Michael Loosemore: Fill & Download for Free

When Matt Jefferies designed the bridge set for the original series, each station did have an assigned function. For example, he knew that Spock would sit to Kirk's left, Uhura would sit behind him, etc. As for the individual semi circular control panels and the rectangular displays, the control panels were just cast pieces of resin that were backlit, so they could have represented anything. The displays were pieces of film with translucent colored gels and lighting sequences behind them. Jefferies also did all of the graphics for those displays, and while some of them have lettering relating to engineering, environmental, and whatnot, most of them were just colored rectangles that could have meant anything. Of course any higher level of detail would have been unnoticeable anyway, due to the quality of television sets back then.Me on the bridge of the Enterprise (notice all of the colored rectangles and resin buttons)If memory serves me, Andrew Probert was mainly responsible for the design of the Enterprise-D bridge, and Michael Okuda was responsible for all of the LCARS graphics, which were known as “okudagrams" to the rest of the art department. The station layout was definitely predetermined and Okuda's graphics were highly detailed and specific to each station, in fact, each graphic on the back row of consoles had a large header with the station name at the top (even though the rear station layout was actually changed for season 3). The level of detail on Okuda's graphics was an order of magnitude greater than those on the original series, and it's really impressive when you consider that they were made with little to no assistance from computers.Pretty impressive level of detail for the late 80'sThere was plenty of times on all of the incarnations of Trek that there were disparities in the technical aspects of the sets/ships, but for a weekly show, the art department's attention to detail was astounding.

There is no way to avoid brain damage or CTE if you box, period.As to how badly the brain damage will affect you, that varies from individual to individual…some, like Big George and Larry Holmes, show no sign of it, others…not so fortunate.Around 17 out of 100 get full blown pugilistic dementia, and no one knows why they get it and others do not.CREDIT PICTURE CHICAGO SUN-TIMESThe two biggest mysteries in boxing are why two men are the exact same size and approximate experience and yet one of them can hit like a girl, and the other like Mike Tyson, and, two men are the exact same size and approximate experience and yet one of them gets pugilistic dementia, and the other does not…There but for the Grace of God…Boxing is dangerous, especially to your long term mental health.Boxer Curtis Woodhouse in an interview to Radio Five Live said of boxing:“It's a dangerous, unforgiving sport"Nothing can be done to lessen the danger of being hit in the head…Robert Smith, an ex-boxer who is now General Secretary of the British Boxing Board of Control says:“Every fatality is a disaster. We do everything in our power to stop this happening, working to make boxing safer. But it is a dangerous sport and boxers are aware of the issues."The thing is, it is impossible to argue that the basic premise of boxing is to beat up and inflict harm on your opponent, and he or she on you.Why do some boxers suffer pugilistic dementia and others not?Why is Big George Foreman, whose career was twice as long as Joe Frazier’s, and who had twice as many fights, perfectly healthy, and Joe was not?Joe’s style caused him to get more in his fights, but George fought twice as long, and had twice as many fights, and got hit a lot more when he was older. Statistically, that meant he was more, despite Joe’s style, to get neurological problems than Joe!Yet he did not, so there is a link we are missing, at this point.What do we know for sure?Various professionals have various theories.Some statistics are very revealingBoxers who took a greater number of head blows as part of their fighting style, like Joe Frazier, are at a higher risk of developing progressive dementia than other fighters. A link between CTE and a gene called apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which is known to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, is often discussed.Sluggers know this, and know there style is more dangerous.Former world light heavyweight boxing champion John Conteh, once told boxing historian and writer Alan Hubbard:“When the bell goes, and I leave my corner, I can never be sure I am coming back."One of the key studies began in 1969, when researchers from the Royal College of Physicians in Great Britain examined 224 randomly selected retired boxers and found clinical evidence of severe neurological disorders, such as dementia, in 17 per cent of them.Other, more recent studies suggest that:a longer boxing career,older age at retirement from boxing,participation in more bouts, andhigher numbers