Exhibit I Notice Of Intent To Sell Form Of Notice: Fill & Download for Free

Telephone the person you sent the money to, and inform them of the mistake. Ask them to return the money to you either by cheque or electronic funds.If you cannot get a response from the phone (and that includes texts), then draft a simple letter informing the party that you accidentally remitted US$xx and the banking details, including account number and branch name (if you have a sorting code system in the USA use that or the IBAN number) along with the date the remiitance was made and the value. Ask them to remit the payment to you by cheque or back through the banking system by electronic funds transfer.Usually 1, followed by 2, will be sufficient and you will have your money returned.If you sent the money electronically you MIGHT be able to get the bank to recall the money for you; but it depends on the banking rules in the Country you are writing from. Not all banks have the facility to do it (although in reality they should !).If the bank cannot/ will not co-operate and the (now debto) will not respond to you, then you are going to have to look at litigation to recover the money.Send a formal demand letter drawing attenetion to the previous letters sent, and ideally attach copies of those to this letter.Make sure that the debtor is still resident at the last known address, if they have moved on, you are going to have to trace them.Once you have confirmed residence/successfully traced them, then send your formal demand letter and copies as in one by Recorded/Special Delivery so that the letter is signed for. Make sure in the body of the formal demand letter you specifiy a date which the payment should reach you: (generally accepted as 7 working days from the date of the letter) .If the debtor still does not respond and you have confirmed with the mail/courier company the demand letter has been signed for you are now looking at litigation. You now write a final letter headed: NOTICE OF INTENT TO COMMENCE LEGAL PROCEEDINGS. As the heading implies you palce the debtor on notice that the sum due has not been paid and you are to start legal proceedings forthwith.Out of courtesy, given them seven days from the date of the letter, and also make sure that you have sent that letter, again by Registered Mail.If you still have not received payment or been contacted now it is time to go to Court.Take out a Summons and fill in the details of you as Claimant/Plaintiff and your address in the box marked Claimant.In the box marked Defendant, the name and address of the Defendant (the person who has failed to pay you.In the claim box which shows the Amount due and costs and balance to be claimed, fill those in accordingly.You will then need to write what is known as a “Particulars of Claim”.In loose terms theis will have a heading of the name of the Court you are issuing.Below that the names of the parties in the following format.In the XYZ County Court Claim Number (the Court will fill that but in for you).In the Matter of:(Your name in full) …. Claimaint (in some countries still referred to as PlaintifeAndThe name of the debtor in full (if they are a Limited Company the full name of the company)Particulars of claim:On the (date the transaction took place) a payment was made to the Defendant of £/US xxx in consideration of a purchse of goods (name of the goods or service)Due to an error on the part of the Claimant, a duplicate payment of the same value in 1. above was made on the (xyz date).The Claimaint having realised the error contacted the Defendant to request the over payment to be refunded. As the Defendant failed to respond two further letters, which included a formal notice of intent to issue this summons were forwarded by Registered post to the address stated in the Summons, being the last know address of the Defendant. (You may want to insert here that you confirmed the address by way of a tracing agent, but that is up to you).The Defendant has failed to respond to all demands for return of the over payment.The Claimant Claims:Return of the funds of £/US$ xxxxInterest from the date of issue of the duplicate payment at the rate of x% (the Statutory Interest rate in your Country/State- in the UK that us currently 8% pa. flat.). Costs and fees for the issue of this Claim.Attach that to the Claim form in triplicate:(The top copy is for the Court to issue and send to the Defendant. The Second is for the Court’s Records. The third is a copy that the Court will send to you which will have the case/clain number written in on it for your reference. That should be on both the Particualrs of Claim and the actual Summons Request form which is returned to you.In the UK the Defendant has 14 days to reply to Court why the money is not due (for example they have paid you, and with that they would “exhibit” a copy of the document (usually a cheque) showing it had been received and paid to you and that you have “cleared it” (Cashed it).If that is the case then the matter would be struck out.However in all likelihood, the payment was not made back to you and therefore the Defedant woudl have to admit the liability. If they fail to respond or provide reasons why the claim is void, then on day 15, assuming that you have not received payment, telephone the issuing Court to make sure there has been:No payment received by them, which they are awaiting clearence.A Defence has not been filed.In neither 1. nor 2. havee been filed with the Court, on the form which the Court sent to you confirming the issue of the Summons send a letter to the Court requesting that they “Enter Judgement” on the case/Claim number, and enclose a copy of the “Sealed Summons” (which showed the issue date and the Sum and Costs claimed and request Judgement (usually all that details is on the form already but it is just best to make sure).Send that back to the Court and request entry of Judgement, as a result of no counter-claim, or Defence being filed. You can request the Judgement Debt to be paid “forthwith” (accepted as 7 days net of the entry of Judgement).The Court will then issue a Notice of Judgement to the Defendant in a formal style and sealed with the Court’s Seal and sent to the Defendant and a copy to you.Hold