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FCRA stands for Foreign Contribution Regulation Act. It was originally introduced in 1976 and was subsequently revised in 2010. Concomitant with FCRA is FCRR.Passed in 2011, FCRR provides the rules by which FCRA is enforced.Recently, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has proposed certain amendments to the FCRR (2011).The current proposal is to amend a few Rules in FCRR only. The FCRA Act is intact.Few facts:The revised annual budget of ISRO is around Rs 6,000 Crore. The total foreign funds received by all FCRA-NGOs per annum is close to Rs 12,000 Crore.Approximately 22,000 FCRA-NGOs file annual returns (called FC-6) regularly. The amount mentioned above is received by these NGOs.The recent massive cancellation of registrationsof about 10,000 FCRA-NGOs is independent of the 22,000 FCRA-NGOs mentioned above. These 10,000 FCRA-NGOs did not file annual returns for ALL these years: 2009, 2010, and 2011. Their licenses were cancelled after due process of law was followed.Salient features of the proposed amendments1. Electronic procedures (Clause 9):The hardcopy of the Registration is being changed to an electronic one with digitally signed application. A circular for Digital Signed Certificate was already issued on 3 June, 2015. The need for a bank Demand Draft has also been done away with and has been changed to an Electronic Payment Gateway.2. Reduction in number of Forms: Registration, renewal and Prior Permission forms have been combined to one single form, called FC-3. Consequently, the form for the annual return will no longer be called FC-6. Instead it will be known as FC-4.3. Transparency Measures:i. Earlier, only the summary data on receipts and utilisation of foreign contribution by the NGO were asked to be put in public domain. The same was being done by GoI as well. The proposed changes require the NGO to:Display the audited statement of accounts including Income and Expenditure statement, Receipt and Payment account as well as balance sheet of the previous financial year before January 31st of each year, on its website.Display details of money received within seven days of its receipt on its website or on a site prescribed by GoI.ii. Form FC-4 (the new annual return) will now include the Twitter, Facebook handles as well as the mobile number of the FCRA-NGO. Section 5 of FC-4 will include names and other details of the chief functionaries of the FCRA-NGO.4. Financial Tracking Efficiency: Banks which receive the foreign funds for an NGO have to report the same to GoI within 48 hours of such receipt.5. Foreign Nationals: FC-3 form has a new table which asks the NGO to provide information on any foreign national (including PIO/OCI card holders) in its Governing body/Executive Committee.6. National Interest: The proposed FC-3 form contains an Undertaking to be provided by the NGO that their work is not detrimental to national interest, not likely to affect prejudicially public interest and the economic, scientific, security and strategic interests of the country. This is a new addition.7. List of Purposes: The annual return has an important section in which the amounts received and the purpose for which it is received needs to be mentioned by the FCRA-NGO. Earlier, 56 options were allowed. The proposed FC-4 form contains this list under 3 categories: A) Service Delivery, B) Civil Rights Advocacy and C) Research. Items removed are: Provision of aids such as tricycles, calipers to the handicapped, providing free legal aid/Running legal aid centre, Environmental Programs and Activities other than those mentioned above. While Environmental Programs is out, Climate Change and Issues regarding Natural Resources are new items which have been added. Another important inclusion is Payment of Honorarium to non-employees/staff as part of specific projects. Most of the sub-items within Civil Rights Advocacy and Research were already present within the Purposes list in the earlier version:that is, in FCRR(2011).Reason for amendment:1. The electronic procedures were long overdue, and quicker communication from banksis a welcome step. They show the intention of this Government to be quick on their feet.2. Assuming that the FC-4 returns will be made publicly available on the MHA website (as is the procedure now with the FC-6 returns), the public will finally get to know the actual owners of FCRA-NGOs. India, until now has had a strange situation in that, the ownership details of privately held, for-profit companies are available for public knowledge while that of not-for-profit FCRA-NGOs are not. The proposed transparency measures, to a good extent, intend to redress this:ii. FC-3 form of FCRA-NGOs must be made publicly available on the MHA website.3. Within the list of purposes, the one mentioned as “Activities other than those mentioned above” had the largest usage in the past. A huge number of FCRA-NGOs used to mention this item as the purpose for every remittance received from abroad. In FY 2012-2013, analyses indicate that the total foreign funds received by FCRA-NGOs towards “Activities other than those mentioned above” was a whopping Rs 2024 Crore. How can 20 per cent of all foreign funds received by FCRA-NGOs be mentioned to be outside the scope of listed Purposes?This was a ridiculous and suspicious situation and hence its removal is welcome. FCRA-NGOs who were