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Seventeen Bodies In A Well: A Norwich MysteryJewish bodies found in medieval wellThe picture above is a horrific one. The bodies of seventeen individuals, eleven of them children (the youngest two years of age) who were, at some point in the Middle Ages (dating 1150-1300), thrown down a well in the East Anglian town of Norwich. To date, the Norwich well burial is a spectacular discovery, literally one of a kind.However, a find this horrifying and this fascinating was bound to assert its own narrative and that happened in 2011 when History Cold Case, a British television series looked into the affair and claimed that the bodies were victims of a pogrom.[1] Here is their very powerful version: imagine parents being hurled down the well and being followed by their screaming children; imagine how long it would have taken to die… But, through all this there are serious doubts about the ‘official’ story.The bodies were discovered in 2004 during an excavation of a site in the centre of Norwich, ahead of construction of the Chapelfield Shopping Centre.[2] A backhoe operator saw a skull in a foundation hole over 16 feet below ground level, far deeper than normal burials even from the ancient layers.[3]No other burials in wells have ever been found in Britain. At that time, the well was located between two rows of houses, in their backyards, right in the middle of the community.[4] The remains were put into storage and have only recently been the subject of investigation.Jewish bodies found in medieval wellArchaeologists are quite certain that the feature was indeed a well, although the top of it was damaged by the foundation works before the rest was excavated so it could have been deeper/contained further bodies. There was no indication how the top of the well was capped off.A tight mass of human skeletons had been dumped into the well. They were shoved in so tightly that at first archaeologists believed there were only three or four bodies.[5] It was only after further excavation that 17 bodies were accounted for. Eleven of the 17 skeletons were those of children aged between two and 15. The remaining six were adult men and women.[6]Pictures taken at the time of excavation suggested the bodies were thrown down the well together, head first.[7] A closer examination of the adult bones showed fractures caused by the impact of hitting the bottom of the well. But the same damage was not seen on the children's bones, suggesting they were thrown in after the adults who cushioned the fall of their bodies.[8]The most likely explanation is that those down the well were Jewish and were probably murdered or forced to commit suicide, according to scientists who used a combination of DNA analysis, carbon dating and bone chemical studies in their investigation.[9]One question researchers attempted to address, concerned determining if individuals were alive at the time they were thrown into the well. Excavation reports mention four fractures on seventeen bodies: one greenstick, two healed and one possible; nothing suggesting injuries from a fall while alive.[10] In fact, there is no evidence at all that they were thrown into a well while still breathing or that any had suffered the kind of violence that one might expect from a pogrom leading up to death, being beaten through the streets etc. The bodies were intact and flexible when they went into the dry well – so not as a result of burial ground clearance or something similar.At first the remains suggested a plague burial, but carbon dating had shown that to be impossible as the plague came much later.[11] And as noted by historians who pointed out that even during times of plague when mass graves were used, bodies were buried in an ordered way with respect and religious rites. [12]There was a consecrated cemetery within view of the well and the Jewish neighborhood a few steps away, so why had these people been thrown away like trash instead of buried according to religious custom?Next archaeologists considered the possibility of death by disease- perhaps typhus or diphtheria. Osteological examinations revealed no signs of leprosy or tuberculosis on the skeletons, two diseases that leave marks.[13] But then there are lots of other diseases that do not leave marks on bone. Why not, for example, some plague passing through the urban population? This would, according to that hypothesis, have been a messy burial by some neighbours who had to get dead bodies out of the way.Norwich well (https://steemit.com/history/@arvydas/a-norwich-mystery-seventeen-bodies-found-in-a-well)Alternatively, this could have been an act of mob violence, though, physical markers of mob violence would be expected to have shown up on the remains of the seventeen. Some of the bones did show signs of malnutrition and non-fatal trauma like healed minor fractures and arthritis.