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Racist slogans will never make the truth go away. Some people are too uncomfortable about their negrocidal past. Their ancestors massacred black skinned OoA migrants and these negrocides were confined to the taboos of history.Origins of "Moors"Hi all What is the origin of the word "Moors" used to refer to Muslims esp. from North Africa?http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=747403In Galicia (NW Spain) Mouros are the legendary inhabitants from pre-Roman times, and according to the local folklore, all archaeological remains such as dolmens, castros (hillforts), etc. are deemed to have been built by Mouros.No tempo dos Mouros thus refers to a long, long time ago.…'Mouros' comes from the word 'dark' but is of course a folkloric name, and not what these people would have called themselves. Moor is not even a tribal name just a description. Those tribes in Africa were not even tribally classified as Moors it was foreigners who labeled them as such he whole western Atlantic coast of Europe is awash with monuments made by these megalithic people.The oldest dates for the monuments comes from Portugal, Spain and Brittany (Barnenez tomb in Brittany is currently listed as the wortld's oldest covered building), followed by Ireland and Britain. However, they are found in decreasing amounts as far north as Germany, Holland and Denmark.Stonehenge is the most famous of the megalithic monuments of the Atlantic facade; other very famous sites are Evora in Portugal, Antequera in Spain, Maes Howe/Brodgar/Stenness on Orkney (Scotland), Callanish stones (western Isles, Scotland), Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth passage graves (Ireland), Avebury & west Kennet longbarrow (England), and the Carnac alignments/Gavrinis tomb in Brittany, France.AKA Mary JonesThe Epitome of British History Cott. Titus D xxii (ca. 1429) In the year 1230 before the birth of Christ, Brutus first came with his progeny, who were relics of the Trojans, to the island, then called ALBION, in which, at that time, giants dwelt; and after the said giants were vanquished slain and driven away, he obtained the whole island in peace with his posterity; and a name was given to it from his surname, BRITANNIA. And he caused to be built therein a great city, on the banks of the river Thames, which they called New Troy in recompense for the great city of Troy, that their fathers had lost by dreadful and distressing circumstances; which was afterwards, for many ages, called by corruption, the city of the Trinovantes, until the time of a certain king of the Britons, named Lud, son of Hely, who renewed the walls of the said city, and surrounded it with venerable towers; whence it was afterwards called by his surname, Caer Ludd, then by the corruption of the name, Caerlundein, and in succeeding times, by change of language, LONDON. In the year 156 after the birth of our Lord, Lucius, king of the Britons, seeing and hearing of the miracles which the followers of Christ performed in divers nations, sent letters to Eleutherius, requesting that he might receive Christianity from him; to whom the blessed Pontiff, having ascertained his devotion, sent two religious doctors, Pagan and Dyvan, who preached the incarnation of our Lord, washed him in the holy fountain, and converted him to Christ. And without delay the nations of the Britons hastened to follow the example of the king, and were cleansed at the same fountain. In the year of the birth of our Lord 446, the Pelagian heresy prevailed, having been raised among the Britons by a certain eminent clergyman, named Pelagius, who nearly subverted by his divers, and false opinions, the whole British nation from following the true faith, which it had at first received from Eleutherius, in the time of Lucius, son of Coel, king of the Britons, saying among other things that man can do what is good without the grace of God, contrary to the saying of our Lord, "Without me, ye can do nothing." OF THE FIRST CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING OF THE CHURCH OF LLANDAFF. In the year of the incarnation of our Lord 448, two venerable persons, Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, and Lupus, bishop of Troyes, were sent from the country of Gaul into Britain, to extirpate and confound the said heresy, which was altogether extinguished and destroyed by the disputations and preaching of the aforesaid persons. They gave orders, with the assent and consent of Meyrick son of Tewdric, then king of Glamorgan, to build, and anew construct one metropolitan see in the district, in honour of the Apostles Peter and Paul. After the said Work was completed, the said king honourably endowed it with divers territories privileges and rents, as is fully found in the written book of Saint Teilo, and the said religious persons consecrated therein Dubrhttp://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/epitome.htmlThe Epitome of British HistoryCott. Titus D xxii (ca. 1429)After the said Constantine, Aurelius Conances reigned; after Aurelius, Vortiper; after Vortiper, Maelgwn; after Maelgwn, Ceredig; this Ceredig took delight in civil wars, and was, hated by God and the Britons ; whose inconstancy becoming known to the Saxons, they sent for Gormundus, son of the king of the Africans, then resident in Ireland, who with 140 soldiers sailed to Britain, and overcame, and put to flight Ceredig, at far as the city of Cirencester, and forced him to enter therein, and besieged the place; and there they fought against the city for a long time, but to no purpose, and in consequence of its being surrounded by very strong walls, and protected by men skilled in warlike business, who resisted them, and manfully defended themselves.http://www.medievalacademy.org/resource/resmgr/maa_books_online/parry_0027.htmTHE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICAPUBLICATION No. 27And for this reason he was hateful to God and to the Britons. And when the Saxons knew that, they sent messengers to Ireland to a cruel man who was there who was called Gormund King of Africa (and he had come with a great fleet to conquer Ireland), to ask7 him to come to help them conquer the Isle of Britain, and they would hold it under his lordship,8 and they would give him tribute every year.http://www.technogypsie.com/faerie/?p=222Click here to proceed .http://www.technogypsie.com/faerie/?p=222http://www.shee-eire.com/Magic&Mythology/races/Formorians/Page1.htmThe Fomorians were the descendants of GogmaGog. They left Africa as seafarers who were often depicted as having black skin.Conaing is one of the first of these Fomorians to have settled and they seem to have settled on all the Northern Islands along the coast of Ireland and across to Scotland and Norway.Geoffrey Keating reports a tale that the Fomorians sailed from Africa, while the Annals of Clonmacnoise (17th century) adds