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Lol that’s funny, this is funnier :-PYou mean like they tried to with Canada in 1812? Only the Queen has subjects and subject nations, ya know our British Constitution and our Magna Carta . Well there’s no room in those documents for amendments for this hypothetical ideology to be brought into practice.We have the best trained troops in the world, along with allies keeping an eye on yous ie the entire commonwealth countries armies that work for the Queen and country you wouldn’t last a week in battle, do you fancy taking on the entire Indian and Australian armed forces? Because that’s the reality as well as all of Europe coming against you as the aggressor that’s also the reality.You would lose and fail spectacularly Ever seen an angry warrior? . At your own peril and on your head be it to LITERALLY take on half of the world’s countries, this is also relevant to could America invade Britain and all such ridiculous related questions NO NOT IN A MILLION YEARS are the yanks capable of this in every respect all that waste of money on military would come to fruition after obliteration of every troop and piece of equipment, the aforementioned information answers that. This makes way for South Canada the former America haha :-PYou’re already aware of our laws anyway by way of the aforementioned Magna Carta, the British Constitution and British Common Law all of which you copied for the Declaration of Treason which ironically was conceived/signed by a British subject born in British North America :-P :-)REMEMBER the UK is already a union of countries united (UK) namely England, Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland. Also to take into account are the Channel Islands Isle of Man Isle of White the Falkland Islands British Virgin Islands Gibraltar Jersey Guernsey etc. England may need to be subdivided into regions for reasonsNorth EastNorth WestLincolnshireEast MidlandsWest MidlandsSouth HumbersideYorkshireLondonSouth EastSouth WestWe would never accept nor be satisfied with the UK being a singular “State”We the Sovereign Majestic Imperial Majesty’s People wish to point out that colonies are eligible to rejoin the Empire. This is due to an alarming number of Americans writing to the Queen at Buckingham Palace asking to quote “take us back”(True). Therefore we understand that some butthurt people will be offended by that notion of Empire therefore we tactfully and strategically renamed it “The Commonwealth of Nations” or simply “The Commonwealth” for short to be inclusive of said butthurt people, that’s how nice we are eh!In an unexpected televised address HM the Queen has offered to restore British rule over the United States of America.Addressing the American people from her office in Buck House the Queen said that she was making the offer “in recognition of the desperate situation you now find yourselves in.”"This two-hundred-and-forty-year experiment in self-rule began with the best of intentions, but I think we can all agree that it didn't end well," she said.The Queen urged Americans to write in her name on Election Day, after which the transition to British rule could begin “with a minimum of bother.”Now onto Brexit. This may cause alarm to some people the thought of a takeover by the UK Parliamentary system so “Parliament would play no role in this deal initially. This would be an old-school monarchy. Just me, and then, assuming you’d rather not have Charles, we could go straight to William and those children of his who have mesmerised you so.”As with Prince Williams kids you like our Royal Family so it’s a win win you actually get to be a part of something you like.So with the full support and backing of Canada and the American people it is with immediate effect the United States of America shall forthwith be known as one of these.The Protectorate of British South CanadaorBritish South CanadaOrThe British Protectorate of North AmericaorThe British Protectorate of AmericapossiblyThe United Kingdom of America Great Britain and Northern Ireland (America is first in there before us which is another nice thing)or British (North)AmericaMost likelyThe United Kingdom of America Great Britain and Northern Ireland :-PWith immediate effect the United States Postal Service (USPS) is forthwith known as Her Majesty’s Postal Carrier “Royal Mail”Along with the absorption and rebranding of the Postal services the US Post Offices shall forthwith be known as Post Office Ltd. Post Offices are independent franchises and not Government owned much like Subway and McDonalds.Postage Stamp.Sapphire Jubilee Commemorative £5 Stamp to be used for parcels once weighed up to said value. As the name implies commemoratives are usually collected but are valid for use same with coinage. Multiple stamps of any singular denominations can also be used this way ie 1st 2nd ClassFirst Class Postage. Next day delivery2nd Class Post. Two days delivery.Currency and Coinage.The Federal Reserve Bank does not exist. Along with Fort Knox they will amalgamate with the Bank of England or BoE. Currently this is chaired for the first time in the banks history of over 300 years by a foreigner, namely