[14]Researchers then considered if the discovery was related the practice of Jewish heroic martyrdom, as had happened at Masada in 73AD.[15] Jewish heroic martyrdom is a tradition in which Jews take their own lives when they believe the end has come, rather than die at the hands of the mob.[16] The father of each household was to kill his own family, and then the rabbi was to kill the men and finally himself. The method was the taking of a knife to the throat. Such a method leaves no mark on the bones, and provides another plausible theory why children were in the well. In 1190, such a massacre had previously happened at Clifford's Tower in York.[17]Seven skeletons were successfully tested and five of them had a DNA sequence suggesting they were likely to be members of a single Jewish family. The only ‘strong’ evidence for this claim is their DNA.[18] Five of the bodies had retrievable DNA and these five came from the same family. Two were directly related, either as father and child or as uncle and nephew/niece.[19]The problem is proving that the DNA in question is ‘Jewish’. The five bodies were judged to have DNA ‘consistent’ with Ashkenazi Jews (30%), but that is DNA also found (though to a lesser extent) among the general European population (7%).[20] Note that two other bodies had typical European DNA sequences. The mitochondrial DNA — DNA that remains the same transmitted down the female line — of all five people matched, so they were family members. Stable isotope analysis, which uses the trace elements found in the bones to determine diet and migration patterns during their lifetime, indicated that the skeletons were from the Norwich area.[21]Norwich had been home to a thriving Jewish community since 1135 and many lived near the well site. The Jewish population had been ‘investigated’ for supposedly murdering a Christian child in 1144, William of Norwich: one of the first and best documented cases of the blood libel.[22] In 1190, there is contemporary evidence of massacres against the Jews of Norwich: this was the year of perhaps the worst British pogrom, the deaths of 150 Jews in York.[23]Jewish people had been invited to England by the King to lend money because at the time, the Christian interpretation of the bible did not allow Christians to lend money and charge interest.[24] It was regarded as a sin. So financing for big projects came from the Jewish community and some became very wealthy - which in turn, caused friction.[25] There was a resentment of the fact that Jews were profiting and doing it in a way that doesn't involve physical labour, things that are necessarily recognised as work . . . similar to how people feel about bankers now.Satan and the Jews of Norwich, from an Exchequer Roll, 1233 (The First Anti-Jewish Caricature?)The tragic prosecution and vilification of one of Norwich's Jewish inhabitants illustrates the tension existing at the time the individuals were disposed of in the well. Isaac of Norwich or Isaac Ben Eliav was a Jewish-English financier during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.[26] He was among the Jews imprisoned by King John of England in 1210. It is possible that at this time a house of his in London fell into the hands of the king and was afterward (1214) transferred to the Earl of Derby. He was by far the most important Jewish money-lender it Norwich in the early years of Henry III, [27] the majority of the items of a day-book of that place now preserved at Westminster Abbey referring to his transactions. In the “Shetarot” Isaac is referred to as “Nadib” or “Mæcenas”.[28] He appears to have died before 1247.A caricature of him appears in an issue of the Exchequer Roll, a document that lists tax payments made by the Jews of Norwich in 1233, during the reign of King Henry,[29] which represents him as being tortured by a demon and expresses the contemporary Christian view of his rapaciousness.[30] The accompanying caricature represents Isaac as three-faced, probably in allusion to the wide extent of his dealings. He is crowned with a coronet, and surveys a scene in which another Jew, Mosse Mok[31] , and a Jewess named Abigail, are being tortured by demons, seemingly under his direction. [Both were employed as debt collectors by Isaac.] The scene appears to be taken from a miracle-play, the drapery representing the stage, and the architectural adornment the cloister of a church, such plays generally being performed in churches.