English 131 Portfolio Best Ideas Best Work Best Practices: Fill & Download for Free

Short answer: Yes. But Trump’s intelligent is more “practical intelligence”, as explained in a theory about intelligence by Robert J. Sternberg. See part 2 for my assessment on this.Note: As pointed out by Quora member Shawn McCaslin, Trump’s speeches have been written by ghostwriters. Frankly, this means that they do not demonstrate Trump’s own vocabulary. My verbal assessment of Trump below is therefore a hoax, and not credible. I will nevertheless leave it here for entertainment purposes.IntroductionSince Donald Trump is running for the important position of the president of the United states, many people have been curious to find out his IQ. A second reason is that Trump famously remarked “Sorry losers and haters, but my I.Q. is one of the highest -and you all know it!” on his Twitter account, provoking people to find out the truth.At a campaign rally in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina on 30/12/2015 Trump also said “I’m telling you, I used to use the word incompetent. Now I just call them stupid. I went to an Ivy League school. I’m very highly educated. I know words, I have the best words...but there is no better word than stupid. Right?” to the crowd, something which also became the subject of a lot of talk in the media.However, Donald Trump has not officially provided the results of an IQ test, and it isn’t known whether he ever sat one either.Popular ways in which Trump’s intelligence has been assessedFor the above reasons, some people have tried to estimate Trump’s IQ in other ways. 2 popular methods used so far have been:1. From the acceptance score for the University which he attended [1]. More specifically, it goes like this:“Donald Trump graduated from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania in 1968, with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics and anthropology. Mensa doesn't accept SAT scores from after 1994. However, Mr Trump was a student at Wharton when it was possible to derive an accurate IQ core from known SAT scores. Given the usual requirements for admission to a top school like Wharton, I estimate that Mr. Trump has a 156 IQ at the minimum.”2. Based on the money he has made [2]. This one goes like this:Because intelligence can be defined as the ability to adapt; to take whatever situation you’re in and turn it around to your advantage, rich people should be smarter than poor people. I came up with the theory that in America, for every ten fold increase in money, average IQ jumps about 10 points (give or take). So:Homeless people: Average IQ 76Four figure income earners: Average IQ 86Five figure income earners: Average IQ 96Self-made millionaires: Average IQ 106Self-made decamillionaires: Average IQ 116Self-made hectomillionaires: Average IQ 126Self-made billionares: Average IQ 136Self-made decabillionaires: Average IQ 146Now Donald Trump claims to be worth $10 billion, but as a master of self-promotion, that figure might be wildly exaggerated. Authoritative Forbes magazine (the gold standard for wealth valuation), recently put his net worth at $4 billion. However New York Times journalist Timothy O’Brien claimed in 2005 that Trump’s net worth is a measly $200 million, though Trump sued O’Brien for claiming this.I’m going to go with Forbes magazine and assume Trump is worth $4 billion. This might suggest an IQ around 136. However Trump inherited a huge chunk of his fortune and brand from his father, who was a 20th century centimillionaire (equivalent to a billionaire today). So perhaps it was Trump’s father who might have been around 136 IQ. Since the father-son IQ correlation is 0.45, Trump’s IQ might only be 45% as far above the U.S. mean of 96 as his dad was, giving him an expected IQ of:0.45(136 – 96) + 96 = 114However Trump multiplied his inheritance many times over, so his IQ is likely higher than an inheritance billionaire (IQ 114), but lower than a self-made billionaire (IQ 136). I’m guessing his IQ is around 125, which is higher than 95% of White America, but even that isn’t always enough.But both of these methods are incorrect.Why these 2 methods are incorrectThe former method is faulty because it is based on University entrance criteria for Wharton school. SAT scores do correlate strongly with IQ, however:This would mean that all Wharton students, and also all students from other top Universities such as Harvard, MIT, Princeton and University of California and California Institute of Technology etc. are all geniuses too, since the entrance criteria are high. This is not true.Trump transferred to Wharton from Fordham University, so he didn’t enter in the standard way of having to obtain these grades.The latter method is faulty because there actually have been formal studies on the correlation between IQ with income and wealth. This is the result of one study [3]:Income is the money in your paycheck. It’s what you make from your job. Wealth, in contrast, is everything else. It includes stocks and bonds, home equity, other properties, investments, your retirement funds etc. Importantly, you can inherit wealth directly, but you cannot inherit income directly (most of the time).The relationship between IQ and income is somewhat correlated; in general, people with higher IQs make more money:But the relationship between IQ and wealth is all over the map:This suggests that there is some meritocracy in the distribution of income, not so much in who owns yachts and has deep investment portfolios.BEGIN HOAXAssessing Trump’s intelligence: A verbal analysis approachI used a more methodical, fact-based assessment of Trump’s intelligence based on lexical analysis. In this assessment I use vocabulary breadth, i.e., the count of unique words used, to assess Trump’s intelligence. Vocabulary breadth as evidenced by a person's speech is a potential measure of intelligence. A wide vocabulary signals three separate aspects of intelligence: being well-read, being curious, and having a good memory. [4]Criticism of the approachYou have to distinguish a person's actual vocabulary from his used vocabulary. There are plenty of people with big vocabularies who rarely use any of the words they know -- or who use them only in rare circumstances. [4]There are also different types of intelligence – such as visual-spatial. This kind of approach doesn’t take it into account at all. At best this approach is probably more relevant to verbal intelligence.Methodology of the assessmentMeasure the size of Trump’s vocabulary.DataThe first idea was to use actual speeches. However, this is not a good idea, first because they are not available on transcript, and second, because his formal speeches are written by speech writers and therefore are not Trump’s own vocabulary. So I decided to measure something which is written entirely by himself: The art of the deal.Notes“The art of the deal” was published in 1987. Trump was born on June 14, 1946, so at the time of publication he was 41 years old.The book has been corrected and edited, therefore it wouldn’t be 100% Trump’s writing – yet I don’t expect a significant difference made by editing.The book might be limited in vocabulary usage due to the nature of the topic. But it is written in a very personal way and certainly there would be nothing stopping Trump from being expressive.I counted every single word, including the table of contents etc. I considered the difference insignificant.ResultsThe book has 409 pages containing a total of 97,117 words. Here is a breakdown of some interesting stats:Monosyllabic Words (11 syllable): 59,737Polysyllabic words (>=3 syllables): 13,580Short words (<=3 characters): 41,524Long words (>=7 characters): 18,871Difficult words: 26,954And this is the most interesting statistic: The book has approximately 7,964 unique words.Further analysisBut I thought that this result was not every useful alone. For one, there are more books by Donald Trump. Trump has written a total of 18 books:Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987), co-written with Tony Schwartz, ISBN 978-0-345-47917-4Trump: Surviving at the Top (1990), ISBN 978-0-394-57597-1Trump: The Art of Survival (1991), ISBN 978-0-446-36209-2Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997), co-written with Kate Bohner, ISBN 978-0-8129-2964-5The America We Deserve (2000), with Dave Shiflett, ISBN 1-58063-131-2Trump: How to Get Rich (2004), ISBN 978-0-345-48103-0The Way to the Top: The Best Business Advice I Ever Received (2004), ISBN 978-1-4000-5016-1Trump: Think Like a Billionaire: Everything You Need to Know About Success, Real Estate, and Life (2004), ISBN 978-0-345-481,40-5Trump: The Best Golf Advice I Ever Received (2005), ISBN 978-0-307-20999-3Why We Want You to be Rich: Two Men – One Message (2006), co-written with Robert Kiyosaki, ISBN 978-1-933914-02-2Think Big and Kick Ass in Business and Life (2007), co-written with Bill Zanker, ISBN 978-0-06-154783-6Trump: The Best Real Estate Advice I Ever Received: 100 Top Experts Share Their Strategies (2007), ISBN 978-1-4016-0255-0Trump 101: The Way to Success (2007), ISBN 978-0-470-04710-1Trump Never Give Up: How I Turned My Biggest Challenges into Success (2008), ISBN 978-0-470-19084-5Think Like a Champion: An Informal Education in Business and Life (2009), ISBN 978-0-7624-3856-3Midas Touch: Why Some Entrepreneurs Get Rich—and Why Most Don't (2011), co-written with Robert T. Kiyosaki, ISBN 978-1-61268-095-8Time to Get Tough: Making America No. 1 Again (2011), ISBN 978-1-59698-773-9Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again (2015), ISBN 978-1-5011-3796-9However, not all were in my possession. Second, some of them were co-authored, so I would have to choose only books that Trump wrote himself from the books I own from Trump in order to get his individual results.Second, it would be more useful if I could compare them to the results from someone else of a proven high IQ. And this is what I did!Here are some of the first people that came to my mind who have an IQ of genius level, and whose books I have in my possession:Paul Allen: IQ 170 SD 15Albert Einstein: IQ 160-190 SD 15Stephen Hawking: IQ 170 SD 15Christopher Langan: IQ 195 SD 15Without further delay, I used books from all authors to perform an analysis. Here are the results:Interpreting the resultsDr Frank H. Vizetelly, noted lexicographer and managing director of the New Standard Dictionary once devised a simple test for measuring one’s vocabulary breadth.In it he also wrote:An intelligent artisan has a vocabulary of 5,000A person of education knows from 8,000 to 10,000 words.A greater vocabulary than that is unquestionable evidence of superior education.A lawyer knows approximately 23,000 words.ConclusionsJudging Trump’s vocabulary size objectively, i.e., only from his own books, he has used a total of 13,834 words, which, according to Vicetelly’s standards, show that Trump evidently has a wide vocabulary, which indicates that he possesses superior education.Trump was actually half truthful when he said “I know words, I have the best words”. He certainly knows a lot of them.At the same time, Trump’s vocabulary size is a bit more than half of that of a lawyer, who typically knows 23,000 words, so Trump is not as verbally intelligent as he claims - definitely not “the best”.However, the data from other authors are not sufficient to make a comparison with Trump’s analysis as I only had 1-2 books per author, so I need more books from each.Other relevant informationEven though Trump wrote a few books, as has been said in the press, he does not read books.Trump does not speak any foreign languages. This is somewhat unexpected since his wife Melania Trump is originally from Slovenia, she speaks five languages (Slovenian, English, French, Serbian and German), and even his younger son Barron is bilingual (English, Slovenian).Sources[1] http://beforeitsnews.com/opinion-conservative/2015/08/donald-trump-is-a-genius-but-thats-just-his-iq-3038790.html[2] https://pumpkinperson.com/2015/07/22/estimating-the-iq-of-donald-trump/[3] https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2008/02/06/correlations-of-iq-with-income-and-wealth/[4] https://www.quora.com/Why-is-someones-vocabulary-a-signal-of-their-intelligenceEND HOAXArguments about Trump’s intelligenceArguments about why Trump may be highly intelligentFirst and foremost, he has been successful in real life. Not as much as he claims, but yet he has managed to become a billionaire. Trump