a Canadian so this transition should be ok for you.Coinage Pounds and Pence GBP Great Britain Pounds or Pounds Sterling. These are so much prettier and the notes are too just ask Canada £2 coin, £1 coin, 10p, 2p, 1p, 5p, 20p, 50p. There are 100 pennies to the pound also colloquially known as “quid” if singular or “quids” for multiples of one pound,easy.Paper Currency. Like Canada the world’s oldest currency is no longer paper with the exception of the final image currency is now plastic polymer they are also different sizes, you no longer have featured any dead people on the front of your new notes it’s always the reigning Monarch.The Winston Churchill £5 Note or “Fiver” 5 quidThe £20 Note Obverse and Reverse.The Jane Austen £10 note or “Tenner” Obverse and Reverse.The Matthew Boulton and James Watts Inventors of the Industrial Revolution £50 Note£50 note | Bank of England Some perusal material about all current polymer notes and security features, dimensions etc.That Golden Eagle on your passport cover and Great American Symbol/State Seal was actually appropriated from an 18th gentleman’s magazine in London. Thus as you are already using something of ours it will not take much to get used to these:So this passport design is post Brexit with no EU reference and the wording will be adjusted accordingly likely with the aforementioned inclusion of America.And this is the State seal for HM government all paperwork and official documents etcThe Driving License. DMV no longer exists it’s now DVLA Driving and Vehicle Licensing Authority.One format consistent across the board currently for all Countries of the UK, there will no longer be unnecessary Washington or California or New York licenses all of which are phased out through a reintroduction roll out of the one format design you no longer are required to have a mug shot taken at a DMV location these no longer exist you as with passports are free to use any medium to get them taken inc home photography and printing on quality photograph paper as long as they meet the necessary requirements size dimensions and quality.Here is a Provisional Driving LicenseYou can no longer drive at ridiculous young ages. The featured card license above will be given to anyone from minimum age 16 however you cannot take Driving lessons until you’re 17 and you cannot hold the full Driving License until you are 18 but you can drive on the road at 17 with a supervising driver. They must be a full Driving License holder aged 21 or over and has held said License for a minimum of 3 years.The American healthcare for profit organisations are dissolved with immediate effect for many reasons and we care about people and put them first therefore people can now not have to worry about bankruptcy or house repossession because you now haveThe National Health Service.Your Banking system is stone aged and backwards so they’re merged with proper banks and rebranded, meet your new banking industry.We in the UK have faster and better internet access therefore meet your new ISP’sBritish Telecom is popular and you already know EE but you know this as T-Mobile T-Mobile hasn’t existed here for sometime it’s now EE.Mobile Phones exist they’re not called cellphones You will notice by the logos that mobile phone providers also offer internet you can also get good deals and offers if you take out another service with one of these companies ie broadband access you could get a good deal as an existing customer if you take out a mobile phone contract. You will be pleased about this because we’re cheaper and have better plans than what you currently have or ever had.You already know the Virgin BrandIn Conclusion a personal sentiment this will please The many American Royalists in existence, a personal message from your Monarch Her Sovereign Majestic Imperial Majesty HM the Queen EIIROne is aware that you were given supervised probation in a 250 social experiment. With assistance and intelligence from my (Her Majesty’s) British Armed Forces based in the British Army Base in Washington D.C. the British Intelligence Services based around America and finally from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police it has been brought to ones attention you have spectacularly failed in recent times to nominate and elect competent presidential candidates and members of Government thus you have proven unable to govern yourselves according to our correct standards as followed by many nations around the world we made the world a better place and only the good things that have and do happen globally can be attributed to the Great British People. It is with great regret and sadness that one is informing you thusly of the Revocation of your Independence with forthwith effect. Like Canada the preference for the Oxford English Dictionary shall continue you will no longer be required to use Webster’s Dictionary and one encourages you to look up the words of revoke and revocation. One shall resume monarchical duties over the whole of tge United States of America with Jersey and Delaware being exceptions one does not fancy this idea they are therefore new countries.A Councillor or MP for America will be appointed by