[32]Unfortunately, investigations of the Norwich well may have been misguided from the start. The team was led by forensic anthropologist Professor Sue Black, of the University of Dundee's Centre for Anthropology and Human Identification.[33] Professor Black, who went to the Balkans following the Kosovo war - where her job was to piece together the bodies of massacred Kosovan Albanians - said this discovery had changed the direction of the whole investigation.Regarding the nature of the discovery, Professor Black said: "We are possibly talking about persecution. We are possibly talking about ethnic cleansing and this all brings to mind the scenario that we dealt with during the Balkan War crimes."[34]“In terms of the brutality of the ethnic cleansing, it was thought women and children quite frankly weren't worth wasting the bullets on," added Professor Black. Pregnant women were bayoneted because that way you got rid of a woman because that wasn't important and you got rid of the next generation because you didn't want them to survive. So I know what sort of pattern I am looking for.”[35]DNA expert Dr Ian Barnes, who carried out the tests, said: "This is a really unusual situation for us. This is a unique set of data that we have been able to get for these individuals. "I am not aware that this has been done before - that we have been able to pin them down to this level of specificity of the ethnic group that they seem to come from."[36]A second interim report on the initial results indicates that the analyst withdrew entirely his suggestion that the gene found was related to known ‘Jewish markers’,Unfortunately, the identities of the Norwich 17 remain unknown, and we don’t know why they might have been killed or what led to their bodies being disposed of in such an unorthodox way. This is not by any means to say that they couldn’t have been Jews just that there is no particular reason, other than the creation of a dramatic story line, to assert that they were.Reconstructed adult male and 5 year old boy found in well (https://jewishritualmurder.wordpress.com/2015/01/30/3/)Two individuals were facially reconstructed. One is an adult male with a large and prominent nose; asymmetry around the eyes–one eye is higher and further back than the other; and strong supramastoid crests–lines above the ear which suggest that the person had large ears which stuck out from the side of the head.[37] His ears are adherent, that is, they have no lobes.[38] The child also has adherent ears. The feature is inherited, so the adult may be his father or uncle. The child is from five to seven years old.It should be noted that while the proof that these were Jewish victims is circumstantial, there is a great deal of definitive evidence from twelfth- and thirteenth-century Europe for the most bestial violence against Jewish innocents.[39] There is, in short, plenty of blood to be washed from Europe’s collective hands whatever the circumstances behind the burial or murder of these seventeen.skeletons in norwich wellIn 2014, after long negotiations, the local Jewish community took possession of the seventeen bodies and buried them in consecrated ground.[40] Even during these burials there was an understanding that the bodies might not be Jewish but as Bishop David Gillett (previously of Bolton), who attended the ceremony, commented: ‘ Whatever the DNA research reveals, the discovery of the bones has raised awareness of some of the real injustices inflicted on the Jewish community in medieval times.’ [41] This is the spirit in which a plaque has now been erected to their memory at the shopping mall, the Chapelfied Centre, where these dead or alive bodies were dropped down a well. It is artfully and perhaps sensibly ambiguous: particularly when it is remembered just how indifferent to historical facts many history plaques are.The decision to do this, and the creation of the carefully worded plaque, all happened between the two DNA reports and because of the level of public interest it wasn’t really possible to ‘turn back the clock’ once it became apparent that there was no special justification for a Jewish identification.The findings of the investigation represented a sad day for Norwich. One researcher noted: "It changes the story of what we know about the community. We don't know everything about the community but what we do know is changed by this."[42] However, Dr. Sophie Cabot, consultant with the documentary, stated that: Perhaps the saddest part of the whole thing to me is just how readily the media and the public accepted the narrative of an unknown anti-Semitic massacre in Norwich, as if it were the most natural thing in the world that people should do such things.”