Consideration Of Other Factors - Sese: Fill & Download for Free

Me and Josue Dennis Chance together with Julien Philippe have touched on this in some of our answers: here, here, here, here, here, here, here and here. You should be able to access most of or all of the articles we linked.Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1988, adding the collapse of the Soviet empire, the Clinton administration decided at its sole discretion to terminate the fixed-term contract of the “gendarme” of the United States of America operating in both Southern and Central Africa at that time: Mobutu Sese Seko. Shamelessly, president Bill Clinton revealed the identity of the “new strong man”, the new “sheriff” of the United States. The name of the person who had taken that responsibility was Yoweri Museveni of Uganda. He had been requested to guide his “adjunct”, the Rwandan Paul Kagame.Tony Blair and Bill Clinton are championing their protege as a “visionary leader”.The latter was asked, as a first assignment, to overthrow Juvénal Habyarimana in Rwanda, which he did through the genocide of 1994, causing the death of close to a million Tutsis and Hutus.As a reward, he received a blank check to achieve an ethnic cleansing and establish one of the cruellest and bloodiest regime in Africa. The African blood, as we know, ran profusely through the Land of A Thousand Hills!Two years following the tragedy in Rwanda, the new “sheriff” of the United States, the Ugandan Yoweri Museveni and his “adjunct” Paul Kagame, triggered and led, under the aegis of the United States and their Western allies, an international war against the Zaïre of Mobutu in 1996. No less than six regular armies of African countries, all members of the UN and the African Union including Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Angola, Chad and Eritrea were enlisted and sent to the battle, with the technical and logistical support of the United States.This first international war of invasion of Zaïre aimed to chase away Mobutu, only to replace him by a hand puppet, Laurent Désiré Kabila, “sovereignly” chosen by the aggressors of Zaïre. This war caused, according to various experts’ reports, more than a million of both Congolese and Hutus victims!Have a look:Rwandan Hutu refugees in Tingi–Tingi on 17, January 1997Hutu refugees after being expelled by RPF supported by USA, UK, Uganda, Burundi etc 1996These are Hutu kids in Kibumba Camp begging RPF to spare their lives in 1996A Hutu baby still sucking dead-mother’s breasts after being killed by RPF in Mugunga, December 1996.These Hutu men have just been slaughtered by the RPF soldiers in Kahindo, DRC 1996Kibumba Refugee Camp where more than 4 million Hutu refugees fled the RPFHutu refugees in Ruhengeri, Kimonyi fleeing the RPF onslaught in 1994.These are Hutu refugees leaving the capital of Kigali heading to the west of the country after the RPF wit its supporters including Uganda, USA, UK, etc., had taken over KigaliThis is a Hutu man carrying the corps of his daughter who had just been killed by RPF which poisoned the water, food, and all basic necessary stuff for survival in Mugunga Refugee Camp in November, 1994.A parent and other refugees going back to Rwanda carrying his kids on a bike and when his son saw the RPF soldiers manning the border blockade, he was filled of fear.A Hutu Refugee girl searching for the corps of her dead–parents after the RPF of Paul Kagame poisoned water and food in the Mugunga Refugee Camp, 1994.A girl with her brother in the refugee camp of Panzi after their parents had been killed by the RPF in 1994.A Hutu refugee showing how the RPF sliced her breasts in Kiyombe, Byumba in 1992.This Hutu kid is dead next to his father’s corps in October 1994.This is Hutu refugee killed by the RPF in the region of Masisi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in November, 1996.This Hutu couples had had been murdered by RPF in Nkumba Commune in 1994.Hutu refugees in Katale Refugee Camp in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, in 1995.This mother was gunned down by the RPF soldiers in Mushubati Commune in 1994 but her kid did not know that mom had been killed instead the kid continued pulling her mom calling her, “Mummy wake up we go!”Innocent Hutu kids imprisoned by RPF because they’re Hutu, 2002.Bodies of unidentified Hutu refugees in eastern DRC.A Hutu girl crying over her mother’s body thrown alongside the road to wait for collection by Red Cross in eastern DRC in Mugunga Refugee Camp.A mother bringing the body of her boy who had been killed by the RPF’s poison in Mugunga Refugee Camp.A Hutu boy among the Hutu refugee corps searching for his parents among the corpsIn 1998, only a year after, when Laurent Désiré Kabila, the chosen “servant” under certain conditions, wanted to move forward and gain more freedom by any means, including rescind the one billion contract signed with the American Mineral Field (AMFI) of Jean-Raymond