of knockouts increase the risk of CTE, and thatBoxers who took significant head blows as part of their fighting style were at a higher risk of developing progressive dementia than other fighters.But again, this is a statistical mean, and there are outliers, like Big George and Larry Holmes.More damage is done neurologically from sparring than from fights, and again, this applies no matter what level you are boxing atLet that sink in: more brain trauma long term damage is done to fighters sparring than in actual fights.Indeed, boxers are more at risk of brain damage when sparring during training than in actual fights, because of the amount of sheer hours spent sparring, and the cumulative effects of it, according to a research study by a Australian doctor and researcher whose expertise is extremely highly regarded.Sparring a bigger risk than real bouts.In a thesis prepared with colleague Michael Wang and published in the British Medical Journal, Dr Peter Lewis described boxing as “a popular activity with many health benefits” but also stressed the dangers, finding that most of the trauma contributing to brain damage boxer sustain happens in training, especially in sparring, rather than in fights.It appears all too many fighters and trainers are too old school and tough about possible brain trauma, concussions, in sparring sessions.Think about the sheer number of hours fighters spend sparring as opposed to in actual fights, and this is exactly and precisely why more neural trauma occurs during sparring than real fights.And, there is no ring doctor present during sparring, and no mandated sit outs for suspected concussions!Even Amateur boxers suffer brain damageYes, you read that right. Getting hit in the head as an amateur, whether in Golden Gloves or in a posh boxing club, does brain damage.Getting hit in the head is dangerous, period.Does Amateur Boxing Cause Brain Damage?Believe head guards and protective gear mitigate the risks of boxing? Think againA study, published in Frontiers of Public Health published on July 21, 2014, by the Maryland State Athletic Commission, the Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and other entities, attempted to measure cognitive impairment in amateur boxers, who use protective head gear, from head trauma.Among professional boxers, the majority of injuries occur in the facial area (51%). Additional areas of injury include the hands (17%), eyes (14%), and nose (5%).Evidence from both amateur and professional settings suggested that boxers may suffer from acute cognitive impairment post-injury. Areas of dysfunction noted include delayed memory, information processing and verbal fluency, and spatial and mathematical processing. Dr. Collie Moriarity also found significant slowing in simple and choice reaction time among a group of amateur boxers whose matches were stopped by the referee.Another study by the American Academy of Neurology in 2007, "Does Amateur Boxing Cause Brain Damage?" which appeared in Science Daily on 3 May 2007, found blows to the head in amateur boxing, despite protective headgear, cause brain damage, according to research that presented at the American Academy of Neurology's 59th Annual Meeting in Boston, April 28 -- May 5, 2007.For the study, researchers used lumbar puncture to determine if there were elevated levels of biochemical markers for brain injury in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 14 amateur boxers. Boxers were tested after a fight and then again three months after rest from boxing. The study also included 10 healthy men who were not athletes.The study found high CSF levels of neuronal and glial markers suggestive of brain damage after a fight. A particular marker for neuronal damage, neurofilament light (NFL), was four times higher in boxers within 10 days of the fight as compared with healthy non-athletes. These increased levels returned to normal after three months rest from boxing for amateurs- but the study stipulated that continued fighting, for years, would cause no return to normality, and progressive degeneration.Significantly, the use of head guards in amateur boxing does not seem to have mitigated the risk of brain injury.On the contrary, removing protective headgear LESSENS the risk of concussions and other neural trauma! according to a study “Use of Head Guards in AIBA Boxing Tournaments—A Cross-Sectional Observational Study” by Michael P Loosemore, MBBS; Dr. Charles F. Butler, MD, PhD; Dr. Abdelhamid Khadri, MD; Dr. David McDonagh, MD; and Vimal Patel, PhD.The longer you box, the more blows you take, in sparring or in fights, the worse the damage isOne might think that a defensive master like Floyd Mayweather, for instance, is less likely than most to develop pugilistic dementia, but that does not factor in the ferocious sparring sessions he engaged in at Mayweather Gym, and it does not factor in that the critical factor appears to be length of time fighting. The longer one fights, the worse the