[43]Footnotes[1] History Cold Case - Wikipedia[2] Jewish bodies found in medieval well[3] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=%23&ved=2ahUKEwj72vyJs8njAhWlneAKHYpDADUQwqsBMAR6BAgJEAU&usg=AOvVaw0VTJzWxrN8ZFOD4xbU2nov[4] https://jewishritualmurder.wordpress.com/2015/01/30/3/[5] Bodies in Norwich well buried in Jewish cemetery[6] Jewish Bodies Found in Medieval Well in Norwich, England[7] Bodies in Norwich well buried in Jewish cemetery[8] Jewish bodies found in medieval well[9] BBC History Cold Case team solve mystery of Norwich bodies in the well[10] The Murder of William of Norwich[11] Bodies believed to be Jews murdered in medieval Norwich buried after 800 years[12] BBC History Cold Case team solve mystery of Norwich bodies in the well[13] Page on steemit.com[14] https://steemit.com/history/@arvydas/a-norwich-mystery-seventeen-bodies-found-in-a-well[15] Did the Jews kill themselves at Masada rather than fall into Roman hands?[16] Martyrdom in Jewish Traditions[17] English Heritage[18] The Murder of William of Norwich[19] BBC History Cold Case team solve mystery of Norwich bodies in the well[20] NORWICH - JewishEncyclopedia.com[21] Medieval People in Town and Country: New Perspectives from Demography and Bioarchaeology[22] Making of a Martyr: William of Norwich and the Jews[23] The 1190 Massacre[24] https://www.jstor.org/stable/25075354?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents[25] Refugees Or Migrants[26] A medieval mystery - The National Archives[27] https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454038?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents[28] Hebrew Deeds of English Jews before 1290 V. 1[29] The First Anti-Jewish Caricature?[30] Magnus Rotulus Pipae Or the Great Roll of the Exchequer for Northumberland from 1130 to 1272[31] Isaac of Norwich - Wikipedia[32] Miracle play | dramatic genre[33] 'Dundee has been incredibly kind to me'[34] BBC Scotland - BBC Scotland - How a life surrounded by death helped one of the world’s leading forensic scientists to find the ‘burning light of humanity’[35] Forensic expert Dame Sue Black reveals how she copes with death every day[36] Secrets of the Norwich Blood Libel - OU Life[37] http://(https://jewishritualmurder.wordpress.com/2015/01/30/3/) [38] Myths of Human Genetics[39] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/::ognode-62416::/files/teaching-resources-expulsion-jews&ved=2ahUKEwjR2_yHhLrjAhWWHc0KHUUjD3gQFjAJegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw1FHNsbHnDOGNL-mSvL-igW[40] Bodies in Norwich well buried in Jewish cemetery[41] British Jews to bury medieval massacre victims[42] Norwich, England - Jews Bury 17 Medieval Massacre Victims Discovered At Bottom Of Well[43] Jewish Bodies Found in Well

Warning: this is going to be a very long answer.I think the process is analogous to the firing of a neuron.Stage 1: Signal ReceptionThere are many contributing factors, much like the many neurotransmitters in the synapses in the dendrites around the body of a neuron. These gave me a general attitude of skepticism like the charge building up in the cell body from the series of chemical interactions.One of my earliest memories is while in the living room with my parents watching the news. I forget what the specific story was about, but my dad used the facts of the story to completely undermine the reporter's narrative. When I asked why the reporter would lie like that, he explained how the reporter wanted to believe that story so much he wouldn't acknowledge evidence to the contrary. Then he told me one sentence that will stick with me to my grave (and which he repeated on other nights after other news stories): “The human mind has an infinite capacity for self deception.”We also had a bit of a tradition where at dinner we'd mention (or fully explain) at least one thing we'd learned that day. I believe it was during one of these discussions that I really began to understand the reasoning behind the scientific method (which my teacher had taught the steps of, but not why they were important). It goes back to what my dad said; you have to attack your ideas and put them through rigorous tests to see if they're worth keeping, and even then always remember that an even better idea can always come along.Around middle school, I was given a persuasive speech assignment where the teacher encouraged us to defend the opposite of one of our opinions. I asked why, and she pointed out that it would force us to truly understand the other side's argument. When I discussed it with my family, they told me it's called playing devil's advocate. I eventually formed a habit of playing devil's advocate online, though often it devolved to trolling.In my first year of college, these habits led to