your new Prime Minister removing the need for further elections.The Senate and Congress are dissolved. The British Embassy in Washington shall remain along with all British High Commissions and Consulates spread throughout the country. My British Embassy will post out notifications to the country to make people aware of this and to actually see if you noticed or were/are ignorant to this change.To facilitate the new transition into a British dependency, it’s with forthwith effect the following conditions are to be implemented1. There’s no such thing as American English it simply doesn’t exist. Microsoft have been informed so that spell checker is updated for the inclusion of the letter U and removal of IZE2. The letter U is now correctly inclusive in all words where it’s not currently used ie color now becomes colour as originally intended. THE IZE suffix is unacceptable use and is to be replaced with ISE3. Your current use of vernacular is unacceptable and you are expected to be inclusive of the concept of Correct English it is after all given to you by us the English people. Use of verbage stalling while one thinks such as uh umm like and ya know are not acceptable in any polite society or any society in general you’re expected to “Buck Up”4. 4th July is no longer celebrated this is to be replaced with 23rd June know as Brexit Day or Independence Day.5. This is extremely important and every form will be the correct format of DD-MM-YYYY OR YY. Ie 22nd June 2018 or 23/6/18 it is acceptable to omit the “20” from the beginning of the year and is fully acceptable to use 18,19 etc instead unless on specific forms such as passport applications driving license applications and any government form where the DD-MM-YYYY format is to be used.6. The Second Amendment is non negotiable we can’t carry guns around the street and neither can you, the right to bear arms is therefore repealed plus it’s outdated anyway and in no way relevant in this 21st Century.7. Resolve issues without Solicitors aka Lawyers there are still states using the correct word of Solicitor so this is already known to many of you. Resolve issues without therapy, and the aforementioned guns.5. Roundabouts now replace intersections effective immediately , and you will start driving on the correct side of the road which is the left side effective immediately.**6.The metric system effective immediately and without the benefit of conversion tables replaces the current inefficient archaic system****See comments.6. The former USA will accept British petrol aka petroleum prices Gasoline is no longer acceptable or in use which currently is 115.9p (pence per litre) £5.269 per gallon £50.90 barrel.EIIR Lolz :-P :-)

I wrote a blog post on this topic a few years ago. You can read it here: How to Become a Lawyer I am also copying it below.People often tell me they want to be a lawyer, or that they are thinking of going to law school. Most of them do not know what is involved. This is for them.This is the path to becoming a lawyer, in chronological order:1) High School. You must be a high school graduate. If you are going to be a likely candidate to become a lawyer, you should be attending a high-ranking school, getting top grades, scoring in the top 5% of standardized tests, and have a good character. The good character part involves not abusing drugs or alcohol, not getting arrested, and developing a clear sense of morality and ethics, including a sense of justice and equality for all.2) College. You need at least an undergraduate degree to apply for law school. Today, many law school students already have Masters, PhD, or other degrees. The law school I attended had a medical law program, so many of the students were doctors with an M.D. or nurses with R.N. They came to law school after years of practicing medicine. Law schools today like students with varying backgrounds, so it is good to get your undergraduate degree in a field you love. It is important to have a high GPA if you want to go to law school. It is also important to avoid getting arrested or getting in trouble at school. This includes arrests for DUI or drugs, which will tend to exclude you from becoming a lawyer.Many law schools like applicants who have worked in another field for some years. I went to law school with people who, before law school, worked as accountants, doctors, nurses, teachers, professors, a construction foreman, a stockbroker, a prison guard, people actively in the military. Several were musicians. My B.A. was in Film and Video and I had worked in film, TV, video, music, and event production before law school. Many of my law school classmates had children or grandchildren. Some other law schools tend to have single students straight out of undergraduate school.My classmates went on to a wide variety of activities – to be State or federal prosecutors, to work at a public defenders office, to be military lawyers for the JAG (Judge Advocate Guard), to be professors, to work for insurance companies, to private law firms. Several went on to be FBI and CIA agents. Several ran for public office. Quite a few run their own small legal businesses, working in whatever fields appeal to