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Actually some have suggested that we do. First we need to be sure that it is okay to do so, that there are no planetary protection issues. One of the big issues with Mars is that it is one of the few places in our solar system where present day life may exist, perhaps independently evolved from Earth life. It may also have habitats where Earth microbes could survive, and we simply don’t know if Earth and Mars microbes would play nicely together. It could be, for instance, that Mars has early life that has not evolved as far as it has on Earth, predating all the complexity of DNA.We don’t have any early life on Earth with a big gap between the first chemicals life must have evolved from and present day life which is so intricate with its DNA, messenger RNA, huge molecules and a million different chemicals taking part in a complex dance in every cell. So what happened to the early life here? Maybe DNA life made it extinct on Earth. But Mars has hardly changed for billions of years and there are traces that just possibly might be tiny cells, too small for all the cell machinery of modern life in the Mars meteorite ALH84001. That suggests that - just possibly as one of many possibilities - Mars may still have this early life on it. Such life might be incredibly vulnerable to Earth microbes.The best place to start for planetary protection reasons is the Moon. We can do a lot there. It’s closest and safeest and it is known to have water ice, ammonia, carbon dioxide etc in the cold traps at its poles, millions of tons possibly, though we don’t yet know how easy it is to extract.There are many other places we can visit with no planetary protection issues, including Jupiter’s outer most moon Callisto, the moons of Mars, Mercury (which is thought to have ice at its poles) and probably the upper clouds of Venus. But amongst them also is Titan.Titan is very unusual here because there is a possibility of life there, native life, but if so, it’s likely to be so different that Earth and Titan life can’t live in the same habitats.(There is a chance of this for Mars also, if its native life is hydrogen peroxide and perchlorate based which may only be able to survive in perchlorate and hydrogen peroxide based salty brines too cold for Earth life, and also not survive warming up to Earth microbe friendly conditions - but though it is possible for Mars, it’s a bit of a stretch at present. For Titan it is perhaps even the most likely situation).And, Titan is surprisingly habitable. Nowhere on Mars is a patch on Earth of course. But Titan could come a close second best, despite the cold temperatures there.(Note - I have expanded this answer to a new article on my Science 2.0 blog which goes into a lot more detail (and also covers Callisto too): Value Of Titan As Base For Humans In Saturn System - Surprisingly - Once There - Easier For Settlement Than Mars Or The Moon)So - a bit of a review of Titan first:WHAT IS TITAN LIKE?Saturn's moon Titan is, so far, the only known place in the solar system with liquid on its surface apart from Earth. Most of the lakes are around the north pole, with one lake, lake Ontario, at the south pole. But the lakes are of ethane and methane instead of water.Glint of sunlight on the lake region around the northern pole of Titan.Titan Methane Lakes Cassini Flyover 2013 NASA-JPL Animation from Saturn OrbiterTitan is the only place in the outer solar system which we have sent a lander to, the Huygens probe.Hi-res narrated video of Huygens probe landingSometime maybe we will send some more probes there to explore it further. This was a recent idea for a submarine to explore Titan:Titan Submarine: Exploring the Depths of Kraken MareAnd this is an idea for an aerostat to explore it's atmosphere, VAMPThe Northrup group's VAMP aerostat could also be used for Titan.See also Life on Titan (wikipedia).This is such an extreme habitat, at temperatures of -180 °C, that it seems impossible that Earth originated life could grow there naturally, except in cryovolcanoes or ice temporarily melted by impacts. The limit for microbes to complete their life cycle is usually given as around - 20 °C (the usual temperature for freezers), around -10 °C for lichens, and around -2 °C for higher lifeforms such as insects, though there can be some metabolic activity down to -26 °C for microbes and down to -50 °C or lower for some cold hardy multicellular life.Details, lowest temperatures for Earth life: The lowest temperatures that microbes can grow, i.e. complete their lifecycle and reproduce, is usually said to be around - 20 °C in salty brines, for instance, there have been no examples of spoilage of food in freezers kept below that temperature. When cold loving (psychrophile) microbes are cooled, they produce a kind of antifreeze that prevents formation of the ice crystals which normally damage cells as the ice expands. Instead their cells gradually turn into a kind of glass as they cool down (vitrify). As they do this, they can can still do some metabolic activity until they are completely vitrified and it stops completely at - 26 °C which seems to be the limit for any activity at all.Some invertebrates may continue to have some metabolic activity down to much lower temperatures, below - 50 °C. Insects may not just have metabolic activity but even remain active at low temperatures, for instance a Himalayan insect which is still active down to −16°C. But even these cold tolerant multicellular lifeforms typically need temperatures of around -2 °C to complete their life cycle.Many microbes and multicellular life also, if the cooling is slow, will revive after vitrification when restored to normal temperatures. More details here: A Low Temperature Limit for Life on Earth, and The thermal limits to life on Earth, for details of how low temperature life is possible, see Psychrophilic microorganisms: challenges for life , also see more cites in wikipedia article PsychrophileAlso there is no liquid water, instead, ethane and methane, which makes it exceptionally interesting for exobiology, if there is life there. There is no way it can be similar to Earth life.Even the cell walls can't be the same. There are some microbes on Earth that can live in hydrocarbons, by having an extra layer to protect themselves from the oil, including a report of one strain of Pseudomonas able to tolerate up to 90% of a hydrocarbon alpha-pinene. They don't metabolize the hydrocarbons but usually have an outer membrane modified to let them tolerate them. See page 38 of this PhD thesis by Lucy Norman. However Titan life would have to live in 100% hydrocarbons. The cell membrane structure of Earth life would not work in those conditions as it depends on hydrophilic molecules that are attracted to water to retain its structure. There is water inside and outside the membrane, and then the membrane itself consists of long chain molecules with one end hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic. Then they join together back to back to form a membrane with the hydrophilic heads pointing both outwards and inwards and the hydrophobic tails touching each other in the middle of the membrane.This shows how it works:Figure 7 of Lucy Norman's PhD thesis on spontaneous self assembly of reverse vesicles suitable for Titan in hydrocarbon fluids. She credits it as: "Illustration of the reverse vesicle structure taken from Norman & Fortes"Normally it's the other way around on Earth with the hydrophobic tails inwards and heads outwardsYellow polar heads separate the grey hydrophobic tails from the surrounding water and the interior fluid of the cell itself. Diagram by Jerome Walker (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane#/media/File:Fluid_Mosaic.svg).Lucy Norman looks at many ways that reverse vesicles can spontaneously self assemble, from her experimental results. It's very technical. But she has a summary in her chapter 9 which looks at the applications for astrobiology.I will paraphrase what she says there in the first few paragraphs of her chapter 9 (as it uses rather technical language):It's unlikely that these reverse vesicles would be used only for cell walls. The hydrocarbon lakes of Titan are likely to contain more than one alkane liquid, with methane-ethane-propane in equilibrium with the atmosphere. The vesicles could be used to create a cell with a "cytoplasm" that differs from its medium, and also, pockets of unique solutions for specific purposes within the cell.These pockets then could be used to create the equivalent of the organelles of Earth microbes, which could also trap different alkanes to help with whatever process that organelle is devoted to facilitating. Multiple vesicles joined together then have the potential to carry out long chemical processes with different chemical environments for each step.Some of them could also trap ammonia water in bilayers which could decrease its freezing temperature to the point where perhaps it could be used for nano-reaction centeres for bological processes that depend on polar solvents. Then there could be nano-channels of liquid ammonia water to transport these throughout the cell. The microbes on Titan could get the water from short lived liquid water from cryovolcanoes (cryolava) or maybe from the icy bed of the hydrocarbon lakes using antifreeze proteins.They could be used as reservoirs for polar solutes (like the ammonia rich water) and to transport proteins and enzymes.(paraphrase of the first few paras of Chapter 9, page 331 of Lucy Norman's 2015 thesis)Here is Chris McKay talking about prospects of life in the Titan lakesSaturns Moon Titan: A World with Rivers,Lakes, and Possibly Even LifeHe mentions there that Huygens made provisional observations of hydrogen and acetylene and ethane depletion near the surface of Titan, which they'd predicted as a possible sign of life on Titan. Also he mentions that oxygen would be in short supply, in a hydrocarbon ocean without water, and need to be extracted from water ice "rock" by microbes.This is related, a possible way that life on Titan could make cell membranes without use of oxygen atoms in an environment like Titan where it is in short supply.Possible oxygen free cell structure made of organic nitrogen compounds that could function at the low temperatures of Titan's ocean.Such oxygen free cell walls are exotic biochemistry but still carbon based.Titan's ethane / methane ocean is also ideal for William Bains' silicon based biochemistry (with silicon's weak bonds permitting much faster chemical reactions in such cold conditions). See page 160 of this paper and earlier pages.You can read about Chris McKay's ideas about Titan in detail in his 2016 paper Titan as the abode of life.Amongst other evidence, the photochemical models predict a layer of ethane enough to cover the surface to a depth of many meters, but Cassini didn't find it. The Huygens lander didn't find any acetylene in the gases released from the surface. And models suggest that hydrogen is being transported towards the surface suggesting something there is removing hydrogen from the atmosphere.Also, there is more hydrogen above 50˝N than the global average. Could this be because the southern hemisphere, with more ethane, is more hospitable to life than the northern hemisphere dominated by methane?He suggests four possible conclusions (see page 11)The result about a strong flux of hydrogen onto the surface may be mistakenThere is some physical process leading hydrogen to fall towards the ground maybe absorbed onto organic haze particles. But this would just be a hydrogen flow, and it wouldn't take hydrogen out of the atmosphereThat there is some chemical catalyst that causes a hydrogenation reaction at 95 K - which would be quite interesting and a startling find, if not as startling as lifeThat it's due to a liquid methane based life form.Titan as potentially the easiest place for humans to live outside EarthIf that's right, then we may be able to land humans on the surface of Titan with no planetary protection issues, at least in the forward direction from Earth to Titan. That is, unless there is any cryovolcanism or other connection with its subsurface ocean. But if there is no such connection, then there would be no way to contaminate its deep subsurface ocean from the surface. You'd also have to consider whether there is a chance that Earth biochemistry could give native Titan life "new ideas" I suppose.If Titan does turn out to be okay for planetary protection, then in some ways it might be one of the easiest places for us to live outside of Earth, as suggested by Charles Wohlforth and Amanda Hendrix, authors of Beyond Earth: Our Path to a New Home in the Planets. Their idea is described in brief in Let's Colonize Titan in the Scientific American. Some of the advantages are:Atmosphere at the same pressure as our Earth's atmosphere. Your spacesuits wouldn't need to be pressurized. They would of course have to be insulated from the cold, but they would be much more flexible, without the enormous outwards pressure of tons per square meter needed in vacuum conditions.You could build conventional houses too, equal pressure inside and out. They would only need to be air tight.Protection from cosmic radiation by the atmospherePlenty of ice for water.Earth life would probably have no impact on any Titan lifeAbundant resources for making plastic which could be used to make housing. Habitats would be so easy to construct, with just a thin covering to keep out its atmosphere, equal pressure inside and out. This means like the Venus cloud colonies, you could have huge internal spaces filled with oxygen and nitrogen for very little by way of massTerminal velocity a tenth that on Earth so if you fall out of a plane in the Titan atmosphere, no problem. You would gently fall to the surface, at most a few bruisesHuman powered flight - could fly in the light gravityThe gravity levels are lower even than for the Moon. Would humans be healthy at such low levels of gravity? Well, if not, we may be able to augment it with artificial gravity. Considerations are similar to the Moon. See my sections in Case for Moon First:What about gravity - isn't that a big advantage for Mars over the Moon?Artificial gravity on the Moon to augment lunar gravityYou have to be design the habitats to be well insulated and they have to be airtight to prevent the methane in the atmosphere mixing with the oxygen rich atmosphere of the habitat. On the plus side, it doesn't have the risk of rapid decompression of a normal space habitat, and any leaks will be very slow.The main remaining issue would be power, as Saturn gets very little sunlight and Titan with its nearly opaque atmosphere, even less. We need it for heat, or some way to generate heat. We also need electricity etc. Perhaps by then we have fusion power, or we use a conventional nuclear reactor with imported fuel. But it has native sources of power too, from this paper Energy Options for Future Humans on TitanHydropower - just as on Earth if it has any lakes at higher altitudes they could produce power by cutting a channel to a lower level. Sadly the seas discovered so far seem to occupy the lowest levels in the landscape, at the lunar poles. Still, the topography isn’t very high resolution and there is plenty of scope for finding lower levels close to the seas. It would only take 145 meters of difference to generate a very useful 9 MW assuming flow rates typical of hydropower installations on Earth adjusted to Titan conditions. The Kraken ocean could supply power at these levels for thousands of years - and it could be replenished too by natural processes refilling the seas just as happens for hydropower on Earth. However this depends on more detailed topography for Titan.Wind power - with such a dense atmosphere then wind power is feasible (unlike the case for Mars) - but surface winds are slow so you could use tethered blimp or balloon mounted windmills at a height of 3 km where the speed is 2 meters per second (4.4 miles per hour) or even better at 40 km where the wind speeds are 20 meters per second (44 miles per hour). These could generate hundreds of terrawattsSolar power. Surprisingly, with modern efficient solar cells, covering 10% of the surface would give you enough power for the population of the US (which has a surface area 10.8% that of Titan). I.e. at typical population densities of the US you’d need roughly equal areas for the solar panels and for the human populations.Chemical - for instance hydrogen and acetelyne can be extracted from its atmosphere and react together to produce energy. There are several other reactions including hydrogenation of nitrogen to produce ammonia using chemicals in its atmosphere which is quite a bit out of chemical equilibrium.Nuclear power - likely to be useful for