trauma, and greater liklihood of dehabilitating damage.Indeed, the fighter generally regarded as the ultimate defensive fighter, the finest of all time, Willie Pep, died of pugilistic dementia.According to the American Medical Association, up to 40 percent of ex-boxers have been found to have symptoms of chronic brain injury. Most of these boxers, about 60%, have relatively mild symptoms. But about 15–20% suffer severe, progressive, impairment. Recent studies have shown that almost all professional boxers (even those without symptoms) have some degree of brain damage.How much impairment do boxers suffer?It depends on the individual, how long they fought, how many blows they took, and a host of factors. One thing is certain, beyond any reasonable doubt as Dr. Max Hietala, MD, PhD, says:“the more you get punched in the head, the greater the possibility of long term damage. Period."Combat Museum says:“Concussions are very common in boxing, especially because of the size of the gloves, which allow the boxers to hit harder. Combined with 12-round fights, the accumulation of punches can cause career-ending and even life-threatening injury. The rate of concussion also increases after receiving an initial concussion, so the risk of brain injury increases as a fighter prolongs their career…A smart boxer retires before receiving any life-changing injury to the brain.”The cumulative effect of head blows in boxing is vicious.One highly regarded scientific study, by the Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee, National Football League, and published in the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Search database, addresses impact biomechanics from boxing punches causing translational and rotational head acceleration. Olympic boxers threw four different punches at an instrumented Hybrid III dummy and responses were compared with laboratory-reconstructed NFL concussions.Head injury criterion (HIC) for boxing punches was lower than for NFL concussions because of shorter duration acceleration. Boxers deliver punches with proportionately more rotational than translational acceleration than in football concussion. Boxing punches have a 65 mm effective radius from the head center of gravity (CG) , which is almost double the 34 mm in football. A smaller radius in football prevents the helmets from sliding off each other in a tackle.Olympic boxers deliver punches with high impact velocity but lower HIC and translational acceleration than in football impacts because of a lower effective punch mass. They cause proportionately more rotational acceleration than in football. Modeling shows that the greatest strain is in the midbrain late in the exposure, after the primary impact acceleration in boxing and football.Interestingly, the hook produced the highest change in hand velocity (11.0 +/- 3.4 m/s) and greatest punch force (4405 +/- 2318 N) with average neck load of 855 +/- 537 N. It caused head translational and rotational accelerations of 71.2 +/- 32.2 g and 9306 +/- 4485 r/s. These levels are consistent with those causing concussion in NFL impacts.In other words, a Olympic class amateur boxer throwing a hook matches any blunt force trauma of a full body NFL impact. A pro boxer, especially a heavyweight hooker such as Mike Tyson, would vastly exceed NFL full body impact with a single left hook.Stop and think about it: one hook from someone like Mike Tyson is more damaging than a full body collision from a 300 pound NFL player launching himself at your head.Interest in the chronic consequences of professional boxing is longstanding. In 1928, H. A. Martland published a seminal article titled “Punch Drunk” in which he hypothesized about the relationship between boxing and brain injury.Overtime this condition has also been called dementia pugilistica (DP), chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI), and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).ALL pro boxers or amateurs with extended careers suffer brain injuries, period.According to a retrospective, randomized study by Dr. A.H. Roberts regarding CTBI among ex-boxers competing in Great Britain, including long term amateurs, ALL boxers tested had evidence of chronic brain injury, and approximately 17% had symptoms consistent with DP, which was believed to have been the result of repetitive concussive and/or sub-concussive head traumas, generally over the course of many years.In other words all boxers had some evidence of chronic trauma, and 17 boxers out of 100 suffered dementia as a direct result of fighting. The key appears to be length of time during which repetitive concussive and sub-concussive blows to the head were suffered.The deadliness of boxing cannot be overstated.Robert Smith, a fighter himself, and now the General Secretary of the British Board of Boxing control summed it up:“Accidents always happen when you have got two trained athletes punching each other in the head - that's the harsh reality and it's tough to get away from..It