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That people complained about the rapid change in technology and society, and that, after about 1100 A.D., change was faster and more disruptive than it is in Western nations today.Many things were invented in the Middle Ages that most people today don't even know had to be invented. Here's a typical 13th-century painting:Here's a painting from 1439, "Madonna in the Church" by Jan van Eyck:Competence in representational drawing was lost west of Constantinople after the collapse of the Carolingian dynasty in the 10th century, and only re-invented in the early 14th century. The laws of perspective were still unknown when van Eyck was born. This sudden increase in skill was partly due to the spread of a technology called "paper". But it was also due to the increasing safety of international travel and new technology for ocean-going ships, which both led to more trade, which led to banks, insurance, and other commercial infrastructure, which led to the rise of the merchant class, which led to people other than nobility and the Church being able to pay for artwork, and to the rise of cities in which the Church was unable to control it.Political, social, and economic changes washed over the Middle Ages with a suddenness and rapidity that would shock people of the 21st century. Invaders, plagues, and famines came and went, often leading to rebellions, new social relations or institutions, and new ethnic compositions. The rights of women, Jews, and minorities waxed and waned. Religious cults swept nations periodically. The Catholic Church split in two--twice. Most of the social infrastructure we take for granted now--unions, corporations, limited liability, banks, insurance, intellectual property, legal due process, police, mail service, universities, marriage as a legal institution--were invented during the High Middle Ages. And a king could make political changes overnight that today would take decades.Changing ideas are harder to trace, because we often don't even know that an idea hasn't always been with us. Consider some revolutions in thought that occurred in just the 13th and 14th centuries alone:Who painted that 13th-century painting? We don't know. The 13th century didn't have artists; it had artisans. Before the ars nova ("new technique" music) of the 14th century, the idea that people who created art were doing something notable and should be remembered for it did not exist.People in 1300 didn't mean the same thing when they said "art" as people did by 1500. The word “ars” meant “craft.” In 1300, respectable art was made to glorify God, the Church, the state, or other powerful patrons. It was propaganda, but without any negative connotations. Art was not supposed to be original, creative, or provocative. Originality was disreputable, only God could be creative, and art was to answer questions, not to ask them. Plato and the early Christians said that art should never look like the real world and characters in poems should never act like real people, because real things were corrupt. Medieval art was bad on purpose.Educated people in the Early Middle Ages didn't think of reality as, well, real. They thought it was a shadowy reflection of a spiritual reality. So they didn't expect reality to be consistent, or to necessarily be the same in one place as in another. The idea of depicting or representing it "accurately" would have sounded like nonsense--but they'd have said "of the senses" where we'd say "non-sense". Alfred Crosby argues in The Measure of Reality that this is why medieval maps were grotesquely inaccurate--the map-makers weren't incompetent; they were more interested in depicting social and spiritual relationships than geographical ones.Similarly, before the 13th century numbers weren't always valued as symbols that denoted definite values. People didn't even have a way of expressing or understanding large numbers, and didn't care, because the way they used large numbers was to multiply together factors with different numerological significances, to express a spiritual truth. The mere quantity of the result didn't matter. Numbers were often supposed to be spiritually rather than literally accurate.The idea that you could measure intangibles like time, speed, and temperature didn't exist until the 14th century.The concept of emptiness was resisted until the late middle ages, because Aristotle said emptiness cannot exist. So spaces between words, rests between musical notes, the zero in numbers, and (to some extent) reproduction of empty space in drawings didn't arrive in Europe until the 13th and 14th centuries. Crosby pointed out the lack of spaces between buildings in this 14th-century picture of Florence:Writing didn't have the status of speech. Words were sequences of letters that you would pronounce out loud, and you would listen to the sounds to figure out what the words were. Reading silently was considered strange until perhaps the 13th century. They had no theory of acoustics, so they thought speech was phenomenological (a function of the soul), whereas writings were mere things. "If a tree falls in the forest, and no one hears it, does it make a sound?" was a serious question. So Plato and later thinkers attributed mystical powers to speech that they thought could not be captured in writing.Some historians have suggested that the French lost the battle of Agincourt in 1415 partly because they hadn't yet grasped the English 14th-century "re-invention" of total war and the subordination of personal glory to national victory.The rate