them. Others continued on to get degrees such as Masters in Social Work, PhDs in various fields, etc., and have used their knowledge of the law in those fields.Computer Skills. To go to law school, you should also be sure you have very good computer skills. You will need to be able to do legal research on a computer. You will need to research databases. You will also need to do your own word processing. This is a minimum. As many computer skills that you can learn, the better.3) LSAT. To apply for law school, you have to take the Law School Admissions Test, or LSAT. It is expensive to take the test. There are test prep courses offered. I used an LSAT test prep book called “Cracking the LSAT.” This worked well for me. Most people take the test about a year before they want to go to law school and then apply once they get their test results. However, you can also do it quickly. I took the test in May, got my results in June, applied, and started school in August.4) Applications for Law School: CAS. Most law schools use the Law School Admission Council (LSAC) service called Credential Assembly Service, or CAS. You will send your undergraduate transcripts, LSAT scores, letters of recommendation, and a writing sample to the CAS. The CAS adjusts grades to a norm scale, and provides this information to the law school admission departments. The CAS charges a hefty fee.5) Applications for Law School: School Applications. Then you figure out what schools to apply for, and fill out their applications. This includes an essay and writing sample. It also includes disclosing if you have ever been arrested, have any issues with alcohol or drugs, have mental illness that affects judgment, have ever had serious disciplinary issues in school, ever had a residence hall violation, or have physical health issues that need to be accommodated. Students are weeded out if it seems they will not be able to pass the character and fitness requirements to become a lawyer, which are quite stringent. If you have such issues in your past, you should talk with a counselor at the LSAC to see if you are likely candidate for law school or the legal profession.6) Law School. Law School is 3 years of full time work. Most schools hold you hostage for those three years; classes and mandatory events will be held any day of the week, day and evening. If you want to graduate competitively, you will find it takes every day, all day long, to do law school. Holidays and vacations are spent reading, writing, and taking extra classes.Law schools do not allow students to be absent or late for class. And by late, they mean one second late. In the first year, all the classes are prescribed and everyone takes the same courses. The second year, you will have be able to choose a few electives. In the third year, there will be more choices still.My law school allowed me to take film courses as part of law school, which is rare. To do this, I had to have a very high GPA and fill out a form showing that the film courses applied to what I would do with my law degree. After law school, I went directly into an M.A. program in Radio, TV, Film and Journalism.My law school also had combined programs in JD/MD for those who wanted to be lawyer/ doctors and JD/MBA for those headed to business.If you want a special program at law school, that should be a factor in what schools you apply to. I found law school to be deadly boring and I do not think I would have made it through, except that I was able to escape over to the Radio/TV/Film Building and do some music mixing. I was also writing and doing interviews for a news weekly while in law and graduate school. This also helped keep my mind from getting bogged into the law school black hole.During law school, if you plan to graduate competitively, you will need to think in those terms. Every law school is competitive at the top of the class. The students who graduate at the top are doing all the reading, working extra hard on papers, turning everything in on time, and getting high test scores. Ideally, the aim should be to graduate in the top 10% of your class. Obviously, 90% of the class will not do that. At the other end of the spectrum, a high proportion of people flunk out of law school. Most law schools routinely dismiss the bottom 10 - 30 % of the first year class, and an additional few people after the second year of law school.7) Character and Fitness. To be a lawyer, you must be considered to have a good character and to be mentally fit to practice law. The different State Bars work their character and fitness applications differently. Some State bars use a service, others handle it themselves. Most states begin this process while the student is law school; some states begin the process as early as the first year of law school. In the Character and Fitness process, you must reveal all sorts of information about yourself – financial, legal, personal. Some things may prevent a person from becoming a lawyer in a particular state. If an applicant is denied in one state, often that denial will be applied by other states, even if the other states would not have denied the applicant on the basis of the impediment.There is no exact