probably hiding some of their nefarious activities under this loophole will need to choose any of the other defined items listed under the revised Purposes List.c. A-40, “Digging of bore wells”A large number of bore wells have been dug in villages by several FCRA-NGOs. analyses of public domain FCRA returns data indicate that Rs 15.40 Crore of foreign money has come in FY 2012-2013 specifically for the digging of bore wells.Most of these FCRA-NGOs belong to a certain religious persuasion. Such bore (water) wells are in fact advertised as “Jesus water wells” by the foreign donors of these FCRA-NGOs on the websites of the former.Individual donors in foreign countries are being asked to specifically donate for this cause.Should the ineptitude of State Governments and/or local administrative bodies be allowed to be exploited by agenda-driven, foreign funded NGOs, bent on causing a demographic change? Should FCRR facilitate such projects?d. A-19 to A-23, “Construction/repair/maintenance of places of worship” up to “Maintenance for priests/preachers/other religious functionaries”Church Planting within the 10/40 window is major project which is one of the cornerstones of the Lausanne Movement. Church Planting Movement (CPM) as well as the training of batches of National Pastors have been recognized to be two key methods of achieving a critical demographic change in India by foreign leaders and followers of Evangelical Christianity.Until now, the predominant route to reach that goal has been to finance FCRA-NGOs. The mushrooming of FCRA-NGOs all over India is a testament to this fact. Given these stated goals of foreign donors (as mentioned in their Annual Tax forms filed in their countries) and the one-to-one relationship between them and their Indian FCRA-NGO franchise, is it prudent on the part of Government of India to ignore such a reality? Are these purposes in FCRR desirable? Are they not detrimental to national interest? Would they not prejudicially affect public interest? National and public interests are explicitly mentioned in FCRA (Clause 9, Page 8 of FCRA) as the basic criteria to be satisfied by a NGO for FCRA registration.

Her net worth used to be a billion dollars.But considering the question premise, a total of 450 million books were sold as of 2013. Since there is no breakdown of how many books were sold for what price we can make a general assumption that each book (paperback + hardcover) sold, on an average of $15.However, authors receive a small percentage of the books’ earnings. Graeme Shimmin's answer to How much money does J.K. Rowling get paid per Harry Potter book, how are royalties awarded to her from the Harry Potter DVD's and Blurays, and how does she know how to account for every penny she deserves? They usually get about 10–15%. Usually, really successful authors, like Rowling, would end up getting 10% for paperbacks, and 15% for hardcovers (The Business of Publishing). So we can assume a modest average of 12% for Rowling. That equates to about earning ~$800 million dollars from her books till 2013.But her success didn’t stop there. The books led to one of the most successful movie franchises which raked in more than $ 7 billion worldwide (Harry Potter (film series)). Rowling sold the rights of the first four movies for about 2 million dollars. Considering the overall success of the movies and the books till then, it is not unreasonable to assume that the rights for the last few books would have been sold for a lot more per movie. There were rumors that she asked for a percentage of profits for the remaining movies, however that’s never been officially confirmed.But her royalties don’t necessarily stop there. They have branched out tremendously -The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (including merchandise and related)- There is no official information on how much she got from this deal, but considering the brand name, it wouldn’t have been a small amount.E-books and Audiobooks - The royalties for e-books and audiobooks can be much higher than hardcopies.Pottermore - The website gained a lot of traction, and was responsible for a lot of e-book sales too. As per Forbes, she earns quite a bit from the website, which Rowling gains a chunk of her $13 million earnings through Pottermore as well (J.K. Rowling). And the site is still growing.Her other books - Casual Vacancy and Cormoron Strike.Her combined net worth would easily have been about a billion dollars. However like I said, that didn’t last long. She has donated significantly to charities and started her own too, like Lumos (charity) and that has dropped her from the list.Although it should be noted that when Forbes added her to the list of billionaires, she disputed it saying she wasn’t close to that status. Years later when Forbes removed her, they stated that her charity donations, and UK taxes led to that.She will however still keep earning more through the franchise. She may or may not reach the billionaire status again, but there’s a lot more going on in the Wizarding World -Pottermore content keeps on adding up, ensuring fans are well-fed with trivia for years to come.Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them - A completely new trilogy not associated with the Potterverse.Harry Potter and the Cursed Child - Although this might not impact her earnings much at all, this still shows how she can grow that world even now.