Boull for the exploitation of the vast mining deposits of the Gécamines to benefit a South-African firm, the second international war was then triggered to chase away Laurent Désiré Kabila. Once more, the Africans rushed in the arena fighting against one another.That war opposed the aggressors’ armies, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi and Eritrea supported by the United States versus the armies of Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and South-Africa who came to the rescue of president Laurent Désiré Kabila. The war lasted until the assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila in 2001. And once more a lot of blood was shed during those many years of war.After deterring Laurent-Désiré Kabila’s moves toward emancipation, the conquerors intended to secure the complete control over the mineral deposits and stronghold over the “scandalous” wealth of the DRC. Therefore, they “sovereignly” decided to impose at the head of the institutions of the DRC a Rwandan army officer, Hyppolite Kanambe, whom under those circumstances, used the Congolese identity of “Joseph Kabila”, with the approval of the international community as is parked for Africa, it remained submissively silent.Long denied by Josef Kanambe (aka Kabila) current head of the transitional ‘government’ of the Democratic Republic of Congo, new photographic proof of his past intimate association with the Rwandan junta headed by Paul Kagame has emerged (attached).Rwanda in 1996 invaded DRC and installed a Vicky regime, later under Josef Kanambe (who claims falsely to be the natural son of the late President of DRC). In the process genocide in which an estimated 6.2 million — 6.4 million Congolese were exterminated in the “slow-motion holocaust”.To their detriment, a few years later, the impostor they placed at the head of institutions in DRC, developed a taste for power and money. He also intended to move toward emancipation and set himself free from his “creators”. Like Laurent-Désiré Kabila, he broke the rules and did an inexcusable mistake: selling the mineral deposits of Katanga, “exclusive properties” of the Western multinationals, to their Chinese, Korean, Iranian, and Russian competitors. Therefore, the international community led by the United States, suddenly remembered the existence of a constitution in the DRC, that limits the terms and power of the Head of the State. But they “forgot” that back in 2011, when they “sovereignly” imposed on the Congolese people a Rwandan army officer at the head of the DRC, the same constitution was already existent, laying down eligibility conditions to the supreme office in the state!When it comes to Africa, the law of the jungle approach is the only suitable one in the mind of the international community. The DRC’s constitution is only appropriate when its application leads to the best interests of the great powers. Therefore, they decided that “Kabila” must abide by the constitution and leave office. And the Congolese are applauding and thanking the Western “decision-makers”!But all tend to forget that “Kabila” also stands for the interests of his Tutsis brothers of Rwanda and Uganda, who have assigned him, as a Trojan Horse in DRC to remain in power with their unconditional support. The situation led to a conflict of interests and the two “sheriffs” of the United States therefore became inconvenient.Once more, Washington decides “sovereignly” to replace the “sheriff” in Central Africa and the Great Lakes regions.This time, Angola is the chosen one. The same Angola that was armed by the American administrations, during more than 20 years, from 1970 to 1990, with the help and complicity of their former “sheriff” at the time, Mobutu Sese Seko.A part of the Angolan people rose against other Angolan people who were armed by the former Soviet Union, joined by Cuban troops, “unconditional allies” of the Kremlin. In this war, once more, Africans blood was profusely shed.Today, as the new “sheriff”, Washington chose a retired African general, the current minister of defence of Angola and designated successor of president Eduardo Dos Santos: General Joao Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço, 63 years old and born in Lobito, Angola.His last trip to the United States rang the bell of a formal investiture ceremony as the new “gendarme” of the United States of America in Central Africa, Southern Africa and the Great Lakes regions.As usual, the US did not hide the partnership accompanied by a protocol, signed by both countries, aiming to “help Angola restore order” in the troubled region of Central Africa, specifically in the Great Lakes region. The official press agency of Angola (Angop) released a statement made by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Angola, announcing that the meeting in Washington was dedicated to the political analysis of the situation in DRC and Burundi. Confirming its new leading role