that the Fomors were African.These texts, and others, clarify that the Fomorians originated in "Lybia" (Libya) meaning North Africa.The Ancient Kingdom of ConnaughtThe Ancient Kingdom of Connaught [1] John O’Hart 1892 (5th Edition) Roderick O'Connor , the last Milesian Monarch of Ireland, after having reigned twenty years, abdicated the throne, A.D. 1186, and, after a religious seclusion of thirteen years in the monastery of Cong, in the county Mayo, died, A.D. 1198, in the 82nd year of his age; and was buried in Clonmacnoise, in the same sepulchre with his father, Torlogh O'Connor, the 181st Monarch of Ireland. In the chronological poem on the Christian Kings of Ireland, written in the twelfth century, is the following stanza:— "Ocht m-Bliadhna agus deich Ruadri an Ri, Mac Toirdhealbhaidh an t-Ard Ri, Flaith na n-Eirend: gan fhell, Ri deighneach deig Eirenn." Anglicised— "Eighteen years the Monarch Roderick, Son of Torlogh, supreme sovereign, Ireland's undisputed ruler, Was fair Erin's latest king." —CONNELLAN. According to the Four Masters, Roderick O'Connor , reigned as Monarch for twenty years: from A.D. 1166 to A.D. 1186. Notes [1] Connaught : According to Keating and O'Flaherty, Connaught derived its name either from "Con," one of the chief Druids of the Tua-de-Danans, or from Conn Ceadcatha (Conn of the Hundred Battles), Monarch of Ireland, in the second century, and of the line of Heremon (see No. 80, page 358 ), whose posterity possessed the country; the word iacht or iocht , signifying children or posterity, and hence "Coniacht," the ancient name of Connaught, means the territory possessed by the posterity of Conn. The ancient kingdom of Connaught comprised the present counties of Galway, Mayo, Sligo, Roscommon, and Leitrim, together with Clare, now in Munster, and Cavan, now a part of Ulster; and was divided into Tuaisceart Conacht or North Connaught, Deisceart Conacht or South Connaught, and lar Conacht or West Connaught. North Connaught was also called Iachtar Conacht or Lower Connaught; as was South Connaught called Uachtar Conacht or Upper Connaught. North Connaught is connected with some of the earliest events in Irish history. According to our ancient annalists, it was in the time of Partholan or Bartholinus, who planted the first colony in Ireland, that the lakes called Lough Conn and Lough Mask in Mayo, and Lough Gara in Sligo, on the borders of Roscommon, suddenly burst forth; and in South Connaught, according to O'Flaherty, the lakes called Lough Cime (now Lough Hackett), Lough Riadh or Loughrea, and some other lakes in the county Galway, and also the river Suck between Roscommon and Galway, first began to flow in the time of Heremon, Monarch of Ireland, No. 37, page 351 ; and Lough Key in Moylurg, near Boyle in the county Roscommon, first sprang out in the reign of the Monarch Tiernmas, No. 41, page 352 . On the arrival of the colony of the Firvolgians in Ireland, a division of them landed on the north-western coast of Connaught, in one of the bays, now called Blacksod or the Broadhaven. These Firvolgians were named Fir-Domhnan or Damnonians: and the country where they landed was callehttps://www.libraryireland.com/Pedigrees1/ancient-kingdom-connaught.phpFrom Scandinavia (the "Fomoria" of the ancient Irish) the De-Danans came to North Britain where they settled colonies, and thence passed into Ireland. It appears that the Danans were a highly civilized people, skilled in the arts and sciences: hence they were considered as magicians.….Pre-Historic NationsPre-Historic Nations By John D. Baldwinhttps://books.google.cd/books?id=WD9PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT284&lpg=PT284&dq=WESTERN%2BEUROPE%2C%2BANCIENTLY%2BCALLED%2BAFRICA.%2BMajor%2BWilford%27s%2Binvestigations%2Bled%2Bhim%2Bto%2Bremar&source=bl&ots=xOZwhLmQBg&sig=ACfU3U1No8nw3dX-NTjZ1abC91H_ExExcA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiz8rCHuNvpAhXeUhUIHbxDD_oQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQWESTERN EUROPE, ANCIENTLY CALLED AFRICA.Major Wilford's investigations led him to remark, in the 8th volume of the " Asiatic Researches," that " it is well known to the learned that, at a very remote period, Europe and Africa were considered as but one of two grand divisions of the world, and that The appellation Africa was even extended to the western parts of Europe, all along the shores of the Atlantic.……CULTELE RELIGIOASE ÎN DACIA ROMANĂReligious beliefs in Roman Dacia See this text in Sanctuaries within towns The Temple of Liber Pater from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa The construction is located in the north-western corner of a holly area ( area sacra ). It is composed of a rectangular space of approximately 25 x 20 m ( templum ), surrounded by a wall with only one entrance on the southern side. The way in is called into attention by a fronton sustained by two columns. A portico with sandstone columns was located inside the precinct on the other three sides. The altar occupied the center of the courtyard ( area ). The sacred building ( aedes ), where the images of the god were fostered, was located on the northern side, opposite to the entrance. Only the foundation of this construction is preserved. The chapel was placed on a platform, being two steps higher than the surrounding level. It consisted of a pronaos and a naos ( cella ). Two corridors and side rooms ( cubicula ) were located on the flanks. The western cubicle is better preserved. Votive reliefs, dedicated to Silvanus, were found inside this room. Several fragmentary reliefs and statue basis were dedicated to Liber Pater. The name of the god appears in the foundation inscription, on a marble plate. The text refers to the rebuilding of the portico and cubicles destroyed through fire by the enemy. The benefactors are a decurion and a quaestor of the town. In this official temple Liber and Libera – an ancient Italic couple of divinities – were worshiped. Another Italic god of vegetation, Silvanus, was hosted in the western cubicle. The existence of the two cubicles represents derogation from the plan of the temple with an interior portico. The arrangement was explained as a "Dacian triad" composed of Liber Pater, Silvanus, and Diana, as they are represented on Trajan’s triumphal arch from Benevento (Italy). Based on an inscription and a relief, a temple of Liber Pater was presumed at Porolissum , inside the area of the military vicus . Another sanctuary of Liber Pater was recently uncovered at Apulum. In this case it is not a temple, but the reunion building of a private Dionysian association, which practiced Greek and Oriental mysteries. A statuary group centered on Liber Pater /Dionysos was found here. The work was made from Phrygian, Aphylon marble in the workshops of Minor Asia. The temple of the goddess Nemesis from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa The temple is located near the Eastern gate, the main access gate of the amphitheatre. The plan is still uncertain; the construction phases were presumed after the restoration of the building, which makes them fairly hypothetical. Its identification as temple of Nemesis is based on its location and on the inscriptions dedicated to the goddess which were found inside the construction. A small sanctuary of Nemesis existed inside the amphitheatre from Porolissum . Ihttp://www2.rgzm.de/Transformation/Romania/Temples/TemplesEnglish.htmA Moors cavalry unit took part in Trajan’s Dacian war, under the orders of Lusius Quietus; later on they are mentioned in the area of the Danubian provinces.