MS in USA in a NutshellIf you are aiming to pursue graduate studies in USA, you need to plan well in advance. There are many steps and typically you should start your preparations 12 – 13 months ahead. Following are few pointers to help you in the process.A) FOR ADMISSIONShort listing of collegesGRE TestTOEFL TestTranscriptsStatement Of PurposeLetter Of RecommendationResumeApplicationSupplemental materials1) Short listing of collegesFirst step is to research the colleges and shortlist them based on your interest. Consider each college as a project. Go through departments, professors, their research work, centers, labs etc to know the type of work carried out.Most colleges take Fall intake (Aug – Sept) and Spring intake. Fall is the most common admission. Deadline for fall application is usually December /January.Apply to 7 colleges -3 top, 2 medium and 2 safe colleges. Don’t forget to check the eligibility criteria of each college (minimum undergrad GPA, TOEFL etc) that you are applying.2) GREPreparation time: 3-4 months.Get this done at the earliest; GRE scores are valid for 5 years. Try taking maximum practice tests in test conditions to get used to the long hours of the test.3) TOEFLThis is an easy test, requiring 2-3 weeks practice or less. Check my tips for TOEFL preparation in the link below.What are the best sites for TOEFL preparation?Aim to score more than 100; specifically more than 26 for speaking section. This will help in securing TA positions after you are admitted in colleges.4) TranscriptsTime taken to obtain transcripts varies depending on your university from 15 days to 2 months.Most colleges require to upload scanned copies during application and once admitted, give the hardcopy. So get 3-4 copies of sealed transcript from universities.5) Statement Of PurposeI can’t stress enough the importance of SOP in your application package. It carries high weightage and hence requires time and effort. Don’t push it to last minute like I did.You need to spend minimum 2 months revising and rewriting the SOP. Write a draft. After 2 weeks, read again, share with friends. Edit and Revise.6) Letter Of RecommendationUS Universities give high importance to recommendations from faculty who has previously taught/worked with you. Most universities ask for 3 recommendations.Make sure to give your recommender enough time. Choose someone who knows you well and is ready to give you a strong letter. Give them your resume, SOP and other supporting materials to draft a good letter.7) ResumePrepare resume in clean and standard format.8) ApplicationMost college applications start in September and closes by Dec/Jan. .The application fee varies from 75 – 125 $9) Supplemental materialLinkedIn account, Presentations, Research papers, Writing Sample is optional to strengthen your application and to build a strong profile.Also talk to current or graduate students to know about the universities, faculty etc.B) AFTER YOU RECEIVE ADMISSION OFFER***All goes well and you receive admission offer from your dream university :-)***What Next??Accept the offerGet i20 from the UniversityComplete DS160Pay SEVIS FeeSchedule Visa appointmentComplete Immunization forms1) Accept the offerUniversity gives out decisions by early to mid March. If you get more than 1 offer, decide the college and accept the offer before the deadline (April 15).2) Get i20 from the Universityi20 is the form given by Universities that shows their intend to take you.To get i20, you need to show the university your proof of your funding. This can be a bank statement/ loan letter etc.3) Complete DS160After you get i20, complete DS 160 form from US Department of state website. The DS160 confirmation number is necessary to schedule visa interview.4) Pay SEVIS FeeThis needs to be paid at least 2 days before your visa interview.5) Schedule Visa appointmentIt is better to book your appointment at the earliest to get your desired date and place as May, June is peak months for student visa appointments.Make sure to bring all required documents as mentioned in website, stay calm and confident during the interview.All the best and wish you success in your application!