is allegedly worth approximately $4.5 billion according to Forbes magazine, although he claims that he has claimed that he is worth $8-$10 billion instead.He has run numerous real estate businesses in the US and abroad.He has become famous as the host of the TV show “The apprentice”Intellectually-wise, Trump has studied at the competitive Wharton school of Economics at Pennsylvania University, indicating that he has gone through a superior education system.He has published 18 business books under his name, with the most popular being “The art of the deal”, which is often considered a business classic.Arguments about why Trump may not be as intelligentTrump has frequently had abrupt and thoughtless public reactions causing controversies and negative reactions.He has consistently given factually incorrect answers to questions in interviews and public speeches.His overall use of language and communicative style perhaps indicates a person of a not particularly high intellect. He doesn’t sound like an academic, a lawyer or a scientist.Trump has not publicized his tax statements as all previous US presidential candidates had done in the past. And some critics claim that he may be worth a lot less than the $4.5 billion that Forbes estimates, and even as low as $240 million.Critics also mention that Trump’s fortune has been inherited and he has not done much to increase it himself. More specifically, it has been said that Donald Trump inherited a fortune worth approximately $200 million dollars in total from his father, Fred Trump, which, if he had simply invested on index funds at the time of inheritance and done no business at all, would today be worth approximately $10 billion dollars, and hence he is not really as successful as a businessman.Trump is also noted for multiple business failures: declaring bankruptcy 4 times, and a series of failing ventures such as as “Trump steaks”, “Trump university”, “Trump institution”, “Trump airlines” and more.It is known that Trump did not enter Wharton school through sitting exams but by transferring from Fordham University, effectively not having to sit the difficult entrance exams.Many of Trumps books were not all written by himself even though they carry his name. They were written by “ghost-writers” with Trump providing only some material and supervision.Narcissistic personality disorder / SociopathyTrump has also been assessed unofficially by famous psychologists as being a classic example of someone suffering with Narcissistic personality disorder, or even sociopathy.As well written in the Huffington post [1] among many other sources [2]:Given Trump’s obsessive focus on himself, his complete inability to tolerate criticism, his vindictiveness toward his opponents, his bullying and public insults, and his inappropriate and offensive public rhetoric, the disorder that comes most readily to mind is a narcissistic personality disorder. A narcissistic personality disorder is defined as a personality “characterized by exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration and a lack of empathy for others.” It is classified as a cluster B personality disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 of the American Psychiatric Association (“DSM”) which currently represents the most definitive compilation of mental disorders followed by the mental health profession in this country.At the same time, it may just be that it is this kind of psychosynthesis which has helped Trump both become what he is today as well as become such a popular presidential candidate. Narcissism and psychopathic traits have been known to be possessed by numerous past US presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt, JFK, George W Bush, Ronald Reagan, Franklin Roosevelt and more. A surprising finding from the assessment of past US presidents’ profiles has been that some of these traits, such as fearless dominance may have been detrimental factors to their success in that role, and are also common among CEOs, and business leaders. [3]Assessing Trump’s intelligence part 2When it comes to talking about intelligence, most people immediately think about IQ. It has long been known that IQ is important and certainly demonstrates some aspects of a person’s intelligence. However, it doesn’t cover for intelligence’s full spectrum, something which is still being researched upon.The question “Is Trump intelligent” calls for a black & white “yes or no” answer. This is however not how intelligence is assessed in any official way. Instead, we use a scale to assess intelligence, effectively answering the question of how intelligent someone is. We also use other methods to determine what exactly are someone’s best and worst qualities which are associated with intelligence.The theory of 3 intelligencesRather than focus on IQ, I think there is a different type of theory about intelligence which helps to assess Trump [4].Robert J. Sternberg proposes three intelligences in human cognition.1. Analytical intelligence is the ability to analyse and evaluate ideas, solve problems and make decisions.2. Creative intelligence involves going beyond what is given to generate novel and interesting ideas.3. Practical intelligence is the ability that individuals use to find the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.Assessing Trump on Sternberg’s intelligencesBelow I have attempted to assess Trump’s intelligence based on the above theory. This is a personal, subjective evaluation, based on information publicly available about Trump in the media, on the internet and in his books, which, however, hopefully paints a realistic picture about him.1. Analytical intelligence: AverageTrump has been continuously active and constantly faced with having to make decisions. His everyday life is complicated and very demanding. Trump has also made successful decisions in “crisis situations”, such as coming back from financial disasters such as his bankruptcies or failed businesses. Nevertheless, these disasters seem to stem from his original lack of planning and evaluation of the situation which led to escalating problems, which suggests that he doesn’t really analyse and evaluate ideas that well. This is also demonstrated by his own quotes:"Do not spend too much time planning or trying to anticipate and solve problems before they happen. That is just another kind of excuse for procrastination. Until you start, you won't know where the problems will occur. You won't have the experience to solve them. Instead, get into action, and solve the problems as they arise.""I try to learn from the past, but I plan for the future by focusing exclusively on the present. That's where the fun is."His analytical skills are therefore perhaps more particular to crisis and disaster management.2. Creative intelligence: LowIt is hard to call anything of what Trump has done “novel”. There is nothing that would strike as novel about his casino, hotel and golf businesses, or the other ventures he has started. Publishing books is not novel, and their content is rather practical and not particularly researched, structured, intellectual, thought-provoking or breakthrough. Trump’s manners are eccentric, but those again are not novel and were explained already. While Trump mixed up his businesses a lot, trying anything from selling bottled water to steaks to clothes to travel services to entertainment and hospitality services, this does not indicate creativity as much as following a business tactic.3. Practical intelligence: HighThis is indicated also by Trump’s book “The art of the deal” and the other books he has published. There certainly seems to be “method in Trump’s madness”. Trump has practical business skills gained from real life experience, failing and coming back. His practical way of thinking is also demonstrated by some of his quotes [5]:"Experience taught me a few things. One is to listen to your gut, no matter how good something sounds on paper. The second is that you're generally better off sticking with what you know. And the third is that sometimes your best investments are the ones you don't make."“In the end, you’re measured not by how much you undertake but by what you finally accomplish.”“What separates the winners from the losers is how a person reacts to each new twist of fate.”Tacit KnowledgeTo measure practical intelligence, Sternberg relies on a concept called tacit knowledge (Sternberg et al., 2000). As the name implies, tacit knowledge is knowledge that is hard to express in words. Sternberg posits three characteristics of tacit knowledge.It is procedural rather than factual, which means it is knowledge about how to do something rather than knowledge about something.It is usually learned without the help of others or explicit instruction.It is knowledge about things that personally important to the learner.Sternberg has developed domain-specific tests of tacit knowledge that are based on situations that an individual might face in the real world. Those who answer more like experts and leaders in their fields are judged to have acquired more tacit knowledge in that domain. Sternberg has argued that tacit knowledge tests are better predictors of career success than measures of g or at least the best secondary predictors of career success after taking g into account. People who are more skilled at acquiring tacit knowledge, he asserts, do better in a variety of fields including sales, business management, academic psychology, and military leadership.The above definition certainly matches Trump’s descriptions. It matches his actual work in sales and business management. It even matches his military-style, authoritarian proposals about immigration and national security (such as building a border wall around Mexico, and banning Muslims from the US).I conclude that Trump’s most defining type of intelligence is “practical intelligence”: Trump possesses tacit knowledge in the areas of sales and business - which he also shares in his own books. He also has analytical skills particularly applicable to crisis and disaster management. Moreover, certain elements of his narcissistic and sociopathic personality contribute to this way of thinking and to the success in his field.Sources[1] http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-berger/trump-profile-of-a-sociopath_b_11318128.html[2] http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/06/the-mind-of-donald-trump/480771/[3] http://www.wisdomofpsychopaths.com/psychopathy-presidents.html[4] http://www.intelltheory.com/practicalintelligence.shtml[5] Chingo Huan Mare's answer to What are some of the best things Donald Trump has said?This work is original and not copied from the web. I have put a lot of time and work in this answer so please do Upvote if you enjoyed reading!