early misisons there using RTGs as a source of heat and power. Mining for it locally may be hard as radioactive materials are likely to be deep below the surface, under hundreds of kilometers thickness of ice, so these materials would probably be imported.The solar power calculation there may surprise you, so here is the relevant part of their paper where they explain the assumptions they use that lead to this conclusion:"We estimate the amount of solar energy available at Titan’s surface by scaling down from Earth. At the top of Earth’s atmosphere, the average solar energy is 1400 J/m2 -s. At the top of Titan’s atmosphere, this scales to 14-17 J/m2 -s. Titan’s atmospheric transmission depends on wavelength: the red and nearinfrared are transmitted (minus methane absorption) whereas blue light is absorbed; here we assume that 10% of the solar flux makes it to Titan’s surface. In reviewing the response function of various photovoltaic materials, we estimate that Titan’s transmitted spectrum is best matched by the response of amorphous silicon or perhaps cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic material. Нe efficiency of these material is in the ~13-20% range but the performance at Titan temperatures is unknown. To be conservative in this initial, simplified exercise, we estimate the efficiency at 10%. We also consider that for any low-mid latitude location on the surface, the sun is up for ~1/3 of the day. (This does not consider seasonal variations or eclipses by Saturn.)" It still needs more in situ research first though, I think, to establish that there are no planetary protection issues at all.Could Earth life harm Titan life?Even if there are no habitats for Earth life there, as seems likely except for the possibility of cryovolcanism - you still need to think about molecules from Earth life such as RNA and DNA. Could they somehow be incorporated by Titan life? Also, if any of the life forms there exist in small quantities, hard to study, could organics from a human occupied habitat confuse the search for life in the region close to the habitat?Could Titan life harm Earth life?Also, what about contamination in the backwards direction from Titan to Earth. We can show by studying Earth life that it is impossible for Earth life to survive there in its natural conditions.But we need to have a reasonable understanding of Titan life (if it exists) how can we be sure the other way around, that Titan life can't survive on Earth or in human occupied habitats?It may seems unlikely that life adjusted to those habitats could survive here. But you can make a plausibility argument for it even so.Here is how it could happen.What if the Titan life evolved from previous life that first originated in its deep subsurface oceans? That's one suggestion for how it could have originated. Is there any chance it could retain capabilities that would let it survive as spores, and then maybe reproduce in oil deposits or in some other way survive in the much hotter conditions of Earth?Or indeed, is there any chance that there could be a lifeform that on Titan can survive not just on the surface but also in occasional cryovolcanoes, or lakes formed from meteorite impacts? I.e. a life that has already evolved the capability to live in both those radically different environments? It seems unlikely, but can we rule it out before we know what is there?Both directions - cryovolcanismAlso, as a planetary protection issue in both directions: Titan probably has a subsurface ocean. If so, if there is communication between the subsurface and the surface, e.g. cryovolcanoes with liquid water in place of lava, then that's an obvious contamination issue for the subsurface oceans.Titan is currently categorized as "Provisional category II" with "only a remote chance that contamination from Earth could jeopardize future exploration". There category II is the same as our Moon. But it is provisional because they say that more research is needed. Other places categorized as provisional category II are Ganymede, Triton, the Pluto Charon system, Ceres and the larger Kepler belt objects (down to half the size of Pluto).Likely to know a lot about it before humans get thereTitan would surely be studied robotically first. There are no serious proposals to send humans there right away, unlike Mars.So, unless there is some drive to send humans there quickly, we'd probably answer all those planetary protection questions already before we land humans there, just in the natural course of solar system exploration. If so, and if the results turn out favourable, it may well turn out to be one of the best place for a human colony outside of Earth. It would be a fun place to live in some ways, with the human-powered flight, for instance, and the intriguing seas. And it might potentially be a biologists paradise if there is indeed native Titan life to study.On the other hand, it’s not such a great place for astronomy, at least, naked-eye astronomy. Despite its spectacular location close to Saturn, you’d have to go into orbit or use wavelengths able to penetrate its atmosphere to spot Saturn or indeed, stars or planets at all. But it might well be a base for astronomers and exobiologists studying Enceladus and the Saturnian rings, etc. - with their work done outside of Titan, maybe some of it robotically - but their main base on Titan itself.See alsoColonization of Titan - WikipediaBeyond Earth: Our Path to a New Home in the Planets. Summarized in Let's Colonize Titan in the Scientific American.This is based on a couple of sections from my Touch Mars? bookLife in the oceans of ethane and methane on TitanTitan as potentially the easiest place for humans to live outside EarthWHEN CAN WE DO IT?It’s not as far as you’d think, especially to Jupiter. To go as far as Mars and return, you already need to be able to survive several years without resupply from Earth. This is my summary in one of the linked to articles:—————It would take several years of travel to get there [Saturn], probably seven years though it could be shorter. Voyager I got there in just three years and two months with a Jupiter gravity assist flyby. And New Horizons on a fast trajectory doing just the one flyby of Saturn on the way to Pluto took only two years and four months to get there, but leaving Earth with much more delta v than is normal for an interplanetary spacecraft. Cassini did several flybys of Venus and Earth to increase its delta v from Earth, but from its final flyby of Earth to Saturn it took just under five years, from 18 August 1999 to 1st July 2004. That was a rendezvous with Saturn. For more on this see "How long does it take to get to Saturn" (Universe Today). It's hard to predict what our rockets will be able to do by the time this becomes a feasible proposition, to go to Titan. For instance if they are capable of continuous acceleration, even by only a small amount that can make a big difference.I think it's important to be clear that we do not have the technology to send a human to Titan at present. Mind you, even in the mid 1960s we did not have the technology to send a human to the Moon. And we don't have the technology to send a human to Mars either at present. For that matter we don't currently have the technology to send humans to the Moon, though we should regain that soon. To go to Mars or Venus is a far harder journey than to the Moon, to Jupiter is another step up, and to Titan is a step up again over any of those. However, if you are optimistic and we look forward to a decade or two into the future when we have more heavy lift capacity than we do today, and importantly - a fair bit of experience in sustainable living in habitats (perhaps on the Moon) to let us travel in spaceships for years on end without resupply from Earth - after that it might be within our reach.Elon Musk envisions his BFR traveling as far as the Jupiter and Saturn systems. If Elon Musk is right in his claims that his BFR can be fully re-usable and the cost per flight less than for the Falcon Heavy - I make it that he could send around 20 people to Titan for a cost of less than $100 million for a round trip with enough payload for fully sustainable agriculture to feed them and keep them supplied with oxygen throughout. It does however also mean outlay of the cost of three BFR's, two of which would be left in orbit around Titan- that could however be used as orbiting habitats for Titan or they could descend to the surface as instant skyscrapers on Titan. One of them returns to Earth with any that wish to return plus extra payload. Of course many breakthroughs are needed before that happens. If you are optimistic, I'd venture as a guess, 20 to 40 years before we can do that. If pessimistic, who knows, generations rather than decades, it may be a flight for our grandchildren.See:Value Of Titan As Base For Humans In Saturn System - Surprisingly - Once There - Easier For Settlement Than Mars Or The MoonHOW PRACTICAL IS IT?If he succeeds, Elon Musk’s BFR could make it possible to send humans out to Saturn. I work out it has enough interior space to sustain 20 people with food using the BIOD-3 system which needs minimal resupply from Earth(It’s more than 20 if you add extra agricultural external modules to the BFR and deflate them or detach them at the destination but 20 seems a good amount to be comfortable for a very long duration mission with loads of extra mass to take along to start a settlement).Once we can do things like that, of course worked out on the Moon and close to Earth first, then we can send humans to anywhere in the solar system, right out to Pluto, for not much more outlay than a mission to Mars except that it ties up a BFR for a decade or two. He thinks a BFR will eventually cost $200 million. Add the need to refuel at the destination to return and send that fuel out from Earth on other BFRs, and you are still talking about total cost including launch from Earth of under a billion dollars.2 years to Titan is very fast - it might be possible, but safer to assume say 5 years as for Cassini for its last leg from Earth to Saturn.This expanded version of this answer explains it in more detail, and includes that attempt at a first rough costing using BFRsValue Of Titan As Base For Humans In Saturn System - Surprisingly - Once There - Easier For Settlement Than Mars Or The MoonSee also Let's Make Sure Astronauts Won't Extinguish Native Mars Life - To Jupiter's Callisto, Saturn's Titan And BeyondFACEBOOK GROUPHumans to Jupiter's Callisto, Saturn's Titan and Beyond

GOIN, John Lowell (xxxx)Symptoms/Conditions Presented: Bladder Cancer, Melanoma, PAD, Acne, Shingles, High Blood Calcium with elevated PHL, Kidney Failure (Stage III), (Genetic) Infantile (Left Side) Kidney, Apnea, Shovel Teeth, Lactose Intolerance, Recent Lung and Lymph Gland Irregularities-Diagnosis, Stage IIIA lung/lymph cancer.Specifics applicable to John Goin are in red.John Goin is a Melungeon [a Tri-Racial (Appalachian) isolate located in north eastern corner of Tennessee]. Today, most Melungeons have quite a little of both northern European and Mediterranean white, some Black and at least a trace of American Indian. But anyone who traces back to someone considered Melungeon before the Civil War is definitely Melungeon, and that is many thousands and a very diverse group.MELUNGEONS AND OTHER MESTEE GROUPS by Mike Nassau. Page 29…melungeons and identified with them, and the Redbones of Louisiana do partly derive from this range. The Lumbees of southern North Carolina and the border of South Carolina are the largest Mestee (technically Indian) group and constitute their own range. The Southern range includes the Brass Ankles, Red Bones, Turks, Smilings and many other small groups of South Carolina, the Cajans of Alabama and Mississippi, the Dead Lake People of Florida and the Redbones (including the Sabines and Houmas) of Louisiana [BB,WG,EP].The different ranges have different type names, but the spread of certain names through a given range is one proof of the extensive mixing between the groups within each range. The Goins name is intriguing, it is a type name for almost all of the Mestee ranges except the Ramapo Mountain People [BB]. It has been traced back to a black family named Gowan in Virginia, [HP]. It is spelt Goins, Goin, Goines, Goen, Goens, Going, Goings, Gowen, Gowan and Gowans.Melungeon (An Appalachian Tri-Racial-Isolate) genetic disorders, including anemias and familial Mediterranean fever.·Six fingers (polydactyly)··Dark skin, dark hair, blue or green eyes··Jewish heritage. See Genomic date included··Shovel teeth··Anatolian bump, or occipital bun··Sleep apnea, allergies, and lactose intolerance.··Familial Mediterranean fever··Behçet's syndrome·Sarcoidosis, a disease found in primarily in Mediterranean populations, and to a lesser degree among the Irish, Scandinavian, and Appalachian blacks and whites (Kennedy, 1997, p. 3). See Genomic data included.·Genetic Reports on John L. Goin·oFamily Tree DNA 23andMe AncestryGEDmatch··Pre April 2017§Post April 2017·December 2017··British Isles 68% 45.5% 47·North European 22.08·Mediterranean 15.03·Scandinavia 4% 8.8% 7% 9.10··West and 3% 37.6% 40% 43.52·Central Europe··East Europe 17% 2.0% 2.% 6.82·Ashkenazi Jewish 4% 0.1% 0.1%·Middle East <0.2% 0 0 2.57··Oceania <0.1% 0··South Central <0.1% 0.2% 0.2%·Africa·John Goin’s “Y-chromosome” is haplogroup E1b1a, probably E1b1a7a (also known as E-M2 in Family Tree DNA nomenclature and as P-252 in the nomenclature of 23 and Me testing. This is a sub-Saharan West African chromosome.)Health studies have associated people of Melungeon ancestry with polydactyly (having six fingers), shovel teeth, prominent occipital bun or Anatolian bump, Behcet’s disease, familial Mediterranean fever, chronic fatigue syndrome, rare anemias and other genetic traits and disorders.“Denting enosis Imperfecta in a Racial Isolate with Hereditary Defects”, by: Rudolph J. Hursey et al, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology, Vol 9, No. 6, pp 641-658y,The two front teeth and the two on either side have a ridge on the back near the gum line and also curve outward creating a shovel tooth while the front remains perfectly straight.In anthropology, Sinodonty and Sundadonty are two patterns of features widely found in the dentitions of different populations in East Asia. These two patterns were identified by anthropologist Christy G. Turner II as being within the greater "Mongoloid dental complex".[2]Sundadonty is regarded as having a more generalised, proto-Mongoloid morphology and having a longer ancestry than its offspring, Sinodonty.The combining forms Sino- and Sunda- refer to China and Sundaland, respectively, while -dont refers to teeth.Contents1Proto-sundadont2Mongoloid dental complex2.1Sundadont2.2Sinodont2.2.1Associated traits3Applicability4See also5References6External linksProto-sundadontTsunehiko Hanihara (1993) believed that the dental features of Aboriginal Australians have the characteristic of high frequencies of "evolutionarily conservative characteristics," which is called the "proto-sundadont" pattern.[3]C.G Turner II shows with his analysis of 2016 that sundadonty is the proto-Mongolid dental morphology and is not connected to the Australoid dental morphology. He also shows that sinodonty is predominant in Native Americans.[4]Mongoloid dental complex[edit]Turner defined the Sinodont and Sundadont dental complexes in contrast to a broader Mongoloid dental complex.[5]Hanihara defined the Mongoloid dental complex in 1966. In 1984, Turner separated the Mongoloid dental complex into the Sinodont and Sundadont dental complexes.[6]Ryuta Hamada, Shintaro Kondo and Eizo Wakatsuki (1997) said that, based on dental traits, Mongoloids are separated into sinodonts and sundadonts, which is supported by Christy G. Turner II (1989).[7][8]Turner found the Sundadont pattern in the skeletal remains of Jōmon people of Japan, and in living populations of Taiwanese aborigines, Filipinos, Indonesians, Borneans, and Malaysians.In 1996, Rebecca Haydenblit of the Hominid Evolutionary Biology Research Group at Cambridge University did a study on the dentition of four pre-Columbian Mesoamerican populations and compared their data to "other Mongoloid populations".[9]She found that "Tlatilco", "Cuicuilco", "Monte Albán" and "Cholula" populations followed an overall "Sundadont" dental pattern "characteristic of Southeast Asia" rather than a "Sinodont" dental pattern "characteristic of Northeast Asia".[9]Turner found the Sinodont pattern in the Han Chinese, in the inhabitants of Mongolia and eastern Siberia, in the Native Americans, and in the Yayoi people of Japan.Sinodonty is a particular pattern of teeth characterized by the following features:The upper first incisors and upper second incisors are shovel-shaped, and they are "not aligned with the other teeth".