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A book publisher is a group or person who is responsible for bringing the book to the public for reading purposes. The book publisher is involved in the major steps of developing, marketing, producing, printing, and distributing the book. The book publisher negotiates with authors over intellectual property rights, rights to distribute, and rights to change the book. The publisher also offers the author a bonus, royalties, or a percentage of sales.Book publishers must go through an initial process of negotiation with the author. Intellectual rights must be negotiated. The intellectual rights laws for every country is different, so the author must demonstrate which countries he/she would like to market the book in, and what his/her desires are for the rights of the book in each country. If there is a digital printing of the book, the author would also discuss which rights would be allowed with the internet. There have been many issues of download copyright protected material from the internet, however this is a complicated issue, as many countries have not yet passed laws against this act, or do not enforce already present legislation on downloading copyrighted material from the internet.Here is the list of publishers and literary agents:1.Gamahouse-It is one of the top publishing houses in USA which also offers its services of professional book editing like proof reading , line editing , development editing etc. in India including services of book marketing and ghostwriting.2.Mahaveer Publishers-This is a really small, but growing publishing house which has only about 100 different titles to its credit. They distribute books across India, Nepal, and Bhutan.There are only a couple of people working in the company, and at this point, they don’t accept any new hires or interns. They deal mostly with novels and adult non-fiction books, as well as some titles related to examination (exam preparation and skills development).3.Notion Press-Notion Press is based in Chennai. Since it started in 2012, it grew incredibly fast and in 2016 it received 1 million dollars to further fuel the expansion.It’s basically a free publishing platform where you can upload your manuscript and then share it with thousands of readers from all around the world. The company also focuses on book printing and distribution services.Now it’s the largest online publishing platform in India, as it published over 4,000 books by authors from 65 different countries. What’s really amazing is that it fosters a community of over 100,000 authors and readers who already joined the platform.4.Pearson-The origin of Pearson goes back to 1724 when Thomas Longman founded Longman. It was founded in 1844 by Samuel Pearson as S. Pearson and Son, a small building firm in the North of England. By the 1880s, Pearson was known as one of the world's largest building contractors at a time when the industry-handled development of the transportation, trade and communication links that incited world economies. In the intervening years, they have been doing many different things. Today, they are focused solely on education - a very different company than the one of their founder had envisioned. But his thought of harnessing new technologies, his bravery of vision, and decency to the people and cultures he worked with, are values that still predicate everything they do all these years later. Pearson’s award-winning course materials provide an interactive and engaging learning experience focused on academic achievement. Their bestseller includes books for competitive exams such as UGC, CTET, GPAT, etc. and other textbooks like Organic Chemistry, Quantum Mechanics, etc.5.Tata Mc Graw Hill-Their vision is to unlock the full potential of each learner and to accelerate learning through engaging, intuitive, efficient and effective experiences grounded in research. At McGraw-Hill Education, they believe that their contribution to unhook a brighter future lies within the application of their deep understanding of how learning happens and how the mind develops. It prevails where the science of learning meets the art of teaching.By partnering with educators around the world, their learning engineers, content developers and pedagogical professionals are developing increasingly open learning ecosystems that are proving to improve pass rates, elevate grades and increase involvement for each individual learner while improving outcomes for all. Take a look at some of their featured books- Power Plant Engineering, Java: The Complete Reference, Financial Management, Theory of Machines, etc. They also publish books of most of the subjects for CBSE boards. It is