that on file with the original and the sealed Summons.The Defendant should pay that money due as stated by the Court Judgement.If they don not pay you and once you have confirmed that the payment has not been received by the Court, nor you, then a Warrant of Execution (not as dangerous as it sounds -:) ) can be applied for and sent to Court with the relevant fee to request that a Bailiff be sent to the address provided to seize goods to the value or payment in cash.The debtor should then pay the amount due including all costs and interest both in the summons and the issue of the Warrant. If not the Bailiff then has the right to seize the goods of value, sell them at auction and the money realised including their costs along with the costs claimed by you be sent to Court, for them to in turn clear and forward to you.It sounds long winded, but that is just because of the level of details I have gone in to, and it can take up to 6 weeks to get the final entry of Judgement and your ability to execute levy on the goods by the Court Bailiff.Best of luckChirs R- London

Mithridatum- the lost art of poisoningA depiction of King Mithridates VI of Pontus.(Wikimedia Commons )Machiavelli praised his military genius.[1] European royalty sought out his secret elixir against poison. His life inspired Mozart's first opera, Mitridate, Rè di Ponto[2], while for centuries poets and playwrights recited bloody, romantic tales of his victories, defeats, intrigues, concubines, and mysterious death. But Mithradates, the ruthless king and visionary rebel who challenged the power of Rome in the first century BC. remains an enigma.Mithradates VI of Pontus (120–63 BCE) was a powerful king who challenged the late Republican Rome, creating an empire that stretched from the northern reaches of the Black Sea to Syria and Armenia.[3] He inherited his empire at the age of fourteen, when his mother poisoned his father, Mithradates V. He fled into exile and returned in triumph to become a ruler of superb intelligence and fierce ambition. He impressed by eating poison, murdered his own mother to become king and he was Rome's worst enemy.While loathed by Rome for his massacre of 80,000 Roman civilians in 88 BCE, Mithradates was hailed by Greeks and Persians as a “savior” from oppressive Roman misrule. [4] Rome’s most relentless rival became feared as “the Hannibal of the East”.[5] Fighting some of the most spectacular battles in ancient history, he dragged Rome into a long round of wars and threatened to invade Italy itself. His uncanny ability to elude capture and surge back after devastating losses unnerved the Romans, while his mastery of poisons allowed him to foil assassination attempts and eliminate rivals.Claiming descent from Alexander the Great and Darius of Persia, Mithridates would eventually take the title, “the Great” or Megas and would also be known as Eupator Dionysius.[6] The title, “Eupator” means, “born of a noble father” and his connection to the god of wine and revelry, Dionysius (Bacchus-Roman), is evident.[7]Hellenistic monarchs frequently used poison to alter the political landscape, whether to kill themselves or rivals.[8] Most famously, Cleopatra VII of Egypt killed herself by snakebite in 30 B.C.E. And Mithridates’s contemporary Ariarathes VI, the king of Cappadocia (south of Pontus), came to the throne after his five elder brothers were poisoned, likely by their own mother.[9]Poisoning was also relatively easy to get away with for millennia because possession of the murder weapon was by no means a clear indicator of guilt. Would-be poisoners could easily obtain the requisite materials from the shops of apothecaries or chemists, under the guise of using them in small doses for a cosmetic or medical purpose.Mithridates VI of Pontus: The Poison King of Pontus and Aggravation to RomeKing Mithradates VI had a good reason to become obsessed with poison. The previous ruler, king and his father, Mithridates V, had been assassinated by poison at a court banquet in 120 B.C. in Sinope.[10] Contemporary historians believed that Mithradates V was poisoned by his wife to allow the fourteen year old Mithradates VI to assume the throne.[11]Mithridates's mother, Laodice VI, held regency over Pontus until a male heir was of age. [12] Mithridates was in competition with another brother, Chrestus, whom his mother favored, for the throne. [13] During his boyhood, Mithradates VI was the center of court intrigues. His guardians forced him to ride a dangerous stallion and hurl the javelin; but when these attempts failed, as his management of the horse was superior to his years, they tried to poison him.[14]“He, however, being on his guard against such treachery, frequently took antidotes, and so fortified himself, by exquisite preventives, against their malice, that when he was an old man, and wished to die by poison, he was unable." Justin, Epitome (XXXVII.2)[15] ,mithridates vi - Google SearchSupposedly during his youth he began to suspect plots against him at his mother's orders and was aware of her likely connection with his father's death.[16] He then, supposedly, began to notice pains during his meals, and suspected his mother had ordered small amounts of poison to be added to his food in order to cause his health to deteriorate while avoiding notice of intent to kill him slowly.[17] After other assassination attempts, he fled into the wilderness.Living in times when slipping poison into food or drink was a reality that had been one of the choice methods of assassination for thousands of years, Mithradates VI began a rigid program to educate himself on every form of poison and that knowledge would later become his greatest enemy.[18]While in the wild it is said that he began consuming non-lethal levels of poisons and mixing many into a remedy to make him immune to many poisons. The Roman natural historian Pliny the Elder called him, “with his brilliant intellect and wide interests … an especially diligent student of medicine, [who] collected detailed knowledge from all his subjects.”[19]Scythians & CannabisMithradates VI fled into exile and returned in triumph to become a ruler of superb intelligence and fierce ambition. Sometime between 116 and 113 B.C., Mithridates VI returned to his home of Sinope and seized throne, having Laodice VI arrested and eventually executed.