realizing that my whole life I had been suspending my disbelief in religion the same way as when watching Star Wars or playing with lightsabers with my brothers; I also realized that my defenses of religion were weaker than most topics I lost debates on while playing devil's advocate. This was initially quite a shock, but eventually I found my place in the skeptic community on YouTube as a frequent commenter (though never a video maker).About a year later, I finally came out as trans to my family. After how they'd reacted to my atheism, I was surprised how well they took it. The support when I came out publicly was even more surprising. I made a lot of friends among leftists, which led to me voting for Bernie Sanders in the 2016 primary.For those who don't know or have forgotten, the 2016 Democratic primary was an utter shit show. It was reported that Bernie should have won handily, but the super delegates gave it to Hillary. “As of July 11, 2016, 604 superdelegates were known to have expressed support for Hillary Clinton, while 47 had expressed support for Bernie Sanders, according to CNN.” Superdelegates and the 2016 Democratic National Convention - BallotpediaThe interim chair of the DNC revealed “the DNC had engineered the party’s primary election system in favor of then-candidate Hillary Clinton.” “attorneys…filed a class-action lawsuit against the DNC [which] argued that 'the DNC violated Article 5, Section 4 of its own charter by working with a single campaign to effectively choose who would win the Democratic ballot.’” The only thing that saved them was that “the DNC contended that 'the organization's neutrality among Democratic campaigns during the primaries was merely a 'political promise,' and therefore it had no legal obligations to remain impartial throughout the process.’” Fact Check: Did the DNC Illegally Steal the 2016 Primary from Bernie Sanders?Stage 2: The Action PotentialNaturally, this pissed me the hell off. Who were these elites to say my vote didn't matter? Like a neuron reaching the activation threshold, this made me start really applying my skeptical analysis to the question of what absolutely needed to be run by these slimy scumbags. One by one, I debated them with people in my Facebook groups and on YouTube, rejecting more and more of them. Like an action potential traveling down the axon and throwing off ions at the nodes of Ranvier, I shed my leftism piecemeal.Unfortunately, I also lost a couple friends. One (a close neighbor) posted something about how they couldn't be friends with anyone who didn't acknowledge that Trump was evil or something. I debated her awhile, often playing devil's advocate and trying to convince her that many of these people are reasonable and might be worth talking to. She wound up following through on her original post and unfriended me. It felt a lot like this:At this point, I had reached the “classical liberal” or “constitutional conservative” level, and between how crazy the left was acting and Trump's promise to drain the swamp, I voted for him in the general. Needless to say, I've been disappointed, though not to the point of regretting it; I still think Hillary would've been worse.But things like that We The Internet video I linked above kept getting recommended to me, and I found my way to the politically edgy side of YouTube (EdgySphinx, Mr. Dapperton, Danny Duchamp…). Mr. Dapperton in particular got me to question whether I'd gone far enough in saying the government should do nothing but roads, courts, etc. I then found Larken Rose, and every video of his was a dose of clarity. I have reached the axon terminal and the synapse to the next neuron.Stage 3: Synaptic TransmissionNow here I am, transmitting with little packets of signals that you too should go through the process. You can see my answers and the spaces I'm in. Are you receiving the message? What might be blocking your receptors?

Though I don’t know about any war in the 17th,18th or even in the 19th century however a Jesuit priest named Joseph Tieffanthaler recorded Hindus celebrating Ram Navami near the site of the mosque.In 1788 when Tieffanthaler French works were published he ws the first one to suggest that Babari Masjid was on the birth place of Ram saying that‘’Emperor Aurangzeb got demolished the fortress called Ramkot and erected on the same place a Mahometan temple’’ reclaimed by the Hindus through numerous wars fought after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 AD like they earlier fortified it during Jahangir’s rule at Ramkot.Furthermore the Britishers recorded a continuing tradition of nearby Hindus of worshiping lord Ram. In accordance with the British sources Hindus and Muslims together worshiped at the mosque complex until 1870.