Financial adviserOccupationDescriptionA financial advisor or financial advisor is a professional who suggests and renders financial services to clients based on their financial situation. In many countries, financial advisers have to complete specific training and hold a license to provide advice. WikipediaWhat does a financial advisor do?A financial planner is a professional who helps you organize your finances and projects the results of your savings and investments so you can see how well prepared you are for retirement. They also help you make decisions with your money that will help you reach your financial goals as efficiently as possible.Search for: What does a financial advisor do?What is the difference between a financial planner and a financial advisor?Put simply, a financial advisor refers to anyone who helps clients manage their money. ... A financial planner may also have certain areas of expertise, such as retirement planning or education funding planning. Financial advisors and financial planners may hold different certifications and licenses. Apr 10How to pick a financial advisorBy Lisa WrightBusiness ReporterFri., March 24, 2017[Longtime Toronto wealth advisor and business author Susan Latremoille are absolutely baffled by people with sizeable portfolios who tell her they manage their own investments.“Well, do you cut your own hair? Do you fill your own teeth? Do you get underneath the car and change the brakes?” says Latremoille, director of wealth management at Richardson GMP.“You screw up with your money in your earning years, there are no do-overs,” notes the author of The Rich Life – Managing Wealth and Purpose and It’s Not Just About the Money – The Whole Life Approach to Wealth Management.Over 30 years she rides every bull and bear market and guided clients through messy divorces, problem children and affluent folks who plan to leave zip to their kids and everything to their local hospital.In an interview, the self-described “evangelist for the business” gives her advice on how to find the right advisor and why it’s crucial to have professionals take care of your money, no matter how much you have.What’s your top tip when hunting for a financial advisor?My number one rule in picking an advisor: no friends, no family members, no nieces or nephews who are trying to launch their careers. No. This is a business relationship. So it’s so important to have the right advisor and quality advice.Why bother when there are so much information and research you can do online?It’s a bit counter-intuitive for a lot of people because everything is about avoiding the middle man and going direct — Robo advisors and all the online stuff. The pendulum has really swung and yet I believe professional advice has gotten more valuable because (managing money) is more complex than ever. There’s a difference between information and knowledge. So the information is plentiful. Knowledge, even, is abundant. There are a lot of knowledgeable investors but are they wise? And that’s the key — the wisdom.Don’t financial planners basically, do the same thing?Advisors come in every shape, size, style, and everything – it’s very fragmented. You have people who are just brokers, and they just buy and sell stocks and trade. And then I’m at the other end of the spectrum, where I am truly a wealth advisor providing investment advice, accounting and tax services, retirement planning and legal or estate planning for one set fee. And to be successful as this kind of advisor you need to be 51 percent psychologist, 49 percent finance.I believe the advisor of the future is going to be that hybrid between money manager, wealth planner and that little bit of life coach to help people really articulate what their dreams and goals are, and using the money to facilitate that. That’s evolved a lot because when I started in the business we weren’t trained in any of that. It was strictly the market.So how do you choose?Most people just succumb to a sales pitch. To do your homework properly, you really have to have a process you follow. Each advisor should articulate their value proposition very carefully. You can ask your accountant or lawyer, someone who knows you from a financial perspective. These days you can Google on who is writing books and articles. And you should probably interview two or three.What should you ask?When shopping for an advisor, ask them for a plan of how they see your money and what they’re going to do with it. In particular, ask what special qualifications and experience they have, what they do that is different from other advisors, what level of service can I expect, what about their track record, their results/returns, how do they charge (fees or commissions) and how much can I expect to pay, how many clients they have and their total assets under management, what is the typical size of their clients’ portfolios and if they have a team to work with to achieve your goals. . . In the end it boils down to a gut decision. Who do you resonate with, who do you feel most comfortable with].To determine the best financial advisors in North America, I have to do the countries separately, since they are not listed together. So, we will start with Canada:Top 10 investment companies in CanadaJonathan Dyble - Top 10 - Jul 18, 201810. Investissement Quebec – $713.7mn[Investissement Quebec is a government-sponsored company specializing in managing investments, holdings, and ventures for international and domestic companies operating within the province. The company reported net revenue of $713.7mn in 2017, according to the Canadian 500. This represents a 6.8% decrease, year on year. In January 2018, Investissement Quebec confirmed its involvement with companies investing a total of $210mn in various sectors of Quebec’s economy by 2020, following negotiations at the World Economic Forum in Davos.9. Fonds de Solidarité – $890mnLike Investissement Quebec, capital development company Fonds de Solidarité FTQ is also focused on managing investments and holdings in the Quebec area. The company was created in 1983 by the Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec (FTQ), the region’s largest labor organization. Fonds de Solidarité achieved a net revenue of $890mn in 2017, representing a 22.2% growth in sales year on year.8. Futura Corporation – $1.13bnBased in Vancouver, the Futura Corporation engages in the acquisition and ownership of public and private companies, according to Bloomberg. With additional specializations in loan portfolio administration and property management, Futura Corp operates as a diversified investment house with a particular focus on building material fabrication. Futura uses a decentralized management structure with light oversight of its acquisitions and prioritizes growth when purchasing new holdings. The company reported net revenue of $1.13bn in 2017, which represents a growth of 7.8% year on year.7. E-L Financial Corporation Ltd – $1.54bnThe E-L Financial Corporation Ltd. is based in Toronto and operates as an investment and holding company, owning investments in equities and fixed income securities directly and indirectly through common shares, investment companies, and funds, according to Bloomberg. E-L’s main subsidiary is Empire Life. E-L Financial reported net revenue of $1.54bn in 2017. While this represents a 16.8% reduction in sales in comparison to the previous financial year, the company maintained profitability.6. CI Financial Corp – $1.55bnAlso based in Toronto, CI Financial Corp. provides asset management services to private equity holders and businesses. The company specializes in managing separate client-focused equity, fixed income, and alternative investments portfolios, as well as managing various funds for its clients through its subsidiaries, according to Bloomberg. In 2017, CI Financial reported net revenue of $1.55bn, which represents a 6.3% growth in sales year on year.5. Crown Investment Corporation of Saskatchewan – $3.99bnHeadquartered in Regina, Saskatchewan, the Crown Investment Corporation of Saskatchewan functions as the principal holding company for the government’s investments and assets in the region. According to the CI Corp website, the company focuses on “strategic direction”, managing a “framework designed to strengthen governance, performance, and accountability of Crown corporations and to assist Crown corporation boards in discharging their responsibilities”. The public company reported net sales of $3.99bn in 2017, which represents a 1% decrease in sales, despite the company’s liquidation of multiple assets belonging to the Saskatchewan Transport Corporation in May 2017 in order to raise funds.4. James Richardson & Sons Ltd – $8.1bnWinnipeg-based agribusiness and investment firm James Richardson & Sons Ltd. specialize in international grain trade and agri-food, energy, real estate, financial services, as well as its acquisition and management of investments and holdings, according to Bloomberg. The investment sector of the company provides wealth management services to families and entrepreneurs, as well as investment dealership. James Richardson & Sons reported net revenue of $8.1bn in 2017, which represents a 9.8% increase in comparison to the previous financial year.3. Fairfax Financial Holdings Ltd – $9.54bnFairfax Financial Holdings Ltd. is based in Toronto and, in addition to property and casualty insurance services, provides investment management services to clients, both at home and as far abroad as Africa and Asia, according to Bloomberg. The company also has holdings in the food and drink, veterinary services, leisure, and home improvement goods industries. Fairfax Holdings reported revenues of $9.54bn in the last financial year, representing a net growth in sales of 10.6%. The company announced on April 2018 that it intends to purchase the Canadian unit of the recently liquidated Toys ‘R’ Us brand for approximately $233mn.2. Caisse de Depot et Placement du Quebec – $16.46bnAnother Crown company makes it into Canada’s investment top 10. Operating in Quebec province, the Caisse de Depot et Placement du Quebec (CDPQ) is a privately-owned investment and holdings manager, according to Bloomberg, which primarily provides advisory services to pension funds, insurance companies, and other financial organizations. The CDPQ reported net revenue of $16.46bn in 2017. Although this represents a 14.8% decrease in sales in comparison to 2016, the company reported the largest profits of any Canadian company, according to the Financial Post, with a net income of $15.6bn.1. Onex Corporation – $19.61bnThe Toronto-headquartered private equity firm, Onex Corporation, reported the highest revenue of any Canadian investment company in 2017, with a net sales figure of $19.61bn, representing a staggering 34.8% increase year on year. Onex specializes in the acquisition of companies in a variety of sectors including technology, manufacturing, retail, leisure, financial services, and real estate. With 144,000 workers, Onex is also Canada’s second-largest employer.]Top 10 investment companies in the USShannon Lewis - Top 10 - Jun 19, 2018[10. Capital One Financial – $23bn According to its company website, Capital One Financial is one of the top 10 largest banks in the United States by deposits. Bringing in $23bn in revenue, according to Fortune, it places fifth on Fortune’s ‘40 Best Companies in Financial Services’, and 145th on the Fortune 500. Located in McLean, Virginia, Capital One Financial has been providing financial services for consumers, small businesses, and larger-scale commercial clients since its foundation in 1994. It employees 47,300 people and serves around 45mn customer accounts.9. USAA – $24bnUSAA takes the top spot on Fortune’s ‘40 Best Companies in Financial Services’ for its employee-oriented business practices. It oversees 28,738 employees, according to Fortune, and employee accounts detail how “the company listens to every single employee for improvement and innovation ideas”. With headquarters in San Antonio, Texas, Fortune places USAA’s revenue at $24bn. The company places seventh on Fortune’s ‘100 Best Companies to Work for in 2017’ and seventh on Forbes’ ‘America’s Top Companies for Compensation and Benefits’. It has also had strong ties to the United States military community and their families since it opened in 1922.8. First Horizon National – $26bnFirst Horizon National operates as a series of companies, including First Tennessee Bank, FTB Advisors, Capital Bank, and FTN Financial offices, stretching across Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida. It places 23rd on Fortune’s ‘40 Best Companies in Financial Services’, with $26bn in revenue, according to Fortune. According to its company website, it is the 14th oldest national bank charter in the United States, havingbeen founded in 1864. First Horizon National oversees a total of 4,300 employees.7. American Express – $32.8bnAmerican Express provides a wide array of services. Though more famously known for its credit card and travel services, its investment branch operates under the name ‘American Express Ventures’. Founded in 1850, it currently makes $13.8bn in revenue, according to Fortune, and places 13th on Fortune’s ‘40 Best Companies in Financial Services’. With headquarters in New York City, the company has over 56,400 staff. It does well in the way of company image, placing 23rd on Forbes’ ‘World’s Most Valuable Brands’, 97th on Forbes’ Global 2000, 189th on Forbes’ ‘Best Employers for Diversity’, and 356th on Forbes’ ‘World’s Best Employers’.6. Goldman Sachs Group – $36.85bnAccording to Investopedia, Goldman Sachs Group was founded in 1869, making it one of the oldest banking firms in the United States. With a revenue of $36.85bn, according to Investopedia, the group has $249.6bn US Private Client assets under management (AUM). According to Advisory, it is one of the 11 best investment companies worldwide, with the financial a rating of 5/5. It places second on a Guardian UK list naming the top investment and investment banking employers as designated by graduates and students. Headquartered in New York City, it places 49th on Forbes’ ‘The World’s Biggest Public Companies’, and second on