formula for what will keep a person from becoming a lawyer. Sometimes a bar will put an applicant on a sort of probation, where they are assigned to a bar member and must report to them to assure they are overcoming their difficulty. Things that usually affect the ability to become a lawyer include having a DUI, being arrested or convicted of almost any sort of charges, abusing drugs, being litigious, or having mental or personality issues that affect good judgment. Domestic violence arrests or charges and any sexual-related arrests or charges will be big issues that may keep a person from becoming a lawyer.Morality issues that have affected bar admissions include posing for nude photos, performing as sexual dance or sex fantasy worker. In the very recent past, a divorced person could not become a lawyer, and even still, divorces must be revealed and will be questioned. Failure to pay child support or reports of child abuse or neglect are likely to keep one from being admitted as a lawyer. In some states, living with a partner while not married has been an issue in the recent past and may still be an issue in conservative areas. Bar admission has been denied on the basis that the applicant was a racist or was prejudiced on the basis of religion.8) MPRE Exam. This is the MultiState Professional Responsibility Exam. Almost every State requires a bar applicant to pass this exam. Most people take the MPRE while still in law school. This exam is a multiple choice exam that tests knowledge of a lawyer’s professional ethical responsibilities. The test is multiple choice. Test prep is mandatory because the professional rules do not always follow what might seem like common sense.9) Bar Exam. A lawyer must be licensed in each state in which they plan to practice regularly. Some states have reciprocity with other states. Each state gets to make up its own rules about reciprocity. Wisconsin does not require graduates of University of Wisconsin Law School to take a bar exam.Most state bar exams are two or three days long, from about 8 am to about 5 pm, with a long lunch break. Most states run their exams twice a year, in July and February. If an applicant does not pass the first time, some states allow a retest six months later, if the applicant can show they are doing something differently that makes them likely to pass on the second try.Most bar exams include three basic segments: multiple choice, essay questions, and practical tasks. To pass the bar exam, you have to complete each section and do fairly well on each section. Many state bar exams include the MBE, the Multistate Bar Exam. These are multiple choice questions. Many states also use MEE, which is a Multistate Essay Exam. Other states have their own essay portions, specific to their own states. A typical format is to have 6 essay questions. Some states use the MPT, Multistate Performance Test, which sets out several legal tasks that must be accomplished in a limited time frame of a few hours. Other states have their own performance tasks.Bar Prep: Most people take expensive Bar Prep courses in the summer after they graduate from law school. I preferred to study on my own using bar prep books from several companies. I took my Illinois bar in the summer after law school and the California bar exam the following February. I found both tests to be very basic and thought the bar exam hype was greatly overblown. It may be that the hype is scaring people so they cannot think and function during the exam. I think this hype may come from the companies that sell the outlandishly high-priced bar review courses. I avoided the fear sellers, the group nervousness, etc., stayed at home and did test prep on the areas I thought I needed to work on, and breezed on through my exams. If you are a self-starter and a good test taker, I recommend this.I was also in graduate school while preparing for and taking my bar exams. The only real problem this posed was that I had to take a few days off my graduate school classes to go take my bar exams. Before you plan to be in a graduate program while taking bar exams, you should ask to be sure you will be allowed to be absent for about a week for each state bar you plan to take. The exams are about 3 days long, and there is travel. Being in graduate school kept me from getting hooked into the hype about Bar Exam fear. I just did not have time for it.10) Oath. Once you pass the Character and Fitness, the MPRE, and a Bar Exam, you have to go to a ceremony, take an oath, and be admitted to the State Bar. To practice in Federal Courts, you have to apply for the specific districts where you want to practice, according to the rules of each court. It feels really good to be sworn in to uphold the Constitutions of the U.S. and of your States. I take that oath really seriously.11) CLE, Pro Bono, Fees. Once you are a Bar Member, there are annual dues and fees. Some states have pro bono requirements where each lawyer must provide some free legal service each year. Many lawyers provide many more than the minimum hours required. Many States also have Continuing Legal Education Requirements. For example, in each of my states, I have to complete 25 or 