…..Des Maures et des Sarrasins en FranceLes Arabes ont envahi la péninsule ibérique en 711. Profitant de l’effondrement de l’empire wisigoth, ils envahissent alors la Septimanie (Pyrénées-Orientales, Aude, Hérault et Gard), pour en faire…http://vousvoyezletopo.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/01/06/des-maures-et-des-sarrasins-en-france/Courtesy of Google TranslateIt should be recalled that the Moors had settled in France before the Arab invasion: in fact, we know that the Roman Empire legionnaires rewarded its best by providing colonies in conquered territory.Some of these legionnaires were Moors, Mauritani capital of Morocco, and found their name in place names like Mortagne-au-Perche (Comitis Mauritaniae in 1086), Mortagne-du-Nord, Mortagne-sur-Gironde Mortagne-sur-Sevre or Mortain in the Channel. Maurs (Cantal, Sanctus Petrus Mauricis giving Mauros in 941 ad) is an ancient Roman position occupied by the Moorish mercenaries.Finally, of the name "maurus" are names from Latin men (Maurus, Maurinus, Mauritius, etc..) Or German (Maurus, Moro, etc.). Behind many place names.Troupes maures en Armorique au Bas Empire.Mgr B. Jacqueline, nonce apostolique honoraire. — Troupes maures en Armorique au Bas Empire. Les trésors découverts dans les zones côtières de l' Armorique attestent le bouleversement de la région à la fin du Ille siècle après J.-C. Constance Chlore, chargé du gouvernement de la Gaule et des îles britanniques, en organisa la défense. Il implanta la "Prima Flavia" à "Cosedia" qui prit le nom de "Constantia" (Coutances) et créa des "Constantia castra". C'est vers cette époque que fut constitué le "Littus saxonicum", bases côtières échelonnées de part et d'autre de la Manche pour faire barrage aux envahisseurs saxons ou peuplées de Saxons incorporés à un système défensif de l'Empire, car les guerres incessantes du Ille siècle avaient obligé les Romains à faire appel à des troupes étrangères. Le dispositif de défense avaithttp://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/annor_0003-4134_1995_num_45_4_4672Courtesy of Google TranslateTwo Moorish troops we see one in Vannes and the other in the Finistère, but, curiously, they are qualified by location Location: Osismiens and Venetians, not their place of origin, Mauritania Tingitane or Caesarean.Integrated in the Roman army, "Mauri" were troops auxiliary elite and were found in Syria, Dacia and Italy. Some cavalry Moorish men sustained in Britain and Gaul, the revolt of Magnus Clemens Maximus was proclaimed emperor……A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland, Circa 1695: A Voyage to St KildaA Description of the Western Islands of Scotland, Circa 1695: A Voyage to St Kildahttps://www.amazon.co.uk/Description-Western-Islands-Scotland-Circa/dp/1780275463/ref=pd_lpo_14_t_0/260-4329775-3126849?_encoding=UTF8&pd_rd_i=1780275463&pd_rd_r=2cc976c0-11cb-421f-8caf-46094e592882&pd_rd_w=HeEgN&pd_rd_wg=kzj45&pf_rd_p=7b8e3b03-1439-4489-abd4-4a138cf4eca6&pf_rd_r=Q9VCMCNQA41E02MQRJ1S&psc=1&refRID=Q9VCMCNQA41E02MQRJ1SA Description of the Western Islands of Scotland (CIRCA 1695) By Martin Martin, Gent.Including A Voyage to St. Kilda by the same author and A Description of the western isles oF Scotland by Sir Donald Monro: The Complexion of the Islanders of the Isle of Skye: "The inhabitants of this isle are generally well proportioned, and their complexion is for the most part black." The Complexion of the Islanders of the Isle of Arran: "The inhabitants of this isle are well proportioned, generally brown, and some of a black complexion." The Complexion of the Islanders of the Isle of Jura: "The natives here are very well proportioned, being generally black of complexion and free from bodily imperfections. They speak the Irish language, and wear the plaid, bonnet, etc., as other islanders."The Complexion of the Islanders of the Isle of Colonsay: "The inhabitants are generally well proportioned, and of a black complexion; they speak only the Irish tongue, and use the habit, diet etc., that is used in the Western Isles: they are all Protestants, and observe the festivals of Christmas, Easter, and Good Friday.http://www.thephora.net/forum/showthread.php?t=49888&page=5Some sources attest that the Dacians were already familiar with dark-skinned people as evidence of the existence of an African race appears to have been found on the territory of Romania:A new people has been discovered in prehistoric Dacia, this time of Ethiopian race and of a blackish-yellow or tan colour.Its stay there has left deep marks in our ethnic, heraldic and geographical nomenclature as to how prehistoric Dacia was first called Ethiopia, then Arabia, and through a longer process, Bessarabia.– Ionescu, G.M., Etiopienii în Dacia Preistorică / The Ethiopians in Prehistoric Dacia, 1926, Bucharest: Tipografia de Carti LUCIA, p 3.This brings up the question of the origin of the Mavrovlachs (The Black Vlachs or Nigri Latini or Black Latins ) who presumably hail from the same area.Bassarab or BassarabaBassarab or Bassaraba , the name of a dynasty in Rumania, which ruled Walachia from the dawn of its history until 1658. The origin of the name and family has not yet been explained. It undoubtedly stands in close connexion with the name of the province of Bessarabia, which oriental chroniclers gave in olden times to the whole of Walachia. The heraldic sign, three heads of negroes in the Bassarab shield, seems to be of late western origin and to rest on a popular etymology connecting the second half of the word with Arabs, who were taken to signify Moors (blacks). The other heraldic signs, the crescent and the star, have evidently been added on the same supposition of an oriental origin of the family. The Servian chroniclers connect its origin with their own nationality, basing this view upon the identification of Sarab with Sorb or Serbia. All this is mere conjecture. It is, however, a fact that the first appearance of the Bassarabs as rulers (knyaz, ban or voivod) is in the western part of Rumania (originally called Little Walachia), and also in the southern parts of Transylvania - the old dukedoms of Fogarash and Almash, which are situated on the right bank of the Olt (Aluta) and extend south to Severin and Craiova. Whatever the origin of the