook trout, S. fontinalisGenus Salvelinus (Char)Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalisAurora trout, S. f. timagamiensisBull trout, Salvelinus confluentusDolly Varden trout, Salvelinus malmaLake trout, Salvelinus namaycushSilver trout, † Salvelinus agassizi (extinct)HybridsTiger trout, Salmo trutta X Salvelinus fontinalis (infertile)Speckled Lake (Splake) trout, Salvelinus namaycush X Salvelinus fontinalis (fertile)Anatomy[edit]Trout that live in different environments can have dramatically different colorations and patterns. Mostly, these colors and patterns form as camouflage, based on the surroundings, and will change as the fish moves to different habitats. Trout in, or newly returned from the sea, can look very silvery, while the same fish living in a small stream or in an alpine lake could have pronounced markings and more vivid coloration; it is also possible that in some species this signifies that they are ready to mate. In general trout that are about to breed have extremely intense coloration. They can look like an entirely different fish outside of spawning season. It is virtually impossible to define a particular color pattern as belonging to a specific breed; however, in general, wild fish are claimed to have more vivid colors and patterns.Trout have fins entirely without spines, and all of them have a small adipose fin along the back, near the tail. The pelvic fins sit well back on the body, on each side of the anus. The swim bladder is connected to the esophagus, allowing for gulping or rapid expulsion of air, a condition known as physostome. Unlike many other physostome fish, trout do not use their bladder as an auxiliary device for oxygen uptake, relying solely on their gills.There are many species, and even more populations, that are isolated from each other and morphologically different. However, since many of these distinct populations show no significant genetic differences, what may appear to be a large number of species is considered a much smaller number of distinct species by most ichthyologists. The trout found in the eastern United States are a good example of this. The brook trout, the aurora trout, and the (extinct) silver trout all have physical characteristics and colorations that distinguish them, yet genetic analysis shows that they are one species, Salvelinus fontinalis.Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), like brook trout, belong to the char genus. Lake trout inhabit many of the larger lakes in North America, and live much longer than rainbow trout, which have an average maximum lifespan of 7 years. Lake trout can live many decades, and can grow to more than 30 kilograms (66 lb).Habitat[edit]A trout farm in Sochi, RussiaTrout are usually found in cool (50–60 °F or 10–16 °C), clear streams and lakes, although many of the species have anadromousstrains as well. Young trout are referred to as troutlet, troutling or fry. They are distributed naturally throughout North America, northern Asia and Europe. Several species of trout were introduced to Australia and New Zealand by amateur fishing enthusiasts in the 19th century, effectively displacing and endangering several upland native fish species. The introduced species included brown trout from England and rainbow trout from California. The rainbow trout were a steelhead strain, generally accepted as coming from Sonoma Creek. The rainbow trout of New Zealand still show the steelhead tendency to run up rivers in winter to spawn.[2]In Australia the rainbow trout was introduced in 1894 from New Zealand and is an extremely popular gamefish in recreational angling.[3]Despite severely impacting the distribution and abundance of native Australian fish, such as the climbing galaxias, millions of rainbow and other trout species are released annually from government and private hatcheries.[3]The closest resemblance of seema trout and other trout family can be found in the Himalayan Region of India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan and in Tian Shan mountains of Kyrgyzstan.Diet[edit]Golden trout, Oncorhynchus aguabonitaTrout generally feed on other fish, and soft bodied aquatic invertebrates, such as flies, mayflies, caddisflies, stoneflies, mollusksand dragonflies. In lakes, various species of zooplankton often form a large part of the diet. In general, trout longer than about 300 millimetres (12 in) prey almost exclusively on fish, where they are available. Adult trout will devour smaller fish up to 1/3 their length. Trout may feed on shrimp, mealworms, bloodworms, insects, small animal parts, and eel.As food[edit]Baked troutAs a group, trout are somewhat bony, but the flesh is generally considered to be tasty. The flavor of the flesh is heavily influenced by the diet of the fish. For example, trout that have been feeding on crustaceans tend to be more flavorful than those feeding primarily on insect life. Additionally, they provide a good fight when caught with a hook and line, and are sought after recreationally. Because of their popularity, trout are often raised on fish farms and planted into heavily fished waters, in an effort to mask the effects of overfishing. Farmed trout and char are also sold commercially as food fish. Trout is sometimes prepared by smoking.