one of the trusted authority in raising student achievement with comprehensive test-preparation, language instruction, study guides and dictionaries.6.Arihant Publications-Arihant Publications was established in the year 1997. It was founded under the leadership of its Founder and Chairperson Mr. Yogesh C. Jain with publishing a set of books for IIT JEE (the most reputed engineering entrance exam of India). The books were conceptualized in a way that no one had thought about. This set of books published by them was the first of its type in which separate textbooks were available for various different topics of Physics, Chemistry and Maths, like Differential Calculus, Electricity and Magnetism, Algebra, Mechanics, Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry etc. These books were instantly accepted and became a hit amongst the students and the teachers, from then they have witnessed remarkable growth all through their unparalleled endeavours. Now they have the widest range of study resources for JEE and other engineering entrances, consisting of textbooks, new pattern JEE books, solved papers, DPP (Daily Practice Problems) and mock tests, etc.After establishing IIT-JEE books, they kept on moving ahead and started to publish for medical entrances and some most prestigious competitive exams like NDA/CDS, GATE, IAS/PCS, CAT/MAT, NET, Bank, SSC, Railways etc., thus making the whole world of competitive and entrance exam ARIHANTified.7.PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.-PHI Learning is helping teachers to teach and students to learn. Established in 1963, PHI Learning is one of the leading academic publishers of the country. Under the banner of Eastern Economy Editions, PHI Learning has been the pioneer of low-cost high-quality affordable texts. Its titles encompass a wide range of subjects including humanities, management, engineering, sciences, computer science & information technology, social sciences and books for working professionals. With more than 3000 titles on its list today, PHI has often played a vital role in redesigning and reorienting university syllabi based on its valuable books. PHI Learning endeavour is always to meet the academic demands of students, teachers and professionals, and also strive to develop Indian publishing by promoting authors nationally and globally. Its pool of authors includes eminent academicians from country's premier educational institutions such as IITs, IIMs, and other renowned centers of excellence. The strength of PHI Learning is largely influenced from the strength of its authors. Committed to building up new vistas and new horizons of knowledge, PHI has partnered with Microsoft Learning (a division of Microsoft Corporation) and NIIT to meet the needs of aspirants and IT professionals for a range of imprints on new technologies in the field information technologies. It also brings to the Indian subcontinent most of the valuable books of University Presses of MIT, SUNY, Harvard and The Brookings Institution and books of learned bodies and professional institutions like American Management Association, and an entertainer of other international publishers.8.Genius Publication-Genius Publications was established in 2002 and now today they are one of the leading Publishers in the market. Genius Publications is a privately-owned publishing company dedicated to the global propagation of information. They acquire, develop, market, and distribute knowledge by disseminating scholarly and professional materials throughout India. All of the books published by them maintain the highest standards of quality. They recognize that high quality requires dedication and commitment. They work closely with authors and editors to produce the most outstanding work in the fields in which it publishes.The marketing department actively takes part in developing and implementing innovative sales approach that meets the rapidly changing demands of its user. Genius Publications provides every author with the attention of an editor of the higher calibre. They promise to work with you to make your first book or your tenth book a success! They believe their value is based in the way they effectively serve you. The books they publish is easy to learn, language used is simple, examination oriented and high on matter content. Some of their books are Engineering Mathematics, Computer Programming, Mechanics of Solid, etc.9.Power Publishers-We at Power Publishers are the proud contributors to the self-publishing scenario that took the publishing industry in India by storm a few years back. Today, it has as many as 1600 published titles under us spear-headed by young authors who have found a platform and a