30 hours of Continuing Legal Education (CLE) credits in each reporting period. I love doing CLE because it gives me the chance to keep learning new things. Good new CLE companies offer affordable courses in interesting topics. I have studied music law, sports agent law, computer forensics, internet law, social media law, computer forensics, etc.12) Whew. It is a long, expensive, difficult path to become a lawyer. If you really want to do it, it is worth it. I am glad I did it. I love being a lawyer. I love sharing my knowledge with others. I love helping people. I merge my knowledge and experience in film, music and events, with my legal expertise.I also use being a lawyer to advance human rights in the fields of freedom of assembly and freedom of association. In the U.S., these often involve the rights to protest and to free media. These things are of great importance to me. I am glad I am a lawyer so I can advance positive changes in these areas.I work on being a lawyer about 70 or 80 hours per week. A great deal of that time is not paid. I am often working in the middle of the night. I work on weekends and on most holidays, at least for a few hours. Lawyers don’t ever really have any “off” time, because the world does not stand still. However, the work we do is incredibly fulfilling and enriching.If you want to be a lawyer, I say: Go for it!

I will be giving you a definitive answer based on a comparative approach. I can give you a one day seminar or a semester on this topic. The critical difference is based on VALUES. Public Administration is derived from Political Science where the primary value is defined as “ Public Interest”. Which translates into “ Which Public and Whose Interest?”. Business Administration is the stepson of Rosemary’s Baby?? and comes from the field of Economics. I must now clarify that in the field of Economics that I am a Modified Keynesian. This means that I will use all combinations of monetary, tax, and fiscal policy while leaning to the Democratic Party. I do not advocate monetary policy as the sole instrument ( Republican Party). The “Supply Side” Economics advocated by the Republicans Party is pure “BS” and is known as the “ Trickle Down Theory “ . This Model favors the very wealthy as manifested in the recent phony Trump Tax Fraud. It appears that the Republican Party has absolutely no conscience —not even a Jimmy Cricket. My primary academic disciplines are: Economics; ( (Keynesian), Business and Public Administration. The Trump Administration and the Republican Party advocate Corporate Socialism. This is seen in both Amazon and Walmart personnel practices. Walmart will restrict an employees hours to 32 per week so they do not have to pay Medicaid. The employee then is eligible for both food stamps and medicaid. Walmart and Amazonalso seek many different subsidies when they build a store. They usually want curbs, gutters, streets, and property tax relief. Amazon started out looking for one site and then changed it to two sites to double the freebeesPublic Administration will be titled “PA”, Business Administration “BA”______________PA primary values are Public Interest. To make PA operational you go to Social Psychology. BA comes from Economics which values: Exploitation of resources; Assumes man is rational and knows the consequences of his decisions; Assumes plant divisibility and everything being equal; That the entrepreneur can find his point of Marginal Cost = Marginal Revenue. This is translated in the BA Schools to: Developing Cost of Capital ( (leveraging);Project selection through “ Present Value or Internal Rates of Return”. Performance is based on Return of Shareholder’s Equity. These are all textbook answers. The “ common good” is a fallout or collateral damage” after the BA tries to maximize their profits at the expense of Society. You now see this in every day actions taken by the Trump Administration in destroying both our culture , natural resources, and government institutions.Levels of AnalysisPA: Organizational, Institutional, Government Statutes ( Federal, State, Local Laws ), Societal level, Comparative Public Administration- International. BA Organizational, Industry Market Structure, Price Environmental, and Competitive.BA: Comparison of Industry and other firms within the united states for domestic corporations.The Right to Manage:PA: Based upon the Mission of the Agency.BA: Based on Property rights; This is very important when in Union/Management Collective BargainingType of System:( Note: A System is a group of interdependent variables hopefully with some sort of common purpose or direction??)PA: Open, Political, Loose Boundaries; Political Rationality, Substantive Rationality ( Karl Manheim) . Some times various Agencies are in conflict as to their goals. Subsidizing tobacco growers while advocating non smoking.BA: Relatively closed; Regulatory, and Functional Rationality.Values and SurvivalPA: Public Interest present and future. An Institution valued by its environment and will be maintained by its environment. This is critical when involved in Collective Bargaining pertaining to wages and pensions. BA: Theoretically Profit Maximization ( MC+MR). An