Adam Zygmunt: Fill & Download for Free

Thanks for the A2A Chris Nowak.Well, it’s definitely “The Trilogy”: “With Fire and Sword”, “The Deluge” and “Sir Michael”. Then another works of Henryk Sienkiewicz: “Teutonic Knights” and “Quo Vadis”.“The Doll” by Bolesław Prus and “Nad Niemnem” by Eliza Orzeszkowa.Poetry of Adam Mickiewicz: “Sir Thaddeus” and “Forefathers' Eve”, of Juliusz Słowacki “Anhelli” and “King the Spirit”, of Cyprian Kamil Norwid (some of the poems are translated into English), of Zygmunt Krasiński “Predawn” and “Psalms of the Future”, of Zbigniew Herbert, of Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński.If you are interested in learning about the roots of Polish culture, then “The Dismissal of the Greek Envoys” and “Threnodies” of Jan Kochanowski (16th century).I would also recommend “Stones for the Rampart” and “Zośka i Parasol” by Aleksander Kamiński.|Lucky|

Religion does try to integrate with science. But Adam Possamai, Zygmunt Bauman and other sociologists and anthropologists argue that in a world where secularism is being promoted; fundamentalism will arise. Fundamentalism does not want to integrate with science. The other difficult thing about the integration between science an religion, is the reductionist approach most militant atheists are taking: like Dawkins, Dennet or Harris. Instead of trying to invite religious people to learn science, they treat them like stupids and in that sense, religious people will be pushed away from knowledge.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was the first democracy in modern Europe. Million free citizens in 1634.When Poles think about the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth they always point to the existence of a liberum veto.The Latin expression “liberum veto” or “I freely forbid” was a parliamentary device in the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania and even today, it is often used by the United States of America in the Security Council of the United Nations.In Poland “liberum veto” allowed any member of the House of Representatives to stop the current session and nullify any legislation that had already been passed at the session by shouting “Nie pozwalam!,” or in Polish: “I do not allow!”The principle of unanimity was used by early Slavic tribal military democracies, which were at the peak of their success in 740 A.D.The unanimity rule which was applied to regular sessions of the House of Representatives (Izba Poselska) became critical from the mid-16th to the late 18th century, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth when the “liberum veto,” became a form of unanimity voting rule.It played an important role in the later stages of the nearly 300 years long evolution of the unique Polish form of “constitutionalism,” which started with the Constitution Nihil Novi of the third of May 1505 and formally lasted until the Constitution of The Third of May, 1791.The limitations of the powers of the monarch, acting in the First Republic as a chief executive, were significant in making the “rule of law, religious tolerance and limited constitutional government” in Poland in times when the rest of Europe was being devastated by religious wars and despotism.The use of the unanimity rule evolved from the principle of unanimous consent and from the federative character of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which was basically a federation of countries with two official languages: Polish in the Kingdom of Poland and the Belorussian language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which was composed of a Lithuanian minority and a Belorussian and Ruthenian or Ukrainian Majority.Each deputy to a Sejm was elected at a local regional small Sejm or in Polish “sejmik” and represented the entire region which authorized him as a representative who had to attend the “report back” sessions in which he reported news from the world, national security and he had to explain how well he did execute his responsibility to his Sejmik in all decisions taken at the Sejm in Warsaw.A decision taken by a majority against the will of a minority (even if only a single regional Sejmik) was considered a violation of the principle of political equality. It is commonly, and erroneously, believed that a Sejm was disrupted by means of “liberum veto” by a deputy of Troki, Władysław Siciñski in 1652. In reality, however, he only vetoed the continuation of the Sejm’s deliberations beyond the statutory time limit.It was seventeen years later in 1669, in Kraków, that a Sejm was prematurely disrupted by the use of the “liberum veto, “ by the deputy, Adam Olizar, from the Kiev regional Sejmik.Native Ukrainian, Belorussian and Lithuanian boyar families were after the Union of Horodło in 1413 invited by the Polish noble families to share their coats of arms and privileges.Many historians erroneously believe that a major cause of the Commonwealth’s downfall was the use of the principle of “liberum veto.” Thus, deputies belonging to the political machines of magnates or foreign powers, or simply ignorant, for over a century paralyzed the Commonwealth’s government so that any attempts at reform could not be carried out despite the fact