is difficult to justify what we do sometimes, it's a brutal and unforgiving game and people lose lives”Interest in the chronic consequences of professional boxing is longstanding. In 1928, H. A. Martland published a seminal article titled “Punch Drunk” in which he hypothesized about the relationship between boxing and brain injury.The force of a professional boxer's fist is equivalent to being hit with a 13-pound bowling ball traveling 20 miles per hour, or about 52 times the force of gravity.According to the Journal of Combative Sport, from January of 1960 to August of 2011, there were 488 boxing-related deaths. The journal attributes 66 percent of these deaths to head, brain or neck injuries; one was attributed to a skull fracture.CNN did a study that estimated the true number of deaths was closer to 1,500.We can only hope that fighters we see and care about are one of the roughly 8 out of 10 who seem to escape pugilistic dementia, but sadly, only time will tell.CREDIT TO:American Academy of Neurology, "Does Amateur Boxing Cause Brain Damage?" Science Daily on 3 May 2007Boxing and the risk of chronic brain injuryBoxing: number of participants U.S. 2017 | StatistaDoes Amateur Boxing Cause Brain Damage? by Dr. Max HietalaDoes Amateur Boxing Cause Brain Damage?Dementia Pugilistica Revisited by Dr. A.H. Roberts,Dementia Pugilistica RevisitedDr. Peter Lewis and Dr. Michael Wang The British Medical JournalFrontiers of Public Health published on July 21, 2014, by the Maryland State Athletic Commission, the Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of MedicineHard Luck: The Triumph and Tragedy of "Irish" Jerry Quarry by Blake Chavez and Steve SpringerHead injury and dementiaIBISWorld - Industry Market Research, Reports, and StatisticsParkinson's disease - Symptoms and causesPunch Drunk by H. A. MartlandSparring a bigger risk than real boutsTeaming up to Tackle ConcussionUnderstanding Brain Injuries: NIH Research Program - NFL Play Smart, Play SafeNFL Player Health & SafetyWhat boxing tells us about repetitive head trauma and the brain

Boxing is dangerous, especially to your long term mental health.Boxer Curtis Woodhouse in an interview to Radio Five Live said of boxing:“It's a dangerous, unforgiving sport"Nothing can be done to lessen the danger of being hit in the head…CREDIT PICTURE DETROIT FREE PRESSRobert Smith, an ex-boxer who is now General Secretary of the British Boxing Board of Control says:“Every fatality is a disaster. We do everything in our power to stop this happening, working to make boxing safer. But it is a dangerous sport and boxers are aware of the issues."The thing is, it is impossible to argue that the basic premise of boxing is to beat up and inflict harm on your opponent, and he or she on you.Even Amateur boxers suffer brain damageYes, you read that right. Getting hit in the head as an amateur, whether in Golden Gloves or in a posh boxing club, does brain damage.Getting hit in the head is dangerous, period.Does Amateur Boxing Cause Brain Damage?Former world light heavyweight boxing champion John Conteh, once told boxing historian and writer Alan Hubbard:“When the bell goes, and I leave my corner, I can never be sure I am coming back."More damage is done neurologically from sparring than from fights, and again, this applies no matter what level you are boxing atLet that sink in: more brain trauma long term damage is done to fighters sparring than in actual fights.Indeed, boxers are more at risk of brain damage when sparring during training than in actual fights, because of the amount of sheer hours spent sparring, and the cumulative effects of it, according to a research study by a Australian doctor and researcher whose expertise is extremely highly regarded.Sparring a bigger risk than real bouts.In a thesis prepared with colleague Michael Wang and published in the British Medical Journal, Dr Peter Lewis described boxing as “a popular activity with many health benefits” but also stressed the dangers, finding that most of the trauma contributing to brain damage boxer sustain happens in training, especially in sparring, rather than in fights.It appears all too many fighters and trainers are too old school and tough about possible brain trauma, concussions, in sparring sessions.Think about the sheer number of hours fighters spend sparring as opposed to in actual fights, and this is exactly and precisely why more neural trauma occurs during sparring than real fights.And, there is no ring doctor present during sparring, and no mandated sit outs for suspected concussions!Examination, treatment of any suspected trauma, MUST be by qualified physicians and medical experts to prevent permanent harm, or even death, whether in sparring or in actual bouts!The longer you box, the more blows you take, in sparring or in fights, the worse the damage isOne might think that a defensive master like Floyd Mayweather, for instance, is less likely than most to develop pugilistic dementia, but that does not