under the aegis of the United-States in the Great Lakes region this year 2017, the Angolan Minister of Defence added: “This year in December, we will contribute to find a lasting peace in all these countries”. But the Angolan Minister did not tell us how they intend to impose the agreement made with the US in the three targeted countries: The Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, and the Central African Republic. Considering that the crisis these three countries are going through originates from various sources and are different in nature. Those who started the fire in 1996, are coming across as the firefighters intending to extinguish the fire!In addition to the agreements signed in Washington “Joseph Kabila” sent two missions in Luanda, a formal one through his Minister of Foreign Affairs, She Okitundu, who stayed from Friday 19th of May to Saturday 20th of May, and another secret one including exclusively his chief of staff, Néhémie Mwilanya “guided” by Bizima Karaha. These two assignments ended in failure. The 21st of May the international press reported that the infantry of the Angolan army made a move along the western border of the DRC with Angola, along with tanks and heavy artillery. Another move of the Angolan troops had also been reported in the northeast of Angola.The next day, Paul Kagame of Rwanda, made the move to put an end to this new synergy dangerously threatening the balance of forces and interests of Rwanda in the occupied DRC by Kigali, and controlled by various multinationals around the world.During the night many battalions of the Rwandanarmy deplaned from the military transport aircraft at in the international airport of Ndjili with heavy weapons. They were immediately taken to the military base of Kitona, located in Bas-Congo province, towards the border with Angola.Allow me to draw some conclusions from the sombre picture Africa is facing, specifically the Congolese people:Africa along with the rest of the world are helplessly standing by, watching the setting up of the scene for a 3rd international war on the Democratic Republic of Congo’s soil. It will be its 3rdinternational war in less than 20 years, a world record! According to the UN experts’ various reports, the successive wars made more than 12 millions of victims! The words used by the leader of the British Labour Party on the subject to condemn the depth of the monstrosity are very telling. Mr Jeremy Corbyn publicly stated that the successive wars in the DRC made more victims than during the 2nd World War! Whereas the Apostolic Nuncio in Kinshasa, Mgr Luis Mariano Montemayor, when facing the atrocities while visiting Beni, in the east of DRC, at the end of the month of august 2016, did not hesitate to name the “Congolese genocide”. But in the face of the magnitude of the tragedy, the African leaders are turning a deaf ear and a blind eye! Probably thinking it its only happens to others…You may have noted, as I did, a common and unique factor to all these wars: neither of the Congolese people, their political class, their army, have ever been requested as part taker of these war process. They are missing from the conception phase to the implementation or final decision to go to war. The Democratic Republic of Congo is considered by the international community, and sadly by African countries, as a common property, a “terra nullius” decreed back to 1885 by the same powers controlling her today!The two previous international wars, as the third one under consideration, in DRC, are not African wars decided by the Africans for African interests. All these wars led by Africans regular armies are proxy wars, each and every one of them, without a single exception. They are conceived, planned and financed by hidden prominent lobbies of the Western countries to secure their best interests on African soil. Sadly, African leaders became “proxies” skilfully handled by Western countries to fight all kinds of wars for the purpose of precious materials and limited resources. But these wars are hiding behind “ethnic wars” or “tribal wars” which the African people, refractory to “democracy” are taking responsibility for. In the face of this factitious picture, the victims became the executioners, and the executioners became the “saviours”, the “judges”, the “benefactors”!Therefore, it is time for the Africans to write their own History. Which implies the willingness of the African leaders to fearlessly own Africa’s destiny in their hands, and refuse imposed wars, so called peace conceived, and unilaterally decided by foreign powers.Thanks For Reading!!!