Forbes’ ‘Top Ten Investment Banks to Work For’.5. Morgan Stanley Wealth Management – $37.91bnFounded in New York in 1935, Morgan Stanley is now a global giant with 55,794 employees across the world, according to Investopedia. With $507bn in US Private Client AUM, it brings in $37.91bn in revenue, according to Investopedia. It places fourth on the Guardian’s top investment employers, according to graduates, 23rd on Forbes’ ‘25 Biggest Banks of 2017’, and 60th on Forbes’ ‘The World’s Biggest Public Companies’. Morgan Stanley reaches 42 countries around the world and has a strong presence in 542 cities.4. JP Morgan Private Bank –$47.3bnJP Morgan is one of the largest investment banks in the world. In 2017 it reported a revenue of $99bn, of which its investment banking branch contributed $47.3bn, according to Investopedia. Founded in New York City in 1871, it now has reached in 60 countries across the world, with over 260,000 employees in total. It has a US Private Client AUM of $661bn and was afforded the top spot on the Guardian UK’s list of the top investment banking employers, according to students and graduates. It also places on Advisory’s top 11 investment banks list, with a score of 3/5.3. Citigroup –$84.02bnCitigroup is the investment branch of banking company Citibank. While Citibank dates back to 1812, Citigroup has been around since 1998, operating out of New York City. It has a revenue of $84.02bn, and a US Private Client AUM of $106.8bn, according to Investopedia. With 129,000 employees, it operates in around 160 countries under three subsets: Global Consumer Banking, which focuses on traditional banking services, Institutional Clients Group, which focuses on corporate, institutional, and investment banking, and its Corporate sector.2. Bank of America Global Wealth and Investment Management – $92.21bnBank of America’s investment branch, Bank of America Global Wealth and Investment Management, places second on our list. It has a revenue of $92.21bn, and a US Private Client AUM of $1.1trn, according to Investopedia. Founded in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1904, it currently operates in over 40 countries. It places seventh on Forbes’ ‘The World’s Biggest Public Companies’ and fifth on the Guardian UK’s list of the top investing employers according to graduates. The company employs a massive 208,000 staff across the world.1. Wells Fargo – $97.57bnTopping our list with a revenue of $97.57bn, according to Investopedia, is Wells Fargo, one of the largest banks in America. In fact, according to Forbes, it is the fourth-largest bank, and it places fifth on Forbes’ ‘The World’s Biggest Public Companies’. It has $967bn US Private Client AUM, according to Investopedia, and operates out of San Francisco, California. It places 7th on Investment News’ list of the top investment banks, with a score of 824 out of 1,000. Since opening its doors in 1852, it has expanded to a workforce of over 269,000.]These are the financial advisors in MexicoMenu[Financial & LegalAccountants, Auditors & BookkeepersCorporate Finance & Investment BanksCorporate Financial Consultants & AdvisorsForeign Exchange & Currency TransferImmigration Support ServicesInsurance: Car, Home, Life, TravelInvestments in MexicoLawyers, Law Firms, Attorneys & Legal AdviceMortgages, Loans & LeasingNotaries PublicPersonal Financial Consultants & AdvisorsPrivate Equity, Start-Up & Venture CapitalRetail Banks & Personal BankingLEARN A LANGUAGEPersonal Financial Consultants & AdvisorsInternational AdvisorThe London-based firm that provides financial and legal services for expats living in Latin America.VISIT WEBSITECALLOld MutualMexican office of global investment advisory company. Savings, investments, insurance, pensions, wealth management. Altavista 131 4A, Col. San Angel Inn, 01060 Mexico DF.VISIT WEBSITESEND EMAILCALLDaniel Zilke - Capital Management GroupIndependent financial consultant specializing in offshore savings and investment plans. Teotihuacan 18, Col. Hipodromo Condesa, 06100 Mexico DF.VISIT WEBSITESEND EMAILCALLAbana Financial ConsultantsLegal and tax advice, Insurance advice, trust management, wealth management advice and pension transfers for high-net-worth individuals, companies, and charities.VISIT WEBSITESEND EMAILCALLPlan Wealth ManagementPlan Wealth Management is an independent financial brokerage, providing retirement, education and portfolio management services. English, Spanish, Portuguese, German and French-speaking.VISIT WEBSITESEND EMAILCALLOxford InternationalEnglish investment advisors. Life assurance, portfolio management. Access to investment instruments from the major global financial institutions. Recommendations on the best available strategy to fit individual need and risk profiles.VISIT WEBSITESEND EMAILZurich en MexicoGlobal insurance and investment group. Individual and corporate clients. Life and medical insurance, personalized portfolio management service, personal and corporate retirement and savings plans with insurance protection. Contact via the website.VISIT WEBSITECALLPalace ConsultingMexico City office of independent offshore savings and investment brokers. Financial advice to suit individual circumstances. Portfolio management options and savings plans for all budgets and needs. Friendly, personal advice from local consultants.consultants.St. James InternationalIndependent wealth management advisors. Av. Presidente Masaryk 111 - 1st Floor, Col.Chapultepec Morales, 11560 Mexico DF.VISIT WEBSITESEND EMAILCALLRevenue ConsultingFinancial and tax strategies for return on investment. Agustin Melgar 26 Unit B, Col. Condesa, 06140 Mexico DF.SEND EMAILCALLTandem PartnersAn international firm of financial advisors for individuals and companies. Tamaulipas 141 - 3rd Floor, Col. Condesa, 06140 Mexico DF.VISIT WEBSITESEND EMAILCALLGarry Whelan, Ex UK AdvisorFree financial advice to help plan for the future and/or protect the present. Questions related to the UK welcome (20 years of experience working there). Click "Visit Website" to view LinkedIn profile.VISIT WEBSITESEND EMAILCALLCal Consulting InternationalPortfolio management, retirement planning, regular savings programs, education, and estate planning, international life and health insurance and offshore banking. Paseo de la Reforma 222, Col. Juarez, 06600 Mexico DF.VISIT WEBSITESEND EMAILCALLADD YOUR BUSINESS FOR FREE ]

we done a lot of inventions which has change the world more than any other country so we really punch above our weight..test a model of a Halifax bomber in a wind tunnel, an invention that dates back to 1871.The following is a list and timeline of innovations as well as inventions and discoveries that involved British people or the United Kingdom including predecessor states in the history of the formation of the United Kingdom. This list covers innovation and invention in the mechanical, electronic, and industrial fields, as well as medicine, military devices and theory, artistic and scientific discovery and innovation, and ideas in religion and ethics.The scientific revolution in 17th century Europe stimulated innovation and discovery in Britain.[1]Experimentation was considered central to innovation by groups such as the Royal Society, which was founded in 1660. The English patent system evolved from its medieval origins into a system that recognised intellectual property; this encouraged invention and spurred on the Industrial Revolution from the late 18th century.[2]During the 19th century, innovation in Britain led to revolutionary changes in manufacturing, the development of factory systems, and growth of transportation by railway and steam ship that spread around the world.[3]In the 20th century, Britain's rate of innovation, measured by patents registered,[4]slowed in comparison to other leading economies.[according to whom?]Nonetheless, science and technology in Britaincontinued to develop rapidly in absolute terms.17th centuryEditThe 1698 Savery Engine1605Bacon’s cipher, a method of steganography(hiding a secret message), is devised by Sir Francis Bacon.[5]1614John Napier publishes his work Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptiointroducing the concept of logarithms which simplifies mathematical calculations.[6][7]1620The first navigable submarine is designed by William Bourne and built by Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel.1625Early experiments in water desalination are conducted by Sir Francis Bacon.[8]1657Anchor escapement for clock making is invented by Robert Hooke.[9]1667A tin can telephone is devised by Robert Hooke.[10]1668Sir Isaac Newton invents the first working reflecting telescope.[11]1698The first commercial steam-powered device, a water pump, is developed by Thomas Savery.[12]18th centuryEditThe Watt steam engine was conceived in 1765. James Watttransformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications. Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.1701An improved seed drill is designed by Jethro Tull.[13] It is used to spread seeds around a field with a rotating handle which makes seed planting a lot easier.1705Edmond Halley makes the first prediction of a comet's return.[14]1712The first practical steam engine is designed by Thomas Newcomen.[12][15]1718Edmond Halley discovers stellar motion.[16]1730The Rotherham plough, the first plough to be widely built in factories and commercially successful, is patented by Joseph Foljambe.[17]1737Andrew Rodger invents the winnowing machine.1740The first electrostatic motors are developed by Andrew Gordon in the 1740s.[18]1744The earliest known reference to baseball is made in a publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, by John Newbery. It contains a rhymed description of "base-ball" and a woodcut that shows a field set-up somewhat similar to the modern game—though in a triangular rather than diamond configuration, and with posts instead of ground-level bases.[19]1753Invention of hollow-pipe drainage is credited to Sir Hugh Dalrymple who died in 1753.[20]1765James Small advances the design of the plough using mathematical methods to improve on the Scotch plough of James Anderson of Hermiston.[21]1767Adam Ferguson (1767), often known as ‘The Father of Modern Sociology’, publishes his work An Essay on the History of Civil Society.[22]1776Scottish economist Adam Smith, often known as 'The father of modern economics',[23] publishes his seminal text The Wealth of Nations.[24][25]The Watt steam engine, conceived in 1765, goes into production. It is the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric.1781The Iron Bridge, the first arch bridge made of cast iron, is built by Abraham Darby III.[12]1783A pioneer of selective breeding and artificial selection, Robert Bakewell, forms the Dishley Society to promote and advance the interests of livestock breeders.[26][27]1786The threshing machine is invented by Andrew Meikle.[28]1798Edward Jenner invents the first vaccine.19th centuryEditA trial model of a part of the Analytical Engine, first described by Charles Babbage in 1837[29]1802Sir Humphry Davy creates the first incandescent light by passing a current from a battery, at the time the world's most powerful, through a thin strip of platinum.1804The world's first locomotive-hauled railwayjourney is made by Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive.[30]1807Alexander John Forsyth invents percussion ignition, the foundation of modern firearms.1814Robert Salmon patents the first haymakingmachine.c1820John Loudon McAdam develops the Macadam road construction technique.1822Charles Babbage proposes the idea for a Difference engine, an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions, in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society entitled "Note on the application of machinery to the computationof astronomical and mathematical tables".[31]1823An improved system of soil drainage is developed by James Smith.[32]1824William Aspdin obtains a patent for Portland cement (concrete).1825William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet.1828A mechanical reaping machine is invented by Patrick Bell.[33]1831Electromagnetic induction, the operating principle of transformers and nearly all modern electric generators, is discovered by Michael Faraday.1835Scotsman James Bowman Lindsay invents the incandescent light bulb.[34]1836The Marsh test for detecting arsenicpoisoning is developed by James Marsh.[35]1837Charles Babbage describes an Analytical Engine, the first mechanical, general-purpose programmable computer.