Organization valued only by its members Note: The 2008 “ Too Big to Fail bank bailout made these banks into institutions. Same with Chrysler and General Motors. In collective Bargaining the Unions have to be concerned with the survival of the Organization to keep up the cash flow. Whereas in the PA Model they can get their favorite members elected to the Legislative Body and then raid the Treasury through increased wages and pension benefits.FlexibilityPA: Time lags due to legislative requirements and statutes. BA: Very flexible. They can issue Administrative Fiats.Budgets: ( Includes impact on Leadership Styles)PA: Almost all governmental agencies use a “ Line Item” Budget. This method always focuses on the lowest cost for the product. It usually requires and open bidding process with a minimum of three bids. Also, public hearings are required. The “ line item” restricts and fits into the classic Bureaucratic Model of Weber or Business School—Plan, Organize, Staff, and Control. Leadership Style= Use existing means to existing ends. This is called “ Administrative Leadership”. There is very little or no accountability for output in this Model. Everything focuses on Input. However, this shifts when you get GRANTS where you now get a “ Lump Sum” called a Performance Budget and you put in a Program Management System. Managerial Leadership occurs when you create “ New Means to Existing Ends” and you now get Accountability. The Legislative Body is the only one that is in the Creative leadership Model whereby they create both “ New Means and New ends”, The Budget is a LAW and must be followed once it is established. There are ways to set up a middle interloper format of a pseudo management firm to rip off the government Agency. This is done by creating another separate firm and then contracting at an exorbitant fee for this firm to manage the pubic Agency. Thus, the books are now private and not open to audit. This may also occur in private corporations as well. PA: The Budget reflects the community’s values.BA: The Budget is made by the Board of Directors in a large corporation ( (Inc. , LLC ) through Consensus. PA also requires a Consensus of the Legislative Body. However, this is basically done in private with only shareholders voting. The Budget is NOT a line item and it is not necessary to have three bidders. Also, it is quite flexible and can be easily changed by Administrative Fiat. The firm can focus on Marketing its product ( Output) and easily falls into a Program Management System. Also, it is much easier to award Contracts to outside vendors because three bidders are not needed.Research Methods:PA: Research Methods in the Behavioral Sciences is taught quite different than in BA. Emphasize is placed on “ cause and effect relationships” to determine the effectiveness of various programs to solve social problems. Thus the focus is on establishing research hypothesis and null hypothesis; questionnaire construction and the integrity of both the samples in Survey Research in Policy Making. . In Program Analysis the design is quite different in that you have the “ Client” and the“ Before and After” effects with both a “ sample” and a “control” group . This format is quite compatible with medical and technical research. ( Note: AT the Naval Research Laboratory ( NCEL) I could cross over into the engineering fields with these Models). PA will have to develop all kinds of social/economic indicators for policy making that are quite different than the BA Model. The time periods for forecast will be dependent upon the issues and funds available. Usually a minimum of 5 to 15 years or more. The Naval Laboratory forecast was for 15 years technology; Quasi operational at 12 years; and operational at between 5 and 10 years. Also, you would expect some failures which the BA Model would try to avoid. PA also has to have “ “contingency research” for natural disasters and then develop programs for implementation.BA: The usual approach is to go through an annual process building on the past Budget. Make valid Assumptions about the general economic conditions; Forecast GDP and interest rates and inflation. Forecast Industry sales; Get Marketing Director to make a “ grass root’s “ input. This was the Model I was taught in 1964 at UCLA Graduate School of Business. Time periods for forecast dependent upon the industry. The final decision for both PA and BA is based upon Economic-Social-Political. Mathematical models are not used at the very top level. Mathematical Models may be used in developing the Economic Forecast but is not transposed into the final Policy Making choices. Final policy decisions are based upon Economic/Social/Political Models.Personnel, Unions, and Employee Behavior.BA: Most of governmental influence is done through legislation. It is a relatively closed organizational system. Personnel Practices and Grievances are private. The procedures are the usually three steps and possibly Binding Arbitration depending on the Union contract. There may or may not be a Union representing the employees.PA: There are common and different characteristics at the Federal, State, County,Municipal , and local levels. First and