loyal reader-base with the brand.Power Publishers took off as a self-publishing organization in January 2008 with a small team of core members headed by our founder Pinaki Ghosh, who was a published author of several best-selling titles by then.Power Publishers recognizes itself as a brand driven by women since a large number of professionals within our freelancer base as well as our core-team comprises of talented women writers, actors and artists. The organization has also acted as a launchpad for several artistic talents who have made their mark in the regional as well as Bollywood movie industry.10.Invincible Publishers-Invincible Publishers is one of the Largest content provider publishing firm in India in the self-help category. Award-winning publishing firm by Leaps foundation in 2018, Entrepreneur India in 2019 & Outstanding Content Creator by G-Town Society in 2020. Invincible is a soulful home for authors, readers, learners, trainers and artists alike.Invincible comes forward as the comprehensive content aggregator stop point for all word-ly sources ranging from books to in-house magazine to distribution, to films.Invincible has the best fleet of Authors with 500+ first time Authors, 80+ Influencers, 20+ Celebrity Authors and 100+ Top Educationalists.Invincible is directly empanelled with TOI, NBT, HT, Policytimes and other Media Agencies. Invincible understands how to penetrate the market with Advertorials and Editorials.

No they are all the samethe most important thing is that they contain fluorideJoakimFluorideThis article is about the fluoride ion. For a review of fluorine compounds, see Compounds of fluorine. For the fluoride additive used in toothpaste, see Fluoride therapy.Not to be confused with Floride or Fluorite.FluorideF- crop.svgFluoride ion.svgNamesIUPAC nameFluoride[1]IdentifiersCAS Number16984-48-8 ☑3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChEBICHEBI:17051ChEMBLChEMBL1362 ☑ChemSpider26214 ☑Gmelin Reference14905KEGGC00742 ☑MeSH FluoridePubChem CID28179CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID9049617 Edit this at WikidataInChI[show]SMILES[show]PropertiesChemical formulaF−Molar mass 18.998403163 g·mol−1Conjugate acid Hydrogen fluorideThermochemistryStd molarentropy (So298)145.58 J/mol K (gaseous)[2]Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH⦵298)−333 kJ mol−1Related compoundsOther anionsChlorideBromideIodideExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Infobox referencesFluoride (/ˈflʊəraɪd, ˈflɔːr-/)[3] is an inorganic, monatomic anion with the chemical formula F−(also written [F]−), whose salts are typically white or colorless. Fluoride salts typically have distinctive bitter tastes, and are odorless. Its salts and minerals are important chemical reagents and industrial chemicals, mainly used in the production of hydrogen fluoride for fluorocarbons. Fluoride is classified as a weak base since it only partially associates in solution, but concentrated fluoride is corrosive and can attack the skin.Fluoride is the simplest fluorine anion. In terms of charge and size, the fluoride ion resembles the hydroxide ion. Fluoride ions occur on earth in several minerals, particularly fluorite, but are present only in trace quantities in bodies of water in nature.Contents1 Nomenclature2 Occurrence3 Chemical properties3.1 Basicity3.2 Structure of fluoride salts3.3 Inorganic chemistry3.4 Naked fluoride3.5 Biochemistry4 Applications4.1 Cavity prevention4.2 Biochemical reagent4.3 Fluoride-ion Battery5 Dietary recommendations6 Estimated daily intake7 Safety7.1 Ingestion7.1.1 Hazard maps for fluoride in groundwater7.2 Topical8 Other derivatives9 See also10 References11 External linksNomenclatureFluorides include compounds that contain both ionic fluoride and those where fluoride does not dissociate. The nomenclature does not distinguish these situations. For example, sulfur hexafluoride and carbon tetrafluoride are not sources of fluoride ions under ordinary conditions.The systematic name fluoride, the valid IUPAC name, is determined according to the additive nomenclature. However, the name fluoride is also used in compositional IUPAC nomenclature which does not take the nature of bonding involved into account. Fluoride is also used non-systematically, to describe compounds which release fluoride upon dissolving. Hydrogen fluoride is itself an example of a non-systematic name of this nature. However, it is also a trivial name, and the preferred IUPAC name for fluorane.[citation needed]OccurrenceFluorite crystalsFluorine is estimated to be the 13th-most abundant element in the earth's crust and is widely dispersed in nature, almost entirely in the form of fluorides. Many minerals are known, but of paramount commercial importance is fluorite (CaF2), which is roughly 49% fluoride by mass.