Bassarabs may be, the foundation of the Walachian principality is undoubtedly connected with a member of that family, who, according to tradition, came from Transylvania and settled first in Câmpulung and Tîrgovishtea. It is equally certain that almost every one of the long line of princes and voivods bore a Slavonic surname, perhaps due to the influence of the Slavonic Church, to which the Rumanians belonged. Starting from the 13th Century the Bassarabs soon split into two rival factions, known in history as the descendants of the two brothers Dan and Dragul. The form Drakul - devil - by which this line is known in history is no doubt a nickname given by the rival line. It has fastened on the family on account of the cruelties perpetrated by Vlad Drakul (1433-1446) and Vlad Tsepesh (1456-1476), who figure in popular legend as representatives of the most fiendish cruelty. The feud between the rival dynasties lasted from the beginning of the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th. The most prominent members of the family were Mircea (1386-1418), who accepted Turkish suzerainty; Neagoe, the founder of the famous cathedral at Curtea de Argesh (q.v.); Michael, surnamed the Brave (1592-1601); and Petru Cercel, famous for his profound learning, who spoke twelve languages and carried on friendly correspondence with the greater scholars and poets of Italy . He was drowned by the Turks in Constantinople in 1590 through the intrigues of Mihnea, who succeeded him on the throne of Walachia. The British Museum possesses the oldest MSS. of the Rumanian Gospels, once owned by this Petru Cercel, and containing his autograph signature. The text was published by Dr M. Caster at the expense of the Rumanian government . Mahttp://chestofbooks.com/reference/Encyclopedia-Britannica-2/Bassarab-or-Bassaraba.html#.UyX6RdVFzJVBassarab or BassarabaBassarab or Bassaraba is the name of a dynasty in Rumania, which ruled Walachia from the dawn of its history until 1658.The origin of the name and family has not yet been explained.It undoubtedly stands in close connexion with the name of the province of Bessarabia, which oriental chroniclers gave in olden times to the whole of Walachia.The heraldic sign, three heads of negroes in the Bassarab shield, seems to be of late western origin and to rest on a popular etymology connecting the second half of the word with Arabs, who were taken to signify Moors (blacks).http://historum.com/european-history/42179-decrypters-african-knight-medieval-britain-7.htmlRomans used Moorish cavalrymen in Britain, France, Austria, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Switzerland and of course SW Asia. They left colonies everywhere. The only one I'm familiar with was located in Vienna along the Inn River, circa 500 CEThe Golden Treasure of PanagyurishteThe Panagyurishte treasure, named after a tongue-twisting town in Bulgaria, is a masterpiece of Thracian worksmanship. It consists of a phiale, an amphora and seven rhytons, all made of solid 24-ca…https://blazingbulgaria.wordpress.com/2012/07/27/the-golden-treasure-of-panagyurishte/The phiale, a shallow drinking bowl with a hemispherical divot in the middle, was the vessel that was actually brought to the drinker’s lips. The single phiale in the set is about 25 cm in diameter, and its bottom symbolizes the sun, ringed with 24 acorns (matching the crown of Seuthes III which consisted of acorns and oak leaves), and three concentric rings of 24 Ethiopian heads each used to ward off evil.The phiale and the amphora share a set of weight symbols used in the ancient Marmara sea port of Lampsacus, where it is likely that the Thracians first had contact with African tribes.Étude sur les rapports de L'Amérique et de l'ancien continent avant Christophe Colomb (French Edition): 1843-1920, Gaffarel Paul: 9780353651739: Amazon.com: Bookshttps://www.amazon.com/Rapports-lAm%C3%A9rique-lAncien-Continent-Christophe/dp/0353651737Courtesy of Google TranslateSeveral races seem to have, in turn, exercised world dominance, and been at the forefront of civilization.The order of succession is now very difficult to determine.However, the black race appears to be the first.The Malays hunted down Blacks in the islands of Polynesia; the Hindus chased them far into the interior of the Deccan and Ceylon.Blacks are represented in Egyptian monuments and easily recognizable by the color of their skin, snub nose and slanted eyes. They were later replaced by invaders.The final triumph of our race (the white race) dates back only from the 16th century when native American tribes were destroyed or absorbed by Europeans.C. S. Rafinesque's "Atlantic Journal," etc. (excerpts)[ 37 ] ATLANTIC  JOURNAL AND FRIEND  OF  KNOWLEDGE; A CYCLOPEDIC JOURNAL AND REVIEW OF UNIVERSAL SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE HISTORICAL, NATURAL, AND MEDICAL ARTS AND SCIENCES: WITH NUMEROUS FIGURES. _____________________ EDITOR, C. S. RAFINESQUE, Professor of Historical and Natural Sciences, &c. Vol. I.                   P HILADELPHIA ,  S UMMER OF 1832.                   No. 2. Knowledge is the mental food of man. [p. 40] PHILOLOGY. Second Letter to Mr. Champollion, on the Graphic Systems of America, and the Glyphs of Otolum or Palenque, in Central America -- Elements of the Glyphs. I have the pleasure to present you herto annexed, a tabular and comparative view of the Atlantic alphabets of the 2 continents, with a specimen of the Groups of Letters or Glyphs of the monuments of Otolum or Palenque; which belong to my seventh series of graphic signs, and are in fact words formed by grouped letters or elements as in Chinese Characters, or somewhat like the cyphers now yet in use among us, formed by acrostical anagrams or combinations of the first letters of words or names. When I began my investigation of these American Glyphs, and became convinced that they must have been groups of letters, I sought for the elementary letters in all the ancient known alphabets, the Chinese, Sanscrit and Egyptian above all; but in vain. The Chinese characters offered but few similarities with the glyphs, and not having a literal but syllabic alphabet, could not promise the needful clue. The Sanscrit alphabet, and all its derived branches, including even the Hebrew, Phoenician, Pelagic, Celtic and Cantabrian alphabets were totally unlike in forms and combinations of grouping. But in the great variety of Egyptian form of the same letters, I thought that I could trace some resemblance with our American Glyphs. In fact, I could see in them the Egyptian Cross, Snake, Circle, Delta, Square, Trident, Eye, Feather, Fish, Hand, &c., but sought in vain for the Birds, Lions, Sphynx, Beetle, and a hundred other nameless signs of Egypt. However, this first examination and approximation of analogy in Egypt and Africa was a great preliminary step in the enquiry. I had always believed that the Atlantes of Africa have partly colonized America, as so many ancient writers have affirmed; this belief led me to search for any preserved fragments of the alphabets of Western Africa, and Lybia, the land of the African Atlantes yet existing under the names of Berbers, Tuarics, Shelluhs, &c. This was no easy taskk the Atlantic antiquities are still more obscure than the Egyptian. No Champollion had raised their veil; the city of Farawan, the Thebes of the Atlantes, whose splendid ruins exist as yet in the mountains of Atlas, has not even been described properly as yet, nor its inscriptions delineated. However, I found at last in Gramay, (Africa lllustrata) an old Lybian alphabet, which has been copied by Purchas, in his collection of old alphabets. I was delighted to find it so explicit, so wellhttp://sidneyrigdon.com/Rafn1833.htmThe Primitive Black Nations of AmericaAtlantic Journal and Friend Knowledge; Philadelphia 1832; p. 86:By Professor C . S. Rafinesque.