most important, Government is an open system whereby political influence will occur at different points relating to Personnel Practices and Grievances. Another requirement of a moral nature is that government employment should be reflective of the population it serves. The Merit System and Civil Service System is established to guarantee that employment and promotions are based solely on merit and not political influences. However, this quite often is a false utopia in reality. Various governmental Agencies may also follow the Merit System. However, quite often it is never installed and when it is it may be corrupted by various means. Usually the Federal and State governments try to follow the Merit System. Once an employee passes probation it is virtually impossible to fire them without some cause. Most governmental agencies have a higher level of education than the business sector due to technical requirements involved in regulating businesses. With the advent of Collective Bargaining in the Public Sector an Employee Relations Commission has been established in many entities in California. These Commissions usually handle termination and grievances with binding Arbitration. An employee can choose only one of these and not both. You also have Veteran’s Preference in public organizations not required in Business Organizations. Unions may also support elected candidates and get control of the elected board and then push for higher pensions and other fringe benefits. This does not happen in BA. Most elected governmental bodies at the local level are not possess enough knowledge to challenge the City Administrator or School Superintendent and are dependent upon him/her for their recommendations. When and if an employee or a constituent is not happy with the governments decision they can always make several “ end runs” to State and Federal Agencies s well as to their respective elected representative to obtain redress. Or they may even create referendums such as recall or create legislation.Organizational Goals:BA: The individual owner and/or the Board of Directors establishes these goals and the Philosophy of Management. These goals must be compatible with the State where the entity is chartered. There are some restrictions that are limited in their Charter.PA: Governmental agencies receive their Charter from the State or Federal Government by Acts of respective Legislative Bodies. The goals are specified but may change according to disasters, emergencies, health epidemics, hurricanes, floods, fires, crime,etc. Basically, PA picks up the pieces after the Businesses get though exploiting the system to their advantage. Government usually try to protect the citizen dependent upon the philosophy of the elected party in power. The Republicans favor their own businesses while the Democratic supposedly favor the general population. Right now, Trump is dismantling many agencies and laws designed to protect the individual and society..Criteria for Decision Making:BA: Based on Managerial Economics and Business Finance. Return on Shareholders Equity (?); Cost of Capital, Present Value and Internal Rate of Return Concepts; Functional Rationality—all behavior fits the organizational goals.Organization must be flexible to competitors and economic environment.PA: Difficult at operational level due to “ Line item Budget” made by the Legislature. This becomes LAW. Long term social effects not easily measurable. Trial by debate. Requires political skill with the Legislature. Temporary office holders and appointed Department heads. . Restrictions on legislature and administrative personnel by Budgets. Pass laws but do not appropriate money to implement. Legislative investigations and public scrutiny. including the media. Primary value is maintenance of “ Status Quo” because it is an Institution and will be maintained by its environment. Hidden political agendas by legislative body and opponents. Substantive rationality is favored in this instance. Professional and Technical rationality will occur in health, engineering, Building Codes. Also following Policies, Procedures Rules, and Regulations become paramount. There is no reason to take a risk and lose your job and pension.PA: Government possesses the Legitimacy of Coercive Power that BA does not have. This is along list and I will not go into it now. I am referring to Code Enforcement; Health Department; Zoning; Eminent Domain; Fire Department Requirements; Health and Safety Laws; and actual Police Department behavior. California has the 1911 Improvement Act that the Legislative Body may use after the previous bond issues are voted down. This Act can go into place without the voters approval. The Martin Luther King Hospital in Los Angeles , California was built on the Model. Sewer lines in Montclair, California on the same model. Local government may be more severe on its impact on the community than Federal or State government.That is all right now. This is only a brief outline of the possible differences. Public Administration uses many of the same techniques and tools of Business Administration but in a different manner and with different values and norms.Adios amigos, Froggy