[4] The soft, colorful mineral is found worldwide.In waterFluoride is naturally present at low concentration in most fresh and saltwater sources. In addition, it can be found in rain water that washes fluoride-containing particulates from the atmosphere.[5] Seawater fluoride levels are usually in the range of 0.86 to 1.4 mg/L, and average 1.1 mg/L[6] (milligrams per litre). For comparison, chloride concentration in seawater is about 19 g/L. The low concentration of fluoride reflects the insolubility of the alkaline earth fluorides, e.g., CaF2.Concentrations in fresh water vary more significantly. Surface water such as rivers or lakes generally contains between 0.01–0.3 ppm.[7] Groundwater (well water) concentrations vary even more, depending on the presence of local fluoride-containing minerals. For example, natural levels of under 0.05 mg/L have been detected in parts of Canada but up to 8 mg/L in parts of China; in general levels rarely exceed 10 mg/litre[8]In some locations, such as Tanzania, the drinking water contains dangerously high levels of fluoride, leading to serious health problems.Worldwide, 50 million people receive water from water supplies that naturally have close to the "optimal level".[9]In other locations the level of fluoride is very low, sometimes leading to fluoridation of public water supplies to bring the level to around 0.7–1.2 ppm.Fluoride can be present in rain, with its concentration increasing significantly upon exposure to volcanic activity or atmospheric pollution derived from burning fossil fuels or other sorts of industry.[10][11]In plantsAll vegetation contains some fluoride, which is absorbed from soil and water.[8] Some plants concentrate fluoride from their environment more than others. All tea leaves contain fluoride; however, mature leaves contain as much as 10 to 20 times the fluoride levels of young leaves from the same plant.[12][13][14]Chemical propertiesBasicityFluoride can act as a base. It can combine with a proton ( H+):F− +  H+ → HF(1)This neutralization reaction forms hydrogen fluoride (HF), the conjugate acid of fluoride.In aqueous solution, fluoride has a pKb value of 10.8. It is therefore a weak base, and tends to remain as the fluoride ion rather than generating a substantial amount of hydrogen fluoride. That is, the following equilibrium favours the left-hand side in water:F− + H2O {\displaystyle {\ce {<<=>}}} {\displaystyle {\ce {<<=>}}} HF + HO−(2)However, upon prolonged contact with moisture, soluble fluoride salts will decompose to their respective hydroxides or oxides, as the hydrogen fluoride escapes. Fluoride is distinct in this regard among the halides. The identity of the solvent can have a dramatic effect on the equilibrium shifting it to the right-hand side, greatly increasing the rate of decomposition.Structure of fluoride saltsSalts containing fluoride are numerous and adopt myriad structures. Typically the fluoride anion is surrounded by four or six cations, as is typical for other halides. Sodium fluoride and sodium chloride adopt the same structure. For compounds containing more than one fluoride per cation, the structures often deviate from those of the chlorides, as illustrated by the main fluoride mineral fluorite (CaF2) where the Ca2+ ions are surrounded by eight F− centers. In CaCl2, each Ca2+ ion is surrounded by six Cl− centers. The difluorides of the transition metals often adopt the rutile structure whereas the dichlorides have cadmium chloride structures.Inorganic chemistryUpon treatment with a standard acid, fluoride salts convert to hydrogen fluoride and metal salts. With strong acids, it can be doubly protonated to give H2F+. Oxidation of fluoride gives fluorine. Solutions of inorganic fluorides in water contain F− and bifluoride HF−2.[15] Few inorganic fluorides are soluble in water without undergoing significant hydrolysis. In terms of its reactivity, fluoride differs significantly from chloride and other halides, and is more strongly solvated in protic solvents due to its smaller radius/charge ratio. Its closest chemical relative is hydroxide, since both have similar geometries.Naked fluorideWhen relatively unsolvated, for example in nonprotic solvents, fluoride anions are called "naked". Naked fluoride is a very strong Lewis base,[16] it is easily reacted with Lewis acids, forming strong adducts. Naked fluoride salts have been prepared as tetramethylammonium fluoride, tetramethylphosphonium fluoride, and tetrabutylammonium fluoride.