‘’It is said that upto that time Hindus and Mohamedans alike used to worship in the mosque-temple. Since the British rule a railing has been raised to prevent dispute within which the Mahomedans pray while outside the platdorm the Hindus raised a platform on which they offered their makings.’’Coming to the part of authors not mentioning about the Ram Mandir, Tulsidas mentioned about the demolition of the Ram Mandir in his not so known work ‘Tulsi Doha Satak’. Infact Allahabad High court used these verses in a judgement.1/8AHC: Goswami Tulsidas Ji says that ‘Yavans’ (barbarians/Mohammedans) ridicule hymns, several Upnishads and treatises like Brahmans, Puranas, Itihas (histories) etc. and also the Hindu society (orthodox religion)having faith in them. They exploit the Hindu society in different ways.NM: Tulsidas says that the Yavanas, filled with rage, burnt manyMantras or Saehitas, Upani=ads and even Brahma:as (parts of Vedas),and Pura:a and Itihasa scriptures, after ridiculing them.2/8AHC: Goswami Tulsi Das says that forcible attempts are being made byMuslims to expel the followers of Hinduism from their own native place(country), forcibly divesting them of their Shikha (lock of hair on the crown of head) and ‘Yagyopaveet’ (sacrificial thread) and causing themto deviate from their religion. Tulsi Das terms this time as a hard andharrowing one.NM: Tulsidas says that in the hard and inappropriate age, [they, theYavanas] forcibly made the Hindus bereft of Sikha (the hair tuft) andSutra (the sacred thread) and made them wander [as homeless people],after which they expelled them from their country (native place).3/8AHC: Describing the barbaric attack of Babur, Goswami Ji says that heindulged in gruesome genocide of the natives of that place (followers ofHinduism), using sword (army).NM: The barbaric Babar came, with a sword in his hand, and killedpeople after repeatedly calling out to them. Tulsidas says that the timewas terrible.4/8AHC: Goswami Tulsi Das Ji says that countless atrocities were committedby foolish ‘Yavans’ (Mohammedans) in Awadh (Ayodhya) in and aroundthe summer of Samvat 1585, that is, 1528 AD (Samvat 1585- 57=1528 AD).NM: Tulsidas says that in the Saevat 1585 (1528 AD), sometime aroundthe summer season, the ignorant Yavanas caused disaster and sorrow inAwadh (Ayodhya).5/8AHC: Describing the attack made by ‘Yavans’, that is, Mohammedans onSri Ramjanambhumi temple, Tulsi Das Ji says that after a number ofHindus had been mercilessly killed, Sri Ram Janam Bhumi temple wasbroken to make it a mosque. Looking at the ruthless killing of Hindus,Tulsi Ji says that his heart felt aggrieved, that is, it began to weep, and onaccount of incident it continues to writhe in pain.NM: Destroying the temple at Ramajanmabhumi, they constructed amosque. At once (or with great readiness/alacrity) they killed manyHindus. [On thinking of this,] Tulsidas cried out - Alas!6/8AHC: Seeing the mosque constructed by Mir Baqi in Awadh, that is,Ayodhya in the wake of demolition of Sri Ram Janam Bhumi templepreceded by the grisly killing of followers of Hinduism having faith inRama and also seeing the bad plight of the temple of his favoured deityRama, the heart of Tulsi began to always cry tearfully for Raghuraj (themost revered among the scions of the Raghu Dynasty). Being aggrievedthereby, submitting himself to the will of Sri Rama, he shouted: O Ram !Save ... Save...NM: Mir Baqi destroyed the temple in Awadh (Ayodhya) and theRamasamaja (the idols Rama Pañcayatana — Rama, Sita, Bharata,Lak=ma:a, Satrughna, Hanuman). [On thinking of this,] Tulsidas cries,beating his chest, O the best of Raghus! Protect us, protect us!7/8AHC: Tulsi Das Ji says that the mosque was constructed by the wickedMir Baqi after demolishing Sri Ram Janam Bhumi temple, situated in themiddle of Awadh, that is, Ayodhya.NM: Tulsidas says that in the midst of Awadh (Ayodhya), where theRamajanmabhumi temple was resplendent, there the wicked and vileMir Baqi constructed a mosque.8/8AHC: Tulsi Das Ji says that the Quran as well as Ajaan call is heard fromthe holy place of Sri Ram Janam Bhumi, where discourses from Shrutis,Vedas, Puranas, Upnishads etc. used to be always heard and which usedto be constantly reverberated with sweet sound of bells.NM: Tulsidas says that where there was constant ringing of the bells andthe narrations (upakhana, from SaEsk4ta upakhyana) of the Ramaya:a,Veda and Pura:a, the ignorant (ajana) Yavana read (literally, “did”) theQuran and the Azaan (ajana).AHC: Allahabad High CourtNM : Dr. Nityanand MisraAlso Gazetteers of the prince of Oundh (18770 also confirms that Mughale had destroyed three important Hindu temples and