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Predatory journals are journals that make money by charging authors fees but do not undertake a genuine peer-review process and will publish almost anything that is submitted to them, as long as the fee is paid. Publishing in these journals will not enhance your CV so the journals are simply preying on the naivety of authors.There is a large grey area between outright predatory journals and legitimate journals. This space is filled by a plethora of low-quality journals that charge fees, have weak editorial standards, and publish the vast majority of manuscripts submitted, but do undertake some form of peer review. You don’t want to publish in these journals either, even if their editors and publishers may have good intentions.Finally, there are good, legitimate journals that conduct a rigorous peer review process. Legitimate open access journals still charge authors fees, so publication fees (article processing charges) do not tell you whether a journal is legitimate or not. If a journal doesn’t charge authors fees, it is unlikely to be predatory (what would be its business model?) but that doesn’t mean it is strong.The best way to select a journal for your own work is to be an expert in your field, read recently published papers in your field, and keep track of where the best of them are published. If good researchers in your field are sending their best work to a journal, the journal is clearly respected in your field. Also look at where the papers that you have cited in your own manuscript have been published: your reference list is probably a good guide to where you should consider publishing your own work.This approach may not work if you want to evaluate the quality of a journal that is outside your field — for instance as a rough indication of whether you should trust research published in that journal — or if you want to evaluate the quality of a new journal.There is no single red flag that will certainly identify a journal as predatory, and no single green flag that will rule it out, but there are many things that you can look for:Does the journal have a professional-looking website, and is it in good English? A surprising number of predatory and poor-quality journals do not.Has the journal contacted you by email asking you to submit a paper? This is usually a sign of a predatory or poor-quality journal. There are exceptions, though: legitimate journals will often send out announcements of forthcoming special issues that are open for submissions, for instance, and new journals need to be announced somehow. Editors of legitimate journals might very occasionally personally contact people with extremely strong reputations in their fields to solicit a review article or something similar, but predatory journals routinely send out flattering emails requesting submissions even from people outside their field.Does the journal promise fast publication? The only way for a journal to be sure that it can rapidly publish your work is not to run a proper peer review process. Publication in a properly peer-reviewed journal usually takes at least 3–12 months because reviews and responses to reviews take time.Does the journal publish its citation metrics, including its impact factor? Journals that do not publish publication metrics are likely to be weak, unless they are new journals. Predatory journals sometimes publish fake metrics or metrics of their own devising that sound like legitimate metrics, such as an impact factor that has not been established by Clarivate Analytics (formerly known as ISI). If you have access, you can check a journal’s impact factor via Scopus or Web of Science. Note that new journals will not yet have an impact factor because it takes at least 5 years to establish the track record needed to calculate a legitimate impact factor.If a journal does publish citation metrics, check how they compare with those of well-established journals in your field: are they comparable, or very low?Is the journal indexed by Web of Science and/or Scopus? These major databases have at least some filters and will not index journals that they consider predatory or that have been found to engage in unethical practices such as impact factor manipulation. In STEM fields, Web of Science has stronger filters than Scopus. Even new journals can be indexed, though it might take a year or so for this to happen. Of course, being indexed is a long way from a guarantee of quality. There are one or two legitimate journals out there that have chosen not to be indexed, but this is very unusual.Have previous papers from the journal been well-cited? One way to establish this is to search for the journal on Google Scholar metrics (https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=top_venues&hl=en). Very new journals, however, will not yet have established a citation track record.What has the journal published recently, and does it seem to be good quality, professional work?Who has published there? Do many of the authors come from well-regarded universities or research organisations?Who is the publisher? Some major publishers publish many high-quality journals and try to avoid publishing poor-quality journals in order to protect their established reputations. Some of the better-known traditional publishers include Nature, Science, Elsevier, Wiley, and in some fields, Springer. However, even some of the journals of these publishers are very weak, and there are many other smaller or newer but equally legitimate publishers that do publish strong journals.Is the journal supported by a professional society that is itself legitimate? Professional scholarly societies sometimes publish their own journals and sometimes lend their support to the establishment of journals through publishing companies. These journals usually have at least some respect in their field. Most legitimate journals, however, are not affiliated with a professional society, so affiliation with such a society is a good sign, but the lack of it is not a bad sign.Who is the editor and who is on the editorial board? Most journals publish this information on their web sites. Good journals usually have editors who are well-established scholars in their field, employed by well-regarded universities or research organisations, and with a strong publication track record of their own. However, this isn’t a sure indicator for a few reasons. Some legitimate publishers use professional editors rather than academic editors. This type of editor is employed by the publisher rather than a university and may not be an active researcher themself. And some predatory journals will lie about who is on their editorial board, and list people who in fact have no affiliation with the journal.

If the policy in enforced, any routed charges would need to have some type of credit card authorization form attached with the ID. The credit card must be swiped and never manual entered, this will ensure that the card was on site with the responsible person in hand. If front desk agents slack and do not follow the correct check in procedures, guest can order a charge back through their credit card.

In order to answer this question, I emailed the Land Transport Authority (LTA), which is in charge of the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system. The following is the answer I got from LTA:We do not allow animals as a personal form of transport to travel on our roads as only motor vehicles are allowed on our roads.Since your elephant is not allowed on the roads, there is no need to install an IU unit.