[20] His brother would also be put to death soon after, to ensure that Mithridates VI would be able to hold his claim to the throne securely. Mithridates married his older sister (of 16 years), also named Laodice, to preserve the royal bloodlines and to insure the succession of legitimate children which was a common practice among Persian rulers and found among the dynasties of the Seleucid and Ptolemies.[21]Once he secured the throne, Mithridates consulted physicians, scientists, and shamans in the hopes of creating a foolproof remedy to toxins.[22] About 300 bce, Theophrastus wrote in his treatise on odors that a sweet-smelling mixture known as “megalium” could relieve the inflammation caused by any wound.[23] Megalium contained five ingredients: A resin plus oil of balanos [(Balanites aegyptiaca), an Egyptian shrub], cassia, cinnamon, and myrrh. [24] Centuries later, Plutarch described a similar mixture, called “Egyptian cyphi,” with some additional ingredients, that was used as an incense by priests in their rituals, as well as used as an unguent or potion.[25]Inspiration for mithridatum may have come from a letter written to Mithridates VI by Zopyrus, physician to King Ptolemy, who described to him a remedy which was a combination of Megalium and the Egyptian incense Kyphi.[26] He worked with his court botanist, Krateuas, and corresponded with doctors like Zopyrus, the royal physician in Alexandria, Egypt, cultivating unique poisons in his laboratories and gardens.[27] Experimenting with different formulations and trying them out on condemned prisoners, he compounded various antidotes to produce a single universal one, which he hoped would protect him against any poison.[28]Image: folio 3v of the Vienna Dioscorides MS (produced around 500 CE). Clockwise from left: Apollonius (unclear which one); Krateus; Galen; Dioscorides; Nicander. Included on folio 3v but not pictured here: Andreas and Rufus (Solids, Liquids, Gases)One ancient medical text, On Theriac to Piso—attributed to Galen, the pioneering medical writer and doctor to Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius—stated, “For this Mithridates … wanted to test the effect of pretty much every single simple drug which is used against poisons, trying their effects on criminals condemned to death.”[29]Rather than relying on court food tasters, Mithradates VI developed lethal poisons and then took small, self-administered, non-lethal doses to ensure that his immune system would be able to survive.[30] This way, Mithridates thought to both improve his health and immunize himself simultaneously. In keeping with most medical practices of his era, Mithridates' anti-poison routines included a religious component supervised by Agari, or Scythian shamans who never left his side.[31]The most famous of Mithridates’s potions was later named mithridatium. Taken daily as an electuary (a pill made of a paste, using honey as a binding agent), mithridatium beneficial pharmaka, or drugs and medicines, with poisons.[32] As Galen put it, “Mithridates mixed all these together and made one drug, hoping to have a defence [sic] against all ills.”[33] According to Pliny: “By his unaided efforts he thought out the plan of drinking poison daily, after first taking remedies, in order that sheer custom might render it harmless (Natural History, XXIX.25) .”[34]The Mithridatic antidote is composed of fifty-four ingredients, no two of them having the same weight, while of some is prescribed one sixtieth part of one denarius. Which of the gods, in the name of Truth, fixed these absurd proportions? No human brain could have been sharp enough. It is plainly a showy parade of the art, and a colossal boast of science." (XXV.6-7)[35]The original recipe for his mithradatum was lost millennia ago. Surviving recipes of mithridatium list dozens of ingredients, ranging from the expected—like opium and myrrh—to the bizarre, like castoreum, a substance found in beaver testicles.[36] Mithradates experimented with antidotes derived from the blood of Pontic ducks, which, says Pliny, suffered no harm, even though they were supposed to live on poisonous plants (cf. Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, XVII.16).[37]Mithridatism is the practice of ingesting small, but ever-increasing, quantities of poison in order to build up an immunity to fatal doses. The poison can either be taken directly or in an adulterated form, but eventually it becomes just another thing that the body can deal with. Some herpetologists say that they have built up immunity to the bites of certain snakes.[38]Mithridates took his concoction daily for decades[39] , even while he was fighting the land-hungry Romans for control over much of Asia Minor. He recruited ethnically diverse armies from distant lands and carefully looked for weakness in the Roman Republic.[40] Perfectly aware of peoples’ dissatisfaction with the expansion of the Roman Empire and the tax burden, King Mithradates used the opportunity to strike back.Map of the Kingdom of Pontus, Before the reign of Mithridates VI (dark purple), after his conquests (purple), his conquests in the first Mithridatic wars (pink) and Pontus' ally the Kingdom of Armenia (green). (Rome's Most Wanted Enemy - Poison King Mithradates Murdered 80,000 Roman Civilians | Ancient Pages)In 88 BC, in a measure of the hatred felt for the Romans in Asia, Mithradates "wrote secretly to all his satraps and city governors that on the thirtieth day thereafter they should set upon all Romans and Italians in their towns, and upon their wives and children and their freedmen of Italian birth, kill them and throw their bodies out unburied, and share their goods with King Mithridates" (III.22). Tens of thousands were massacred: Valerius Maximus (XI.2.4) records 80,000 deaths, Plutarch (Sulla, XXIV.4).[41]Mithradates’ wars against Rome lasted four decades, engulfing three continents. He survived at least two assassination attempts during his 57-year reign.[42] In both cases he had the perpetrators tortured to death, then executed their entire extended families.