[...]My second Memoir was on the Negroes or Black Nations, found in America before Columbus, wherein I proved their existence and connection by linking their language with the Negroes of Africa and Polynesia.[….]To many, this fact of old Black Nations in America will be new, yet it is an important feature of American History, as well as the existence of primitive "White Nations" there still more numerous.To furnish a kind of insight into this subject. I will here merely enumerate the Black tribes of which I have found evident traces and remains in North and South America.· The Aroras or Caroras of Cumana, were black, but with fine features and long hair, like the Jolofs and Gallas of Africa.· The Esteros latitude 32, are like the Hottentots and the Numuquas, Tambukis, and many other Nigritian tribes, not black, but dark brown, yet complete Negroes, with large thick lips, broad flat noses, and very ugly, with hair crisped or curly. All these tribes live in New California· The American Negroes of Quarenqua, in Choco, (the great level plain 900 miles long, 90 wide, separating the Andes of South America from the mountains of Panama,) were black and with woolly heads in 1506. They are mentioned by Dangleria, and all the early accurate writers;· The Yemasees or Jamasi were remarkably Black people Notices of Florida and the Campaigns;· The Ancient Caracoles of Hayti, represented as a Nation of Beasts by the Historical Songs· The Califurnams of the Carib Islands, called Black Caribs or Guauini by others, are a black branch of Caribs;· The Arquahos of Cutara mentioned by Garcias in the West Indies, quite black.· The Aroras of Raleigh or Yaruras of the Spaniards, ugly black or brown Negroes, yet existing near the Oronoco, and language known, called monkeys by their neighbors· The Chaymas of Guyana, brown Negroes like Hottentots;· The Manjipas and Porcigis of Nienhof, the Motayas of Knivet are all of Brazil, brown Negroes with curly hair.· The Nigritas of Martyr in Darien, yet existing in Choco under the name of Chuanas or Gaunas or Chinos (Dariente). Ugly black or red Negroes.· The Manabies of Popayan (in Columbia) blackish with Negro features and hair.· The Guabas and Jaras of Tagugalpa (Tegucigalpa) near the Honduras.· The Enslen or Esteros of New California, ugly blackish Negroes.· The Black Indians met by the Spaniards in Louisiana in 1543.https://www.loebclassics.com/vie...DOI: 10.4159/DLCL.herodotus-persian_wars.1920Harvard University PressHERODOTUS, The Persian WarsThe Arabians, and the Ethiopians who dwell above Egypt, had for commander Arsames son of Darius and Artystone daughter of Cyrus, whom Darius loved best of his wives, and had an image made of her of hammered gold.for commander, and the Ethiopians of the east (for there were two kinds of them in the army) served with the Indians; they differed nothing in appearance from the others, but only in speech and hair; for the Ethiopians from the east are straight-haired, but they of Libya have of all men the woolliest hair. These Ethiopians of Asia were for the most part armed like the Indians; but they wore on their heads the skins of horses’ foreheads, stripped from the head with ears and mane; the mane served them for a crest, and they wore the horses’ ears stiff and upright; for shields they had bucklers of cranes’ skin.https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_...African presence in Iran : identity and its reconstructionBehnaz A. MirzaiHistorians, archeologists and anthropologists put different interpretations on the question of the timing of the African presence in Iran. Since there has been a constant traffic between Iran and Africa, it is difficult to determine the timing of Africans' migration to Iran. Afshâr states that in the ancient period black skinned people were living in Khuzistân.Some researchers believe that at the time of the migration of Aryans 3 to Iran (about 3,000 B.C), the indigenous people of the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf and Oman were black people or Habashis. 4 In this regard Sykes refers to the archeological research that: "Dieulafoy and de Morgan, who both headed expeditions to Elam, and who studied the question most exhaustively on the spot, concur in the opinion that there was a very ancient occupation of the Susian plain by Negritos, and that, so far as is known, these were the original inhabitants.In support of this view Herodotus writes: "The Ethiopians from the direction of the sun rising (for the Ethiopians were in two bodies) had been appointed to serve with the Indians, being in no way différent in appearance from the other Ethiopians, but in their language and in the nature of their hair only; for the Ethiopians from the East are straight-haired, but those of Libya have hair more thick and woolly than that of any other men." Again, there is the fact that in the most ancient bas-reliefs, figures of Negritos appear with frequency. More especially is this the case in the famous stele of Naramsin, referred to in the next chapter, where the monarch, who is of Semitic type, is portrayed as leading Negritos to victoryhttps://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi...THE ANCIENT AND MODERN INHABITANTS OF ARABIABY HENRY FIELDKeith-puts forward a new theory to account for the apparent racial connections between the South Arabs and the peoples of Africa on the west and the inhabitants of India on the east. He suggests that at one time a proto-negroid belt crossed the ancient world, occupying all intermediate lands, Arabia, Baluchistan, India, Further India, the Philippines, and Malay Archipelago. Intermediate sections of this proto-negroid belt became transformed, giving rise to the Hamitic peoples of Africa and to their cousins the Dravidian and brown-skinned peoples of India. The Caucasian stock swept down into southwestern Asia in late pleistocene times, but before they reached the extreme south of the peninsula they had absorbed native Hamitic blood. This theory was advanced before Thomas' data was available- but in conclusion Keith suggests that "the South Arabs represent a residue of Hamitic population which at one time occupied the whole of Arabia.Book VII: Chapters 57‑137(Vol. III) Herodotus p373 Book VII: chapters 57‑137 The flags in the text are links to the Greek as printed on facing pages in the Loeb edition. In the left margin, links to Rawlinson's translation (Vol. III , with valuable notes), and to the running commentary by How and Wells. Cartouches are links to in‑depth articles at Livius.Org or LacusCurtius . 