Q. What are the Chinese government's incentives to provide good public service to the people considering that they are an authoritarian government that can't be held to account by the people (as in a democratic state)?-……… Then, I will cross question you on this and you may reply, as it pleases you. Aggivessana, do head anointed warrior kings like king Pasenadi of Kosala, king Ajàtasattu of Magadha wield power over their kingdoms, to execute those that have to be executed, to produce those that have to be produced, and to banish those that have to be banished?Yes, good Gotama, the head anointed warrior kings such as king Pasenadi of Kosala and king Ajàtasattu of Magadha wield power in their kingdoms to execute those that have to be executed, to produce those that have to be produced, and to banish those that have to be banished. Even the leaders, gathered here, of the Vajjis and Mallas, wield power in their kingdoms to execute those that have to be executed, to produce those that have to be produced and to banish those that have to be banished, so there are no doubts, about head anointed warrior kings, like king Pasenadi of Kosala and king Ajàtasattu of Magadha.From Majjhima Nikaya, Cula Saccaka Sutta---2500 years ago, there was a prince named Siddhartha in India. When he was 29 years old, he left his birthplace to find out the Dharma, the truth, the law of nature. After wandering in the forest and learned many methods from many teachers, he still didn't get what he found. Six years later, he found a method by himself and he got the knowledge by his method. Since then, he began to give teachings, sermons to monks, lay people and spread the law of nature known as Buddhism to the world.-Besides that teaching, Buddha also said in teachings how to live in this life so that one will reach successful living in his future (and in his next life if the reader accepts the things about rebirth.)."If anyone were to say that the samana Gotama possesses the three-fold knowledge (i.e. of previous lives, of the working of Karma and of the destruction asava -fermentations, effluents, outflows, taints), he would state the position correctly.""Those who made offering of flowers, scents and incense to me are not really paying homage. Only those who practice the Dharma are the ones who truly pay homage to me.""One is to abstain, refrain from killing, from stealing, not taking what is not given, from sexual misconduct, from lying, from taking alcohol or intoxicants.""Don't ask the ancestry, just ask the moral characters. Just like the flame arising from any firewood, the man from inferior ancestry can also become steady learned, educated, wise man."-"Wisdom is purified by morality, and morality is purified by wisdom: where one is, the other is, the moral man has wisdom and the wise man has morality, and the combination of morality and wisdom is called the highest thing in the world."--According to Buddha, what he told was not his own ideas, but the law of nature.-For a person to improve in his life:-He needs both wisdom and morality;-He has to do for himself first without doing evil things (killing, stealing, not taking what is not given, sexual misconduct, lying, taking alcohol or intoxicants, etc.), and later for other people if he can.-He does not need to depend upon his ancestry or race, etc.-If a group of community or a nation has rules and regulation to encourage its people to act according to above criteria, (e.g., it has the laws prohibiting discrimination of the race or ancestry, it has the laws to provide equal and fair education system and examination to improve wisdom, knowledge, it has the laws that provide effectively punishments for evil things, etc., in short ruled by meritocracy and effective rule of law) and another group of community or nation has no effective laws for above things.-Which nation do you think will develop and which people do you think will get the benefits in the present lives (i.e., without needing to wait for next lives)?-And which nation do you think act according to Buddha's or nature way (whether the people in these nations call themselves Buddhists or not)?---The Chinese government can provide good public service to the people because they are an authoritarian government which determines to serve for its citizens.- The Chinese government so effective because it governs by meritocracy with effective rule of law just like Singapore.-…….. After the death of Mao Zedong, Beijing’s leaders knew that Maoist philosophy was not the way forward for China – but they were loath to adopt Western alternatives such as democracy and a free market economy. In Lee’s Singapore, Chinese leaders found an alternative path, a path they could sell as being uniquely suited for Asian (or “oriental,” as China’s FM put it) values. That choice, to combine economic reforms with authoritarianism, shaped China as we know it today.Jin Canrong of Renmin University told China Daily that Lee’s greatest contribution to China was “sharing Singapore’s successful experience in governance.” In his biography of Deng Xiaoping, Ezra Vogel wrote that China’s great reformed was inspired by the example of Lee’s Singapore. Xi Jinping himself has said that China’s modernization process has been undeniably shaped by the “tens of thousands of Chinese