[17] Many so-called naked fluoride sources are in fact bifluoride salts. In late 2016 a new type of imidazolium fluoride was synthesized that is thermodynamically stable example of a "naked" fluoride source in acetonitrile[18] and its reactivity shows significant potential.[19][20]BiochemistryAt physiological pHs, hydrogen fluoride is usually fully ionised to fluoride. In biochemistry, fluoride and hydrogen fluoride are equivalent. Fluorine, in the form of fluoride, is considered to be a micronutrient for human health, necessary to prevent dental cavities, and to promote healthy bone growth.[21] The tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) is a known accumulator of fluorine compounds, released upon forming infusions such as the common beverage. The fluorine compounds decompose into products including fluoride ions. Fluoride is the most bioavailable form of fluorine, and as such, tea is potentially a vehicle for fluoride dosing.[22] Approximately, 50% of absorbed fluoride is excreted renally with a twenty-four-hour period. The remainder can be retained in the oral cavity, and lower digestive tract. Fasting dramatically increases the rate of fluoride absorption to near 100%, from a 60% to 80% when taken with food.[22] Per a 2013 study, it was found that consumption of one litre of tea a day, can potentially supply the daily recommended intake of 4 mg per day. Some lower quality brands can supply up to a 120% of this amount. Fasting can increase this to 150%. The study indicates that tea drinking communities are at an increased risk of dental and skeletal fluorosis, in the case where water fluoridation is in effect.[22] Fluoride ion in low doses in the mouth reduces tooth decay.[23] For this reason, it is used in toothpaste and water fluoridation. At much higher doses and frequent exposure, fluoride causes health complications and can be toxic.ApplicationsSee also: Fluorochemical industry, Biological aspects of fluorine, and FluorineFluoride salts and hydrofluoric acid are the main fluorides of industrial value. Compounds with C-F bonds fall into the realm of organofluorine chemistry. The main uses of fluoride, in terms of volume, are in the production of cryolite, Na3AlF6. It is used in aluminium smelting. Formerly, it was mined, but now it is derived from hydrogen fluoride. Fluorite is used on a large scale to separate slag in steel-making. Mined fluorite (CaF2) is a commodity chemical used in steel-making.Hydrofluoric acid and its anhydrous form, hydrogen fluoride, is also used in the production of fluorocarbons. Hydrofluoric acid has a variety of specialized applications, including its ability to dissolve glass.[4]Cavity preventionMain articles: Fluoride therapy and Water fluoridationFluoride is sold in tablets for cavity prevention.Fluoride-containing compounds, such as sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate are used in topical and systemic fluoride therapy for preventing tooth decay. They are used for water fluoridation and in many products associated with oral hygiene.[24] Originally, sodium fluoride was used to fluoridate water; hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) and its salt sodium hexafluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) are more commonly used additives, especially in the United States. The fluoridation of water is known to prevent tooth decay[25][26] and is considered by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as "one of 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century".[27][28] In some countries where large, centralized water systems are uncommon, fluoride is delivered to the populace by fluoridating table salt. For the method of action for cavity prevention, see Fluoride therapy. Fluoridation of water has its critics (see Water fluoridation controversy).[29] Fluoridated toothpaste is in common use, but is only effective at concentrations above 1,000 ppm, as is common in North America and Europe.[30]Biochemical reagentFluoride salts are commonly used in biological assay processing to inhibit the activity of phosphatases, such as serine/threonine phosphatases.[31] Fluoride mimics the nucleophilic hydroxide ion in these enzymes' active sites.[32] Beryllium fluoride and aluminium fluoride are also used as phosphatase inhibitors, since these compounds are structural mimics of the phosphate group and can act as analogues of the transition state of the reaction.[33][34]Fluoride-ion BatteryA large team of researchers, including Simon C. Jones of California Institute of Technology and Christopher J. Brooks of the Honda Research Institute, have come up with a liquid electrolyte that shuttles fluoride ions to and fro and demonstrated its use in a room-temperature, rechargeable FIB (Science 2018, DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7070).