[36][37]The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph, first commercially successful electric telegraph, is designed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke.[38][39][40]1839A pedal bicycle is invented by Kirkpatrick Macmillan.[41]1840Sir Rowland Hill reforms the postal system with Uniform Penny Post and introduces the first postage stamp, the Penny Black, on 1 May.[42]1841Alexander Bain patents his design produced the prior year for an electric clock.[43]1842Superphosphate, the first chemical fertiliser, is patented by John Bennet Lawes.[citation needed]1843SS Great Britain, the world's first steam-powered, screw propeller-driven passenger liner with an iron hull is launched. Designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, it was at the time the largest ship afloat.Alexander Bain (inventor) patents a design for a facsimile machine.1846A design for a chemical telegraph is patented by Alexander Bain. Bain's telegraph is installed on the wires of the Electric Telegraph Company on one line. Later, in 1850, it was used in America by Henry O'Reilly.[44]1847Boolean algebra, the basis for digital logic, is introduced by George Boole in his book The Mathematical Analysis of Logic.[45]1851Improvements to the facsimile machine are demonstrated by Frederick Bakewell at the 1851 World's Fair in London.1852A steam-driven ploughing engine is invented by John Fowler.[46][47]1853English physician Alexander Wood develops a medical hypodermic syringe with a needle fine enough to pierce the skin.[48]1854The Playfair cipher, the first literal digraph substitution cipher, is invented by Charles Wheatstone and later promoted for use by Lord Playfair.[40]1868Mushet steel, the first commercial steel alloy, is invented by Robert Forester Mushet.Thomas Humber develops a bicycle design with the pedals driving the rear wheel.The first manually operated gas-lamp traffic lights are installed outside the Houses of Parliament on 10 December.1869A bicycle design is developed by Thomas McCall.1873Discovery of the photoconductivity of the element selenium by Willoughby Smith. This led to the invention of photoelectric cells(solar panels), including those used in the earliest television systems.1876Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone in the U.S.[49]The first safety bicycle is designed by the English engineer Harry John Lawson (also called Henry). Unlike the penny-farthing, the rider's feet were within reach of the ground, making it safer to stop.1878Demonstration of an incandescent light bulbby Joseph Wilson Swan.[50][51]1883The Fresno scraper, which became a model for modern earth movers, is invented in California by Scottish emigrant James Porteous.[52]1884The light switch is invented by John Henry Holmes, Quaker of Newcastle.1885The first commercially successful safety bicycle, called the Rover, is designed by John Kemp Starley. The following year Dan Albone produces a derivative of this called the Ivel Safety cycle.1886Walter Parry Haskett Smith, often called the Father of Rock Climbing in Britain, completes his first ascent of the Napes Needle, solo and without any protective equipment.1892Sir Francis Galton devises a method for classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic science.[53]1897Sir Joseph John Thomson discovers the electron.[54]The world's first wireless station is established on the Isle of Wight.[55][56]20th centuryEditA Colossus computer, developed by British codebreakers in 1943–19451901The first wireless signal across the Atlantic is sent from Cornwall in England and received in Newfoundland in Canada (a distance of 2,100 miles) by Italian scientist Guglielmo Marconi.[57]The first commercially successful light farm tractor is patented by Dan Albone.[58][59]1902Edgar Purnell Hooley develops Tarmac1906The introduction of HMS Dreadnought, a revolutionary capital ship design.1907Henry Joseph Round discovers electroluminescence, the principle behind LEDs.1910The first formal driving school, the British School of Motoring, is founded in London.[60]Frank Barnwell establishes the fundamentals of aircraft design at the University of Glasgow,[61] having made the first powered flight in Scotland the previous year.1916The introduction of Tank Mk1 the world's first Tank or track armed, armoured combat vehicle.1918The Royal Air Force becomes the first independent air force in the world[62]The introduction of HMS Argus the first example of the standard pattern of aircraft carrier, with a full-length flight deck that allowed wheeled aircraft to take off and land.1922In Sorbonne, France, Englishman Edwin Belin demonstrates a mechanical scanning device, an early precursor to modern television.1926John Logie Baird makes the first public demonstration of a mechanical television on 26 January (the first successful transmissions were in early 1923 and February 1924). Later, in July 1928, he demonstrated the first colour television.[63][64]1930The jet engine is patented by Sir Frank Whittle.[65]1932The Anglepoise lamp is patented by George Carwardine, a design consultant specialising in vehicle suspension systems.1933The Cat's eye road marking is invented by Percy Shaw and patented the following year.1936English economist John Maynard Keynespublishes his work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money which challenged the established classical economics and led to the Keynesian Revolution in the way economists thought.The world's first public broadcasts of high-definition television are made from Alexandra Palace, North London, by the BBC Television Service. It is the first fully electronic television system to be used in regular broadcasting.[66]1937First available in the London area, the 999telephone number is introduced as the world's first emergency telephone service.1939The initial design of the Bombe, an electromechanical device to assist with the deciphering of messages encrypted by the Enigma machine, is produced by Alan Turingat the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS).[67]1943Colossus computer begins working, the world's first electronic digital programmable computer.[68]1949The Manchester Mark 1 computer, significant because of its pioneering inclusion of index registers, ran its first programme error free. Its chief designers are Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn.1951The concept of microprogramming is developed by Maurice Wilkes from the realisation that the Central Processing Unit(CPU) of a computer could be controlled by a miniature, highly specialised computer program in high-speed ROM.LEO is the first business application (a payroll system) on an electronic computer.1952The introduction of the de Havilland Cometthe world's first commercial jet airliner.Autocode, regarded as the first compiled programming language, is developed for the Manchester Mark 1 by Alick Glennie.1953Englishman Francis Crick and American James Watson of Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, analysed X-ray crystallography data taken by Rosalind Franklin of King's College, to decipher the double helical structure of DNA. They share the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their work.[69]1955The first accurate atomic clock, a caesium standard based on a certain transition of the caesium-133 atom, is built by Louis Essen at the National Physical Laboratory. This clock enabled further development of general relativity, and started a basis for an enhanced SI unit system.[70]1956Metrovick 950, the first commercial transistor computer, is built by the Metropolitan-Vickers company.1961The first electronic desktop calculators, the ANITA Mk7 and ANITA Mk8, are manufactured by the Bell Punch Companyand marketed by its Sumlock Comptometerdivision.1963High strength carbon fibre is invented by engineers at the Royal Aircraft Establishment.[71]The Lava lamp is invented by British accountant Edward Craven Walker.1964The first theory of the Higgs boson is put forward by Peter Higgs, a particle-physics theorist at the University of Edinburgh, and five other physicists.[72][73] The particle is discovered in 2012 at CERN's Large Hadron Collider and its existence is confirmed in 2013.1965A pioneer of the development of dairy farming systems, Rex Paterson, set out his principles for labour management.[74]The Touchscreen was invented by E.A.Johnson working at the Radar Research Establishment, Malvern, Worcestershire. [75]1966The cash machine and personal identification number system are patented by James Goodfellow.[76]1969The first carbon fibre fabric in the world is weaved in Stockport, England.[77]1970One of the first handheld televisions, the MTV-1, is developed by Sir Clive Sinclair.1973Clifford Cocks develops the algorithm for the RSA cipher while working at the Government Communications Headquarters, approximately three years before it was independently developed by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman at MIT. The British government declassified the 1973 invention in 1997.[78]1977Steptoe and Edwards successfully carried out a pioneering conception which resulted in the birth of the world's first baby to be conceived by IVF, Louise Brown on 25 July 1978, in Oldham General Hospital, Greater Manchester, UK.[79][80][81]1979The tree shelter is invented by Graham Tuley to protect tree seedlings.[82]One of the first laptop computers, the GRiD Compass, is designed by Bill Moggridge.1984DNA profiling is discovered by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester.One of the world's first computer games to use 3D graphics, Elite, is developed by David Braben and Ian Bell.1989Sir Tim Berners-Lee writes a proposal for what will become the World Wide Web. The following year, he specified HTML, the hypertext language, and HTTP, the protocol.[83]The Touchpad pointing device is first developed for Psion computers.1991A patent for an iris recognition algorithm is filed by John Daugman while working at the University of Cambridge which became the basis of all publicly deployed iris recognition systems.[84][85]The source code for the world's first web browser, called WorldWideWeb (later renamed Nexus to avoid confusion with the World Wide Web), is released into the public domain by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.1992The first SMS message in the world is sent over the UK's GSM network.1995The world's first national DNA database is developed.[86]1996Animal cloning, a female domestic sheep became the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, by scientists at the Roslin institute.[87]1997Scottish scientists at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, produce the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.[88]The ThrustSSC jet-propelled car, designed and built in England, sets the land speed record.21st centuryCeramicsEditBone china – Josiah Spode[96]Ironstone china – Charles James Mason[97]Jasperware – Josiah WedgwoodClock makingEditAnchor escapement – Robert Hooke[98][99]Balance wheel – Robert Hooke[100]Coaxial escapement – George Daniels[101]Grasshopper escapement, H1, H2, H3 and H4 watches (a watch built to solve the longitude measurement problem)[102] – John HarrisonGridiron pendulum – John Harrison[100]Lever escapement The greatest single improvement ever applied to pocket watches– Thomas Mudge[100]Longcase clock or grandfather clock – William Clement[103]Marine chronometer – John Harrison[100]Self-winding watch – John Harwood[104]Clothing manufacturingEditDerby Rib (stocking manufacture) – Jedediah StruttFlying shuttle – John KayMauveine, the first synthetic organic dye – William Henry PerkinPower loom – Edmund CartwrightSpinning frame – John KaySpinning jenny – James HargreavesSpinning mule – Samuel CromptonSewing machine – Thomas Saint in 1790[105]Water frame – Richard ArkwrightStocking frame – William LeeWarp-loom and Bobbinet – John HeathcoatCommunicationsEditChristmas card [106] – Sir Henry ColeValentines card [107] – Modern card 18th century EnglandPencil – Cumbria, EnglandMechanical pencil – Sampson Mordan and John Isaac Hawkins in 1822.