[10]The upper first premolar has one root (whereas the upper first premolar in Caucasians normally has two roots), and the lower first molar in Sinodonts has three roots (3RM1) whereas it has two roots in Caucasoid teeth.[10][5]Associated traitsThe EDAR gene causes the Sinodont tooth pattern, and also affects hair texture,[11]jaw morphology,[12]and perhaps the nutritional profile of breast milk.[13]ApplicabilityIn the 1990s, Turner's dental morphological traits were frequently mentioned as one of three new tools for studying origins and migrations of human populations. The other two were linguistic methods such as Joseph Greenberg's mass comparison of vocabulary or Johanna Nichols's statistical study of language typology and its evolution, and genetic studies pioneered by Cavalli-Sforza.Today, the largest number of references to Turner's work are from discussions of the origin of Paleo-Amerindians and modern Native Americans, including the Kennewick Man controversy. Turner found that the dental remains of both ancient and modern Amerindians are more similar to each other than they are to dental complexes from other continents, but that the Sinodont patterns of the Paleo-Amerindians identify their ancestral homeland as north-east Asia. Some later studieshave questioned this and found Sundadont features in some American peoples.A study done by Stojonowski et al in 2015 found a "significant interobserver error" in the earlier studies and their statistical analysis of matched wear and morphology scores suggests trait downgrading for some traits.[14]See alsoAinu peopleAustraloid raceAustronesian peoplesMalay raceMongoloidOdontometricsShovel-shaped incisorsReferences[edit]1.^ Howells, William W. (1997). Getting Here: the story of human evolution. ISBN 0-929590-16-32.^ G. Richard Scott, Christy G. Turner, (2000). The Anthropology of Modern Human Teeth: Dental Morphology and Its Variation in Recent Human Populations. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 05217845303.^ Pilloud, Marin; Heim, Kelly; Schmitz, Kirk; Paul, Kathleen. "Sinodonty, Sundadonty, and the Beringian Standstill model: Issues of timing and migrations into the New World".4.^ Hanihara, Tsunehiko. (1993). Craniofacial Features of Southeast Asians and Jomonese: A Reconsideration of Their Microevolution Since the Late Pleistocene. Anthropological Science, 101(1). Page 26. Retrieved March 8, 2018, from link to the PDF document.5.^ Jump up to:abScott, R.G. (1997). Encyclopedia of Human Biology. Second Edition. Volume 3. Pages 175-190. Retrieved December 14, 2016, from link.6.^ Díaz, E. et al. (2014). Frequency and variability of dental morphology in deciduous and permanent dentition of a Nasa indigenous group in the municipality of Morales, Cauca, Colombia. In Colombia Médica, 45(1). Pages 15–24. Retrieved December 14, 2016, from link.7.^ Hamada, Ryuta, Kondo, Shintaro & Wakatsuki, Eizo. (1997). Odontometrical Analysis of Filipino Dentition. The Journal of Showa University Dental Society, 17. Page 197. Retrieved March 8, 2018, from link to the PDF document.8.^ SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System. Teeth and Prehistory in Asia. Retrieved March 9, 2018, from link to the web page.9.^ Jump up to:abHaydenblit, R. (1996), Dental variation among four prehispanic Mexican populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 100: 225–246. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199606)100:2<225::AID-AJPA5>http://3.0.CO;2-W10.^ Jump up to:abKimura, R. et al. (2009). A Common Variation in EDAR Is a Genetic Determinant of Shovel-Shaped Incisors. In American Journal of Human Genetics, 85(4). Page 528. Retrieved December 24, 2016, from link.11.^ Kamberov YG, Wang S, Tan J, Gerbault P, Wark A, Tan L, Yang Y, Li S, Tang K, Chen H, Powell A, Itan Y, Fuller D, Lohmueller J, Mao J, Schachar A, Paymer M, Hostetter E, Byrne E, Burnett M, McMahon AP, Thomas MG, Lieberman DE, Jin L, Tabin CJ, Morgan BA, Sabeti PC (Feb 2013). "Modeling recent human evolution in mice by expression of a selected EDAR variant". Cell. 152 (4): 691–702.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.016.PMC3575602.PMID23415220.12.^ Adhikari, K., Fuentes-Guajardo, M., Quinto-Sánchez, M., Mendoza-Revilla, J., Chacón-Duque, J. C., Acuña-Alonzo, V., Gómez-Valdés, J. (2016). "A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation". Nature Communications. 7: 11616.Bibcode:2016NatCo...711616A.doi:10.1038/ncomms11616.PMC4874031.PMID27193062. Retrieved 12 November 2016.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)13.^ Lozovschi, Alexandra (24 April 2018). "Ancient Teeth Reveal Breastfeeding-Related Gene Helped Early Americans Survive The Ice Age [Study]". Inquisitr. Retrieved 25 April 2018.14.^ Stojanowski, Christopher M.; Johnson, Kent M. (2015-3). "Observer error, dental wear, and the inference of new world sundadonty". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 156 (3): 349–362.doi:10.1002/ajpa.22653.ISSN1096-8644.PMID25363296.Check date values in: |date= (help)External links: Affinities of the Paleoindians"Tracing Native American Origins"<img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" />Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinodonty_and_Sundadonty&oldid=876957744"Categories:TeethBiological anthropologytSoccerUS PoliticsBusinessTechScienceMoreThe Past and the CuriousGeneticsMongoloidThe racial differences are more marked in the permanent dentition than the deciduous dentition. The most distinguishing feature in the Mongoloid dentition is found on the lingual surface of the incisors in fusion of the lateral or marginal ridges which formed a raised cingulum and creates a deep lingual fossa. The ridge fades toward the incisal portion of teeth, and this gives the tooth a “shovel” or “scoop” shape appearance [Figure l]. This condition is found in approximately 90% of Mongoloids inclusive of Eskimos and American Indians.[17]Occasionally, there may be a groove on the lingual surface at the cervical margin up to the root surface and “Screw like or Finger like” projections from the cingulum toward the incisal margins [Figure 2]a and [Figure 2]b. Frequently, the prominent lingual marginal ridges which produce the Mongoloid shovel-shaped incisor extends onto the labial surface [Figure 3]. These produce a mesiodistal concavity of the labial surface and are termed “double-shovel shaped” incisor.[17],[18]What the ancient DNA discovery tells us about Native American ancestryA new genome from a Pleistocene burial in Alaska confirms a longstanding model for the initial peopling of the AmericasSurprise as DNA reveals new group of Native Americans: the ancient BeringiansJennifer RaffJennifer is a geneticist who specialises in the study of human variation among contemporary and ancient populations.Wed 3 Jan 2018 13.00 EST Last modified on Wed 14 Feb 2018 16.38 ESTShare on FacebookShare on TwitterShare via EmailShares1,2611261Comments224Alaskan glacier. Photograph: AlamyA little over 11,000 years ago, a grieving family in Central Alaska laid to rest a six-week-old baby girl, a three-year-old child, and a preterm female fetus. According to their custom, the children were interred under a hearth inside their home and provisioned with the carefully crafted stone points and bone foreshafts of hunting lances. We don’t know their names, but the peoples who live in the region today (the Tanana Athabaskans) call one of the girls Xach’itee’aanenh t’eede gaay (sunrise child-girl) and the other Yełkaanenh t’eede gaay (dawn twilight child-girl). Their remains were discovered a few years ago at a site known today as the Upward Sun River.Surprise as DNA reveals new group of Native Americans: the ancient BeringiansRead moreThese children carried the history of their ancestors within their DNA, and with the permission of their descendants they are now teaching us about the early events in the peopling of the Americas. A new paper in Nature, Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans by Moreno-Mayar et al., analyzes the complete genome of one of these children. This genome gives us a glimpse of the genetic diversity present in Late Pleistocene Beringians, the ancestors of Native Americans, and confirms a decades-old hypothesis for the early peopling of the Americas.To contextualize this work, it helps to start with what we know – and don’t know – about how humans first got to the American continents. We’ve known for a long time that the indigenous peoples of the Americas are descended from a group of people who crossed a land connection between Asia and North America sometime during the Last Glacial Maximum (26,500 to 19,000 years before present, or YBP).AdvertisementThe prevailing model for how this happened is known as the Beringian Standstill (or Pause or Incubation, depending on who you ask), which was originally conceived of based on classical genetic markers and fully developed by the analysis of maternally inherited mitochondrial genomes . This model states that the ancient Beringians must have experienced a long period of isolation from all other populations. (Estimates for the length of this isolation vary, but the lower end – roughly 7,000 years – is about as long as the period between the invention of beer brewing and the Apollo 11 landing). During this period they developed the genetic variation uniquely found in Native American populations.This isolation likely took place in Beringia. Environmental reconstructions based on ancient plant remains taken from soil cores, as well as computer temperature models show that it was actually a relatively decent place to live during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Large regions of Beringia would have had warmer temperatures than Siberia and shrub tundra with plants and animals available to support a sizeable human population. Although we don’t have any direct archaeological evidence of people living in central Beringia during the LGM – because that region is currently underneath the ocean – we do have evidence that people were living year round in western Beringia (present-day Siberia) at the Yana Rhinocerous Horn sites by 30,000 YBP and in eastern Beringia (present-day Yukon, in Canada) by about 20-22,000 YBP at the Bluefish Caves site.Sign up for Lab Notes - the Guardian's weekly science updateRead moreAt the end of the LGM, temperatures began to rise and the glaciers that covered North America slowly began to melt. The first peoples to enter the Americas from Beringia are thought to have done so shortly after a route opened up along the west coast, about 15,000 years ago. Travel by boat would have allowed very rapid southward movement, making it possible for people to establish themselves at the early site of Monte Verde in Chile by 14,220 YBP, as well as a number of other sites in North America of similar ages. Whether there was southward travel by Clovis peoples via the ice-free corridor once it opened remains unresolved, but there is at least some evidence against it.Today there remain a number of questions about the details of the Beringian Incubation model: 1) Which population(s) contributed to the ancestry of the earliest Native Americans? 2) When and where did their ancestors become isolated, and how long did this isolation last? 3) How did people initially enter the Americas from Beringia? 4) When and how did the patterned genetic variation that we see in Native American populations emerge?Ancient genomes from people who lived in the Americas and in Siberia during or shortly after the LGM can help provide answers to some of these questions. But there aren’t very many burials that date to this period, so the Upward Sun River child’s genome is very significant. It strongly confirms the Beringian Incubation/Standstill model. In this region of Alaska today, we only see a subset of Native American-specific mitochondrial haplogroups: those which are uniquely restricted to the Arctic and Subarctic. But the Beringian Standstill model predicted that ancestral Beringians should have all “founder” mitochondrial lineages present in ancient and contemporary Native Americans. In the absence of any ancient DNA dating to the Late Pleistocene, this remained an unsolvable puzzle.But when the first genetic data from two of the Upward Sun River children was successfully recovered by Justin Tackney et al. in 2015, we (I was a minor co-author on the paper) discovered that they had mitochondrial lineages (C1b and B2) not typical of contemporary peoples of the region. We hypothesized that they might represent the descendants of a remnant ancient Beringian population, but it was impossible to test this hypothesis without additional data from the nuclear genomes. Moreno-Mayar et al.’s nuclear genome results from one of the children (the other didn’t yield enough nuclear DNA for analysis) confirm that she belonged to a group that had remained in Beringia after Native Americans began their migration southward into the Americas. We know that because this child is equally related to all indigenous populations in the Americas. She did not belong to either of the two major Native American genetic groups (Southern and Northern), but was equally related to both of them. One interpretation of this result is that her ancestors must have remained in Alaska after splitting from the ancestors of Native Americans sometime around 20,000 YBP. Her genome, provides new insight into the genetic diversity present in the ancestral Beringian population. One important component of that is that it gives us new estimates of the approximate dates of key events:~36,000 YBP: The ancestors of the ancient Beringians began to separate from East Asians, but gene flow between them continues until about 25,000 YBP~25-20,000 YBP: This population experienced gene flow with the ancient North Eurasian population (to which the Mal’ta boy belonged)~20,000 YBP: The ancestors of the Upward Sun River child diverged from the ancestors of other Native Americans.~17,000-14,600 YBP: The two major clades (genetic groups) of Native Americans differentiate from one another.While this paper doesn’t yield any tremendous surprises, it does add new details to and confirms the predictions of a hypothesis for the initial peopling of the Americas that has been the focus of much research over the past few years. We ought to temper our excitement, however, with the recognition that a nuclear genome from a single individual might not represent the full range of genetic diversity within a population, and those questions I outlined above will need additional data to fully answer. We still have a tremendous amount to learn about the origins and evolution of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.Further reading:Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018. Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans. Nature.Symptoms of Behçet's syndrome?The symptoms of Behçet's syndrome depend on the area of the body affected. Behçet's syndrome can involve inflammation of many areas of the body. These areas include the arteries that supply blood to the body's tissues. Behçet's syndrome can also affect the veins that take the blood back to the lungs to replenish oxygen. Other areas of body that can be affected by the inflammation of Behçet's syndrome include the back of the eyes (retina), brain, joints, skin, and bowels.Arteritis from Behçet's syndrome. This could cause a stroke if it is affecting the brain vessels, belly pain if affecting the bowel, etc. When veins become inflamed (phlebitis), the inflammation can involve large veins that develop blood clots which can loosen and migrate to cause pulmonary embolisms.Joint inflammation: This occurs in about half of patients with Behçet's syndrome at some time during their lives. Knees, wrists, ankles, and elbows are the most common joints affected.The skin of patients with Behçet's syndrome can develop areas of inflammation that spontaneously appear as raised, tender, reddish nodules (erythema nodosum), typically on the front of the legs. Research has found that acne occurs more frequently in patients with Behçet's syndrome that also have arthritis as a manifestation.Source publication: Donald N. Yates and Elizabeth C. Hirschman, “Toward a Genetic Profile of Melungeons in Southern Appalachia,” Appalachian Journal 38/1 (Fall 2010): 92-111. Medically reviewed by John A. Daller, MD; American Board of Surgery with subspecialty certification in surgical critical care.Behçet’s disease and sarcoidosis: a rare associationO Berriche1, S Hammami2, Y Cherif1 (cherifyousra2011 at gmail dot com) #, S Younes1, W Alaya1, MH Sfar11Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Tahar Sfar University Hospital of Mahdia, Tunisia. 