57 Rawlinson p54 H & W When all had passed over and they were ready for the road, a great portent appeared among them, whereof Xerxes took no account, though it was easy of interpretation: a mare gave birth to a hare. The meaning of it was easy to guess, being this: Xerxes was to march his army to Hellas with great pomp and pride, but to come back to the same place fleeing for his life. There was another portent, that was shown to him at Sardis : a mule gave birth to a mule, that had double privy parts, both male and female, the male above the other. But of neither sign did he take any account, and journeyed on, his land army with him. 58 His navy sailed out of the Hellespont and coasted along by the land, contrariwise to the land army; for the ships voyaged westwards, laying their course for the headland of Sarpedon, whither Xerxes had bidden them come and there await him; but the army of the mainland travelled towards the east 1 and the sunrise through the Chersonese, with the tomb of Athamas' daughter Helle on its right and the town of Cardia on its left, and marching through the midst of a town called Agora. Thence turning the head of the Black Bay (as it is called) and crossing the Black River, which could not hold its own then against the army, but fell short of its needs — crossing this river, which gives its name to the bay, they went westwards, past the Aeolian town of Aenus and the marsh of Stentor, till they came to Doriscus. 59 H & W The territory of Doriscus is in Thrace , a wide plain by the sea, and through it flows a great river, p375 the Hebrus; here had been built that royal fortress which is called Doriscus, and a Persian guard had been posted there by Darius ever since the time of his march against Scythia . It seemed therefore to Xerxes to be a fit place for him to array and number his host, and he did so. All the fleet, being now arrived at Doriscus, was brought by its captains at Xerxes' command to the beach near Doriscus, where stands the Samothracian town of Sane, and Zone ; at the end thereof is Serreum, a headland of some name. This country was in former days possessed by the Cicones. To this beach they brought their ships in, and hauled them up for rest. In the meanwhile Xerxes numbered his army at Doriscus. 60 Rawlinson p56 What the number of each part of it was I cannot with exactness say; for there is no one who tells us that; but the tale of the whole land army was shown to be a million seven hundred thousand. The numbering was on this wise: — Ten thousand men were collected in one place, and when they were packed together as closely as might be a line was drawn roundhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.htmlThe Ethiopians above Egypt and the Arabians had Arsames for commander, and the Ethiopians of the east (for there were two kinds of them in the army) served with the Indians;they differed nothing in appearance from the others, but only in speech and hair; for the Ethiopians from the east are straight-haired, but they of Libya have of all men the woolliest hair. These Ethiopians of Asia were for the most part armed like the Indians; but they wore on their heads the skins of horses' foreheads, stripped from the head with ears and mane; the mane served them for a crest, and they wore the horses' ears stiff and upright; for shields they had bucklers of cranes' skin.End note : The "eastern Ethiopians" were apparently in or near Beluchistan.The Chaldean “Vedas” or “Vedic” ChaldeesCHALDEAN “VEDAS” OR “VEDIC” CHALDEES? [The Manuscript of this essay in H.P.B.’s handwriting exists in the Adyar Archives. It has been originally published in The Theosophist, Vol. LXXXIII, No. 11, August, 1962, pp. 287-301.—Compiler.] The oldest book in which the word “magic” is found—says the Christian Orientalist, François Lenormant, with a superb oblivion of the Vedic and Zoroastrian works—is the Bible. The first people who practiced it,—he adds—are the Chaldeans. But who were they? Neither philology nor ethnology are able to furnish us with any definite answer; and whether geographically or ethnographically considered, Chaldea is the subject of contradictory statements since the days of Herodotus down to our own. Ptolemy the geographer tells us that Chaldea was the name of the S.W. part of ancient Babylonia, bordering on the confines of Arabia. At the same time, hardly a quarter of a century ago, “Ur of the Chaldees” or Chasdim of Abraham, was considered by many a critic, to have been a place of Mesopotamia, a castle of that name mentioned by Ammianus as situated between Nisibis and the Tigris. Of the Chaldeans as a nation, as little is known in history. Strabo calls them “a tribe” living on the borderland of Arabia. Herodotus mentions them as a contingent of the army of the Assyrians,* though the latter conquered them ages after the Chaldeans had been a civilized Empire; and —————— * [See The Histories of Herodotus, Vol. II, tr. by George Rawlinson; Book VII § 63; p. 146 in Everyman’s Lib. ed., London, Dent & Sons, 1964.] —————— Page 327 Xenophon, in the history of the retreat of the ten thousand sees in them “a free and warlike people in the Carduchian hills”; somewhere near the mountains of Armenia then.* Even the very language of the Cushite Chaldea—that tongue in which the interlineary translation of the Akkadian inscriptions on the cylinders dug out on the sites of ancient Chaldea is made—is generally called by our philologists the “Assyrian,” whereas this language existed already in the days when the very name of Asshur in Noah’s genealogy had not been yet invented. Thus, no branch of Science being able to give the world anything definite about the Chaldeans, we have to be contented with our own surmises. Therefore, will we try to find out at least what this people could not be, since we cannot learn for a certainty what they were. In the Mosaic account we first read of Chaldea (Genesis, x, 10) when Nimrod, the son of Cush and the grandson of Ham, conquers the four cities respectively named “Babel and Erech, and Accad and Calneh, in the land of Shinar”; and again, when we are informed that Abraham “went forth from Ur of the Chaldees” (Genesis, xi, 31). The Bible, causing the world to be created in the 710th year of the Julian period (4004 years B.C.), the Deluge to occur in 2348 and Abraham to be born in 1996 B.C. (which would allow but a period of 289 for the Chaldean or Akkadian civilization, preceded by another still more archaic tohttp://www.katinkahesselink.net/blavatsky/articles/v13/ph_025.htmThe Asiatic Ethiopians,” writes Professor Rawlinson,* “by their very name, which connects them so closely with the Cushite people inhabiting the country about Egypt, may be assigned to the Hamitic family, and this connection is confirmed by the uniform voice of primitive e antiquity, which spoke of the Ethiopian as a single race dwelling along the Southern Ocean, from India to the Pillars of Hercules . . . . .”