[108]Clockwork radio [109] – Trevor BaylisRadio, the first transmission using a Spark Transmitter, achieving a range of approximately 500 metres. – David E. HughesElectromagnetic induction & Faraday's law of induction Began as a series of experiments by Faraday that later became some of the first ever experiments in the discovery of radio waves and the development of radio – Michael Faraday [110]Pioneer in the development of radio communication – William EcclesPioneering work on the development of the long-lasting materials that made today's liquid crystal displays possible – Team headed by Sir Brynmor Jones and Developed by Scotsman George Gray and Englishman Ken Harrison In conjunction with the Royal Radar Establishment and the University of Hull [111]Pioneering development of stereo in the form of 'binaural sound' – Alan Blumlein [112]Shorthand – Timothy Bright (1550/1-1615). Invented first modern shorthandPitman Shorthand – Isaac PitmanProposed the existence of the Kennelly–Heaviside layer, a layer of ionised gas that reflects radio waves around the Earth's curvature – Oliver HeavisideTypewriter – First patent for a device similar to a typewriter granted to Henry Mill in 1714.[113]the world's first automatic totalisator – George Juliuspioneer in the use of fiber optics in telecommunications – Charles K. Kao and George HockhamThe originator of the concept of geostationary satellites for the use of telecommunications relays – Arthur C ClarkeTeletext Information Service – The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)Print stereotyping – William Ged (1690–1749) [114]Roller printing – Thomas Bell (patented 1783) [115]The adhesive postage stamp and the postmark – James Chalmers (1782–1853) [116]Universal Standard Time: Sir Sandford Fleming (1827–1915) [117]Light signalling between ships: Admiral Philip H. Colomb (1831–1899) [118]The teleprinter – Frederick G. Creed (1871–1957) [119]Radar – Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973)[120]The underlying principles of Radio – James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) [121]ComputingEditACE and Pilot ACE [67] – Alan TuringARM architecture The ARM CPU design is the microprocessor architecture of 98% of mobile phones and every smartphone.[122]First programmer – Ada LovelaceFirst Programming Language Analytical Engine ordercode – Charles Babbage and Ada LovelaceArgo system the world's first electrically powered mechanical analogue computer(also called at the Argo Clock) – Arthur PollenSumlock ANITA calculator the world's first all-electronic desktop calculator – Bell PunchCoThe world's first 'slimline' pocket calculator, the Sinclair Executive amongst other electrical/electronic innovations – Sir Clive SinclairOsborne 1 The first commercially successful portable computer, the precursor to the Laptop computer – Adam OsborneHeavily involved in the development of the Linux kernel – Andrew Morton & Alan CoxFlip-flop circuit, which became the basis of electronic memory (Random-access memory) in computers – William Eccles and F. W. JordanUniversal Turing machine – The UTM model is considered to be the origin of the "stored program computer" used by John von Neumann in 1946 for his "Electronic Computing Instrument" that now bears von Neumann's name: the von Neumann architecture, also UTM is considered the first operating system – Alan TuringThe development of packet switching co-invented by British engineer Donald Daviesand American Paul Baran – National Physical Laboratory, London EnglandThe first person to conceptualise the Integrated Circuit – Geoffrey W.A. DummerThe first modern computer, the Manchester Baby, was the world's first electronic stored-program computer. Developed by Frederic Calland Williams & Tom Kilburn[123]Williams tube – a cathode ray tube used to electronically store binary data (Can store roughly 500 to 1,000 bits of data) – Freddie Williams & Tom KilburnFerranti Mark 1 – Also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer was the first computer to use the principles of early CPU design (Central processing unit) – Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn – Also the world's first successful commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.The oldest known recordings of computer generated music were played by the Ferranti Mark 1 computer – Christopher StracheyEDSAC was the first complete, fully functional computer to use the von Neumann architecture, the basis of every modern computer – Maurice WilkesEDSAC 2 the successor to the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator or EDSAC. It was the first computer to have a microprogrammed (Microcode)control unitand a bit slice hardware architecture – Team headed by Maurice WilkesThe first graphical computer game OXO on the EDSAC at Cambridge University – A.S. DouglasAtlas Computer, it was arguably the world's first supercomputer and was the fastest computer in the world until the release of the American CDC 6600 Also This machine introduced many modern architectural concepts: spooling, interrupts, pipelining, interleaved memory, virtual memory and paging – Team headed by Tom KilburnDigital audio player (MP3 Player) – Kane KramerCo-Inventor of the world's first trackballdevice – developed by Tom Cranston, Fred Longstaff and Kenyon TaylorThe world's first handheld computer (Psion Organiser) – Psion PLCThe first rugged computer – Husky (computer)First PC-compatible palmtop computer (Atari Portfolio) – Ian H. S. CullimoreDenotational semantics – Christopher Strachey pioneer in programming language designWolfram's 2-state 3-symbol Turing machine– Stephen WolframEngineeringEditAdjustable spanner – Edwin Beard BuddingBackhoe loader – Joseph Cyril BamfordCavity magnetron – John Randall and Harry Boot critical component for Microwavegeneration in Microwave ovens and high powered Radios (Radar)[124]Carey Foster bridge – Carey Foster[125]Electric transformer – Michael Faraday[126]First coke-consuming blast furnace – Abraham Darby I[12]First working universal joint – Robert HookeCrookes tube the first cathode ray tubes – William Crookes[12]First working and volume productionbrushless alternator – Newage EngineersFirst compression ignition engine aka the Diesel Engine – Herbert Akroyd StuartHydrogen Fuel Cell – William Robert GroveModified version of the Newcomen steam engine (Pickard engine) – James PickardCompound steam turbine – Charles Algernon Parsons[12]Francis turbine – James B. FrancisGas turbine – John Barber (engineer)Microturbines – Chris and Paul Bladon of Bladon JetsThe world's first oil refinery and a process of extracting paraffin from coal laying the foundations for the modern oil industry – James Young (1811–1883)[127]Pendulum governor – Frederick LanchesterContributed to the development of Radar – Scotsman Robert Watson-Watt and Englishman Arnold Frederic WilkinsInternal combustion engine – Samuel BrownFourdrinier machine – Henry FourdrinierMicrochip – Geoffrey W.A. Dummerlight-emitting diode (did not invent the first visible light, only theorised) – H. J. RoundHydraulic accumulatorTwo-stroke engine – Joseph DayPioneer of radio guidance systems – Archibald LowScrew-cutting lathe – Henry HindleyThe first industrially practical screw-cutting lathe – Henry MaudslayThe first electrical measuring instrument, the electroscope – William GilbertRectilinear Slide rule – William Oughtred[100]Devised a standard for screw threadsleading to its widespread acceptance – Joseph WhitworthThe Wimshurst machine is an Electrostatic generator for producing high voltages – James WimshurstHot bulb engine or heavy oil engine – Herbert Akroyd StuartHydraulic crane – William George ArmstrongVacuum diode also known as a vacuum tube– John Ambrose FlemingLinear motor is a multi-phase alternating current (AC) electric motor – Charles Wheatstone then improved by Eric Laithwaite[40]Lynch Motor – Cedric LynchDesigned water and sewerage systems for over 30 cities across Europe – William LindleyConcrete Canvas – Will Crawford and Peter BrewinThe world's first house powered with hydroelectricity – Cragside, Northumberland[128]Stirling engine – Robert StirlingSupercharger – Dugald ClerkWind tunnel – Francis Herbert Wenham[100]Household appliancesEditPerambulator – William Kent designed a baby carriage in 1733[129]Collapsible baby buggy – Owen MaclarenDomestic dishwasher – key modifications by William Howard Livens [130]"Bagless" vacuum cleaner – James Dyson[131]"Puffing Billy" – First powered vacuum cleaner – Hubert Cecil Booth[132][133][134]Fire extinguisher – George William Manby[129]Folding carton – Charles Henry FoyleLawn mower – Edwin Beard Budding[135]Rubber band – Stephen Perry[136]Daniell cell – John Frederic Daniell[137]Tin can – Peter DurandCorkscrew – Reverend Samuell HenshallMouse trap – James Henry AtkinsonModern flushing toilet – John Harington[138]The pay toilet – John Nevil Maskelyne, Maskelyne invented a lock for London toilets, which required a penny to operate, hence the euphemism "spend a penny".Electric toaster – Rookes Evelyn Bell CromptonTeasmade – Albert E. RichardsonMagnifying glass – Roger BaconThermosiphon, which forms the basis of most modern central heating systems – Thomas FowlerAutomatic electric kettle – Russell HobbsThermos Flask – James Dewar [139]Toothbrush – William Edward AddisSunglasses – James Ayscough[140]The Refrigerator – William Cullen (1748) [141]The Flush toilet: Alexander Cummings (1775) [142]The first distiller to triple distill Irish whiskey:[143]John Jameson (Whisky distiller)The first automated can-filing machine John West (1809–1888) [144]The waterproof Mackintosh – Charles Macintosh (1766–1843) [145]The kaleidoscope: Sir David Brewster (1781–1868) [146]Keiller's marmalade Janet Keiller (1797) – The first recipe of rind suspended marmalade or Dundee marmalade produced in Dundee.The modern lawnmower – Edwin Beard Budding (1830) [147]The Lucifer friction match: Sir Isaac Holden(1807–1897) [148]The self filling pen – Robert Thomson (1822–1873) [149]Cotton-reel thread – J & J Clark of Paisley[150]Lime Cordial – Peter Burnett in 1867 [151]Bovril beef extract – John Lawson Johnstonin 1874 [152]Wellington BootsCan Opener – Robert Yeates 1855Ideas, Religion and EthicsEditMalthusianism and the groundwork for the study of population dynamics – Thomas Robert Malthus with his work An Essay on the Principle of Population.Classical Liberalism – John Locke known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism".[153][154]Utilitarianism by Jeremy BenthamAnglicanism by Henry VIII of EnglandMethodism by John Wesley and Charles WesleyQuakerism by George FoxAgnosticism by Thomas Henry HuxleyIndustrial processesEditEnglish crucible steel – Benjamin HuntsmanSteel production Bessemer process – Henry BessemerHydraulic press – Joseph BramahParkesine, the first man-made plastic – Alexander ParkesPortland cement – Joseph AspdinSheffield plate – Thomas BoulsoverWater frame – Richard ArkwrightStainless steel – Harry BrearleyRubber Masticator – Thomas HancockPower Loom – Edmund CartwrightParkes process – Alexander ParkesLead chamber process – John RoebuckDevelopment of the world's first commercially successful manufacture of high quality flat glass using the float glassprocess – Alastair PilkingtonThe first commercial electroplating process – George ElkingtonThe Wilson Yarn Clearer – Peter WilsonFloat Glass – Alastair Pilkington – Modern Glass manufacturing processContact ProcessFroth Flotation – William Haynes and A H Higgins.Extrusion – Joseph BramahMedicineEditFirst correct description of circulation of the blood – William Harvey[155]Smallpox vaccine – Edward Jenner with his discovery is said to have "saved more lives (...) than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history."[156][157]Surgical forceps – Stephen Hales[158]Antisepsis in surgery – Joseph ListerArtificial intraocular lens transplant surgery for cataract patients – Harold Ridley[159]Clinical thermometer – Thomas Clifford Allbutt.