2 Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba’s University Hospital of Monastir, Tunisia# : corresponding authorBehçet disease (BD) and sarcoidosis share several common features, such as uveitis, polyarthritis, meningitis, cardiovascular disease, erythema nodosum, and abnormal chest radiographs. The rare case of a 50-year-old Tunisian man with BD and sarcoidosis is described. The serum angiotensin-converting enzyme level increased, and histological examination of lung revealed non-caseating granulomas. It is important to distinguish these two entities, as the course of the disease is usually different in both. This case report highlights the possible links of the underlying immunologic mechanisms that remain not obvious.ConclusionThe etiology of sarcoidosis is unknown at present. BD, in comparison, is more studied and documented. There are wide recognized changes of immuno-inflammatory in both diseases. The association of sarcoidosis and BD seems to be more than a mere coincidence. This case report highlights that there may be some associated factors which may lead to development of sarcoidosis in preexisting BD. More case reports linking sarcoidosis and BD may lend credibility to the theory that sarcoidosis is an inflammatory diseaseSarcoidosis is a disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps known as granulomas.[2]The disease usually begins in the lungs, skin, or lymph nodes.[2]Less commonly affected are the eyes, liver, heart, and brain.[2]Any organ, however, can be affected.[2]The signs and symptoms depend on the organ involved.[2]Often there are no, or only mild, symptoms.[2]When it affects the lungs there may be wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain.[3]Some may have Löfgren syndrome in which there is fever, large lymph nodes, arthritis, and a rash known as erythema nodosum.[2]The cause of sarcoidosis is unknown.[2]It may be due to an immune reaction …in those who are genetically predisposed.[12][13]Diagnosis is partly based on signs and symptoms, which may be supported by biopsy.[6]Findings that make it likely include large lymph nodes at the root of the lung on both sides, high blood calcium with a normal parathyroid hormone level, or elevated levels of angiotensin converting enzyme:(ACE) in the blood.[6]The diagnosis should only be made after excluding other possible causes of similar symptoms such as tuberculosis.[6]In 2015 pulmonary sarcoidosis and interstitial lung disease affected 1.9 million people globally and they resulted in 122,000 deaths.[11][10]It is most common in Scandinavians but occurs in all parts of the world.[14]In the United States risk is greater among black as opposed to white people.[14]It usually begins between the ages of 20 and 50.[4]It occurs more often in women than men.[4]Sarcoidosis was first described in 1877 by the English doctor Jonathan Hutchinson as a non-painful skin disease.[15]Genetics of sarcoidosis varies according to ethnicity. About 20% of African Americans with sarcoidosis have a family member with the condition, whereas the same figure for European Americans is about 5%. Additionally, in African Americans, who seem to experience more severe and chronic disease, siblings and parents of sarcoidosis cases have about a 2.5-fold increased risk for developing the disease.[24] Investigations of genetic susceptibility yielded many candidate genes, but only few were confirmed by further investigations and no reliable genetic markers are known. Currently, the most interesting candidate gene is BTNL2; several HLA-DR risk alleles are also being investigated.[72][73]Thomas A. Neff Lecture. Advances in the Genetics of SarcoidosisMichael C. Iannuzzi1Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New YorkFamilial aggregation and racial differences in incidence support the notion that sarcoidosis occurs in genetically susceptible hosts.…A genome-wide scan performed in German families with follow-up fine mapping studies has yielded a highly attractive candidate gene, BTNL2 in the MHC II region on chromosome 6. BTNL2, a member of the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules, likely functions to down-regulate T-cell activation. A BTNL2 single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with sarcoidosis is predicted to result in a truncated nonfunctioning protein. Association of BTNL2 with sarcoidosis has been confirmed in both white and African Americans. A genome-wide scan with follow-up fine mapping studies in African American families has identified chromosome 5 as potentially harboring candidate genes. Additional linkage analysis in the African American families stratified according to genetic ancestry demonstrated that linkage signals varied according to degree of admixture. Certain chromosomal regions were also found linked to specific phenotypes. Follow-up fine mapping studies of the linked regions are underway.Keywords: sarcoidosisgeneticsBTNL2Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Michael C. Iannuzzi, M.D., Mount Sinai Medical Center, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY 10029. E-mail: [email protected] persistent sarcoidosis, the HLA haplotype HLA-B7-DR15 are either cooperating in disease or another gene between these two loci is associated. In non-persistent disease, there is a strong genetic association with HLA DR3-DQ2.[74][75]Cardiac sarcoid has been connected to TNFA variants.[76BTNL2 gene polymorphism associations with susceptibility and phenotype expression in sarcoidosis António MoraisSummaryA functional polymorphism within butyrophilin-like 2 (BTNL2) gene has been described as a potential risk factor for sarcoidosis. The association between chronicity and the rs2076530 SNP A allele has also been reported.This study evaluates the BTNL2 rs2076530 G/A allele associations with sarcoidosis susceptibility and disease evolution in a Portuguese cohort of patients.A case-control study of 151 patients and 150 controls was performed. Allele frequencies were compared with Chi-square test in a univariate analysis and with logistic regression in a multivariate analysis.BTNL2 rs206530 A allele frequencies were significantly higher in sarcoidosis with no linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DRB1 alleles, except in the subgroup of patients with Löfgren syndrome where the determinant allele was HLA-DRB1*03. The A allele was also increased in those with isolated thoracic disease, with no differences regarding radiological stages or disease evolution. HLA-DRB1*03, besides the association with Löfgren syndrome was significantly related with disease resolution. Our data confirms the association of BTNL2 rs2076530 A allele with sarcoidosis susceptibility in a Portuguese population. We found independent genetic risk factors in clinically distinct disease phenotypes: BTNL2 rs2076530 A allele in patients without Löfgren syndrome or with isolated thoracic disease, and HLA-DRB1*03 in Löfgren syndrome or disease resolution.Sarcoïdosis, sarcoid, Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease[1 ]Chest X-ray showing the typical nodularity of sarcoidosis, predominantly in the bases of the lungs.SpecialtyRheumatologySymptomsDepends on the organ involved[2]Lungs: wheezing, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain[3]Skin: lumps, ulcers, discolored skin[3]DurationFew years to long term[2][5]Risk factorsFamily history[4]Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms and tissue biopsy[6]Similar conditionsTuberculosis, lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis, pulmonary eosinophilia[7]TreatmentIbuprofen, prednisone, methotrexate[8][9]PrognosisMortality 1–7%[5]Frequency1.9 million with interstitial lung disease (2015)[10]Deaths122,000 with interstitial lung disease (2015)[11]FULL STORY Genetic Kidney DiseaseNew methods find undiagnosed genetic diseases in electronic health recordsDate:March 15, 2018Source:Vanderbilt University Medical CenterSummary:Researchers have found a way to search genetic data in electronic health records to identify undiagnosed genetic diseases in large populations so treatments can be tailored to the actual cause of the illness.Share:Patients diagnosed with heart failure, stroke, infertility and kidney failure could actually be suffering from rare and undiagnosed genetic diseases.advertisementAnd now researchers at Vanderbilt University Medical Center have found a way to search genetic data in electronic health records to identify these diseases in large populations so treatments can be tailored to the actual cause of the illness.The implications for the findings reported today in the journal Science are broad and numerous -- 14 percent of patients with genetic variants affecting the kidney had kidney transplants and 10 percent with another variant required liver transplants.If their genetic cause had been diagnosed, those transplants might have been avoided."We started with a simple idea: look for a cluster of symptoms and diseases to find an undiagnosed underlying disease," said Josh Denny, MD, MS, professor of Biomedical Informatics and Medicine and director of the Center for Precision Medicine."Then we got really excited when we saw how we could systematize it across thousands of genetic diseases to figure out the impact of millions of genetic variants," he said.The new method, developed by Denny, Lisa Bastarache, MS, and a team of collaborators, creates a phenotype risk score to find patterns of symptoms that may be caused by an underlying genetic variant -- including some genetic variants whose effects were previously unknown.The authors theorized that many patients currently diagnosed with issues such as heart failure, stroke, infertility or kidney failure might actually be suffering from a rare genetic disease. If that underlying disease could be identified, it may have a specific treatment preventing the symptoms from recurring or getting worse.By merging traditional resources with newer data mining techniques, the authors assigned scores to 21,701 individuals based on how well their list of symptoms fit the clinical description of each of 1,204 different genetic diseases. The resulting phenotype risk score is high for individuals who are a close match and low for individuals who lack keys features of the disease."What the phenotype risk score shows us is that if you start with specific combinations of symptoms, the chances of finding a potentially causative genetic variant are pretty high. This is a really important step to using clinical genotyping to assess patient risk and inform more precise prevention and treatment of common conditions," said co-author Dan Roden, MD, Senior Vice President for Personalized Medicine.The researchers found 18 associations between genetic variants and high phenotype risk scores. Some are well known to geneticists, such as two variants that cause cystic fibrosis, but most of the associations were for variants that have not previously been described.Individuals for this discovery study were drawn from BioVU, one of the largest repositories of its kind linking DNA samples to de-identified electronic health records. The team then replicated their results at a second biobank at the Marshfield Clinic and confirmed them through tests in labs at VUMC and the University of Oklahoma.The research also provides an important insight into the nature of disease inheritance. Until now, physicians have assumed that genetic diseases called "recessive" require two mutations (one from each parent) to become symptomatic. However, the researchers found that only one variant was enough for some diseases to impact a patient's health."In view of our findings, familiar medical categories such as 'complex' versus 'genetic', or 'dominant' versus 'recessive' begin to appear more like continuums," said Bastarache, lead data scientist with VUMC's Center for Precision Medicine.As genetic testing becomes more common, there is a growing need to understand the impact of genetic variants. Only a fraction of the rare genetic variants found in human beings are well understood. This study shows that looking at outcomes in electronic health records can be helpful in deciding if a variant might be disease-associated."Phenotype risk scoring can easily be applied in any electronic medical record system that is linked to DNA," Bastarache said. "Our work looked at only a small sample of the human genome, about 6,000 variants. The opportunity for additional discoveries using this method is huge."The study unites efforts of 27 authors: Lisa Bastarache, Jake Hughey, Joy Marlo, Sara Van Driest, Tracy McGregor, Jonathan Mosley, Quinn Wells, Michael Temple, Andrea Ramirez, Robert Carroll, Travis Osterman, Todd Edwards, Doug Ruderfer, Digna Edwards, Rizwan Hamin, Joy Cogan, Andrew Glazer, Wei-Qi Wei, QiPing Feng, Nancy Cox, Dan Roden, and Josh Denny working at VUMC; Scott Hebbring and Murray Brilliant at the Marshfield Clinic; and Wanke Zhao, Wanting Ho, and Zhizhuang Zhao at the University of Oklahoma. The work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (LM010685, LM011939, LM007359, HG004603, HG006378, HG008672, HG008341, RR024975, TR000445, GM114128, GM115305, GM120523, HL133786, HG009086).advertisementStory Source:Materials provided by Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Original written by Craig Boerner. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.Journal Reference:1.Lisa Bastarache, Jacob J. Hughey, Scott Hebbring, Joy Marlo, Wanke Zhao, Wanting T. Ho, Sara L. Van Driest, Tracy L. McGregor, Jonathan D. Mosley, Quinn S. Wells, Michael Temple, Andrea H. Ramirez, Robert Carroll, Travis Osterman, Todd Edwards, Douglas Ruderfer, Digna R. Velez Edwards, Rizwan Hamid, Joy Cogan, Andrew Glazer, Wei-Qi Wei, QiPing Feng, Murray Brilliant, Zhizhuang J. Zhao, Nancy J. Cox, Dan M. Roden, Joshua C. Denny. Phenotype risk scores identify patients with unrecognized Mendelian disease patterns. Science, 2018; 359 (6381): 1233 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal4043Cite This Page:·MLA·APA·ChicagoVanderbilt University Medical Center. "New methods find undiagnosed genetic diseases in electronic health records." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 15 March 2018. <New methods find undiagnosed genetic diseases in electronic health records>.Vanderbilt University Medical Center. (2018, March 15). New methods find undiagnosed genetic diseases in electronic health records. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 17, 2018 from New methods find undiagnosed genetic diseases in electronic health recordsVanderbilt University Medical Center. "New methods find undiagnosed genetic diseases in electronic health records." ScienceDaily. New methods find undiagnosed genetic diseases in electronic health records (accessed March 17, 2018).advertisementPreliminary: BRCA Variations May Work Alongside COMT Variation to Reduce Breast CancerMay 25, 2017 — Researchers find through looking at genetic data sets of presumed cancer-free women who carry BRCA 1/2 variants, the co-occurrence of a rare COMT genetic variant in some women. This research outlines ... read moreElectronic Health Records May Not Improve Outcomes in Ischemic Stroke PatientsMay 4, 2015 — Electronic health records may be necessary for a more high-tech and transparent health care system, but hospitals with electronic health records for ischemic stroke patients did not demonstrate ... read moreTool to Better Classify Tumor Cells Developed for Personalized Cancer TreatmentsDec. 11, 2014 — A new statistical model may enable physicians to create personalized cancer treatments for patients based on the specific genetic mutations found in their tumors. The model uses an advanced algorithm ... read moreEMRs Provide Method to Discover New Disease AssociationsNov. 24, 2013 — Researchers are repurposing genetic data and electronic medical records to perform the first large-scale phenome-wide association ... read moreFROM AROUND THE WEB