[4]According to the British Nutrition Foundation, trout contain one of the lowest amounts of dioxins (a type of environmental contaminant) of all oily fishes.1 fillet of trout (79 g) contains:[5]Energy : 490 kJ (117 kcal)Fat (g): 5.22Carbohydrates (g): 0Fibers (g): 0Protein (g): 16.41Cholesterol (mg): 46River fishing[edit]While trout can be caught with a normal rod and reel, fly fishing is a distinctive method developed primarily for trout, and now extended to other species. Understanding how moving water shapes the stream channel makes it easier to find trout. In most streams, the current creates a riffle-run-pool pattern that repeats itself over and over. A deep pool may hold a big brown trout, but rainbows and smaller browns are likely found in runs. Riffles are where you will find small trout, called troutlet, during the day and larger trout crowding in during morning and evening feeding periods.Riffles have a fast current and shallow water. This gives way to a bottom of gravel, rubble or boulder. Riffles are morning and evening feeding areas. Trout usually spawn just above or below riffles, but may spawn right in them.Runs are deeper than riffles with a moderate current and are found between riffles and pools. The bottom is made up of small gravel or rubble. These hot spots hold trout almost anytime, if there is sufficient cover.Pools are smoother and look darker than the other areas of the stream. The deep, slow-moving water generally has a bottom of silt, sand, or small gravel. Pools make good midday resting spots for medium to large trout.[6]It is recommended that when fishing for trout, that the fisher(s) should use line in the 4–8 lb test for streamfish, and stronger line with the same diameter for trout from the sea or from a large lake, such as Lake Michigan. It is also recommended to use a hook size 8-5 for trout of all kind. Trout, especially farm-raised ones, tend to like salmon roes, worms, minnows, cut bait, corn, or marshmallows.Ice fishing[edit]Fishing for trout under the ice generally occurs in depths of 4 to 8 feet. Because trout are cold water fish, during the winter they move from up-deep to the shallows, replacing the small fish that inhabit the area during the summer. Trout in winter constantly cruise in shallow depths looking for food, usually traveling in groups, although bigger fish may travel alone and in water that's somewhat deeper, around 12 feet. Rainbow, Brown, and Brook trout are the most common trout species caught through the ice.[7]Trout fishing records[edit]By information from International Game Fish Association IGFA the most outstanding records:[8]Brook trout caught by Dr. W. Cook in the Nipigon River. Canada on July 1, 1916 that weighed 6.57 kg (14 lbs. 8 oz.)Cutthroat trout caught by John Skimmerhorn in Pyramid Lake located in Nevada. USA on December 1, 1925 that weighed 18.59 kg (41 lbs. 0 oz.)Bull trout caught by N. Higgins in Lake Pend Oreille located in Idaho. USA on October 27, 1949 that weighed 14.51 kg (32 lbs. 0 oz.)Golden trout caught by Chas Reed in Cooks Lake located in Wyoming. USA on August 5, 1948 that weighed 4.98 kg (11 lbs. 0 oz.)Rainbow trout caught by Sean Konrad in Lake Diefenbaker. Canada on September 5, 2009 that weighed 21.77 kg (48 lbs. 0 oz.)Lake trout caught by Llyod Bull in Great Bear Lake. Canada on August 19, 1995 that weighed 32.65 kg (72 lbs. 0 oz.)Fishing bait[edit]Waxworms are used as live-bait for trout fishing.Corn worms are also excellent live-bait when trout fishing.Nymph of a golden stonefly are used as live-bait for trout fishing.Nymph mayflysalmon roe (Red caviar)Worms are cheap and a great bait to use for trout and most types of fishFly Fishing FliesWooly buggers can be tied in every color imaginableEgg patterns work great for steelhead and trout in riversMuddler minnowSee also[edit]Food portalTrout ticklingList of smoked foodsReferences[edit]Citations^ "What are oily fish?". Food Standards Agency. June 23, 2004.^ Peter Landergren, Spawning of anadromous rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): a threat to sea trout, Salmo trutta L., populations?, Fisheries Research 40(1), 1999, pp. 55–63.^ Jump up to:a b Gomon, Martin; Bray, Dianne. "Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved August 30, 2014.^ Trout - S. G. B. Tennant, Jr., Arie De Zanger. p. 27.^ "Search the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference". Nal.usda.gov. Retrieved December 26, 2011.^ Troutlet.com: How to Read a River when Trout Fishing^ Straw, Matt (December 5, 2012) "Ice Fishing Trout" In-Fisherman^ "IGFA World Records". International Game Fish Association. Retrieved November 1, 2015.This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Trout" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(May 2008)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)Further reading[edit]Robert J. Behnke, Trout and Salmon of North America. Illustrated by Joseph R. Tomelleri. New York: The Free Press, 2002.Jen Corrinne Brown, Trout Culture: How Fly Fishing Forever Changed the Rocky Mountain West. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2015.External links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trout.Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module onTrout‹The template Curlie is being considered for deletion.