constructed Masjid on those places.Faizabad Settlement Reportof 1850 also confirms that Babar constructed the Babri Masjid on the placed of Janmasthan that marks the birth place of Ram.The Indian Archaeological Survey by A.H.Fuhrer in 1891 also accepts that Mir Khan had built the Babri Mosque on the same place of Ram Janmabhumi by using it’s own pillars. Also it was further confirmed that Aurangzeb similarly constructed two mosques at Swarg Marg and Treta Thakur Mandir in Ayodhya.Also Moulavi Abdul Karim (Imam of Babri Masjid in 1885) also states that on the east side of the Dargah of Hazrat Shah Jamal Gojjari their is a Mohalla Akbarpur whose another name is Kot Ramachandra. He further mentions that there were some Burz (large cells with domes) in this Kot. These were the house of the above mentioned King and the Rasoi(Kitchen). Besides he also stated that the western Burj is also known as Janmasthan and Rasoi Sita. After demolishing that spot badshah Babar built a grand masjid on that spot.In July 1992 eight prominent archaeologists went to Ramkot hill to examine the findings. These findings included religious scriptures and statue of Vishnu. They asserted that the inner boundary rests on an pre existing structure which ‘’ may have been a temple’’. They also examined terracotta Hindu images of Kushan period (100–300 AD) and carved Buff sandstones that showed images of Vasihnava deities and Shiv-Parvati. They also examined fragraments belonging to a temple of Nagara style (900–1200 AD). Pof S.P.Gupta commented“The team found that the objects were datable to the period ranging from the 10th through the 12th century AD, i.e., the period of the late Pratiharas and early Gahadvals. These objects included a number of ammakalas i.e., the cogged-wheel type architectural element which crown the bhumi shikharas or spires of subsidiary shrines, as well as the top of the spire or the main shikhara. This is a characteristic feature of all north Indian temples of the early medieval period. There was other evidence — of cornices, pillar capitals, mouldings, door jambs with floral patterns and others — leaving little doubt regarding the existence of a 10th-12th century temple complex at the site of Ayodhya."In 2003 ASI excavated the site on the orders of Lucknow Bench of Allahabad court. They reported the evidence of a large 10th century structure similar to a Hindu temple predating the mosque.On June 11 2003 the ASi issued interim reports that only listed the findings between 23 May and 6 June 2003. In August 2003 ASi handed over a 574 page rport to the Lucknow Bench.The report stated‘Among the structures listed in the report are several brick walls ‘in east-west orientation’, several ‘in north-south orientation’, ‘decorated coloured floor’, several ‘pillar bases’, and a ‘1.64-metre high decorated black stone pillar (broken) with yaksha figurines on four corners’ as well as "Sanskrit inscription of holy verses on stone"’.More than 30 pillars were found which were in two rows and columns and were parallel. Also many other things such as a yagna kund, a staircase and two black basalt columns ‘bearing fine decorative carvings with two crosslegged figures in bas-relief on a bloomed lotus with a peacock whose feathers are raised upwards’, terracotta religious figures, serpent, elephant, horse-rider, saints, etc., have been found.In January 2003 Canadian geophysicist Claude Robillard performed a search witha a ground breking radar. The report stated"There is some structure under the mosque. The structures were ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 meters in depth that could be associated with ancient and contemporaneous structures such as pillars, foundation walls, slab flooring, extending over a large portion of the site".Claude Robillard also stated the following"There are some anomalies found underneath the site relating to some archaeological features. You might associate them (the anomalies) with pillars, or floors, or concrete floors, wall foundation or something. These anomalies could be associated with archaeological features but until we dig, I can't say for sure what the construction is under the mosque."The following contains an excerpt based on the reports submitted by an autonomous body, the ASI.Sources:Did Tulsidas say anything about the establishment Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in his Ramcharitramanas?Tulsi Dasji described demolition of original Ram Mandir in 1528Archaeology of Ayodhya - WikipediaWas there a Ram Mandir? | CEOWORLD magazineProving the historicity of RamAyodhya dispute - WikipediaWorks and reports by foreign authors on the construction of Babri MasjidRam Janmabhoomi - WikipediaGoogle Groups