Yes by all means impeach him, give the second rate fake reality show Con Man the opportunity to lie in the face of his greedy lying crime spree and let the Republicans loyal to Trump be outed as accomplices. Impeachment hearings are the only way to hold Dictator draft dodger Cadet Spanky Bone Spurs the chicken hawk responsible for his presidential crime spree. Yes Robert Mueller outlined and documented some of Trump’s crimes but he is a military trained Republican brown noser who believes in the chain of command above all. The following two reports on Trump are long and rather ruff drafts but the content and links expressing Trump’s many crimes as a morally bankrupt business schmuck and as de facto POTUS an acronym he has shortened to POS:The Reality of Donald TrumpHere are some facts about the criminal con man in chief: Here is Trump talking highly of a sex trafficker and pedophile who got off with a very light sentence. The prosecutor who arranged a deal to quash investigation and indictment of people like Donald Trump and Bill Clinton who both visited ‘sex slave’ was rewarded by Trump with an appointment as Secretary of Labor, Alex Acosta:"I've known Jeff for fifteen years. Terrific guy,'' Trump once said about the convicted sex offender Jeffery Epstein owner of sex slave island. "He's a lot of fun to be with. It is even said that he likes beautiful women as much as I do, and many of them are on the younger side. No doubt about it -- Jeffrey enjoys his social life."7 Things You Need To Know About Trump And Sex Slave IslandHere is a list of many crimes Trump as able to buy or bully his way out of: The Many Scandals of Donald Trump: A Cheat SheetHere is Trump cussing while campaigning for President, this is not a crime but this is how pathetic of a person he his yet because of his inheritance stupid moralless people worship him like god: Donald Trump Cursing CompilationWhen 10,000 lies become truths to people...Here are his Crimes, his executive orders violating the laws written and passed by the US Congress:We The People RuleHere is a list of what is known about Trumps Russian connections and Russian connections to his campaign:https://www.msn.com/ecid=spartandhp#image=18n-us/news/politics/heres-what-we-know-about-the-17-known-investigations-into-trump-his-campaign-and-russia/ss-BBR66Hc?oHere is evidence that Trump lied to the American people about the XL and DAPL, he promised it would be made from steel made in the USA, a lie is not necessarily a crime but showing favoritism to a company owned by Russian oligarchs I as president is a crime: Trump Reverses Pledge To Mandate U.S. Steel For Keystone Pipeline. A Direct Beneficiary Is A Russian Oligarch With Close Ties To Vladimir PutinTrump Reverses Pledge To Mandate U.S. Steel For Keystone Pipeline. A Direct Beneficiary Is A Russian Oligarch With Close Ties To Vladimir PutinTrump’s ‘order’ that all pipelines be made with U.S. steel is a classic fake-outHow a Russian Steel Oligarch and Putin Ally Is Profiting from the Keystone XL PipelineHere is evidence that Trump is again granting contracts to companies that will build the wall with steel from the same Russian Oligarch owned company the pipeline was built with: the BOLLARD WALL (Steel Slats) that Trump wants on the Southern Border are manufactured with "AMERICAN STEEL".... I put American Steel in quotes because the steel comes from a company called EVRAZ that is indeed located at two locations in America. Guess who OWNS EVRAZ.... the RUSSIANS! (specifically Roman Abramovich and Alexander Abramov: Russian Oligarchs).. And just when steel prices are going through the roof because of Tariffs.... The contract that Trump was talking about in the Rose Garden to upgrade existing barriers in the San Diego area involves 14 miles of steel slat construction by a Texas company SLSCO using EVRAZ steel. FOURTEEN MILES and the cost to AMERICAN TAXPAYERS is 147 MILLION DOLLARS. You don't have to be a math wizard to figure out that the great deal maker is paying TEN MILLION DOLLARS a MILE for a see through fence.According to the U.S. Treasury, 114 Russian politicians and 96 Russian oligarchs own stock in Evraz. Abromavich has known ties to Jared and Ivanka and his wife Dasha is a long time friend of Ivanka. REAL EASY TO FACT CHECK!!!!Trump offers DACA protections in exchange for border wall; Democrats opposedSLSCO wins $145M border wall contractFact Check: Trump Confuses, Misleads on Border WallTrump refused to reinforce sanctions against Russian Oligarchs and unilaterally repealed sanctions against Russian oligarchs passed into law by Congress: As Sanctions Lift, Russian Oligarch's Company Adds Trump Transition Member To Its BoardTrump hires illegal aliens at his Golf Courses and other properties:Making President Trump’s Bed: A Housekeeper Without Papers , A pipeline of undocumented workers for Donald Trump ran from Costa Rica to N.J.: 'My whole town practically lived there' , Attorney says more undocumented workers are employed at Trump golf courseTrump breaks law for his Saudi Prince buddy: Trump accused of breaking law after refusing to report to Congress on Khashoggi’s brutal killingTrump violates the US Constitution treaty clause concerning the Geneva Convention and civilian war conflict deaths:NDAA Civilian Casualties ReportingCongress Steps Up Accountability for Drones Strikes and Other Military Operations - Just SecurityObama reveals how many civilians died in U.S. drone attacksWar Powers Resolution - Wikipediawar crimeshttps://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/MCTP%2011-10A%20(Formerly%20MCRP%204-11.8B).pdf?ver=2016-06-02-153525-19310 U.S. Code Part I - ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL MILITARY POWERSTrump scraps requirement to report some air strikesObama reveals how many civilians died in U.S. drone attacksU.S. Airstrikes In Somalia May Amount To War Crimes, Says Rights GroupUN to investigate civilian deaths from US drone strikesCongress Steps Up Accountability for Drones Strikes and Other Military Operations - Just Securityhttps://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3515908/Use-of-Force-Principles-FINAL.pdf116th CONGRESS1st SessionH. R. ______To Impeach Donald John Trump, President of the United States.IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESJanuary 3, 2019Mr. DRIESSEN introduces the following bill; which shall be referred to the House Committee on the JudiciaryResolutionTo bring about a vote of House of Representatives to pass this resolution, H.Res. ____, initially giving its Judiciary Committee authority to investigate whether sufficient grounds exist to impeach President Donald J. Trump Sr. for high crimes and misdemeanors, as documented within the text, citations and sources of the Articles of Impeachment within this Resolution; that if the committee does in fact find the Articles of this Resolution to be sufficient to cause the President’s impeachment in their opinion; then finally this resolution to impeach the president on said grounds shall be scheduled for a vote by the full legislative body of the House of Representatives if and when the House of Representatives does in fact vote for the Judiciary Committee investigation and the committee finds sufficient grounds and the Body of the House does vote to impeach President Donald Trump, in addition to the result of the House passing this Act to Impeach President Donald Trump; the content of this Resolution and any additional factual grounds to be determined by the committee and the House of Representatives as a whole shall be exhibited, delivered to the Senate and we shall wait for their decision to, or not to, bring the President to trial for said accusations of high crimes and misdemeanors as detailed within the content of this resolution and any resulting continuing investigation in accordance with Article 1, Section 3, Clause 6 of the United States Constitution. We are not vilifying everyone in the government nor private corporate life, we just want our Constitutionally guaranteed rights and reasonable application of the United States Code of laws to be honored, we want equal protection of the laws, all though the US Constitution clearly states that no one is above the law, in the case of a President breaking the law, impeachment is the only constitutional recourse. We believe that the Articles with end notes and sources of information attached will convince the majority and super majorities of the House of Representatives and the Senate to take action necessary to preserve this union, this nation, as a Constitutional Republic requiring the Impeachment of Donald Trump and as well as all cabinet members who offered little to no resistance to and are therefore accomplices to Trump’s illegal acts as President1.SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.This Act may be cited as the “Impeach Donald Trump Act”.SEC. 2. FINDINGS.Since the founding of the United States of America, there always has been great leniency, great leeway concerning the executive branches interpretation and enforcement of internal the laws, as well as to their authority and conduct concerning international policy, treaties and relationships, an amount of acquiescence given to the President and the executive branch from the other to branches of government and allowed them by the people themselves. None the less the constitution does clearly state through Article 2, Section 4 that the president is not above the law and when a Resolution containing Articles of Impeachment clearly states that words, actions and even executive orders of the President are in violation of the Constitution as well as of federal code written into law; when such evidence is submitted to Congress, they will be impelled to take action and vote to impeach a sitting president. In the least when the following Articles and sections of this Resolution are considered, I believe the Congressional bodies will come to order and agree that if anybody other than the President, any other President, flaunted the law to the extent Trump has, they would be criminally prosecuted. It would be far simpler to place the entire blame on Donald Trump, he is not the cause of the problem, only a symptom. In fact an unbiased factual history of the United States of America is far from a beacon of egalitarian principles and human rights. Bringing an end to a tyrannical dictatorial president as proven so by the Articles of this resolution will not prevent and bring and end to such despotism hiding behind the preamble, We The People of the United States, being used by a very small elite portion of the population to justify their domination of a government by and for the wealth of those few, their modus operandi, right from the beginning, was so eloquently challenged by Patrick Henry stating, “I smell a rat”. The selection of Trump as President by the electoral college, the second time in this young century that a candidate who lost the majority vote was thus selected, should serve a sign, as a notice to all citizens that our Constitution is antiquated and the current government does not represent the needs or the wishes of the majority. The United States government does not meet the standards of a Constitutional Republic. Therefore considering the Articles of this Resolution, knowing, believing them to accurately describe the actions of Donald Trump as high crimes and misdemeanors, meaning to make tough moral choices to impeach and try a sitting president, we must all realize that this is the beginning of change not the end, we have the right and duty to begin the process of modifying our Constitution to the point where it becomes a new Constitution, one to be the basis of all this Nations laws, one being capable of guiding the people and those who ascend to leadership positions after a fashion to truly guarantee the promises of the older Declaration of Independence and the older Constitution that now has proven to have failed us all.Article 1 (count 1), DAPL and Keystone Executive ordersFrom the first US law concerning the protection of the environment, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, laws that were passed by Congress concerning regulation of natural resources to prevent unnecessary pollution and depletion of those resources for profit, some of those laws enacted require environmental impact studies of commercial for profit projects such as a pipe line. A pipe line which will benefit a corporate capitalist class of individuals at the expense of citizens and nature itself. The vast majority of monetary benefits of the pipeline will go to the few the already extremely wealthy, that have monopolized wealth to the point of being no less than royal nobility is nothing short of a crime. For President Trump to sign an executive order, to use the office of President to over rule, to bypass laws put in place to protect our natural resources which we all share equally and need for our very survival is criminal in both act and intent.We believe that a Presidential Executive Order over ruling the permitting process for such projects as determined by U.S. Code › Title 33 › Chapter 26 › Subchapter IV › § 1344 is not only a violation as determined by § 1344(s), but because of the fact that leaks and spills have already occurred since Trump’s decision to demand the pipeline construction and operation proceed without the completion of impact studies required by laws discussed here, we believe 33 USC § 1319 (c) criminal penalties should also apply. An order to, “approve in an expedited manner” and “as satisfying all applicable requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act, forgoing a complete permit process” the words of Mr. Trump’s order2 violate environmental law enacted by the US Congress https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3410448/Construction-of-the-Dakota-Access-Pipeline.pdf. Although accidents and even acts of nature and nature’s God happen and resulting pollution is not considered a criminal or liability due to unforeseeable negligence, when a President knowingly and purposefully approves projects such as this ordering construction and operation to proceed without complete studies, he is accepting the responsibility for any spills and leaks that may have been prevented by a more complete regulatory process. Such leaks did happen in the Dakota Access Pipeline and the Keystone XL http://Pipeline3https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/16/us/keystone-pipeline-leaks-south-dakota.html Five Spills, Six Months in Operation: Dakota Access Track Record Highlights Unavoidable Reality — Pipelines Leak and there is now no way of determining if the leaks and spills would or would not have happened with a proper legal environmental impact study and continuing Congressionally mandated regulations. “Nobody thought any politician would have the guts to approve that final leg. I just closed my eyes, and I said, ‘Do it,” Trump said in a speech in Cincinnati in June of 2017. Two US District Judges have ruled that Trump’s Executive orders involving the DAPL and KXL pipelines may violate the law4 http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/DAPL-order.pdf Denial of Motion to Dismiss Therefore we consider the executive orders to expedite pipeline construction and operation by forgoing laws enacted by Congress is an impeachable offense.Here is a report on a 210,000 gallon leak since Trumps Executive Order:Keystone Pipeline Leaks 210,000 Gallons of Oil in South DakotaHere is another report of a leak since Trump’s Executive order:Pipeline spills 176,000 gallons 150 miles from Standing Rock.23 U.S. Code § 139 – Efficient environmental reviews for project decisionmaking explains the process that Mr. TrumpArticle 2 (count 2), Immigration Executive OrdersThere are no articles, sections or clauses in the US Constitution specifically denying Constitutional rights to any human being within its territory, in fact the 14th Amendment in part states, “nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Furthermore, the United States Government became a signatory nation to the UN Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugeesof 1951 and 1967 on November 1st 19685 States Parties to the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees . Also, in the interest of expressing the importance this treaty is to the current business at hand of identifying and giving an account of impeachable offenses we must take notice of Article 6, Section 2 of the US Constitution: “This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.”