“It is indeed true that the first men that appear on the arena of civilization were evidently of the stock which we denominate somewhat indiscriminately Hamitic, Cushite and Ethiopian,” says Dr. A. Wilder in his Black Nations of Europe.Their abodes were in no circumscribed region . . . . Their ethnical names imply as much. In ancient times Egypt was called “the land of Ham” (Psalms, cv, 23) from Kham, its chief diety; Susiana and Arabia were styled Kissoea and Cush; and the countries of the Hamitic races were called Æthiopia.Herodotus repeatedly mentions the Æthiopians of Asia, placing their country at the South of modern Afghanistan, now Kerman and Baluchistan. Homer speaks of Memnon as the son of Eos, or the Dawn; and Diodorus declares that he was King of the Ethiopians and built a palace at Susa, the Shushan of the Bible.The tradition to the effect that the Ethiopic race held Media, Babylonia, Assyria, Armenia and Asia Minor, including Caucasian Iberia and Georgia seems to be corroborated by the latest discoverieshttp://file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/Documentary_Sources_for_Precolonial_Afri.pdfChristina Mobley Subject: Historiography and Methods , Intellectual History Online Publication Date: Dec 2018 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.150The earliest known description of Aithiopia is in Homer (9th or 8th century BCE), though the concept certainly existed before. The Homeric tradition articulated a vision of one continent divided in two, one half situated towards the sunrise, the other towards the sunset, both at the ends of the earth. The Homeric notion of the black people (“face burned”) of the distant Aithiopia was part of a broader understanding of the relationship of the inhabited world, oikoumenè, to the cosmos. The use of the term Aithiopia changed over time, referring, in epic poetry, to the lands and peoples of Africa and Asia, places conceived of as being home to “burnt” skinned people or Aethiops, including Arabia, Mesopotamia, Persia, and IndiaHerodotus’ work provided an important confirmation of the pre-existing Greek notion of Africa (or Libya) as a continent divided into two parts, known as the two Aithiopias, one civilized and one barbaric. The civilized Aithiopia consisted of Egypt and the first-millennium BCE Nubian states of Kerma, Kush, and Meroë. The “other Aithiopia” referred to the land south of Aswan as well as the fantastical interior west of the Nile. Herodotus’s description of the “other Aithiopia” was at once historical, geographical, and mythical.……In modern geography the name Ethiopia is confined to the country known as Abyssinia, an extensive territory in East Africa. In ancient times Ethiopia extended over vast domains in both Africa and Asia. “It seems certain,” declares Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, “that classical historians and geographers called the whole region from India to Egypt, both countries inclusive, by the name of Ethiopia, and in consequence they regarded all the dark-skinned and black peoples who inhabited it as Ethiopians. Mention is made of Eastern and Western Ethiopians and it is probable that the Easterners were Asiatics and the Westerners Africans.” (History of Ethiopia, Vol. I., Preface, by Sir E. A. Wallis Budge.) In addition, Budge notes that, “Homer and Herodotus call all the peoples of the Sudan, Egypt, Arabia, Palestine and Western Asia and India Ethiopians.(Herodotus, Vol. I., Book. I., Appendix, Essay XI., Section-5.)"the uniform voice of primitive antiquity, which spoke of the Ethiopians as a single race, dwelling along the shores of the Southern Ocean from India to the Pillars of Hercules (the Strait of Gibraltar)."It seems certain,” declares Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, “that classical historians and geographers called the whole region from India to Egypt, both countries inclusive, by the name of Ethiopia, and in consequence they regarded all the dark-skinned and black peoples who inhabited it as Ethiopians. Mention is made of Eastern and Western Ethiopians and it is probable that the Easterners were Asiatics and the Westerners Africans.” (History of Ethiopia, Vol. I., Preface, by Sir E. A. Wallis Budge.)New Genetics Evidence Proves African Origin of Modern ChineseNew Genetics Evidence Proves African Origin of Modern Chinese Modern humans, or Homo sapiens, might migrate from Africa into China by way of Southeast Asia between 18,000 years and 60,000 years ago, researchers say. This latest research finding by Chinese scientists and their international colleagues concluded that modern humans might have moved from Africa to China replacing Mono erectus (archaic upright- walking human beings) there to become the ancestors of the country 's modern humans. The conclusion is based on the comparison and analysis of Y- chromosome DNA using samples of the extant 88 populations living in East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Oceania, says Li Jin, one of the Chinese researchers of the study "Chinese Human Genome Diversity Project." Li Jin is a professor of both the National Human Genome Center in Shanghai and the Institute of Genetics of Fudan University. Scientists found that the variations of Y-chromosome in north China are derived from those in south China, a result proved as that a small number of settlers of African origin moved to northern China due to the hurdle of the mighty Yangtze River. And Polynesians, who live in the islands in the Pacific Ocean, are found to have different Y-chromosome to Taiwanese, forcing scientists to reconsider the hypothsis that Polynesians were descendants of ancestral Taiwanese aborigines. As a whole, nearly all Y-chromosome variations in East Asia and the Oceania could be found among those in Southeast Asia, adds Li Jin. So, the findings also indicate that modern humans migrated from Africa to Southeast Asia nearly 60,000 years ago. Subsequently, the migrants were believed to have headed for two directions: one moved northwards to south China and then spread to the country's northern areas by crossing the Yangtze River, and the other went to Indonesia and ultimately reached the Oceania. The Y-chromosome research is an important method for tracing the human migration patterns and the findings make clear the relationships between people groups in Southeast