[43]In the end, Rome was victorious and King Mithradates VI lost his kingdom and his life, but pushed the Roman Republic, already reeling from slave revolts and domestic violence, over the brink into self-destruction and forced reinvention.[44]After his defeat at the hands of Pompey, Mithridates VI fled to the lands north of the Black Sea in the winter of 66 BC in the hope that he could raise a new army and carry on the war through invading Italy by way of the Danube.[45] His preparations proved to be too harsh on the local nobles and populace, and they rebelled against his rule.In 63 B.C.E., when the Romans were about to capture him, he withdrew to the citadel in Panticapaeum, where he was surrounded by his enemies who sought to overthrow him.[46] With no way out, and the great king and enemy of Rome sensing his end, he decided on his terms to take the Roman noble way out- suicide. However, according to Appian, his years of strengthening his immune system against the use of poison would prove to be his greatest enemy in his final moments as the despondent and furious king attempted to take his life by poison but found it was to no avail.[47] After poisoning his wife and children, Mithradates VI ordered a mercenary to run him through with his sword[48], Mithridates committed suicide and brought to an end the great Pontic Kingdom and its ruler who hated Rome.Pompey - WikipediaIn the end, ironically, it would be a representative of Rome, the champion Pompey Magnus, who would take the body of Mithridates VI, and bury him in the rock-cut tombs of his ancestors in Amasya, which had been the old capital of the kingdom of Pontus, and the heart of Mithridates VI Eupator Dionysius’ kingdom.[49]"Mithridates had tried to make away with himself, and after first removing his wives and remaining children by poison, he had swallowed all that was left; yet neither by that means nor by the sword was he able to perish by his own hands. For the poison, although deadly, did not prevail over him, since he had inured his constitution to it, taking precautionary antidotes in large doses every day; and the force of the sword blow was lessened on account of the weakness of his hand, caused by his age and present misfortunes, and as a result of taking the poison, whatever it was. When, therefore, he failed to take his life through his own efforts and seemed to linger beyond the proper time, those whom he had sent against his son fell upon him and hastened his end with their swords and spears. Thus Mithridates, who had experienced the most varied and remarkable fortune, had not even an ordinary end to his life. For he desired to die, albeit unwillingly, and though eager to kill himself was unable to do so; but partly by poison and partly by the sword he was at once self-slain and murdered by his foes."Cassius Dio (Roman History, XXXVII.13)[50]Florus, too, has Mithridates ending his life by the sword, one "which he had in vain tried to destroy with poison" (Epitome of Roman History, I.40).[51] Other accounts have the king die by his own hand (Attic Nights, XVII.16) or by that of a trusted soldier (Appian, The Mithridatic Wars, XVI.111), complaining "Although I have kept watch and ward against all the poisons that a man takes with his food, I have not provided against that most deadly of all poisons, which is to be found in every king's house, the faithlessness of army, children and friends."[52]When Mithridates was defeated by Pompey, a notebook was found in the king's own hand with a prescription for an antidote which consisted of only two dried walnuts, two figs, and twenty leaves of rue pounded together with a pinch of salt (Natural History, XXIII.149). Among the other papers was detailed information on medicinal plants, together with specimens and notes on each, all of which Pompey had translated into Latin by his freedman Lenaeus (XXV.7).[53] It likely underwent considerable alterations since the time of Mithridates.[54]Poisoning was already becoming widespread in Rome by the end of the Republic. This made the Romans “very keen to acquire … [this] universal antidote.” They claimed to possess his original recipe and to improve upon it.For the next 2000 years, an antidote called “mithridatum” or “mithridatium” was included in materia medica and pharmacopoeia throughout Europe.In Mithridates’s day, “poison” and “antidote” had somewhat different connotations than they do today. A “poison” commonly referred to an extract of plants containing alkaloids such as henbane (hyoscyamine), wolf’s bane (aconitine), or poison hemlock (coniine). Venoms of poisonous animals were also included. “Antidotes” were sweet-smelling lotions and potions believed to antagonize poisons. A “poison” could also develop inside a person without exposure to poisonous plants or animals. Thus, it was thought that “systemic poisons” were present in illnesses and these could be ameliorated by the same antidotes.[55]Celsus (Wikisource, the free library)A hundred years after the death of Mithridates, Celsus recorded the formulation, which comprised thirty-six ingredients, all of which are derived from plants, except for honey to mix them and castor to enhance the aroma.[56] The concoction is estimated to have weighed approximately three pounds and to have lasted for six months, taken daily in small amounts.[57]"But the most famous antidote is that of Mithridates, which that king is said to have taken daily and by it to have rendered his body safe against danger from poison. It contains costmary 1.66 grams, sweet flag 20 grams, hypericum, gum, -tears and parsley, 17 grams each, casia, saxifrage, darnel, long pepper, 20.66 grams each, storax 21 grams, castoreum, frankincense, hypocistis juice, myrrh and opopanax, 24 grams each, malabathrum leaves 24 grams, flower of round rush, turpentine-resin, galbanum, Cretan carrot seeds, 24.66 grams each, nard and opobalsam, 25 grams each, shepherd's purse 25 grams, rhubarb root 28 grams, saffron, ginger, cinnamon, 29 grams each. These are pounded and taken up in honey. Against poisoning, a piece the size of an almond is given in wine. In other affections an amount corresponding in size to an Egyptian bean is sufficient."[58]Celsus, De Medicina (V.23.3)Pliny (XXIX.24-25) was skeptical of theriacs such as Mithridatum, with their countless ingredients.