. There is US Code relating to refugees and migrants seeking asylum which does give ultimate authority to the US Attorney General in certain cases involving accusations of immigrant’s involvement in terrorism and certain violent crime, also a consideration of the existence of a Safe Third Country is to be determined by the US Attorney General rather than the courts, which seems to be at odds conflicting with the Constitution as mentioned above, see 8 U.S. Code § 1158 – Asylum. Here are Trump orders(a)Muslim ban and instigating hateTrump’s Executive orders concerning refugees from 7 countries relies on false statements related to the 9/11 attacks and does not ban people from Saudi Arabia(15), United Arab Emerates(2), Lebanon(1) or Egypt(1) which the official account of 9/11 claims the hijackers were from. Trump’s Executive Order 13769 signed January 27th 2017 only mentions Syria directly but, he mentions 217(a)(12) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1187(a)(12), which include Iraq, Syria, Iran, Sudan, Libya, Somalia and Yemen countries in war and turmoil where people with the most legitimate refugee claims would come from. In the case of Iraq his order would ban interpreters and others who aided US soldiers fighting there. Trump’s statement about honor killings is used to include all people from all those countries who do not necessarily practice such old testament based practice. This would be no different than judging all NRA members or for that matter all US citizens by the actions Stephan Paddock the Las Vegas shooter. There are obviously more instances of racism, xenophobia and hate and bigotry in Trump’s immigration executive orders that are a hindrance to US immigration and foreign policy rather than any notion of protecting us. I think legislators should read the actual Executive Orders and the resulting federal court orders stating that Trump’s orders are against the law and unconstitutional. Three of Trumps Executive Orders concerning immigration and refugee policy from Muslim Countries are Order 13769 signed January 27th 2017, Order 13780 March 6, 2017 and Proclamation 9645 September 24, 2017 http://Proclamation6https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-protecting-nation-foreign-terrorist-entry-united-states/https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-protecting-nation-foreign-terrorist-entry-united-states-2/ , Presidential Proclamation Enhancing Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats | The White House . The Sally Yates letter in as polite of words stated that she is “not convinced that the defense of the Executive Order (13769) is consistent with these responsibilities nor am I convinced that the Executive Order is lawful.”7 Full text: Sally Yates' letter to Justice Department attorneys on Trump's travel ban All of the “Travel Ban” executive orders had been challenged by interested parties and found to be unconstitutional by multiple federal district and appeals courts in various districts and appeal circuits. Yes the country is divided and it took the appointment of another conservative judge that in conservative situations comes under the ideology that the president has unbridled powers above Congress and even the Constitution, alt-right republicanism gives “Supreme Power” to the elected selected officials rather than to the Constitution and the people.Everything you need to know about the travel ban: A timelinehttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Letter-From-Sally-Yates.pdf/page1-593px-Letter-From-Sally-Yates.pdf.jpgTimeline of the Muslim BanJun 26, 2018Trump v. Hawaii - SCOTUSblogSeven CountriesConvention Relating to the Status of RefugeesThe Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, also known as the 1951 Refugee Convention,(b) Mexican Xenophobe and separating parents from children in detention.“I will build a great wall — and nobody builds walls better than me, believe me –and I’ll build them very inexpensively. I will build a great, great wall on our southern border, and I will make Mexico pay for that wall. Mark my words.” Donald Trump June 2015 30 of Donald Trump's wildest quotes“I have a judge who is a hater of Donald Trump, a hater. He’s a hater,”, I’ll tell you what it has to do. I’ve had ruling after ruling after ruling that’s been bad rulings, OK? I’ve been treated very unfairly. Before him, we had another judge. If that judge was still there, this case would have been over two years ago. Let me just tell you, I’ve had horrible rulings, I’ve been treated very unfairly by this judge. Now, this judge is of Mexican heritage. I’m building a wall, OK? I’m building a wall. I am going to do very well with the Hispanics, the Mexicans”,”We are building a wall. He’s a Mexican. We’re building a wall between here and Mexico.” Trump's attacks on Judge Curiel are still jarring to read18 U.S. Code § 1521 – Retaliating against a Federal judge or Federal law enforcement officer by false claim or slander of title.“When Mexico sends its people, they’re not sending the best. They’re sending people that have lots of problems and they’re bringing those problems. They’re bringing drugs, they’re bringing crime. They’re rapists and some, I assume, are good people, but I speak to border guards and they’re telling us what we’re getting.” Donald Trump June 2015. “You wouldn’t believe how bad these people are. These aren’t people, these are animals, and we’re taking them out of the country at a level and at a rate that’s never happened before.”May 16, 2018“I have put in place a zero-tolerance policy for illegal entry on our southwest border. If you cross this border unlawfully, then we will prosecute you. It’s that simple. If you smuggle illegal aliens across our border, then we will prosecute you. If you are smuggling a child, then we will prosecute you and that child will be separated from you as required by law,” he said. Jeff Sessions May 7th 2018Zero Tollerence first issued April 11, 2017, memorandum letter made public April 6, 2018https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1049751/downloadJune 15, 2018 During a briefing call today, Homeland Security officials confirmed to reporters that 1,995 children were separated from 1,940 adults at the U.S.-Mexico border from April 19 through May 31. These adults were referred for prosecution after illegally crossing the border. How Trump's family separation policy became what it is todayICE spends more than $2 billion a year on immigrant detention through private jails…Big Money As Private Immigrant Jails BoomMr. Trump’s own inauguration fund collected $500,000 from two private prison companies housing detained migrant families. Some Contractors Housing Migrant Children Are Familiar to Trump’s Inner CircleCase 2:18-cv-00939 Document 1 Filed 06/26/18 Page 1 of 128https://nj.gov/oag/newsreleases18/Family-Sep-Complaint.pdfThis is what the ‘zero-tolerance’ policy on the border means for people fleeing violenceTrump Calls Some Unauthorized Immigrants ‘Animals’ in Ranthttps://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/03/17/nations-have-separated-children-from-parents-before-it-never-ends-well/?utm_term=.85726efce524Case 2:18-cv-00939 Document 1 Filed 06/26/18https://nj.gov/oag/newsreleases18/Family-Sep-Complaint.pdfArticle 3 (count), nepotismTrump, in a statement on Monday announcing the choice (for senior advisor), said Kushner(his son in law) was a “tremendous asset and trusted advisor throughout the campaign and transition.” Trump's son-in-law Kushner to become senior White House adviserHer official title will be assistant to the president; her husband, Jared Kushner, has the title of senior adviser, and also does not get paid. Ivanka Trump gets new White House titleKimberly Guilfoyle and Donald Trump Jr. made their hot-and-heavy romance as official as possible by appearing together as a couple at Wednesday’s July Fourth celebration at the White House.https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/07/05/kimberly-guilfoyle-debuts-as-donald-trump-jr-s-girlfriend-at-white-house/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/03/30/how-trumps-children-and-their-spouses-are-still-tied-to-the-white-house/?utm_term=.1383289ace7f5 U.S. Code § 3110 – Employment of relatives; restrictionsU.S. Code › Title 5 › Part III › Subpart B › Chapter 31 › Subchapter I › § 3110https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/03/justice-department-legal-memos-presidents-appoint-relatives-243395https://www.thedailybeast.com/meet-the-trump-officials-making-government-a-family-businessPresident Donald Trump’s family appears to have grown richer since he entered the White House. The wealth is coming in because Trump, unlike past presidents, handed control of his businesses over to his children instead of fully divesting from them. The president’s daughter, Ivanka Trump, and son-in-law, Jared Kushner, have similarly stepped down as bosses of their companies but maintained a hand in them. https://www.newsweek.com/trump-family-members-have-gotten-much-richer-president-moved-white-house-975993“We conclude that section 3110 [of the U.S. Code] does not bar this appointment,” according to the 14-page memo from the Justice Department. “We believe that the President’s special hiring authority in 3 U.S.C. § 105(a) permits him to make appointments to the White House Office that the anti-nepotism statute might otherwise forbid.”https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/nepotism-laws-apply-jared-kushner-appointment-doj/story?id=44951811“We shouldn’t forget why we have these [laws]. It was to try to purify the presidency to a certain respect, or to create more accountability in the people that they appoint,” Julian Zelizerhttps://www.npr.org/2017/01/05/508382236/trump-relatives-potential-white-house-roles-could-test-anti-nepotism-lawThis issue alone has been watered down by people who do not consider that the Constitution forbids nobility. Although there is a natural, psychological tendency for humans to seek alphas and by definition of republic officials have “supreme power”, we have a Constitution as the highest law of the land not celebrity nobility rule.Article 4 (count), emoluments clauseOverall, the report found, political groups spent more than $1.2 million at Trump properties during his first year in office, after never having spent more than $100,000 “in any given year going back to at least 2002.” https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2018-03-05/how-is-donald-trump-profiting-from-the-presidency-let-us-count-the-waysCorey Ciorciari, policy and research director at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, acknowledged this but said he’s still comfortable with $3.6 million as a reasonable, if not conservative, estimate for the cost of one of Trump’s Mar-a-Lago trips .https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/apr/18/center-american-progress-action-fund/how-much-do-donald-trumps-trips-mar-lago-cost/$75 million to protect Melania and Barron in New York. https://www.cheatsheet.com/money-career/trumps-56-million-in-golf-trips-cost-by-extravagant-cost.html/Blumenthal, et al. v. Trumphttps://www.theusconstitution.org/litigation/trump-and-foreign-emoluments-clause/Blumenthal case is well documented and while it is a civil case it seems of little doubt to prove violation of the Emoluments clause by Donald Trumphttps://www.theusconstitution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Blumenthal_v_Trump_DDC_Amended_Complaint_Final.pdfhttps://www.businessinsider.com/trump-emoluments-clause-justice-department-denies-trump-is-violating-the-constitution-2018-6In their recent financial disclosure forms, Donald Trump, Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner reported more than $500 million in income. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/28/trump-collects-on-business-and-presidency-is-boosting-brand.htmlConstitutionArticle 1, section 9:8: No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.Article 2 section 1:7: The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.5 U.S. Code § 7342 – Receipt and disposition of foreign gifts and decorations18 U.S. Code § 209 – Salary of Government officials and employees payable only by United States18 U.S. Code § 208 – Acts affecting a personal financial interesthttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/20918 U.S. Code § 216 – Penalties and injunctionsIn their recent financial disclosure forms, Donald Trump, Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner reported more than $500 million in income. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/28/trump-collects-on-business-and-presidency-is-boosting-brand.htmlOverall, the report found, political groups spent more than $1.2 million at Trump properties during his first year in office, after never having spent more than $100,000 “in any given year going back to at least 2002.” https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2018-03-05/how-is-donald-trump-profiting-from-the-presidency-let-us-count-the-waysCorey Ciorciari, policy and research director at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, acknowledged this but said he’s still comfortable with $3.6 million as a reasonable, if not conservative, estimate for the cost of one of Trump’s Mar-a-Lago trips .https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/apr/18/center-american-progress-action-fund/how-much-do-donald-trumps-trips-mar-lago-cost/$75 million to protect Melania and Barron in New York. https://www.cheatsheet.com/money-career/trumps-56-million-in-golf-trips-cost-by-extravagant-cost.html/Blumenthal, et al. v. Trumphttps://www.theusconstitution.org/litigation/trump-and-foreign-emoluments-clause/Blumenthal case is well documented and while it is a civil case it seems of little doubt to prove violation of the Emoluments clause by Donald Trumphttps://www.theusconstitution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Blumenthal_v_Trump_DDC_Amended_Complaint_Final.pdfhttps://www.businessinsider.com/trump-emoluments-clause-justice-department-denies-trump-is-violating-the-constitution-2018-6Article 5 (count) Conspiracy concerning foreign national election laws“Russia, if you’re listening, I hope you’re able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing,” Trump said on July 27, 2016, the same day the indictment says hackers targeted a domain used by Clinton’s personal office.https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-russia-emails-hack-clinton-same-day-mueller-2018-7https://investigaterussia.org/timelines/everything-we-know-about-russia-and-president-trumpEven if the meeting was about “adoptions of Russian children by Americans”, the meeting is still against the law, in fact since private Russian entities not connected to the government do not have any authority concerning such things, so if this alibi, this defense were true it would be even greater proof of the Russian party’s of the June 9, 2016 meeting connection to the Russian government.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower_meetingFormer White House Advisor Stephen Bannon says Donold Trump knew about a meeting between a Russian lawyer and his son, Donald Trump Jr. and that Trump himself may have met Russian contacts the same day. blob:https://www.huffingtonpost.com/cf2ff744-dc88-48a7-8bbf-f05070d416b518 U.S. Code § 953 – Private correspondence with foreign governmentsAny citizen of the United States, wherever he may be, who, without authority of the United States, directly or indirectly commences or carries on any correspondence or intercourse with any foreign government or any officer or agent thereof, with intent to influence the measures or conduct of any foreign government or of any officer or agent thereof, in relation to any disputes or controversies with the United States, or to defeat the measures of the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both.This section shall not abridge the right of a citizen to apply, himself or his agent, to any foreign government or the agents thereof for redress of any injury which he may have sustained from such government or any of its agents or subjects.(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 744; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)52 U.S. Code § 30121 – Contributions and donations by foreign nationals18 U.S. Code § 953 – Private correspondence with foreign governmentsUS CodeArticle 6 (count), obstruction concerning Russian US election meddlingMembers of the 2016 Trump campaign had several meetings with individuals who had Russian connections. On June 9, 2016, a meeting was held in Trump Tower in New York City between three senior members of the Donald Trump presidential campaign – Donald Trump Jr., Jared Kushner, and Paul Manafort – and at least five other people, including Russian lawyer Natalia Veselnitskaya. The meeting was arranged by publicist and long-time Trump acquantiance, Rob Goldstone on behalf of his client, singer-songwriter Emin Agalarov.[1] It was disclosed to U.S. government officials when Kushner filed a revised version of his security clearance form.[2], https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower_meeting52 U.S. Code § 30121 – Contributions and donations by foreign nationals18 U.S. Code § 953 – Private correspondence with foreign governmentsUS CodeThis is undeniably probable cause, enough to indict those who attended the meeting. The only thing holding this back is republicans insisting that the President has supreme un-challenge-able executive powers, something that is not written into the Constitution.The president’s response stated that the meeting “primarily discussed a program about the adoption of Russian children.” It omitted any mention of Clinton. