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Bettmann Archive/Getty ImagesNot as of October 3, 2010. That was the day the last payment was made.“At the end of World War I, Germans could hardly recognize their country. Up to 3 million Germans, including 15 percent of its men, had been killed. Germany had been forced to become a republic instead of a monarchy, and its citizens were humiliated by their nation’s bitter loss. ““Even more humiliating were the terms of Germany’s surrender. World War I’s victors blamed Germany for beginningthe war, committing horrific atrocities and upending European peace with secretive treaties. But most embarrassing of all was the punitive peace treaty Germany had been forced to sign. ““The Treaty of Versailles didn’t just blame Germany for the war—it demanded financial restitution for the whole thing, to the tune of 132 billion gold marks, or about $269 billion today.”“How—and when—could Germany possibly pay its debt?“Germans take war machines apart outside Berlin under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles Germany. This tank is in fact a British tank, captured and put into service by the Germans during World War I.Hulton Archive/Getty Images“Nobody could have dreamed that it would take 92 years. That’s how long Germany took to repay World War I reparations, thanks to a financial collapse, another world war and an ongoing debate about how, and even whether, Germany should pay up on its debts. ““Allied victors took a punitive approach to Germany at the end of World War I. Intense negotiation resulted in theTreaty of Versailles’ “war guilt clause,” which identified Germany as the sole responsible party for the war and forced it to pay reparations. ““Germany had suspended the gold standard and financed the war by borrowing. Reparations further strained the economic system, and the Weimar Republic printed money as the mark’s value tumbled.Hyperinflation soon rocked Germany. By November 1923, 42 billion marks were worth the equivalent of one American cent. “During a period of hyperinflation in 1920s Germany, 100,000 marks was the equivalent one U.S. dollar.Bettmann Archive/Getty Images“Finally, the world mobilized in an attempt to ensure reparations would be paid. In 1924, the Dawes Planreduced Germany’s war debt and forced it to adopt a new currency. Reparations continued to be paid through a strange round robin: The U.S. lent Germany money to pay reparations, and the countries that collected reparations payment used that money to pay off United States debts. The plan was heralded as a victory—Charles Dawes, a banker who later became vice president under Calvin Coolidge won a Nobel Prize for his role in the negotiations.““But the Weimar Republic still struggled to pay its debts, so another plan was hashed out in 1928.““The Young Plan involved a reduction of Germany’s war debt to just 121 billion gold marks. But the dawn of the Great Depression ensured its failure and Germany’s economy began disintegrating again. ““In an attempt to thwart disaster, President Herbert Hoover put a year-long moratorium on reparation payments in 1931. The next year, Allied delegates attempted to write off all Germany’s reparations debt at the Lausanne Conference, but the U.S. Congress refused to sign on to the resolution. Germany was still on the hook for its war debt.““Soon after, Adolf Hitler was elected. He canceled all payments in 1933. “Hitler was committed to not just not paying, but to overturning the whole treaty,” historian Felix Schulz told the BBC’s Olivia Lang. His refusal was seen as an act of patriotism and courage in a nation that saw the reparations as a form of humiliation. Germany made no payments during Hitler’s rule.“New inductees of the Wehrmacht taking oath on August 25, 1936. The growth of Hitler's armies was in violation of the Treaty of Versailles.Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone/Getty Images“But Germany wasn’t destined to win the war, and the Third Reich ended with Hitler’s suicide in April 1945 and Germany’s official surrender a few days later. By then, the country was in chaos. Millions of people had been displaced. Over 5.5 million Germancombatants, and up to 8.8 million German civilians, were dead. Most of Germany’s institutions had crumbled, and its populace was on the brink of starvation.““The Allies exacted reparations for World War II, too. They weren’t paid in actual money, but through industrial dismantling, the removal of intellectual property and forced labor for millions of German POWs. After the surrender, Germany was divided into four occupation zones, and in 1949 the country was split in two. Economic recovery, much less reparations payments, seemed unlikely. ““By then, West Germany owed 30 billion Deutschmarks to 70 different countries, according to Deutsche Welle’s Andreas Becker, and was in desperate need of cash. But an unexpected ray of hope broke through when West Germany’s president, Konrad Adenauer, struck a deal with a variety of western nations in 1953. The London Debt Conference canceled half of Germany’s debt and extended payment deadlines. And because West Germany was required to pay only when it had a trade surplus, the agreement gave breathing room for economic expansion. ““Soon, West Germany, bolstered byMarshall Plan aid and relieved of most of its reparations burden, was Europe’s fastest-growing economy. This “economic miracle” helped stabilize the economy, and the new plan used the potential of reparations payments to encourage countries to trade with West Germany. ““Still, it took decades for Germany to pay off the rest of its reparations debt. At the London Conference, West Germany argued it shouldn’t be responsible for all of the debt the old Germany had incurred during World War I, and the parties agreed that part of its back interest wouldn’t become due until Germany reunified. Once that happened, Germany slowly chipped away at the last bit of debt. It made its last debt payment on October 3, 2010—the 20th anniversary of German reunification. “Germany's World War I Debt Was So Crushing It Took 92 Years to Pay Off