[59] And, indeed, some proportions are so slight in quantity as to raise doubt as to their benefit or even the ability to measure them."The Mithridatic antidote is composed of fifty-four ingredients, no two of them having the same weight, while of some is prescribed one sixtieth part of one denarius. Which of the gods, in the name of Truth, fixed these absurd proportions? No human brain could have been sharp enough. It is plainly a showy parade of the art, and a colossal boast of science."[60]And yet an examination of the pharmacology of Mithridates' original formulation shows a conscious effort to select plants thought to be useful, many of which have a strong scent and are from the family Apiaceae: Cretan carrot, assafoetida ("gum"), galbanum, sagapenum, opopanax, parsley, anise, hartwort ("saxifrage"), all of which, in fact, do reduce inflammation.[61]Eighteenth-century portrait by Georg Paul Busch (Galen - Wikipedia)Galen, physician to Marcus Aurelius, also created his own antidote, which he called theriac, the original meaning of the word "treacle," as in Venetian treacle, where it had been manufactured according to a strict formulary since the twelfth century.[62] In Antidotes and De Theriaca ad Pisonem, Galen also preserves the theriaca of Andromachus, physician to Nero. [63] Comprising fifty-seven ingredients, including opium and the flesh of a viper (thinking that the bodies of venomous animals must contain antidotes)[64], Galene was said to have been used every day by Aurelius.[65] Of this addition, Galen marveled: “There is nothing for you to wonder at in the fact that the same wild beasts can both kill and heal.”[66]When it came to medicines, Romans held that more expensive and “exotic” ingredients were higher quality and more effective. (Plus, medicine-makers would earn more money selling a more expensive remedy). Physicians were well aware of the attraction that such an expensive drug could have on a wealthy clientele,.[67] To impress their clients, they competed to introduce as many spices and other rare products in their recipes as possible. Little by little, one expensive ingredient in a recipe ceased to be sufficient, and more and more expensive ingredients were put together, leading to the creation of expensive antidotes such as mithridatium or theriac.[68]Mithridates Vi Eupator Stock ImagesWhile many have sought to unearth Mithridates’ cure-all potion, few have actually taken the time to doubt the veracity of Mithridates and the ancient authors’ assertions. What if Mithridates’ panacea was an elaborate ruse meant to persuade his enemies that all poisoning attempts were futile?[69] Mithridates did not conceal his love for toxicology nor did he try to suppress the purported fact that he was in possession of mithridate. He supposedly even publicly ingested fatal doses of poison to prove his invention’s efficacy. What a great way to demonstrate to his enemies that he was impervious to toxins! But was he actually consuming poison or a similar looking benign substance? [70] Moderns may never know with certainty, but it seems incredibly likely that he was not hazardously sprinkling lethal doses of poison on his food.It seems that Mithridates’ personal theriac must have either been inadequate or a hoax because he always kept a fatal helping of poison in his sword’s hilt in case he decided to kill himself.[71] If he was immune to all toxins, then why did he carry a suicidal dose? Perhaps it was the only poison without a cure. Maybe his panacea only worked if he took it on a daily basis, or quite possibly, the universal antidote was a complete sham.There are still other deficiencies in the Mithridatium myth. In order to build immunity against certain poisons, it has been asserted that Mithridates consumed small amounts of arsenic and possibly venoms, which may have been included in his chewable tablets, and while this could work in theory, the results would probably have been disastrous.[72] Without modern expertise in dosing, Mithridates would have likely killed himself eventually.[73] If he did not die from accidently consuming a lethal dose, then the effect on his body after years of ingesting toxins would have been severe.Over the next few centuries, recipes for universal antidotes proliferated worldwide. In the eighth century, theriacs appeared in Islamic medical texts as poison-repellants and cure-alls. While some theriacs survived in European writings[74] , many re-entered Western society as old Greek and Roman texts, preserved by Islamic scholars, were re-introduced into the Mediterranean again.[75] They became popular in medieval Europe to combat the Black Plague, and the invention of the printing press facilitated the spreading of recipes.[76] There was no internationally universal recipe—no rules at all, really, for what could and couldn’t be called a theriac.Throughout the Renaissance and early industrial eras, major centers of trade from London to Cairo had flourishing antidote industries. Often, the jars the remedies came in were as expensive and ornate as what was inside them. Venice’s 60-ingredient theriac (dubbed “Venetian treacle” by the English) became the most famous, but pharmacies across the world popularized different versions.[77]Theriac was perennially popular because it was thought to cure every ailment, no longer just poison.[78] For poorer apothecaries, producing cheap versions of expensive remedies was good money. If they couldn’t afford expensive ingredients, they might pass off a cheaper medicine as a high-end one. If theriac and mithridatium didn’t work, people thought, the pharmacists must have been at fault. They must have used poor ingredients or prepared the mixtures incorrectly.To make sure everyone was making medicines properly, doctors began to circulate pharmacopeias—manuals outlining official drug preparation. The first modern formulary for apothecaries came from Florence’s physicians’ guild in 1498[79] ; other cities across Europe soon followed suit. In 1618, the official formulafor mithridatium was published in The London Pharmacopeia, and its production flourished among many apothecaries.