[160]isolation of fibrinogen ("coagulable lymph"), investigation of the structure of the lymphatic system and description of red blood cells by the surgeon William Hewson (surgeon)Credited with discovering how to cultureembryonic stem cells in 1981 – Martin EvansFirst blood pressure measurement and first cardiac catheterisation-Stephen Hales[161]Pioneer of anaesthesia and father of epidemiology for locating the source of cholera – John Snow (physician)[162]pioneered the use of sodium cromoglycateas a remedy for asthma – Roger Altounyan[citation needed]The first scientist to demonstrate that a cancer may be caused by an environmental carcinogen and one of the founders of orthopedy – Percivall Pott[163]Performed the first successful blood transfusion – James Blundell[164]Discovered the active ingredient of Aspirin – Edward StoneDiscovery of Protein crystallography – Dorothy Crowfoot HodgkinThe world's first successful stem celltransplant[165] – John Raymond Hobbs[166]First typhoid vaccine – Almroth Wright[167]Pioneer of the treatment of epilepsy – Edward Henry Sievekingdiscovery of Nitrous oxide(entonox/"laughing gas") and its anaestheticproperties – Humphry Davy[168]Computed Tomography (CT scanner) – Godfrey Newbold HounsfieldGray's Anatomy widely regarded as the first complete human anatomy textbook – Henry GrayDiscovered Parkinson's disease – James Parkinson[169]General anaesthetic – Pioneered by Scotsman James Young Simpson and Englishman John Snow[162]Contributed to the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – Sir Peter MansfieldStatistical parametric mapping – Karl J. FristonNasal cannula – Wilfred JonesThe development of in vitro fertilization – Patrick Christopher Steptoe and Robert Geoffrey Edwards[170]First baby genetically selected to be free of a breast cancer – University College LondonViagra – Peter Dunn, Albert Wood, Dr Nicholas Terrett[citation needed]Acetylcholine – Henry Hallett DaleEKG (underlying principles) – various[vague]Discovery of vitamins – Frederick Gowland HopkinsEarliest pharmacopoeia in English[171]The hip replacement operation, in which a stainless steel stem and 22mm head fit into a polymer socket and both parts are fixed into position by PMMA cement – pioneered by John CharnleyIn vitro fertilisation – Developed by Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards with a first successful birth in 1978 as a result of natural cycle IVF where no stimulation was made.Description of Hay fever – John Bostock (physician) in 1819Pioneering the use of surgical anaesthesiawith Chloroform: Sir James Young Simpson(1811–1870) [172]Discovery of hypnotism (November 1841) – James Braid (1795–1860) [173]Identifying the mosquito as the carrier of malaria: Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932) [174]Identifying the cause of brucellosis: Sir David Bruce (1855–1931) [175]Discovering the vaccine for typhoid fever: Sir William B. Leishman (1865–1926) [176]Discovering insulin – John J R Macleod(1876–1935) with others [177]Ambulight PDT: light-emitting sticking plaster used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating non-melanoma skin cancer. Developed by Ambicare Dundee's Ninewells Hospital and St Andrews University. (2010)[178]Primary creator of the artificial kidney (Professor Kenneth Lowe – Later Queen's physician in Scotland) [179]Developing the first beta-blocker drugs: Sir James W. Black in 1964 [180]Glasgow Coma Scale: Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett (1974) [181]EKG [Electrocardiography]: Alexander Muirhead (1911) [182]Pioneering the use of surgical anaesthesiawith Chloroform: Sir James Young Simpson(1811–1870) [172]Discovery of hypnotism (November 1841) – James Braid (1795–1860) [173]Identifying the cause of brucellosis: Sir David Bruce (1855–1931) [183]Development of ibuprofenDiscovering the vaccine for typhoid fever: Sir William B. Leishman (1865–1926) [184]The earliest disvcovery of an antibiotic, penicillin: Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) [185]Discovering an effective tuberculosis treatment: Sir John Crofton in the 1950s [186]Primary creator of the artificial kidney (Professor Kenneth Lowe – Later Queen's physician in Scotland) [187]Developing the first beta-blocker drugs: Sir James W. Black in 1964 [188]EKG [Electrocardiography]: Alexander Muirhead (1911) [189]Discovering secretin, the first hormone, and its role as a chemical messenger: William Bayliss and Ernest Starling.[190]MilitaryEditPercussion ignitionTurret ship – Although designs for a rotating gun turret date back to the late 18th century, HMS Trusty was the first warship to be outfitted with one.Battle Tank/The tank – Developed and first used in combat by the British during World War I as a means to break the deadlock of trench warfare. Attributed to Ernest Dunlop SwintonFighter aircraft – The Vickers F.B.5 Gunbus of 1914 was the first of its kind.Congreve rocket – William CongreveHarrier Jump Jet – VTOL (Vertical take-off and landing aircraft)Aircraft carrier – HMS ArgusDreadnought battleship – HMS DreadnoughtBailey bridge – Donald BaileyChobham armourLivens Projector – William Howard Livens[191]H2S radar (airborne radar to aid bomb targeting) – Alan BlumleinBouncing bomb – Barnes WallisSafety fuse – William BickfordFairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife – William Ewart Fairbairn and Eric A. SykesArmstrong Gun – Sir William ArmstrongHigh explosive squash head – Sir Charles Dennistoun BurneyNuclear fission chain reaction – Leo Szilardwhilst crossing the road near Russell Square.Shrapnel shell – Henry ShrapnelBullpup firearm configuration – Thorneycroft carbinePuckle Gun – James PuckleThe side by side Boxlock action, AKA the double barreled shotgun – Anson and DeeleyStun grenades – invented by the Special Air Service in the 1960s.Mills bomb – the first modern fragmentation grenade.Smokeless propellant to replace gunpowder with the use of Cordite – Frederick AbelRubber bullet and Plastic bullet – Developed by the Ministry of Defence during The Troubles in Northern Ireland.Depth chargeTorpedo – Robert WhiteheadThe Whitworth rifle, considered the first sniper rifle. During the American Civil Warthe Whitworth rifle had been known to kill at ranges of about 800 yards (730 m) – Sir Joseph WhitworthThe world's first practical underwater active sound detection apparatus, the ASDIC Active Sonar – Developed by Canadian physicist Robert William Boyle and English physicist Albert Beaumont WoodThe first self-powered machine gun Maxim gun – Sir Hiram Maxim, Although the Inventor is American, the Maxim gun was financed by Albert Vickers of Vickers Limited company and produced in Hatton Garden LondonSteam catapult-Commander Colin C. Mitchell RNVRSelf-propelled gun - The Gun Carrier Mark Iwas the first piece of Self-propelled artilleryever to be produced.Special forces – SAS Founded by Sir David Stirling.MiningEditTunnel boring machine – James Henry Greathead and Isambard Kingdom BrunelDavy lamp – Humphry DavyGeordie lamp – George StephensonBeam engine – Used for pumping water from minesMusical instrumentsEditConcertina – Charles Wheatstone[40]Theatre organ – Robert Hope-JonesLogical bassoon, an electronically controlled version of the bassoon – Giles BrindleyNorthumbrian smallpipesTuning fork – John ShoreThe piano footpedal – John Broadwood(1732–1812) [192]PhotographyEditAmbrotype – Frederick Scott Archer[193]Calotype – William Fox Talbot[194]Phtographic negative - William Fox TalbotCollodion process – Frederick Scott Archer[193]Collodion-albumen process – Joseph Sidebotham in 1861Stereoscope – Charles Wheatstone[39][40]Thomas Wedgwood – pioneer of photography, devised the method to copy visible images chemically to permanent media.Dry plate process also known as gelatine process, is the first economically successful durable photographic medium – Richard Leach MaddoxKinemacolor was the first successful colour motion picture process, used commercially from 1908 to 1914 – George Albert SmithCinematography – William Friese-GreeneMotion picture camera, the Kinetoscope – William Kennedy Laurie DicksonThe first movie projector, the Zoopraxiscope– Eadweard MuybridgeThe first experimental film called "The Horse in Motion" in 1872 – Eadweard MuybridgePublishing firstsEditOldest publisher and printer in the world (having been operating continuously since 1584): Cambridge University Pressfirst book printed in English: "The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye" by Englishman William Caxton in 1475The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1768–81) [195]The first English textbook on surgery(1597) [196]The first modern pharmacopaedia, William Cullen (1776) The book became 'Europe's principal text on the classification and treatment of disease' [197]The first postcards and picture postcards in the UK [198]ScienceEditModern atomic theory – Considered the father of modern chemistry, John Dalton's experiments with gases led to the development of what is called the modern atomic theory.[12][199]Equals sign Robert Recorde, WelshmanCell biology – Credit for the discovery of the first cells is given to Robert Hooke who described the microscopic compartments of cork cells in 1665[199]Compound microscope with 30x magnification – Robert HookeUniversal joint – Robert Hooke[citation needed]Coggeshall slide rule – Henry CoggeshallThe Iris diaphragm – Robert HookeCorrect theory of combustion – Robert HookePartition chromatography – Richard Laurence Millington Synge and Archer J.P. Martin[200]Arnold Frederic Wilkins – pioneer in the development of RadarAtwood machine used for illustrating the law of uniformly accelerated motion – George AtwoodMarine Barometer – Robert Hooke[100]Hooke's Law (equation describing elasticity) – Robert Hooke[100]Electrical generator (dynamo) – Michael Faraday[126]Faraday cage – Michael Faraday[126]Magneto-optical effect – Michael Faraday[126]Calculus – Sir Isaac NewtonInfrared radiation – discovery commonly attributed to William Herschel.Holography – First developed by Dennis Gabor in Rugby, England. Improved by Nicholas J. Phillips who made it possible to record multi-colour reflection hologramsDiscovery of the pion (pi-meson) – Cecil Frank PowellWheatstone bridge – Samuel Hunter ChristieTriple achromatic lens – Peter DollondNewtonian telescope – Sir Isaac NewtonHawking radiation – Stephen HawkingDemonstrated that electric circuits obey the law of the conservation of energy and that electricity is a form of energy First Law of Thermodynamics. Also the unit of energy, the Joule is named after him – James Prescott JouleMicrometer – William Gascoignethe first bench micrometer that was capable of measuring to one ten thousandth of an inch – Henry MaudslaySinclair Executive, the world's first small electronic pocket calculator – Sir Clive SinclairDiscovered the element argon – John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh with Scotsman William RamsayStandard deviation – Francis GaltonSlide rule – William Oughtred [201]Synthesis of coumarin, one of the first synthetic perfumes, and cinnamic acid via the Perkin reaction – William Henry PerkinThe Law of Gravity – Sir Isaac NewtonNewton's laws of motion – Sir Isaac NewtonPre-empting elements of General Relativity theory – William Kingdon CliffordGeological Timescale – Arthur Holmes[202]Electromagnet – William Sturgeon in 1823.[199]Helium – Norman LockyerWeather map [203] – Sir Francis GaltonIntroduced the symbol for "is less than" and "is greater than" – Thomas Harriot 1630Introduced the "×" symbol for multiplicationas well as the abbreviations "sin" and "cos" for the sine and cosine functions – William OughtredDew Point Hygrometer – John Frederic DaniellPeriodic Table – John Alexander Reina NewlandsSplitting the atom – John Cockcroft and Irish physicist Ernest WaltonFirst full-scale commercial Nuclear Reactor at Calder Hall, opened in 1956.