officials” who went to Singapore to study Lee’s model. Lee himself visited China over 30 times and met with Chinese leaders from Mao to Xi Jinping, offering advice.Perhaps Lee’s greatest legacy for China was inspiring not simply Deng’s economic reforms, but the very idea that reform and adaptation is a never-ending, essential process. As Lee put it in a 2007 interview with the New York Times, Singapore embraces practicality rather than ideology: “Does it work? If it works, let’s try it. If it’s fine, let’s continue it. If it doesn’t work, toss it out, try another one.” That pragmatic stance is echoed in Deng Xiaoping’s famous statement that “it doesn’t matter whether a cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice.”From Lee Kuan Yew: The Father of Modern China?-……… It is against this historical backdrop that Deng visited Singapore in November 1978.Singapore did not inspire him because of its level of development. If that were his priority, many cities in Japan or the West would have impressed him more.Singapore was special because it represented the achievement of an estranged relative. Nowhere else outside China was there a country with ethnic Chinese in its majority.Lee Kuan Yew told him that if Singapore Chinese who were the descendants of poorly-educated coolies could make good, how much better mainland China could be if the right policies were adopted.On the economic front, China studied Singapore’s developmental experience to glean lessons for itself.In 1985, China appointed Dr Goh Keng Swee as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones. Step by step, bilateral relations on all fronts improved.Deng’s visit to Singapore in 1978 had left an indelible imprint on his mind. That year, some 400 delegations from China visited Singapore.I saw the repeat of an old pattern on the mainland: in agriculture, learn from Dazhai; in industry, learn from Daqing; in social management, learn from Singapore.From https://mothership.sg/2018/11/de...-A benevolent dictatorship refers to a government in which an authoritarian leader exercises absolute political power over the state but is perceived to do so with regard for benefit of the population as a whole, standing in contrast to the decidedly malevolent stereotype of a dictator who focuses on their and their supporters' self-interests. A benevolent dictator may allow for some economic liberalization or democratic decision-making to exist, such as through public referenda or elected representatives with limited power, and often makes preparations for a transition to genuine democracy during or after their term. It might be seen as a republican form of enlightened despotism.The label has been applied to leaders such as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Turkey, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore, and France-Albert René of Seychelles.From Benevolent dictatorship - Wikipedia--For every authoritarian country that has managed to grow rapidly, there are several that have floundered. For every Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore, there are many like Mobutu Sese Seko of the Congo. Dani Rodrik-Most of the leaders want to bring their nations to prosperity. But in authoritarian countries, there are many Congo-like nations for one Singapore-like nation.-If one can ask each and every leader of all authoritarian countries whether he would like his country to be like Singapore or Congo, most of the leaders will reply ‘Singapore’.-So what are the differences between the leaders of Singapore-like nation and Congo-like nation?-There are only two fundamental differences among those leaders;-The leaders of Singapore-like nation are both wise and good (intelligent enough to rule the nation to have prosperity and also morally upright).-The leaders of Congo-like nation may be good but not wise, may be wise but not good, or may be both not-wise and not-good.-Most of the leaders of the nations are not bad guys. If they are bad guys, they will not be leaders, mostly. Have you ever met a leader who wants to make his nation to become a failed state intentionally since he becomes a leader?-Each and every leader wants to leave a good name after he leaves the office, but only few of them achieve the intention.-It is not easy for a person to become a wise and good person. It is more difficult to be a good and wise leader. The leader has to make effort all the time to be wise to rule the nation to have prosperity and not to become bad (to take advantage of his position to become rich himself, not to his citizens). If not, he can become unwise and bad anytime during his life. It is very easy to be unwise and bad. There’s no need to make any effort.-So for one leader to bring prosperity to the nation, he must try to be wise and good all the time.-If a leader is good but not wise, he will not know what is good and what is bad in most of the complex affairs. Therefore, there’s a chance to make bad decision most of the time although he doesn’t mean it.