[80]But over the centuries, as mithridatium and theriac proliferated, there were some dissenters. In one treatise, the 12th-century Muslim philosopher-doctor Averroes claimed that, while it worked as an antidote, when taken repeatedly, theriac could harm a healthy constitution.[81] The 13th-century friar Nicholas of Poland criticized theriac as a quack remedy; he believed that common remedies were more effective than expensive, occult ones.[82]Elaborately gilded drug jar for storing mithridate. By Annibale Fontana, about 1580–90 (Mithridate - Wikipedia)In 1745, the English doctor William Heberden wrote an influential pamphlet called Antitheriaka. [83] He cast doubt on reliability of mithridatium, citing how its ingredients changed over the millennia as an example of its lack of medical legitimacy.[84] Heberden believed theriac was more harmful than helpful— take, for example, the common ingredient of opium[85] —and his followers influenced apothecaries. A mere 40 years after Heberden published his treatise, in 1788, the London Pharmacopeia omitted mention of mithridatium and theriac.[86]Footnotes[1] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/machiavelli/works/discourses/ch03.htm&ved=2ahUKEwiswdKux77hAhVs5oMKHcBOAgYQFjAGegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw2hFJS3ZnzI1gYJ_OkDKPMz[2] http://opera.stanford.edu/Mozart/Mitridate/[3] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://mycountryeurope.com/history/mithridates-rome-war/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwiDkJHix77hAhWkxYMKHfwwB2c4ChAWMAB6BAgAEAE&usg=AOvVaw2QrNag0IJMNBvX63SvaH0s[4] Rome's Most Wanted Enemy - Poison King Mithradates Murdered 80,000 Roman Civilians | Ancient Pages[5] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War&ved=2ahUKEwi22NLvoMPhAhXIyoMKHZODCpUQFjAFegQIBRAB&usg=AOvVaw1aQi7wF1rZnfu0_5GpD4pE[6] Kingdom of Pontus - Wikipedia[7] Mithridates VI Eupator[8] The Hellenistic Court[9] Ancient History; exhibiting a summary view of the rise, progress, revolutions, decline and fall of the states and nations of antiquity ... A new edition ... 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Borderline is something far beyond autism. However, that being said, I am requesting the APA change their diagnostic manual to make one of the core defining criteria for borderline a partial, secondary form of intimate autism that is not visible to the clinical eye. It defines the inner brain workings of a borderline, and if this is not something that is true of a person with the diagnosis of borderline, then they have been misdiagnosed and do not have borderline! The current term being used for this phenomena is apparent competence. However, the competence level of a borderline in relationship to their true sense of self is pretty full on the same as a person with autism! It really reflects strongly on the nature of autism in terms of what is recoverable and what is not. Oddly, I have noticed children of borderlines, who have strong traits, but do not have the intimate autism, actually clinically appear with mannerisms much more similar to autistic spectrum disorder than the borderline parent who has the intimate mental functioning the same as a person with autism! It is as if the child physically responds to the silent inner mental condition of the parent with this form of secondary form of intimate autism. I think a million studies now need to be done on BPD for the sake of autistic spectrum disorder because it sheds light on what parts of autism could be recoverable considering BPD is a recoverable condition! Here are some clippings of my article and the references to these clips:Research, Observations, and ConversationsWith Borderline Personality DisorderBy Erika AbergThe purpose of this article is to provide delineations and parameters for the assessment and diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD). BPD is the most misdiagnosed and misunderstood of all mental disorders. It appears like all mental disorders, but in reality it is only all of the trauma based disorders combined <with the exception of its most similar disorder- multiple personality disorder (MID/DID)>, and includes early cognitive developmental trauma and disruption causing a form of partial/secondary autism and a lack of object constancy, leading to regular extreme stress responses from the brain through splitting, as well as the hyperactive arousal of fight/flight/freeze responses which also occur on a regular, periodic basis. Therefore, because of the biological and physiological effects that occur from this combined stress disorder, it appears like all of the remaining mental disorders in the two symptomatic, altered, and split personalities, which both remain separate and oppositional to their main personality. Therefore, for understanding and working with BPD properly, this article will demonstrate five main important points by: 1) defining the core biological nature of a borderline as an empath, and the physiological brain cycles of stress responses that occur; 2) describing BPD as a partial/secondary form of intimate autism, the result of trauma during the critical stages of early childhood cognitive development; 3) understanding the significance of the splitting in BPD as forming two extreme split personalities, which are separate from the main personality in memory, goals, understandings, habits, behaviors, thinking, emotions, etc., most similar to the other childhood trauma disorder MID/DID 4) illustrating how BPD is opposite in nature from its most common misdiagnosis, Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD/psychopaths and sociopaths), and how it is both genetically and cognitively impossible for the two disorders to co-exist in a person; and 5) understanding the recovery process for BPD as dependent on both the person with BPD, and the entire support network working with the BPD recovery, incorporating the information of the prior four points in this article. For an accurate frame of reference regarding what is occurring, and provide true empathic support for the borderline, these understandings need to be acknowledged and accepted. BPD is important to look at because it encompasses the full spectrum of humanity, and it epitomizes the condition of all human suffering. This article is