that Poland established the world first ministry of education.Some historians, primarily Norman Davies, argue that the effective end of the veto, in 1764, allowed for a rebirth of proper governance; he argues that the country had ascended from the veto’s anarchy and had organically developed the desire for a new course in politics. He further argues that the anarchy of the veto fed a rebirth of culture that led to the development of the constitution of the 3rd of May.Historians argue that the “liberum veto” did not bring about the end of the nation but did bring the realization of the need for a new and modern, constitution, which was passed by the confederated Sejm Wielki in 1791.After 1764 the new King Stanisław August Poniatowski accepted the confederated Sejm and thus, the “liberum veto” was not used because the principle of unanimity did not bind “confererated” deputies who formed a “confederation” which the king had the power to classify as a ”rokosz, – a word borrowed from Hungarian word for a field “Rakosz” where similar gatherings took place.In Poland, with time, “rokosz” came to signify an armed rebellion by members of the Polish nobility who formed a “confederation” as a protest or rebellion against the king, in the name of defending threatened liberties of the very numerous citizens of the Polish Nobles’ Republic.If the king accepted the confederated Sejm it could use simple majority rule for voting and therefore the confederated Sejm Wielki could pass the Constitution of the Third of May in 1791.Thus the House of Representatives had to confederate at the beginning of a session in order to prevent its disruption by “liberum veto,” which was abolished by the May 3rd 1791 Constitution, which permanently established the principle of majority rule.It was Europe’s first modern codified constitution of a large state. Unfortunately, it was undone by Sejm at Godno, in 1793 under duress from Russia and Prussia, who pressed it to ratify the Second Partition of the Nobles’ Republic.Two years later in 1795, the third and final partition caused the disappearance of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the map of Europe.This happened mainly because of the strength of the absolutist Russian Empire run in the traditions of the Mongol Empire.Russia took advantage of the protracted conflict in which Polish Lithuanian state and the Ottoman Turkish Empire exhausted themselves and Russia benefited as well as its client state, the Kingdom of Prussia.Edit:I think that your criticism of the liberum veto critic is superficial and concerns the practice of applying after second deluge when magnats dominated politics in Poland-Lithuania . To criticize something we must first know what it is and where it came from? The reasons for the establishment of this institution - liberum vetoare still in the pre-christian ages . In the Middle Ages times the deputy was always a delegate of the region, and then it was agreed that all the lands of the Polish Crown were equal. Therefore, it was impossible for the four regions to impose a legislation on the fifth region for it unfavorable. The fact that the deputy was a delegate of the region also means that he was not a delegate of the people (it can be seen that these were healthy times) - it means that each region obtained the number of deputies regardless of the number of population, and for example Mazowsze delegated proportionally more members than Małopolska and Prussia (present Pomerania) has not definitively determined how many of these deputies they have, each time delegating a different number.We now see what was greatest legitimacy of the liberum veto - no region can impose a law unfavorable to another region.Liberum veto was not just voting against. It required a special formula to get in agree . When the legislation was put under consideration, it was always discussed. As a result of the discussion, amendments were added to the legislation and voted on. When someone was against, objections were heard, a vote was passed to accept objections when they were adopted - they were added to legislation and so to avail until everyone supported the project. In this way, the Lithuanian-Polish legislation of Seym was always the result of discussion and compromise, they were written to suit everyone - how much we see Seym's advantage over the English House of Commons, where the soulless majority could stifle the legitimate demands of a wiser minority. We did not have this experience with us, which produced great effects. This is the Seym of the Republic of Poland, in the early years of Zygmunt III's reign, adopted the best mortgage law in Europe at that time. How much worse would it be if the stupid majority convinced by the demagogues adopted a poorer project without liberum veto !How is it possible that the opposition of an individual MP did not happen long time until 1652? Have Poles been unanimous before? Of course not, but it was discussed and agreed, and no one met the formal requirements.Liberum Veto was a noble institution that defended against the tyranny of the stronger and richer. This is why Poland was an oasis of peace at a time when in Western Europe people were being murdered in a rage of religious wars.