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/trump-letter-admits-he-dictated-misleading-statement-on-sons-meeting-with-russian_us_5b135a6ee4b0d5e89e2048dd18 U.S. Code § 1510 – Obstruction of criminal investigationshttps://finance.yahoo.com/news/trump-defends-sons-meeting-russians-125100609.htmlhttps://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/politics/Why-the-2016-Trump-Tower-Meeting-Matters-490173031.htmlArticle 7 (count) Money LaunderingBuyers connected to Russia or former Soviet republics made 86 all-cash sales — totaling nearly $109 million — at 10 Trump-branded properties in South Florida and New York City, https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a21654291/wow-its-strange-these-russians-paid-millions-in-cash-for-trump-properties/https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/white-house/article210477439.htmlhttps://www.alternet.org/greatest-intelligence-operation-our-time-investigative-journalist-details-how-trump-has-been?src=newsletter1095255https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/corruption-and-money-laundering/narco-a-lago-panama/?accessible=truehttps://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/corruption-and-money-laundering/narco-a-lago-panama/?accessible=true#meet-the-brokersThe tale of the Trump Toronto illuminates what it means for the US to have a leader whose business model has long depended on exchanging his family name for money with a murky past, no questions askedhttps://www.ft.com/trumptorontoTrump accepted Russian money on a personal level, as well; Russian fertilizer magnate Dmitry Rybolovlev’s 2008 purchased of one of Trump’s mansions in Palm Beach for $53 million more than Trump had paid for it four years earlier.https://themoscowproject.org/collusion/eric-trump-funding-need-russia/https://www.wired.com/story/if-trump-is-laundering-russian-money-heres-how-it-works/U.S. Code › Title 18 › Part I › Chapter 95 › § 195618 U.S. Code § 1956 – Laundering of monetary instrumentsU.S. Code › Title 18 › Part I › Chapter 95 › § 195718 U.S. Code § 1957 – Engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activityArticle 8 (count) ConspiracyTrump might not have planned well enough to believe he actually would become president but he has certainly planned to use the presidency for personal profits far above and beyond the salary for the position. A conspiracy is a secret agreement by people to commit something wrong or illegal.Not releasing his taxes or blind trust his businesses. Defrauding the United States.18 U.S. Code § 371U.S. Code › Title 18 › Part I › Chapter 19 › § 37118 U.S. Code § 371 – Conspiracy to commit offense or to defraud United StatesArticle 9 (count) TreasonWhen does an ideology, a drive for power and wealth above others become a crime, become unconstitutional, become treasonous? When a small group of people use any means necessary to gain wealth and power over the United States by means which violate the United States Constitution. Not that every president since and including Reagan no matter democrat or republican id not increase the powers and wealth of the aristocracy it is now obvious that Trump is the aristocracy.Propaganda on it’s own is not a crime it is free speech and the government by law can release, “for domestic distribution, motion 19 pictures, films, videotapes,” ‘Smith-Mundt Modernization Act of 2012 H. R. 5736Trump said he would take down the US Government. Trump put people in Agencies that previously were sued by and sued the agenciesTrump threatens to shut down the government over the border http://wall.https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/30/us/politics/trump-government-shutdown.htmBannon impishly declared himself a “Leninist,” saying that the Soviet leader “wanted to destroy the state, and that’s my goal too. I want to bring everything crashing down, and destroy all of today’s establishment.”http://fortune.com/2017/02/25/bannon-trump-cabinet-cpac/“I always say we have to be unpredictable….predictable is bad.” http://fortune.com/2017/02/25/bannon-trump-cabinet-cpac/Trump wants to abolish the US Postal service which is a constitutionally mandated agency.http://prospect.org/article/trump-moves-gut-post-office18 U.S. Code Chapter 115 – TREASON, SEDITION, AND SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES18 U.S. Code § 2385 – Advocating overthrow of GovernmentU.S. Code › Title 18 › Part I › Chapter 115 › § 238518 U.S. Code § 2381 – TreasonIs dismantling the US government and replacing it with a very private corporate orientated self entitled group of million and billionaires treason or not? If there was just one instance of one of these Articles which are very similar to counts of a criminal complaint I would say no, but obviously this is not the case here. We have an octopus full of testicles designed for a private person to profit off of the presidency.Republican philosophy once elected the president can do no wrong. We must decide what we want this country to be. The founding fathers did not want a royal class, a two class or a caste system, and even if many of them owned slaves, in theory, every person is to be equal with no titles of nobility. When a small group of un-elected people control the money and the commerce that is exactly what we have. “This Is How the Republican Party Plans to Destroy the Federal GovernmentThe Overthrow Project existed before Trump, but it may not survive his presidency.”https://www.thenation.com/article/this-is-how-the-republican-party-plans-to-destroy-the-federal-government/https://www.vox.com/polyarchy/2017/9/22/16345194/republican-party-pathologicalThat project could not proceed as smoothly without recent Supreme Court decisions, the first of which named George W Bush to the presidency in 2000. The Citizens Union decision further opened the pockets of party campaign donors and turned individual oligarchs into campaign funders as well. The elimination of Section V of the 1965 Voting Rights act enabled several Southern states to immediately implement old and new voter suppression schemes.https://www.huffingtonpost.com/herbert-gans/the-republican-establishm_b_8929984.htmlSupreme Court decisions that are anti-worker’s rights. Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, 584 U.S. ___ (2018) using binding arbitration agreements as an employer technique to deprives workers of the 7th Amendment Constitutional right to court access and common law, class action (collective) law suits are a long standing basic right.Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31, No. 16-1466, 585 U.S. ___ (2018) is a union busting court order that deprives a majority of workers in a workplace of the right to collective bargaining by removing the financial means of supporting collective bargaining. Collective bargaining, the right to unionize in an internationally recognized human right. United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 23, (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC_fairness_doctrineAristocracy is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class.Since the Citizen’s United v FEC decision, more so than ever the republicans of the congress are doing the bidding of people that are obscenely rich, unimaginably rich compared to the rest of us. Hedge fund operators are on top of the income pyramid, some of them personally gaining over a billion dollars of wealth in a year. https://www.forbes.com/hedge-fund-managers/list/#tab:overallSo to break that down, is you worked 40 hours a week for 50 weeks a years that is 2000 hours, so 1,000,000,000/2000 = 500,000 or a half of a million dollars an hour. Certainly only an unconstitutional system of royalty of unconstitutional nobility can account for such a gross range of income inequality.These people use some of their money to pay for propaganda to support their political agenda. For instance let’s compare the United States Constitution with socialism, socialism is something that capitalist modern neo-republican operatives spend hours upon hours telling people to hate. Here is a definition of socialism:To keep it short we will just look at the 1st Article, Section 8:Section 81: The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;2: To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;3: To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;4: To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;5: To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;6: To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;7: To establish Post Offices and post Roads;8: To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;9: To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;10: To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;11: To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;12: To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;13: To provide and maintain a Navy;14: To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;15: To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;16: To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;All of these powers are powers that can be equated to socialism because these powers are to be wielded by elected officers whose job is to represent the people of their Districts and States in the United States Government.Socialism: a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.https://www.dictionary.com/browse/socialism?s=tSocialism: 1: any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods2 a : a system of society or group living in which there is no private propertyb : a system or condition of society in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the state https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/socialismSince Trump and republicans hate socialism and the Constitution contains many Articles synonymous with the meaning of socialism, they are hating and speaking against the United States Constitution. Speech, even hate speech without accompanying acts is not necessarily a crimes let alone treason but acting in ways to promote and allow a noble neo-capitalist class to rule over common people by violating the constitution is exactly treasonous.“The point is that you can’t be too greedy.” Art of the Deal (1987) p. 48Quotes from Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987) p. 48 by Donald J. Trump with Tony Schwartz.https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Donald_TrumpTherefore since there is no other Constitution, no other basis for our laws and it is obvious that a private group or class of people have been unconstitutionally meddling with our nation’s economy to profit from nature’s resources and the works of it’s people, we must turn this ship around and bring this crime against nation, humanity and nature to a stop. Although some people view..?… So the conspiracy to effectually void the US Constitution is not the work of Trump alone and Republicans have been working in that direction for a very long time.When does an ideology become treasonous? https://democracyguardian.com/republican-agenda-rich-guy-overlords-ruling-worker-drones-8105d1d10a1e1Article2, Section 4,: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.http://2https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3410448/Construction-of-the-Dakota-Access-Pipeline.pdfhttp://3https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/16/us/keystone-pipeline-leaks-south-dakota.htmlFive Spills, Six Months in Operation: Dakota Access Track Record Highlights Unavoidable Reality — Pipelines Leak4 http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/DAPL-order.pdf , Denial of Motion to Dismisshttp://5http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/basic/3b73b0d63/states-parties-1951-convention-its-1967-protocol.html Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugeeshttp://6https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-protecting-nation-foreign-terrorist-entry-united-states/https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-protecting-nation-foreign-terrorist-entry-united-states-2/ , Presidential Proclamation Enhancing Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats | The White Househttp://7https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/full-text-sally-yates-letter-to-justice-department-attorneys-1.5492535***Addendum Posted 3/27/2019:We The People Rule ,The Many Scandals of Donald Trump: A Cheat Sheethttps://www.msn.com/ecid=spartandhp#image=18n-us/news/politics/heres-what-we-know-about-the-17-known-investigations-into-trump-his-campaign-and-russia/ss-BBR66Hc?oThe Republican Guard and their Demolican allies will read this differently but, it is obvious the majority of Trump’s staff is either acting as accomplices or incompetent. Although the founding fathers were nothing short of evil, held African American slaves, were genocidal to the Native Peoples, treated women as possessions, sold European working class immigrants off to the international bankster cartel setting up a monetary system monopolizing weapons dealing war profiteering elite self entitled empire of nobility contrary to their own Constitution; none the less if and when Spanky Bone Spurs is impeached, and found guilty of the crimes we all know he should be charged with, the following Section of Article 2 of the constitution should be interpreted to mean his whole staff infection administration should resign when Trump finally receives his just reward: Section 4The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.“Trumps not dumb. He is your president.” is both a false dichotomy and the old bait and switch typical of Trumpian double speak reverse of logic, Here are a few links about Trump, maybe read a bit of each one of them and watch the video, the if you would like to discuss Trump just leave a reply here, talk to you later have a nice day:“Trumps not dumb. He is your president.” is both a false dichotomy and the old bait and switch typical of Trumpian double speak reverse of logic. Here are a few links about Trump, maybe read a bit of each one of them and watch the video, then if you would like to discuss Trump just leave a reply here, talk to you later have a nice day: Donald Trump Cursing CompilationWe The People Rule ,The Many Scandals of Donald Trump: A Cheat Sheethttps://www.msn.com/ecid=spartandhp#image=18n-us/news/politics/heres-what-we-know-about-the-17-known-investigations-into-trump-his-campaign-and-russia/ss-BBR66Hc?oTrump in Iraq: President Trump makes surprise visit to Iraq, thanks troops for their serviceFlynn is getting a brake compared to Cohen because he is Pentagon Military, the greediest, lying-est criminal division of the monetary system monopolizing, weapons dealing, war profiteering defacto ZioNazi United States Government. If they were hard on Flynn they would all have jail time coming. If there a valid Constitution, if the laws were applied equally, if there were a GOD 99.9% of selected US Government officials and businessmen would be going to prison for war crimes, crimes against humanity and crimes against nature, mark my words.I am not a liberal, I am an anarchist, we are all soon to be on a more level playing field. where people who actually work to benefit our nation rather than being ruled by a hierarchy of parasites, until you realize the social economic structure is not based on meritocracy but on a parasitic pyramid, you are a foolish insignificant little circus monkey trained by the organ grinder to bark like a dog, part of the problem rather that part of the solution.The Many Scandals of Donald Trump: A Cheat Sheet , We The People RuleHere's what we know about the 17 known investigations into Trump, his campaign, and RussiaThe Coming CollapseDonald Trump, you are such a greedy, lying, megalomaniac, narcissistic pig you cantr even fake being ‘nice’! I almost feel sorry for you! Christmas is a time to be humble appreciative of others and generous, all you have done is Tweet hate and disgust, think about Jesus, think about his words, “treat others as you wish to be treated, Luke 6:31, the least among us shall be our masters, Matthew 25:31, Love Your Enemies, Matthew 5:44”, that is what Christmas is really about Merry Christmas Mr Trump!Michael J. Geanoulis Sr.: Let’s revisit the 17th Amendment. No! Let’s not revisit the moral ineptitude and unbridled greed of royal white male slave holding landlords who were genocidal towards the native peoples and sold European working class immigrants off to international banksters from the get go. Let us not echo Trump calling democracy, “rule of the mob”. The first state to “ratify” the US Constitution was Delaware, the colony’s population was over 59 thousand people recognized as citizens and who knows how many more Indians, slaves, women and others that were not counted, 30 people signing on to the Constitution is not valid ratification, it is not apporval of a majority of, We the People. As Patrick Henry said, “I smell a rat”. Instead of going back, it is time to go into the future, a future where every person who desires has the right to vote on the laws and appropriations we are all to live under and within. With people like Geanoulis monopolizing the news media for the elite minority, the monetary system monopolizing, weapons dealing, war profiteering ilk in