factor in the ferocious sparring sessions he engaged in at Mayweather Gym, and it does not factor in that the critical factor appears to be length of time fighting. The longer one fights, the worse the trauma, and greater liklihood of dehabilitating damage.Indeed, the fighter generally regarded as the ultimate defensive fighter, the finest of all time, Willie Pep, died of pugilistic dementia.According to the American Medical Association, up to 40 percent of ex-boxers have been found to have symptoms of chronic brain injury. Most of these boxers, about 60%, have relatively mild symptoms. But about 15–20% suffer severe, progressive, impairment. Recent studies have shown that almost all professional boxers (even those without symptoms) have some degree of brain damage.How much impairment do boxers suffer?It depends on the individual, how long they fought, how many blows they took, and a host of factors. One thing is certain, beyond any reasonable doubt as Dr. Max Hietala, MD, PhD, says:“the more you get punched in the head, the greater the possibility of long term damage. Period."Combat Museum says:“Concussions are very common in boxing, especially because of the size of the gloves, which allow the boxers to hit harder. Combined with 12-round fights, the accumulation of punches can cause career-ending and even life-threatening injury. The rate of concussion also increases after receiving an initial concussion, so the risk of brain injury increases as a fighter prolongs their career…A smart boxer retires before receiving any life-changing injury to the brain.”The cumulative effect of head blows in boxing is vicious.One highly regarded scientific study, by the Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee, National Football League, and published in the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Search database, addresses impact biomechanics from boxing punches causing translational and rotational head acceleration. Olympic boxers threw four different punches at an instrumented Hybrid III dummy and responses were compared with laboratory-reconstructed NFL concussions.Head injury criterion (HIC) for boxing punches was lower than for NFL concussions because of shorter duration acceleration. Boxers deliver punches with proportionately more rotational than translational acceleration than in football concussion. Boxing punches have a 65 mm effective radius from the head center of gravity (CG) , which is almost double the 34 mm in football. A smaller radius in football prevents the helmets from sliding off each other in a tackle.Olympic boxers deliver punches with high impact velocity but lower HIC and translational acceleration than in football impacts because of a lower effective punch mass. They cause proportionately more rotational acceleration than in football. Modeling shows that the greatest strain is in the midbrain late in the exposure, after the primary impact acceleration in boxing and football.Interestingly, the hook produced the highest change in hand velocity (11.0 +/- 3.4 m/s) and greatest punch force (4405 +/- 2318 N) with average neck load of 855 +/- 537 N. It caused head translational and rotational accelerations of 71.2 +/- 32.2 g and 9306 +/- 4485 r/s. These levels are consistent with those causing concussion in NFL impacts.In other words, a Olympic class amateur boxer throwing a hook matches any blunt force trauma of a full body NFL impact. A pro boxer, especially a heavyweight hooker such as Mike Tyson, would vastly exceed NFL full body impact with a single left hook.Stop and think about it: one hook from someone like Mike Tyson is more damaging than a full body collision from a 300 pound NFL player launching himself at your head.Interest in the chronic consequences of professional boxing is longstanding. In 1928, H. A. Martland published a seminal article titled “Punch Drunk” in which he hypothesized about the relationship between boxing and brain injury.Overtime this condition has also been called dementia pugilistica (DP), chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI), and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).ALL pro boxers or amateurs with extended careers suffer brain injuries, period.According to a retrospective, randomized study by Dr. A.H. Roberts regarding CTBI among ex-boxers competing in Great Britain, including long term amateurs, ALL boxers tested had evidence of chronic brain injury, and approximately 17% had symptoms consistent with DP, which was believed to have been the result of repetitive concussive and/or sub-concussive head traumas, generally over the course of many years.In other words all boxers had some evidence of chronic trauma, and 17 boxers out of 100 suffered dementia as a direct result of fighting. The key appears to be length of time during which repetitive concussive and sub-concussive blows to the head were suffered.Think head guards and protective gear mitigate the risks of boxing? Think againA study, published in Frontiers