[35][36]Dietary recommendationsThe U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for some minerals in 1997. Where there was not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated Adequate Intake (AI) was used instead. AIs are typically matched to actual average consumption, with the assumption that there appears to be a need, and that need is met by what people consume. The current AI for women 19 years and older is 3.0 mg/day (includes pregnancy and lactation). The AI for men is 4.0 mg/day. The AI for children ages 1–18 increases from 0.7 to 3.0 mg/day. The major known risk of fluoride deficiency appears to be an increased risk of bacteria-caused tooth cavities. As for safety, the IOM sets tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of fluoride the UL is 10 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).[37]The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL defined the same as in United States. For women ages 18 and older the AI is set at 2.9 mg/day (includes pregnancy and lactation). For men the value is 3.4 mg/day. For children ages 1–17 years the AIs increase with age from 0.6 to 3.2 mg/day. These AIs are comparable to the U.S. AIs.[38] The EFSA reviewed safety evidence and set an adult UL at 7.0 mg/day (lower for children).[39]For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount of a vitamin or mineral in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). Although there is information to set Adequate Intake, fluoride does not have a Daily Value and is not required to be shown on food labels.[40]Estimated daily intakeDaily intakes of fluoride can vary significantly according to the various sources of exposure. Values ranging from 0.46 to 3.6–5.4 mg/day have been reported in several studies (IPCS, 1984).[21] In areas where water is fluoridated this can be expected to be a significant source of fluoride, however fluoride is also naturally present in virtually all foods and beverages at a wide range of concentrations.[41] The maximum safe daily consumption of fluoride is 10 mg/day for an adult (U.S.) or 7 mg/day (European Union).[37][39]The upper limit of fluoride intake from all sources (fluoridated water, food, beverages, fluoride dental products and dietary fluoride supplements) is set at 0.10 mg/kg/day for infants, toddlers, and children through to 8 years old. For older children and adults, who are no longer at risk for dental fluorosis, the upper limit of fluoride is set at 10 mg/day regardless of weight.[42]Examples of fluoride contentFood/Drink Fluoride(mg per 1000g/ppm) Portion Fluoride(mg per portion)Black tea (brewed) 3.73 1 cup, 240 g (8 fl oz) 0.884Raisins, seedless 2.34 small box, 43 g (1.5 oz) 0.101Table wine 1.53 Bottle, 750 ml (26.4 fl oz) 1.150Municipal tap-water,(Fluoridated) 0.81 Recommended daily intake,3 litres (0.79 US gal) 2.433Baked potatoes, Russet 0.45 Medium potato, 140 g (0.3 lb) 0.078Lamb 0.32 Chop, 170 g (6 oz) 0.054Carrots 0.03 1 large carrot, 72 g (2.5 oz) 0.002Source: Data taken from United States Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database[43]SafetyMain article: Fluoride toxicityIngestionAccording to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Dietary Reference Intakes, which is the "highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects" specify 10 mg/day for most people, corresponding to 10 L of fluoridated water with no risk. For infants and young children the values are smaller, ranging from 0.7 mg/d for infants to 2.2 mg/d.[44] Water and food sources of fluoride include community water fluoridation, seafood, tea, and gelatin.[45]Soluble fluoride salts, of which sodium fluoride is the most common, are toxic, and have resulted in both accidental and self-inflicted deaths from acute poisoning.[4] The lethal dose for most adult humans is estimated at 5 to 10 g (which is equivalent to 32 to 64 mg/kg elemental fluoride/kg body weight).[46][47][48] A case of a fatal poisoning of an adult with 4 grams of sodium fluoride is documented,[49] and a dose of 120 g sodium fluoride has been survived.[50] For sodium fluorosilicate (Na2SiF6), the median lethal dose (LD50) orally in rats is 0.125 g/kg, corresponding to 12.5 g for a 100 kg adult.[51]Treatment may involve oral administration of dilute calcium hydroxide or calcium chloride to prevent further absorption, and injection of calcium gluconate to increase the calcium levels in the blood.[49] Hydrogen fluoride is more dangerous than salts such as NaF because it is corrosive and volatile, and can result in fatal exposure through inhalation or upon contact with the skin; calcium gluconate gel is the usual antidote.