-If a leader is wise but not good, there is always a chance to make for his own good rather than nation’s good in each and every minute of his office time. If he cannot control himself, he can always find loophole in his nation’s law to make for his own good.-If a leader is not good and not wise, ........... then anyone can imagine what’s the result.-There are only a few leaders who are not good and not wise.-There are some leaders who are wise but not good.-There are more leaders who are good but not wise enough.-There are only a small amount of leaders who are both wise and good because it is too difficult.-So it is the reason that ……….For every authoritarian country that has managed to grow rapidly, there are several that have floundered. For every Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore, there are many like Mobutu Sese Seko of the Congo.-Wisdom is purified by morality, and morality is purified by wisdom: where one is, the other is, the moral man has wisdom and the wise man has morality, and the combination of morality and wisdom is called the highest thing in the world. Gotama Buddha-Note-Actually, democracy is good when a society is already developed, wealthy, advanced because that kind of society can afford to fulfill the particular needs of each and every citizen in the society. But one has to note that to maintain that kind of society, it needs a lot of time, money, facility, etc. And it has to sacrifice the further development of that society.-A lot of nations in the world other than the West cannot afford that kind of leisure.-If you look at the history of Asia after World War Two, those Asian countries had to start from almost Zero (due to destruction of War). Among those Asian nations, the nation which ruled with meritocracy and effective rule of Law became advanced, wealthy, developed within one generation. And some of those Asians advanced nations can change to democracy and can sustain their status but they need to sacrifice their development of nation more or less.-Other nations with different kinds of ruling could not become like that. Among those systems, the nations who started with democracy before their countries became development.-So one has to choose development first or democracy first. If one chooses development first, that nation can change to democracy (if it wants) any time after the nation becomes developed and wealthy because there is no limitation and there is no need to fulfill criteria for changing its nation to democracy system.-If one chooses democracy first, that nation cannot change into advanced and wealthy one (if it wants) any time because there is limitation and one needs to fulfill criteria for changing its nation to developed, advanced and wealthy one.-So if you looked history, there are many nations which started with democracy before they became developed, advanced, wealthy ones and without mature, stable government institutions, without enough people with capabilities in specialized subjects, systems that those nations could not developed. They could not make major nationwide mega projects which need a lot of money and time to develop because those projects will hurt some people. So those people will object the projects and those mega projects could not even start. A lot of politicians in democracy knew that they would not get the power for long. So whey they had the opportunity to make profits for them, they would grab that opportunity without considering citizens’ good, because they also had to live, support their family after they lost the power.-Actually, democracy is the game to play for already developed, advanced, rich nations. Democracy in the poor, undeveloped nations also gives advantage for already developed, advanced, rich nations because the best and brightest people, the rich, wealth people, people with abilities from those poor, undeveloped nations with democracy can go to already developed, advanced, rich nations for their future; not the other way around.-Actually, US gave democracy to all of its citizens only after it became super power status. It became super power status only after all the other powerful nations exhausted by fighting among themselves and became poor. US became the factory of the world during those world wars and a lot of prominent European scientists ran away from their countries and went to US and became citizens. When US became super power status after Second World War, US was only for white European people. Although African people could get citizen status after President Lincoln era, Those African Americans were actually second class citizens until The Civil Rights Act of 1964. All the other people (African, Asians, etc.,) except European origin were only had democracy after The Civil Rights Act of 1964.