of change is reflected in the language. Today you can easily read what Shakespeare wrote over 400 years ago (and you can more easily read his contemporaries like Marlowe; Shakespeare mangled his grammar to fit the meter, and used many obsolete words from very old books, or words that he made up himself.) An Elizabethan would have done little better than you would reading what Chaucer wrote 200 years earlier, and Chaucer would have been unable to decipher anything written in England 400 years before him.The middle ages saw Europe invent, adopt, or rediscover: castles and cathedrals; the stirrup and horseshoe; longbows, crossbows, pike formations, cavalry, plate armour, mounted knights, the trebuchet, guns, cannons, and standing armies; clear glass, clocks, the compass, the mirror, inns and taverns, bedrooms and hallways, distilled alcohol, the heavy plow, the horse collar and plow, three-field crop rotation, the wheelbarrow, wire, blast furnaces, soap, boats that could sail upwind, ocean-going ships, money, money systems (when one coin is worth a fixed number of another coin), the spinning wheel, the loom, the abacus, Arabic numerals, algebra, alphabetization, Aristotle, most of Plato, Euclid, the dictionary, the division of the Bible into chapters and verses, windmills, all of today's languages, spaces between words, punctuation, eyeglasses, the printing press, cursive, polyphony, musical notation, an understanding of musical harmony, musical chords, and the precursors of all of our musical instruments except the flute, harp, drum, and theremin. They saw the rise and fall of the Holy Roman Empire, Holland, and the Italian city-states; the Crusades; the expulsion of the Jews from England; the opening of a land route to China; the freeing of the serfs; the first, second, third, and fourth expulsions of the Jews from France; the creation of the middle class; the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims; the expulsion of the Jews from Spain; the re-invention of democracy in Switzerland; and to close out the Middle Ages, the discovery of a New World.

To get to the answer, remember that Psalm 23 is full of symbolism so we can understand how the Master Shepherd, God, cares attentively for his children, which in this Psalm, is symbolized by sheep.David's earliest job was to tend sheep by which he learned the full scope of a shepherd's responsibilities—with a main objective of keeping the flock safe and healthy. The job is fraught with isolation, danger, and around-the-clock care. Wolves, coyotes, bears, domestic dogs, and mountain lions are ever ready to suddenly kill an unsuspecting member of the flock.Who would know better about rods and staffs than a former real shepherd, Philip Keller when he wrote the book, "A Shepherd Looks at Psalm 23". This is what I learned. Shepherds use a rod to protect the gentle and harmless flock from predators or reprimand unruly sheep that pick on others, eat the wrong plants, or are oblivious to danger. The shepherd parts the sheep's wool using the rod to look for wounds, disease, and the overall condition of the skin.A second essential piece of shepherding equipment is a shepherd's staff that is long and slender with a crook on the end. When tired, a shepherd leans on the staff or uses it to return a lamb to its mother. He'll bring timid sheep closer to him or guide the flock into new pasture or through a gate. The staff frees sheep from bushes or lifts them out of water when they stray too far and get into trouble.Sheep regularly see the shepherd use the rod and staff to protect, guide, lead, and get them out of jams. They're familiar with the care he provides and learn to depend on him for their safety.Again the symbolism of a staff and rod may make you ask: Shouldn't you and I believe that the Master Shepherd has the same compassion for what happens to us and is ready to defend or teach us freely? Although trusting Him may take a while, He majors on compassion and patience because after His sheep wander around in darkness, they learn to find more light—or more of Him— and stumble less.To learn more about this popular Psalm, see this entire Psalm 23 Bible Study found here.Your friend in Christ,Betsy

This may seem overly vague but the most fundamental step is making a list of what you need from the final schematic. Is it just for you to generate a net list? Will it be shared across a large organization for design review? Will it be used by the factory for debug? Will you be sending it to vendors or customers? What will they need to do with it? Will it go to a layout contractor? How will you work with the layout person? Will it go to certification agencies?Once you know who the users of the schematic will be and what each user needs from the schematic you can begin to make choices about what goes on the schematic sheets and how. Some things you need to decide are:Block diagrams? How many? What level of detail?Timing diagrams?Table of contents? How big is this design?Use standard or company libraries? Reuse old symbols? Reuse symbols from vendor schematics? Or make new symbols?Notes on the schematic? Layout notes? Safety notes? Debug notes? Bug and "to do" notes?Hierarchical design?Will you need to indicated many subversions, BOM variants, etc? How will you indicate these?What size paper will you be printing on?If you hope to copy and paste some design, what pitch did that schematic use?I could probably make a 50 item list. But the key is that without identifying what the schematic needs to do in the end it can be hard to make good answers to these questions.