power and wealth. Some individuals are raking in billions of dollars a year like parasites not contributing anything in the system that was corrupt from the get go. Maybe, instead, it is time for a real revolution of the New West We The People Rule ?What more evidence of Trump-Russia collusion do you need?'Concrete evidence of collusion between Trump team and Russia' handed to official investigationTop Democrat suggests proof of Trump-Russia collusion still to comeThere’s actually lots of evidence of Trump-Russia collusionTrump Says There’s No Evidence of Collusion. There Is So Much Evidence Already.America’s founding fathers probably didn’t envision Donald Trump. They did, however, include a sentence in the U.S. Constitution that could curb the activities of a businessman-president. Trump’s decision to keep his stakes in his global business, the Trump Organization, raised the question of whether he is continually violating what’s known as the “emoluments clause.” Critics of the president have filed lawsuits pressing the case.1. What does the Constitution say?The foreign emoluments clause — in Article I, Section 9 — reads, “No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.”2. What does that mean?Merriam-Webster defines emoluments as “returns arising from office or employment usually in the form of compensation or perquisites.” Historians largely agree that the original intent of the constitutional provision was to discourage early American leaders from being influenced by gifts or titles bestowed by European governments or royalty.3. Why is this an issue for Trump?Though he stepped away from day-to-day operations of his businesses, Trump retains ownership in companies that do business with foreign diplomats, state-controlled companies and state-owned television channels. The Trump International Hotel in Manhattan, for instance, got a noticeable revenue boost from a five-day stay by associates of Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, according to the Washington Post. The Trump International Hotel Washington, D.C. also gets business from foreign governments and their representatives. It’s also housed in a building that Trump’s company leases from the U.S. government, which raises another issue: A second constitutional clause — in Article II, Section 1 — says the president receives a salary while in office but “shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.”4. So has Trump accepted an emolument?That might be for judges to decide. Two lawsuits pressing that argument cite trademarks granted to Trump’s company by China’s government; rent paid at Trump Tower in New York by the Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd. and the Abu Dhabi Tourism & Culture Authority; and events booked at Trump’s Washington hotel by the embassy of Kuwait and by a lobbying firm working for Saudi Arabia. The foreign emoluments clause makes Congress the arbiter of whether any of this crosses the legal line. Following their win in the midterm elections, Democrats in the House of Representatives will be able to open an investigation next year.5. Does Trump acknowledge those were emoluments?No. His lawyers say fair-market transactions, like when a foreign delegation pays the market rate to stay at a Trump hotel, are permitted. The U.S. Justice Department, defending Trump in court, argued that the strict interpretation being applied by Trump’s critics would mean that “presidents from the very beginning of the Republic, including George Washington, would have received prohibited ‘emoluments.’” Trump pledged early in his presidency to donate to the U.S. Treasury “all profits” from foreign government patronage of his hotels. In March, the Trump Organization said it turned over $151,470 to the U.S. Treasury, representing profits from foreign governments in 2017.6. Didn’t Trump put his companies in a trust for this reason?Yes, but it’s not the kind of blind trust that most recent presidents have used to avoid conflicts. The one Trump created is overseen by an independent ethics officer and managed by Trump’s sons, Eric and Don Jr., and Chief Financial Officer Allen Weisselberg. It holds profits from the business for him and allows him to draw money. A blind trust, by contrast, would be run by a fully independent trustee, who would have no contact with Trump and would be the sole decision-maker on keeping, selling or reinvesting Trump’s assets.7. Who’s suing, and for what?A lawsuit brought by the attorneys general of Maryland and the District of Columbia accuses Trump of violating the Constitution by holding a financial interest in the Washington hotel. (A federal judge ruled on Nov. 2 that the case can advance to the evidence-gathering stage.) Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, or CREW, is appealing the dismissal of its lawsuit, which it filed in New York along with a Washington-area restaurant association and luxury hotel event booker that say Trump’s businesses pose unfair competition. In another suit, almost 200 Democratic members of Congress are seeking “the opportunity to cast a binding vote” on the issue, since the Constitution requires the president to obtain “the consent of Congress” before accepting an emolument. A federal judge on Sept. 28 denied the Trump administration’s request to dismiss that one.8. What does legal precedent tell us?Not much. It’s exceedingly rare for emoluments to be litigated in court, especially as they relate to the president. But the issue does come up occasionally. In 2009, amid political dueling about whether President Barack Obama could keep his Nobel Peace Prize, the Justice Department advised that there was no emoluments violation because the committee that awards the prize isn’t a “King, Prince, or foreign State.” In 1963, President John F. Kennedy declined an offer of honorary Irish citizenship on the advice of the Justice Department.–With assistance from Ben Brody.To contact the reporters on this story: Andrew Harris in Washington at [email protected];Bob Van Voris in federal court in Manhattan at [email protected];Shahien Nasiripour in New York at [email protected] contact the editors responsible for this story: Leah Harrison Singer at [email protected], Laurence Arnold, Joe Schneider©2018 Bloomberg L.P.https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-emoluments-clause/2018/11/07/aeb78d72-e26d-11e8-ba30-a7ded04d8fac_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.9519db39c9ecDraft dodger Donald Trump says avoiding STDs was his own personal 'Vietnam'According to the great Trump, McCain is far from a war hero.He made his feelings on the subject crystal clear during an appearance at the Family leadership Council summit in Iowa:[John McCain is] not a war hero.He was a war hero because he was captured.I like people who weren’t captured.Indeed Mr. Trump. Indeed.Now, in case any of you doubters out there are thinking Trump has no right to speak on the subject—given his draft dodging status—think again.Don’t question the Republican presidential candidate’s bravery…He may not have been languishing in the Hanoi Hilton, being subjected to unimaginable degrees of torture himself—but, don’t think he was living the high life.Far from it.In fact, Trump was suffering through his own personal “Vietnam” and it was every bit as terrifying, terrible and downright torturous as anything those soldier folks were undergoing at the time.Trump opened up about his “personal Vietnam” during an interview with Howard Stern back in 1997, which resurfaced on Buzzfeed yesterday:STERN: Now getting back to dating, and when you got to say to a woman, you gotta go to my personal doctor and I’m gonna have you checked out, is that a tough thing to say to a woman?TRUMP: It’s amazing, I can’t even believe it. I’ve been so lucky in terms of that whole world.It is a dangerous world out there.It’s like Vietnam, sort of.STERN: Hey it’s your personal Vietnam isn’t it?TRUMP: It is my personal Vietnam.I feel like a great and very brave soldier!STERN: A lot of guys who went through Vietnam came out unscathed. A lot of guys going through the ’80s having sex with different women came out with AIDS and all khrough the ’80s having sex with different women came out with AIDS and all kinds of things.TRUMP: This is better than Vietnam, but it’s uh… it’s more fun.STERN: A little better, but every vagina is a landmine, haven’t we both said that in private?TRUMP: [intense laughter] I think it is a potential landmine.There’s some real danger there.Sort of like Vietnam Donald.Sort of.Same same but different.Meanwhile, the self-professed “great and very brave soldier” has been continuing to do what he does best—disparaging actual, real, great and brave soldiers.Last week the Donald trash talked the parents of slain Muslim American soldier, Army Captain Humayun Khan, following their heartfelt and moving speech at the Democratic National ConventionI’ve been in the real world where I don’t repeat Cadet Spanky Bone Spurs lies, I don’t have echolilia, a mental disease like Trumpanzee circus monkeys in the clown show have. Here are some links with sources proving that what you wrote is an ignorant lie: False Stories Revive Claim About Trump Salary Donation - FactCheck.org , FACT CHECK: Did President Donald Trump Donate His Entire $400,000 Salary to Rebuild Military Cemeteries? , So while he is using the presidency as his private for profit business, paying back his Russian oligarch financiers by reversing his statement that the XL and DAPL were to be made with steel made in the USA. The steel was produced in Canada by a Russian oligarch owned company called EVRAZ. Parts of Trump’s border wall of shame are already being made with Russian oligarch steel from the same company. Trump refused to enforce sanctions against Russian oligarchs enacted by Congress. Then there are the Saudi Princes and his windfall to his properties. Guess how much his Golf outings have cost you ignorant fools? “Trump’s total golf expenses—including the cost of his Secret Service detail—currently stand at an estimated $83,000,000, according to http://TrumpGolfCount.com; the president played his most recent round on Sunday, Nov. 25, at Trump International.” Trump’s Secret Service may have just set a spending record for presidential golf carts , Trump's $56 Million in Golf Trips, Cost by Extravagant Cost , “Judicial Watch, who have vowed to monitor Trump’s travel expenses as closely as they did Obama’s (FOIA requests are already on file), reported in July 2017 that two months into Trump’s presidency taxpayers were already on the hook for $3.58 million in charges for air travel alone (i.e., excluding auxiliary costs such as Secret Service housing, local transporation, police protection, etc.) by the president, first lady, and vice president during February and March. That’s roughly $1.8 million per month, $700,000 more than the Obamas’ monthly average, which included the auxiliary costs we don’t yet have for Trump.”, FACT CHECK: Is Trump Spending More Taxpayer Dollars on Personal Travel than Obama Did?. So obviously the Trump fan club cult are stupid butt hurt monkey azzes who tongue lick feces warm right out of Trump’s azzzzz. YT comment 2/3/19There is plenty of evidence to indict Trump with numerous high crimes and misdemeanors worthy of impeachment. At this time anybody denying the fact of Trumps crimes should be arrested with him as accomplices. If the whole government was not full of crooks and liars they would be arrested a long time ago. Here are some facts about the criminal con man in chief: Here is Trump talking highly of a sex trafficker and pedophile who got off with a very light sentence. The prosecutor who arranged a deal to quash investigation and indictment of people like Donald Trump and Bill Clinton who both visited ‘sex slave’ was rewarded by Trump with an appointment as Secretary of Labor, Alex Acosta:“I’ve known Jeff for fifteen years. Terrific guy,” Trump once said about the convicted sex offender Jeffery Epstein owner of sex slave island. “He’s a lot of fun to be with. It is even said that he likes beautiful women as much as I do, and many of them are on the younger side. No doubt about it — Jeffrey enjoys his social life.”7 Things You Need To Know About Trump And Sex Slave IslandHere is a list of many crimes Trump as able to buy or bully his way out of: The Many Scandals of Donald Trump: A Cheat SheetHere is Trump cussing while campaigning for President, this is not a crime but this is how pathetic of a person he his yet because of his inheritance stupid moralless people worship him like god: Donald Trump Cursing CompilationHere are his Crimes, his executive orders violating the laws written and passed by the US Congress:We The People RuleHere is a list of what is known about Trumps Russian connections and his Campaign:https://www.msn.com/ecid=spartandhp#image=18n-us/news/politics/heres-what-we-know-about-the-17-known-investigations-into-trump-his-campaign-and-russia/ss-BBR66Hc?oHere is evidence that Trump lied to the American people about the XL and DAPL, he promised it would be made from steel made in the USA, a lie is not necessarily a crime but showing favoritism to a company owned by Russian oligarchs I as president is a crime: Trump Reverses Pledge To Mandate U.S. Steel For Keystone Pipeline. A Direct Beneficiary Is A Russian Oligarch With Close Ties To Vladimir PutinTrump Reverses Pledge To Mandate U.S. Steel For Keystone Pipeline. A Direct Beneficiary Is A Russian Oligarch With Close Ties To Vladimir PutinTrump’s ‘order’ that all pipelines be made with U.S. steel is a classic fake-outHow a Russian Steel Oligarch and Putin Ally Is Profiting from the Keystone XL PipelineHere is evidence that Trump is again granting contracts to companies that will build the wall with steel from the same Russian Oligarch owned company the pipeline was built with: the BOLLARD WALL (Steel Slats) that Trump wants on the Southern Border are manufactured with “AMERICAN STEEL”…. I put American Steel in quotes because the steel comes from a company called EVRAZ that is indeed located at two locations in America. Guess who OWNS EVRAZ…. the RUSSIANS! (specifically Roman Abramovich and Alexander Abramov: Russian Oligarchs).. And just when steel prices are going through the roof because of Tariffs…. The contract that Trump was talking about in the Rose Garden to upgrade existing barriers in the San Diego area involves 14 miles of steel slat construction by a Texas company SLSCO using EVRAZ steel. FOURTEEN MILES and the cost to AMERICAN TAXPAYERS is 147 MILLION DOLLARS. You don’t have to be a math wizard to figure out that the great deal maker is paying TEN MILLION DOLLARS a MILE for a see through fence.According to the U.S. Treasury, 114 Russian politicians and 96 Russian oligarchs own stock in Evraz. Abromavich has known ties to Jared and Ivanka and his wife Dasha is a long time friend of Ivanka. REAL EASY TO FACT CHECK!!!!Trump offers DACA protections in exchange for border wall; Democrats opposedSLSCO wins $145M border wall contractFact Check: Trump Confuses, Misleads on Border WallTrump refused to reinforce sanctions against Russian Oligarchs and unilaterally repealed sanctions against Russian oligarchs passed into law by Congress: As Sanctions Lift, Russian Oligarch's Company Adds Trump Transition Member To Its BoardTrump hires illegal aliens at his Golf Courses and other properties:Making President Trump’s Bed: A Housekeeper Without Papers , A pipeline of undocumented workers for Donald Trump ran from Costa Rica to N.J.: 'My whole town practically lived there' , Attorney says more undocumented workers are employed at Trump golf courseTrump breaks law for his Saudi Prince buddy: Trump accused of breaking law after refusing to report to Congress on Khashoggi’s brutal killingTrump violates the US Constitution treaty clause concerning the Geneva Convention and civilian war conflict deaths:NDAA Civilian Casualties ReportingCongress Steps Up Accountability for Drones Strikes and Other Military Operations - Just SecurityObama reveals how many civilians died in U.S. drone attacksWar Powers Resolution - Wikipediawar crimeshttps://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/MCTP%2011-10A%20(Formerly%20MCRP%204-11.8B).pdf?ver=2016-06-02-153525-19310 U.S. Code Part I - ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL MILITARY POWERSTrump scraps requirement to report some air strikesObama reveals how many civilians died in U.S. drone attacksU.S. Airstrikes In Somalia May Amount To War Crimes, Says Rights Grouphttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4909/textUN to investigate civilian deaths from US drone strikesCongress Steps Up Accountability for Drones Strikes and Other Military Operations - Just Securityhttps://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3515908/Use-of-Force-Principles-FINAL.pdf