essential for everyone to not only bring awareness to the nature of humans under stress, but to become aware of how narcissism takes away from our humanity. The understanding of this tension between empathy and narcissism within a person, or within a society, gives definition and meaning to the entire spectrum of mental illness and the traits of mental illness found within all people. From this perspective, we can all find a practical path towards collective peace and harmony by learning from the interface with BPD, and the process of borderline recovery in application to humanity as a whole.BPD Includes a Partial/Secondary Intimate AutismThe implications and effects of this secondary autistic secret deficiency, along with the lack of object constancy, is enormous in a borderline’s life, and causes tremendous amounts of on-going problems for them. Their life becomes filled with false reasons and excuses of why they cannot do many things, doing and saying strange things that have no correlation with reality, and eventually leads to more stress, disassociation (being unaware of the reality around you), derealization (feeling nothing is real), and depersonalization (cut off from emotions of self and others), considering their initial lack of ability to connect psychologically with others or cognitively handle situations with responsibility. Apparent competency, meaning it looks like a person can do certain simple things, but they cannot, is a common BPD term that is used to describe what I am referring to as a secondary form of intimate autism. Autism as defined by the National Institute of Mental Health is a developmental disorder that creates difficulty with communication, causes restricted interests and repetitive behavior, and exhibits symptoms that hurt a person’s ability to function properly in life (www.nimh.nih.gov 2018). These are also the hallmark of a borderline, but not generally with everyone all the time as with autism, only specifically with important people for significant or essential life relationships and functioning. A borderline appears normal with superficial social skills, yet when it comes to important communication, responsibility, executive function, the care for intimate relations, there is no difference in the skill set between a borderline and autism, with the exception of self-awareness to a degree with the borderline, knowing to hide or make excuses for their lack of skills. Furthermore, the NIMH describes symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), including trouble understanding others, unusual tone/voice and facial expression that do not match the speech, talking at length when people are not interested and not giving others an opportunity to respond, difficulties with back and forth conversation, unable to predict other’s actions, rarely sharing enjoyment of objects or activities with others, tending not to look or listen to people, repeating behaviors or speech, having intense interest in certain topics, focusing on these topics, being more or less sensitive to sensory input, getting upset with slight changes in routine, and having enhanced strengths in certain mental abilities such as memory, math, science, art or music. All of these are true for a borderline, but yet again it mostly revolves around intimate relationship skills and is less apparent to the eye of an outsider than with ASD. The one thing that is apparent for a borderline generally, all the time with everyone who is paying attention, is their heightened sensory abilities and mental strengths in memory, math, science, art or music. Autism for a borderline has to be understood as remnants from an early developmental mental disruption, allowing them the special skills and talents of ASD, yet still having a level of self-awareness to reflect on their idiosyncrasies that define their partial/secondary autistic state as different from average person who does not suffer from these deficiencies. This reflection and recovery process of a partial/secondary intimate autism for a borderline is not possible for a person with ASD, which comes from genetic or biological conditions rather than external trauma.The first study conducted in Sweden focused on the severe executive dysfunction and functional impairment in social and occupational functioning, and the failure in mentalization, or the ability to know anothers’ motivation, in both BPD and ASD (Ryden, Ryden and Hetta 2008). They state, “In spite of apparent differences in clinical appearance, there are a number of similarities between ASD and BPD,” (pg. 23). They further list and confirm in the study the similarities in identity disturbance, affect regulation, injurious behaviors, acting out instead of verbalizing emotions, especially in stressful situations. Although I would argue, the symptomatic overlap may have different origins, such as abandonment trauma, C-PTSD and ATSD causing hyperactive nervous responses and psychotic fits, the extreme lack of object constancy, and splitting which occurs in BPD, versus genetic and biological factors as in autism, the differences behind the functional impairment still produces the same secondary overlap between the two conditions. For borderlines, it is a recoverable condition with time, patience, mental development, and the building of social skills coming from the right genetic orientation to the world as an empath, and of course awareness of their trauma conditions to allow them the head space to begin overcoming them. For autism spectrum, it has to do with eliminating toxins, diet, and other therapies to help with their interpersonal skills and awareness, however the genetic and biological restrictions of autism make the condition fuller in affect and more difficult to overcome rather than the secondary impairment affects from trauma as in the case for borderlines. Regardless, the inner mental experience for borderlines and autistic spectrum disorder are quite similar. Until the borderline overcomes their trauma disorder, and develops competence skills they missed in early for life for interpersonal functioning as an empath, they will remain operating from an autistic brain structure.In a recent study funded by the National Institute of Health