Asia, and East Asia and the Oceania, says another major Chinese researcher Jiayou Chu, who is a professor of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. This latest research result was published in today's issue of the Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences, a U.S. journal. The finding means that scientists have made headway in the pursuit of human origin, though the conclusion that modern Chinese human beings migrated from Africa still remains controversial, says academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhu Chen, who is also the director of Shanghai's National Human Genome Center. In 1987, the U.S.'s scientists brought forward a theory based on mitochondrial DNA evidence that all human beings originated in Africa and later migrated to other corners of the globe. In the intentional academic circles, few arguments were raised about the theory that all palaeoanthropic mankind originated in Africa. Meanwhile, the scientists nothttp://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200007/15/eng20000715_45573.htmlThis latest research finding by Chinese scientists and their international colleagues concluded that modern humans might have moved from Africa to China replacing Mono erectus (archaic upright- walking human beings) there to become the ancestors of the country 's modern humans.Li Jin is a professor of both the National Human Genome Center in Shanghai and the Institute of Genetics of Fudan University.There are still a large number of very dark skinned Chinese, particularly in Southern China known as The Va or WA people of China.The First Americans Were Black!It was long believed for a long time that the Amerindians met by the Europeans in the 15th century in the Americas were the first inhabitants of the New ...https://news.softpedia.com/news/The-First-Inhabitants-of-the-Americans-Were-Black-64307.shtmlBy Stefan AniteiLuiza skull and the reconstructed faceIt was long believed for a long time that the Amerindians met by the Europeans in the 15th century in the Americas were the first inhabitants of the New World and that 12,000 years ago, three waves of Proto-Mongoloid migratory people crossed the Behring area to the Americas.But new and not so new discoveries revealed that the first inhabitants of America belonged to the Negroid type (Blacks).Now, you do not have to think they were of the African type. They belonged to a racial group called Black Asians. This was the first human group to have moved out of Africa perhaps 60,000 years ago. The 40,000 years old European Cro-Magnon could have been of this type.12,000 years ago, Black Asians were the main inhabitants of India, Indochina, Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia and perhaps even eastern China (or the whole eastern Asia).One of the most primitive forms of this race is represented by the Australian Aborigines, who entered Australia about 40,000 years ago. A later type is that now constituted by the Papuans of New Guinea or Melanesians tribes in the western Pacific, who came there 21,000 years ago from Asia.Unlike African Blacks, these people have abundant beards, a lot of hair on the body, are shorter, have slimmer lips, a tilted front (not cambered), prominent eye ridge and aquiline noses. The hair is somewhat less kinky.A recent research made at Temple University revealed that this race is characterized by one of the highest genetic diversity amongst current human races (being bypassed just by the Bushmen, the oldest living human race), the mitochondrial DNA showing an age of at least 35,000 years for this human type.But later than 12,000 years ago, in India white populations came from central and southwestern Asia, greatly displacing or mixing with this race. Even today, many Hindu populations, especially in the south, still preserve this Black Asian racial type and some Gurus from the south cannot be distinguished from Papuan or Australian Aborigines. In southeastern Asia, they were replaced by Mongoloids coming from Tibet, central China and Philippines.The Black Asians were seen as one of the first colonizers of America after the analysis made on an 11,000-year skull dug in Brazil in 1974. The fossil was found 13 m (43 ft) deep in Lapa Vermelha IV, the region of Lagoa Santa (Minas Gerais), but only in 1995 was put under investigation, due to the long and false concept that humans entered Americas 40,000 years ago.When researchers, using forensic methods, rebuilt the face of this ancient American woman, they remained petrified: the thick lips and flattened nose pointed without any doubt to the Negroid origin. Nothing to do with the Native Indians of the Americas. The fossil woman was baptized Luzia, recalling the famous 3.2 million years old Australopithecus female called Lucy. Luzia was 20-25 years old and 1.5 m (5 ft) tall, seemed to have belonged to a group of hunters-gatherers and could have been killed by a wild beast.Further analysis of 15 fossil skulls discovered in Brazil, Colombia and Tierra del Fuego (Land of Fire), dated 11,500 to 8,500 years ago, but also other recent archaeological discoveries have confirmed the hypothesis that, before the Proto-Mongoloid (Proto-Asian) stock, a previous migratory human wave reached Americas more than 12,000 years ago.These people were very similar to the Australian Aborigines, being characterized by a narrow and long skull, long face and small nose and eye sockets.About 9,000 years ago they were followed by a second migratory wave from Siberia, of Proto-Mongoloid race (Proto-Mongoloid race means a more basic type of Mongoloid race, without well-defined traits characterizing the proper Mongoloids, like the Chinese or Japanese). These are the ancestors of the American Indians.The later migrations occurred in the northern part of North America: two waves of Mongoloid people, the Eskimals.But what happened with the ancient American Aborigines? They could have mixed with the waves of the newly arrived Indians. Indeed, in some remote tribes in South America, there can be seen really dark people (not so typical for Indians), with some beard and harsher traits.Others believe the American Aborigines were wiped out by the ancient Indians. Scientists have found in Santana do Riacho (next to Lapa Vermelha) an 8 to 10,000 years old graveyard and splendid wall paintings, very similar to those made by the Australian Aborigines (further confirming the theory of the Black Asian colonization of the Americas).Some painting attracted the attention of the researchers, as they depict one group of people attacking and killing another. The victims are represented as being darker skinned than the aggressors...In the southern regions of South America, the relict tribes of the Alacalufs and a few others could have been if not the last remains of the American Negroids, at least a mixed type. But now these tribes are gone... DNA analysis on their descendants could find some clues.