[52]In the higher doses used to treat osteoporosis, sodium fluoride can cause pain in the legs and incomplete stress fractures when the doses are too high; it also irritates the stomach, sometimes so severely as to cause ulcers. Slow-release and enteric-coated versions of sodium fluoride do not have gastric side effects in any significant way, and have milder and less frequent complications in the bones.[53] In the lower doses used for water fluoridation, the only clear adverse effect is dental fluorosis, which can alter the appearance of children's teeth during tooth development; this is mostly mild and is unlikely to represent any real effect on aesthetic appearance or on public health.[54] Fluoride was known to enhance the measurement of bone mineral density at the lumbar spine, but it was not effective for vertebral fractures and provoked more non vertebral fractures.[55]A popular urban myth claims that the Nazis used fluoride in concentration camps, but there is no historical evidence to prove this claim.[56]In areas that have naturally occurring high levels of fluoride in groundwater which is used for drinking water, both dental and skeletal fluorosis can be prevalent and severe.[57]Hazard maps for fluoride in groundwaterAround one-third of the human population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10%, approximately three hundred million people, obtains water from groundwater resources that are heavily contaminated with arsenic or fluoride.[58] These trace elements derive mainly from minerals.[59] Maps are available of locations of potential problematic wells.[60]TopicalConcentrated fluoride solutions are corrosive.[61] Gloves made of nitrile rubber are worn when handling fluoride compounds. The hazards of solutions of fluoride salts depend on the concentration. In the presence of strong acids, fluoride salts release hydrogen fluoride, which is corrosive, especially toward glass.[4]Other derivativesOrganic and inorganic anions are produced from fluoride, including:Bifluoride, used as an etchant for glass[62]TetrafluoroberyllateHexafluoroplatinateTetrafluoroborate used in organometallic synthesisHexafluorophosphate used as an electrolyte in commercial secondary batteries.TrifluoromethanesulfonateSee alsoicon Dentistry portalFluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyFluoride deficiencyFluoride selective electrodeFluoride therapySodium monofluorophosphateReferences"Fluorides – PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Identification.Chase, M. W. (1998). "Fluorine anion". NIST: 1–1951. Retrieved July 4, 2012.Wells, J.C. (2008). Longman pronunciation dictionary (3rd ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited/Longman. p. 313. ISBN 9781405881180.. According to this source, /ˈfluːəraɪd/ is a possible pronunciation in British English.Aigueperse, Jean; Mollard, Paul; Devilliers, Didier; Chemla, Marius; Faron, Robert; Romano, René; Cuer, Jean Pierre (2000). "Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_307. ISBN 978-3527306732."Public Health Statement for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine". ATSDR. September 2003."Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Fluoride". Government of British Columbia. Retrieved 8 October 2014.Liteplo, Dr R.; Gomes, R.; Howe, P.; Malcolm, Heath (2002). FLUORIDES - Environmental Health Criteria 227 : 1st draft. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 978-9241572279.Fawell, J.K.; et al. "Fluoride in Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 6 May 2016.Tiemann, Mary (April 5, 2013). "Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review of Fluoridation and Regulation Issues" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 3. Retrieved 6 May 2016.Smith, Frank A.; Hodge, Harold C.; Dinman, B. D. (9 January 2009). "Airborne fluorides and man: Part I". C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control. 8 (1–4): 293–371. doi:10.1080/10643387709381665.Smith, Frank A.; Hodge, Harold C.; Dinman, B. D. (9 January 2009). "Airborne fluorides and man: Part II". C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control. 9 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1080/10643387909381666.Wong MH, Fung KF, Carr HP (2003). "Aluminium and fluoride contents of tea, with emphasis on brick tea and their health implications". Toxicology Letters. 137 (1–2): 111–20. doi:10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00385-5. PMID 12505437.Malinowska E, Inkielewicz I, Czarnowski W, Szefer P (2008). "Assessment of fluoride concentration and daily intake by human from tea and herbal infusions". Food Chem. Toxicol. 46 (3): 1055–61. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.039. 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