of Public Health published on July 21, 2014, by the Maryland State Athletic Commission, the Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and other entities, attempted to measure cognitive impairment in amateur boxers, who use protective head gear, from head trauma.Among professional boxers, the majority of injuries occur in the facial area (51%). Additional areas of injury include the hands (17%), eyes (14%), and nose (5%).Evidence from both amateur and professional settings suggested that boxers may suffer from acute cognitive impairment post-injury. Areas of dysfunction noted include delayed memory, information processing and verbal fluency, and spatial and mathematical processing. Dr. Collie Moriarity also found significant slowing in simple and choice reaction time among a group of amateur boxers whose matches were stopped by the referee.Another study by the American Academy of Neurology in 2007, "Does Amateur Boxing Cause Brain Damage?" which appeared in Science Daily on 3 May 2007, found blows to the head in amateur boxing, despite protective headgear, cause brain damage, according to research that presented at the American Academy of Neurology's 59th Annual Meeting in Boston, April 28 -- May 5, 2007.For the study, researchers used lumbar puncture to determine if there were elevated levels of biochemical markers for brain injury in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 14 amateur boxers. Boxers were tested after a fight and then again three months after rest from boxing. The study also included 10 healthy men who were not athletes.The study found high CSF levels of neuronal and glial markers suggestive of brain damage after a fight. A particular marker for neuronal damage, neurofilament light (NFL), was four times higher in boxers within 10 days of the fight as compared with healthy non-athletes. These increased levels returned to normal after three months rest from boxing for amateurs- but the study stipulated that continued fighting, for years, would cause no return to normality, and progressive degeneration.Significantly, the use of head guards in amateur boxing does not seem to have mitigated the risk of brain injury.On the contrary, removing protective headgear LESSENS the risk of concussions and other neural trauma! according to a study “Use of Head Guards in AIBA Boxing Tournaments—A Cross-Sectional Observational Study” by Michael P Loosemore, MBBS; Dr. Charles F. Butler, MD, PhD; Dr. Abdelhamid Khadri, MD; Dr. David McDonagh, MD; and Vimal Patel, PhD.The deadliness of boxing cannot be overstated.Robert Smith, a fighter himself, and now the General Secretary of the British Board of Boxing control summed it up:“Accidents always happen when you have got two trained athletes punching each other in the head - that's the harsh reality and it's tough to get away from..It is difficult to justify what we do sometimes, it's a brutal and unforgiving game and people lose lives”Interest in the chronic consequences of professional boxing is longstanding. In 1928, H. A. Martland published a seminal article titled “Punch Drunk” in which he hypothesized about the relationship between boxing and brain injury.The force of a professional boxer's fist is equivalent to being hit with a 13-pound bowling ball traveling 20 miles per hour, or about 52 times the force of gravity.According to the Journal of Combative Sport, from January of 1960 to August of 2011, there were 488 boxing-related deaths. The journal attributes 66 percent of these deaths to head, brain or neck injuries; one was attributed to a skull fracture.CNN did a study that estimated the true number of deaths was closer to 1,500.We can only hope that fighters we see and care about are one of the roughly 8 out of 10 who seem to escape pugilistic dementia, but sadly, only time will tell.Boxing does have benefits for fitness, discipline, and learning to defend yourselfBut be aware of the risks…CREDIT TO:American Academy of Neurology, "Does Amateur Boxing Cause Brain Damage?" Science Daily on 3 May 2007Boxing and the risk of chronic brain injuryBoxing: number of participants U.S. 2017 | StatistaDoes Amateur Boxing Cause Brain Damage? by Dr. Max HietalaDoes Amateur Boxing Cause Brain Damage?Dr. A.H. Roberts, Dementia Pugilistica RevisitedDementia Pugilistica RevisitedDr. Peter Lewis and Dr. Michael Wang The British Medical JournalFrontiers of Public Health published on July 21, 2014, by the Maryland State Athletic Commission, the Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of MedicineHard Luck: The Triumph and Tragedy of "Irish" Jerry Quarry by Blake Chavez and Steve SpringerIBISWorld - Industry Market Research, Reports, and StatisticsParkinson's disease - Symptoms and causesPunch Drunk by H. A. MartlandSparring a bigger risk than real boutsTeaming up to Tackle ConcussionUnderstanding Brain Injuries: NIH Research Program - NFL Play Smart, Play SafeNFL Player Health & SafetyWhat boxing tells us about repetitive head trauma and the brain