› Trout at CurlieTrout SpeciesTrout.co.uk – Website focused purely on fishing for troutTU.ORG – Conserving, protecting and restoring North America's coldwater fisheries and their watersheds"Trout Science," www.troutlet.com, 2000.showvteSeafoodshowvteMeatCategories:Fish common namesSalmonidaeCold water fishCommercial fishOily fishSmoked fishSport fishNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearchMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikipedia storeInteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact pageToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this pagePrint/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionIn other projectsWikimedia CommonsWikibooksLanguagesDeutschEspañolFrançais한국어ItalianoРусскийTagalogTiếng Việt中文Edit linksThis page was last edited on 8 May 2019, at 14:37 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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42 U.S. Code § 1962d–20 - Prohibition on Great Lakes diversionsa)(4) four of the Great Lakes are international waters and are defined as boundary waters in the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 between the United States and Canada, and as such any new diversion of Great Lakes water in the United States would affect the relations of the Government of the United States with the Government of Canada.Also found this."NOAA Office of General Counsel International Section - The Grat Lakes" NOAA Office of General Counsel International SectionThe Great Lakes are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Gulf of the St. Lawrence. Under customary international law as reflected in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, they may be considered internal waters as they are landward of the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. However a number of U.S. federal court decisions have treated the Great Lakes as “high seas” for purposes of federal admiralty and maritime jurisdiction as well as for federal criminal jurisdiction.Under the Submerged Lands Act, 43 U.S.C. § 1301 et seq., the seaward limit of the lands and waters of the eight U.S. states that border the Great Lakes (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin) extend to the international maritime boundary with Canada. The United States retains the right to regulate offshore activities in this area for the constitutional purposes of navigation, national defense, international affairs, and commerce. 43 U.S.C. § 1314(a). Although U.S. states manage fisheries in the Great Lakes up to the international maritime boundary with Canada, the federal Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act may be applied to protect such fisheries from foreign flagged vessels. See 16 USC § 1857(2) (it is unlawful for a foreign vessel to “engage in fishing within the boundaries of any State”) & (4) (it is unlawful for a foreign fishing vessel to operate “within the boundaries of any State” without its gear stowed or otherwise rendered unusable for fishing).For issues affecting waters of the Great Lakes on both sides of the international maritime boundary, the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 serves as the foundation for binational management of the region and continues to provide a framework for addressing joint U.S.-Canada management issues. Subsequent agreements between the United States and Canada have built upon the Boundary Waters Treaty to advance environmental protection. For example, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement seeks to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes. To achieve this purpose the U.S. and Canada agreed to cooperate and develop programs, practices and technology for a better understanding of the Great Lakes ecosystem, and to eliminate or reduce, to the maximum extent practicable, environmental threats to the waters of the Great Lakes, including concentrations of specific pollutants, discharges from shipping, and to monitor the heath of the Great Lakes ecosystem.Under the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 and in accordance with customary international law, vessels flagged by the United States and Canada enjoy the right to freely navigate the entirety of the Great Lakes system, subject to reasonable, nondiscriminatory regulation by either State. This right is not extended to vessels flagged by third party States. Under customary international law, vessels flagged by third party States do not enjoy a right of access to another State’s internal waters. As the Great Lakes are internal waters, vessels flagged by States other than the U.S. or Canada do not enjoy a right of access to the Great Lakes nor do they have any navigational rights or freedoms on the Great Lakes.Additional Reference Information:Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 (Treaty Relating to Boundary Waters and Questions Arising Between the United States and Canada, U.S.-U.K., Jan. 11, 1909, 36 Stat. 2448, T.S. No. 548).Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (Agreement Between the United States of America and Canada on Great Lakes Water Quality, U.S.-Can., Apr. 15, 1972, 23 U.S.T. 1384) as amended.Genesee Chief v. Fitzhugh, 53 U.S. (12 How.) 443 (1851) (noting that the Great Lakes are “high seas” for purposes of Federal admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, and holding that the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction granted to the Federal government by the Constitution extends to all public navigable lakes and rivers where interstate or international commerce occurs).United States v. Rodgers, 150 U.S. 249 (1893) (holding that the Great Lakes are “high seas” for purposes of applying federal criminal jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 113).18 U.S.C. § 7(2) (defining “special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States” to include the Great Lakes, waters connecting them, and the St. Lawrence River for the purposes of federal criminal jurisdiction).Submerged Lands Act, 43 U.S.C. § 1301 et seq.