comparing BPD and autism, which continued to research the similarities of BPD and Autism to date from the original study, the incredible overlap between the two disorders were furthered in proof. (Dudas, Lovejoy, Baron-Cohen 2018) Test scores were the same between BPD and autism when it came to level of intimacy, social avoidance, restricted expressiveness, callousness, level of agreeableness, and systematic thinking with extreme peaks of intelligence in certain areas of skills and focus. Then there were slight differences comparing BPD vs. autism where borderlines scored higher in neuroticism, extraversion, openness for experience, at times with empathy vs. other times less (the stress-fluctuation borderline empathy paradox), and at times with understanding facial expressions and tone of voice vs. other times less, (also dependent on stress). Borderlines came out less conscientious than with people with autism. They both self-harm and self-sabotage, but for different reasons. Emotional deregulation and interpersonal conflict was the reasoning for BPD harm/sabotage, whereas sensory overstimulation was the reasoning for autistic self-harm. However, again I would like to note the people I know with BPD have enhanced hearing, vision, and memory of sounds and images, similar to the autistic people I have known, which was not in this study. I have also heard the excuse from borderlines that large groups have too much noise for them and too many people, also suggesting general over stimulation.The relevance of this recoverable intimate autism is such that it is essential that a borderline is not blamed for their limitations, which seem unbelievable considering they do not appear autistic. It is true, they do not know how to communicate, interact, understand, respond, and this needs to be understood by those around the borderline, and worked with on a compassionate level. It is true, even a borderline will try and hide the truth of this condition, but always upon further inquiry with an empathic supporter, the truth will be told, and needs to be heard by others.Many people who know the inside life of a borderline will talk about the experience of watching a car wreck or train wreck in slow motion, seeing what is coming next for a borderline from their choices and relationships. And for an untreated borderline, they will not own up to responsibility for this until it is too late. However even for a borderline who is aware of what is going on, they still struggle themselves with the disabilities that end them in a wreck. In reading answers on the Quora internet site, one anonymous person explains the hardest part of borderline at later stages of recovery (2018 June 15):Now that I am more self-aware, I find that the most difficult aspect of having BPD or BPD tendencies is that I can understand how my illness works, I can understand the terminology about Whole Object Relations, Object Constancy and Splitting, and even manipulation and how they hurt and damage my relationships but I don’t really know HOW to NOT do those things. It’s like my brain is missing a piece, it’s like I’m trying to speak a language I never even heard before. It feels like I’m in the driving seat of a car that’s going to crash, but I’m not really driving it. I don’t know how to operate it, and every second I’m forced to acknowledge that it’s heading towards a crash, but I literally don’t know how to avoid it. I hope therapy will help me. (Last Paragraph)As much as problems can be related to the terms mentioned in this quote, and even to post traumatic stress and acute traumatic stress, there is still an inability for the “true self” of a borderline to interact in line with their intentions. There is considerable interpersonal confusion. Gullibility, where trust is also a paradox of assuming everything is true on a superficial level, yet unable to trust in the depths, is the common gripping dynamic for a borderline. Maybe we need to coin the term “BPD trust paradox” where a borderline automatically trusts non-intimates and violators that have narcissistic intentions, yet cannot trust or cooperate with their intimate empathetic supporters (King-Casas, 2008). Even when the emotions are not involved, the thinking is impaired where a tremendous effort is put forth into really understanding what is going on. In the stable state of true self, when all is quiet and calm within, borderlines need to work hard to understand the “other” and find ways to practice interacting to gain interpersonal skills. Many times in working with a borderline, I hear reasons “why they do not want to do something.” Then when they do it out of social obligation, and it is a complete catastrophe. Words and ideas do not come out right, and the communication has nothing to do with the point that they were intending to be make. Other times the right words are said, but no emotions or body language match up, and it does not look credible when it actually is credible. Many dysregulations of mind, body, emotions, and interpersonal relations are not just random, they are standardized as in the case of autism. Recovery must take into account not just a regulation process, but a mental reestablishment of the empathic self must be realized and practiced in appropriateness to others.References:Anonymous Answer. (2018 June 15) Quora Digest What is the Most Difficult Aspect of having BPD What is the most difficult aspect of having BPD (EUPD)?Dudas, R.D.; Lovejoy, Chris; Baron-Cohen, Simon. (2017, updated 2018, January 2). The overlap between autistic spectrum conditions and borderline personality disorder. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govKing-Casas, Brooks; Sharp, Carla; Lomax-Bream, Laura; Lohrenz, Terry; Fonagy, Peter; Montague, P. Read. The Rupture and Repair of Cooperation in Borderline Personality Disorder. Science Vol. 321. 2008, August 11. www.sciencemag.orgLo, Imi (2016, August 6). The gift inside borderline personality disorder (BPD). Selling-directory.org.ukRyden, Goran; Ryden, Elenore; and Hetta, Jerker. (2008). “Borderline Personality Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Females-A Cross-Sectional Study.” Clinical Neuropsychiatry 5, 1, 22-30. Giovanni Fioriti Editore s.r.l, Sweden.