-So all the US citizens had democracy only after US became super power status. US became independent in 1776. Since then US was the nation for White (European) people. All the US citizens got democracy in 1964 and became real citizens. It takes almost 200 years for US to achieve real democracy.--...... Berman's central argument is that countries usually achieve liberal democracy only after a long series of setbacks, conflicts and failures. ...........As Berman makes clear, the combination of free and fair elections, the rule of law, and widespread respect for democratic institutions that is today termed 'liberal democracy' is a recent and rare achievement. ............ It was only in the second half of the twentieth century that liberal democracy became common.If liberal democracy is recent and exceptional, what makes it possible? .......... It is more fundamentally the result of deep economic and societal transformations. In order for liberal democracy to emerge, countries had to forge national unity and break up - or grow out of - strong concentrations of economic power. ..........Liberal democratic regimes, Berman concludes, are most likely to succeed when they are built on national unity and a strong state. ............. This analysis would seem to support a "development first, democracy later" prescription, urging democratic activists to hold off until others have built a capable state and bridged communal divides. ........ "some of the most striking advances in state- and nation-building in European history occurred only after dictatorships were overthrown." ............. Liberal democracy's success in western Europe, she argues, rested on three factors: the role of the United States in constructing an economic and military order that promoted peace and prosperity in Europe; the successful advance of European integration; and the construction of social democratic systems that avoided economic crises, kept inequality low, and narrowed social divisions.The trouble began in 1970s, she contends, when all three pillars of this foundation started to crumble. .........-Excerpt from A Good Democracy Is Hard to Find by Thomas Carothers (review of Democracy and Dictatorship in Europe: From the Ancient Regime to the Present Day by Sheri Berman-"development first, democracy later" prescriptionHistory has repeatedly shown that the single most important thing that distinguishes rich countries from poor ones is basically their higher capabilities in manufacturing, where productivity is generally higher, and, more importantly, where productivity tends to (although does not always) grow faster than in agriculture or services.......... there are those who challenge this view on the grounds that we are now living in a post-industrial era and that selling services is therefore the way to go. Some of them even argue that developing countries can, and really should, skip industrialization and move directly to the service economy.In particular, many people in India, encouraged by that country’s recent success in service outsourcing, seem to be quite taken by this idea.There are certainly some services that have high productivity and considerable scope for further productivity growth—banking and other financial services, management consulting, technical consulting and IT support come to mind.But most other services have low-productivity and, more importantly, have little scope for productivity growth due to their very nature. Moreover, the most important sources of demand for those high-productivity services are manufacturing firms. So, without a strong manufacturing sector, it is impossible to develop high-productivity services. This is why no country has become rich solely on the basis of its service sector.-From Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism by Ha-Joon Chang--………. Then the Kalamas said to the Blessed One:“There are, Lord, some ascetics and brahmins who come to Kesaputta. They explain and elucidate their own doctrines, but disparage, debunk, revile and vilify the doctrines of others. But then some other ascetics and brahmins come to Kesaputta, and they too explain and elucidate their own doctrines, but disparage, debunk, revile and vilify the doctrines of the others. For us, Lord, there is perplexity and doubt as to which of these good ascetics speak truth and which speak falsehood.”“It is fitting for you to be perplexed, O Kalamas, it is fitting for you to be in doubt. Doubt has arisen in you about a perplexing matter.Come, Kalamas.Do not go by oral tradition,by lineage of teaching,by hearsay,by a collection of scriptures,by logical reasoning,by inferential reasoning,by reflection on reasons,by the acceptance of a view after pondering it,by the seeming competence of a speaker,or because you think, ’The ascetic is our teacher.’But when you know for yourselves, ’These things are unwholesome, these things are blameworthy; these things are censured by the wise; these things, if undertaken and practised, lead to harm and suffering,’ then you should abandon them. ………From Anguttara Nikaya 3.65 To the Kalamas