Israel and Jewish organisations want compensations from Poland for the properties owned by Jews in Poland before WW2.They were Polish citizens.During the war Polish citizens, Jewish and non Jewish, were losing their lives and their properties due to the actions of the aggressors. Entire villages in Poland were burnt to the ground. The number of Polish settlements targeted in pacification operations is approximately 825.Pacification actions in German-occupied Poland - WikipediaPacyfikacje wsi polskich podczas okupacji niemieckiej – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopediaDuring the war 3 million Polish Jews and 3 million non-Jewish Poles lost their lives.After the war the surviving Polish citizens, irrespective of their religion or ethnicity, lost their properties to the new regime which took over. Their prewar properties were taken over by the state, nationalised, divided, reparcelled, often restored for a different purpose or rebuilt in a different form.Millions of Polish citizens, irrespective of their religion or ethnicity, were relocated from eastern parts of Poland to central and western Poland due to the 1945 border changes. They lost everything that they had before the war, without compensations.There was an acute shortage of housing for decades. Taking over empty properties by displaced people who had nowhere to live was commonplace during the civil war which continued for several years after the end of WW2 (at least until 1948).* After the war international Jewish organisations negotiated an agreement with Poland to obtain compensations for the property losses of the Polish Jews. The 1960 agreement was meant to be a final arrangement regarding all claims.By 1981 Poland fulfilled the obligations, a process supervised by the US and confirmed by the US CONGRESS in 2008.The copies of the documents are in Washington, Warsaw and the UN. (Non Jewish Poles were not covered).* In addition, since 1987, consecutive Polish governments have been paying millions of dollars to Jewish individuals, Jewish organisations and to Israel under other agreements, not publicised in Poland.I first found out about it from this short film made by an Israeli:* In addition to these payments which have already been made, Jewish owners have been reclaiming their rights to their prewar properties under the nationwide “reprivatisation” scheme.* In addition to the above Israel and Jewish organisations want compensations for the properties which were left without heirs and which escheated to the Polish state.Standard legal practice around the world is that the properties without heirs become the property of the state. Israel and Jewish organisations strive for an exception to be made to this legal practice for the Jewish victims.Israel and Jewish organisations have obtained reparations from Germany on the strength of the 1952 Luxembourg Agreement, which covered all the Jewish losses in Europe during WW2. Over the years Germany has paid US$ 89 billion in compensation - mainly to Jewish individuals, Jewish organisations and to Israel.Now Poland, one of the biggest victims of WW2, is facing demands of 300 billion US dollars in compensations for prewar properties of Jewish Polish citizens, which were lost due to the war and due to the unwanted system forced upon Poland after the war. To put it in perspective, the turnover of Poland’s economy for 2018 was the equivalent of 95 billion US dollars.What is the outcome of the situation?We haven’t seen the full outcome yet. It does not bode well for Poland.The organisations involved have the expertise, international political and media backing, and the long standing experience in how to obtain substantial payments. Going by the track record, they obtain what they set out to achieve.After fulfilling the Luxembourg treaty obligations, in 2012, Germany accepted the calls of Jewish organisations and Israel to further extend payments of millions of dollars to cover North Africa and the Jews who had fled East.Germany to Pay 772 Million Euros in Reparations to Holocaust SurvivorsGermany agreed to compensate 25,000 Holocaust survivors from Algeria:In first, Germany to compensate 25,000 Holocaust survivors from AlgeriaSwiss banks have been compelled to make unrealistically exorbitant compensation payments:Swiss tollThe continuing accusations generated against Poland are constructing a narrative of Poland as the co-perpetrator of the holocaust, thus preparing the moral grounds for the money demands.The accusations are being stepped up from the previous narrative of Poland as a bystander rather than the victim. Norman Davies described in his autobiography how an Israeli historian was instructing British scholars to classify Poles as ”bystanders” during Holocaust:British historian unveils how anti-Polish Holocaust narrative was initiatedThe political, economic and diplomatic pressure on Poland to pay up will be ongoing. Going by the track record of our consecutive governments, Poland will be paying up, with or without informing the electorate.

Renting an apartment is to have contract with the owner or landlord ! Pay advance and rent every month and usually the contract gets extended every 11 months !Leasing is like owning the building for certain greater number of years with contractual agreement between parties ! It is in use for all kinds of commercial and residential purposes ! The payment agreement happens between lessor and lessee and can even agree if the property is to be entirely transferred or not based on agreements