[204]Seismograph – John MilneDiscovery of oxygen gas (O2) – Joseph PriestleyDiscovery of the Atom(nuclear model of) – Ernest RutherfordDiscovery of the Proton – Ernest RutherfordDiscovery of the Electron, isotopes and the inventor of the Mass spectrometer – J. J. ThomsonDiscovery of the Neutron – James ChadwickNuclear transfer – Is a form of cloning first put into practice by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell to clone Dolly the SheepTheory of Evolution – Charles DarwinDiscovery of alpha and beta rays - Ernest RutherfordAstronomyEditDiscovery of the "White Spot" on Saturn – Will HayDiscovery of Proxima Centauri, the closest known star to the Sun, by Robert Innes(1861–1933) [205]Discovery of the planet Uranus[206] and the moons Titania, Oberon, Enceladus, Mimas[207] by Sir William Herschel (German born astronom, later in life British)Discovery of Triton[208] and the moons Hyperion, Ariel and Umbriel – William Lassell[209]Planetarium – John Theophilus DesaguliersPredicts the existence and location of Neptune from irregularities in the orbit of Uranus – John Couch Adams [210]Important contributions to the development of radio astronomy – Bernard Lovell [211]Newtonian telescope – Sir Isaac Newton [212]Achromatic doublet lens – John Dollond [213]Coining the phrase 'Big Bang' – Fred Hoyle[214]First theorised existence of black holes, binary stars; invented torsion balance – John Michell[215]Stephen Hawking – World-renowned theoretical physicist made many important contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holesSpiral galaxies – William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse [216]Discovery of Halley's Comet – Edmond Halley [217]Discovery of pulsars – Antony Hewish [218]Discovery of Sunspots and was the first person to make a drawing of the Moonthrough a telescope – Thomas Harriot [219]The Eddington limit, the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object – Arthur Stanley Eddington [220]Aperture synthesis, used for accurate location and imaging of weak radio sources in the field of Radio astronomy – Martin Ryleand Antony Hewish [221]ChemistryEditDalton's law and Law of multiple proportions– John Dalton [222]The structure of DNA and pioneering the field of molecular biology – co-developed by Francis Crick [223] and the American James WatsonDNA sequencing by chain termination – Frederick Sanger [224]Discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene-splicing – Richard J. Roberts [225]Discovery of Buckminsterfullerene – Sir Harry Kroto [226]Discovery of thallium – William Crookes[12]Discovered the structure of ferrocene – Geoffrey Wilkinson & others [227]Discovers hydrogen as a colorless, odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air – Henry Cavendish [228]Proposes the law of octaves, a precursor to the Periodic Law – John Newlands [229]Bragg's law and establish the field of X-ray crystallography, an important tool for elucidating the crystal structure of substances – William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg [230]Introduces concept of atomic number to fix inadequacies of Mendeleev's periodic table, which had been based on atomic weight – Henry Moseley [231]First isolation of sodium – Humphry Davy[232]First isolation of potassium – Humphry Davy[12]First isolation of boron – Humphry Davy[12]First isolation of benzene, the first known aromatic hydrocarbon – Michael Faraday[233]Publishes Opus Maius, which among other things, proposes an early form of the scientific method, and contains results of his experiments with gunpowder – Roger Bacon[234]Publishes several Aristotelian commentaries, an early framework for the scientific method– Robert Grosseteste [235]Baconian method, an early forerunner of the scientific method – Sir Francis Bacon[236]The first discovery of aluminium – Sir Humphry DavyPioneer in early Solar Power – Weston cell – Edward Weston (chemist)[citation needed]Proposes the concept of isotopes, elements with the same chemical properties may have differing atomic weights – Frederick Soddy[12]The synthesising of xenon hexafluoroplatinate the first time to show that noble gases can form chemical compounds – Neil BartlettCallendar effect the theory that linked rising carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere to global temperature (Global warming) – Guy Stewart CallendarPioneer of the fuel cell – Francis Thomas Bacon[237]Pioneer of meteorology by developing a nomenclature system for clouds in 1802 – Luke Howard[238]Rayleigh scattering explains why the sky is blue, and predicted the existence of the surface waves – John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh[239]Discovered the chemical composition of water: Henry Cavendish.[240]Discovered electrolysis and electrochemistry: William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle.[241]Discovered valence: Edward Frankland.[242]Developed the Kinetic theory of gases: James Maxwell.[243]Discovered silicones: Frederic Kipping.[244]Established chemical oceanography: Robert Boyle.[245]Invented kerosene: Abraham Gesner and James Young.Invented the chemical fertilizer: John LawesSportEditFootball – The rules as we know them today were established in 1848 at Cambridge University, Sheffield F.C. is acknowledged by The Football Association and FIFA as the world's first and oldest football club.[246]Rugby – William Webb EllisCricket – the world's second-most popular sport can be traced back to the 13th century[247]Tennis – widely known to have originated in England.[248]Boxing – England played a key role in the evolution of modern boxing. Boxing was first accepted as an Olympic sport in Ancient Greece in 688 BCGolf – Modern game invented in ScotlandBilliardsBadmintonDarts – a traditional pub game, the numbering layout was devised by Brian GamlinTable-Tennis – was invented on the dinner tables of Britain as an indoor version of tennisSnooker – Invented by the British Army in India[249]Ping pong – The game has its origins in England, in the 1880sBowls – has been traced to 13th century England[250]Field hockey – the modern game grew from English public schools in the early 19th centuryNetball – the sport emerged from early versions of women's basketball, at Madame Österberg's College in England during the late 1890s.[251]Rounders – the game originates in England most likely from an older game known as stool ballThe Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, the first race was in 1829 on the River Thames in London [252]Thoroughbred Horseracing – Was first developed in 17th and 18th century EnglandPolo – its roots began in Persia as a training game for cavalry units, the formal codification of the rules of modern Polo as a sport were established in 19th century EnglandThe format of Modern Olympics – William Penny BrookesThe first Paralympic games competition were held in England in 1948 – Ludwig Guttmann[253]Hawk-Eye ball tracking system.TransportEditPedal driven bicycle - Kirkpatrick MacmillanAviationEditAeronautics and flight. As a pioneer of gliderdevelopment & first well-documented human flight he discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight – weight, lift, drag, and thrust. Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries including cambered wings. He is sometimes called the "Father of aviation" – George Cayley[254]Steam-powered flight with the Aerial Steam Carriage – John Stringfellow – The world's first powered flight took place at Chard in Somerset 55 years before the Wright brothers attempt at Kitty Hawk[255]VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) fighter-bomber aircraft – Hawker P.1127, designed by Sydney Camm[256]The first commercial jet airliner (de Havilland Comet)[257]The first Supersonic Airliner – Concorde. Developed by the British Aircraft Corporationin partnership with Aérospatiale 1969The first aircraft capable of supercruise – English Electric LightningAilerons – Matthew Piers Watt BoultonHead-up display (HUD) – The Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) designed the first equipment and it was built by Cintel with the system first integrated into the Blackburn Buccaneer.Pioneer of parachute design – Robert CockingThe first human-powered aircraft to make an officially authenticated take-off and flight (SUMPAC) – The University of Southampton[258]Hale rockets, improved version of the Congreve rocket design that introduced Thrust vectoring – William HaleSABRE engine- The first hypersonic jet/rocket capable of working in air and space to allow the possibility of HOTOL.Air Force – Royal Air ForceRailwaysEditGreat Western Railway – Isambard Kingdom BrunelStockton and Darlington Railway the world's first operational steam passenger railwayFirst inter-city steam-powered railway – Liverpool and Manchester RailwayLocomotivesEditBlücher – George StephensonPuffing Billy -William HedleyLocomotion No 1 – Robert StephensonSans Pareil – Timothy HackworthStourbridge Lion – Foster, Rastrick and CompanyStephenson's Rocket – George and Robert StephensonSalamanca – Matthew MurrayFlying Scotsman- Sir Nigel Gresley [259]Other railway developmentsEditDisplacement lubricator, Ramsbottom safety valve, the water trough, the split piston ring – John RamsbottomMaglev (transport) rail system – Eric LaithwaiteWorld's first underground railway and the first rapid transit system. It was also the first underground railway to operate electric trains – London UndergroundAdvanced Passenger Train (APT) was an experimental High Speed Train that introduced tilting – British RailRoadsEditBowden cable – Frank BowdenHansom cab – Joseph HansomSeat belt – George Cayley[260]Sinclair C5 – Sir Clive SinclairTarmac – E. Purnell HooleyTension-spoke wire wheels – George Cayley[254]LGOC B-type – the first mass-produced busPneumatic tyre – Robert William Thomson is deemed to be inventor, despite John Boyd Dunlop being initially creditedDisc brakes – Frederick W. Lanchester[12]Belisha beacon – Leslie Hore-BelishaLotus 25: considered the first modern F1 race car, designed for the 1962 Formula Oneseason; a revolutionary design, the first fully stressed monocoque chassis to appear in Formula One – Colin Chapman, Team LotusHorstmann suspension, tracked armoured fighting vehicle suspension – Sidney HorstmannSteam fire engine – John BraithwaitePenny-farthing – James StarleyDynasphere – John Archibald PurvesCaterpillar track – Richard Lovell EdgeworthMini-roundabout – Frank BlackmoreQuadbike – Standard Motor Companypatented the 'Jungle Airborne Buggy' (JAB) in 1944[261]SeaEditPlimsoll Line – Samuel PlimsollHovercraft – Christopher CockerellLifeboat – Lionel LukinResurgam – George GarrettTransit (ship) – Richard Hall GowerTurbinia, the first steam turbine powered steamship, designed by the engineer Sir Charles Algernon Parsons and built in Newcastle upon TyneDiving Equipment/Scuba Gear – Henry FleussDiving bell – Edmund HalleySextant – John BirdOctant (instrument) – Independently developed by Englishman John Hadley and the American Thomas GodfreyWhirling speculum, This device can be seen as a precursor to the gyroscope – John SersonScrew propeller – Francis Pettit SmithThe world's first patent for an underwater echo ranging device (Sonar) – Lewis Richardsonhydrophone Before the invention of Sonarconvoy escort ships used them to detect U-boats, greatly lessening the effectiveness of the submarine – Research headed by Ernest RutherfordHydrofoil – John Isaac ThornycroftInflatable boatHMS Warrior The world's first iron armoured and iron hulled warship.Scientific innovationsEditThe theory of electromagnetism – James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) [262]The Gregorian telescope – James Gregory(1638–1675) [263]The concept of latent heat – Joseph Black(1728–1799) [264]The pyroscope, atmometer and aethrioscopescientific instruments: Sir John Leslie (1766–1832) [265]Identifying the nucleus in living cells – Robert Brown (1773–1858) [266]Hypnotism – James Braid (1795–1860) [267]Transplant rejection: Professor Thomas Gibson (1940s) the first medical doctor to understand the relationship between donor graft tissue and host tissue rejection and tissue transplantation by his work on aviation burns victims during World War II.[268]Colloid chemistry – Thomas Graham (1805–1869) [269]The kelvin SI unit of temperature – William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907) [270]Devising the diagramatic system of representing chemical bonds – Alexander Crum Brown (1838–1922) [271]Criminal fingerprinting – Henry Faulds (1843–1930) [272]The noble gases: Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916) [273]The Cloud chamber – Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959) [274]Pioneering work on nutrition and poverty – John Boyd Orr (1880–1971) [275]The ultrasound scanner – Ian Donald (1910–1987) [276]Ferrocene synthetic substances – Peter Ludwig Pauson in 1955 [277]The MRI body scanner – John Mallard and James Huchinson from (1974–1980) [278]The first cloned mammal (Dolly the Sheep): Was conducted in The Roslin Instituteresearch centre in 1996 [279]Seismometer innovations thereof – James David Forbes [280]Metaflex fabric innovations thereof – University of St. Andrews (2010) application of the first manufacturing fabrics that manipulate light in bending it around a subject. Before this such light manipulating atoms were fixed on flat hard surfaces. The team at St Andrews are the first to develop the concept to fabric.[281]Macaulayite: Dr Jeff Wilson of the Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen.[282]MiscellaneousEditOldest police force in continuous operation: Marine Police Force founded in 1798 and now part of the Metropolitan Police ServiceOldest life insurance company in the world: Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office founded 1706First Glee Club, founded in Harrow School in 1787.[283]Oldest arts festival – Norwich 1772 [284]Oldest music festival – The Three Choirs FestivalOldest literary festival – The Cheltenham Literature FestivalBayko – Charles PlimptonLinoleum – Frederick Walton [285]Chocolate bar – J. S. Fry & Sons [286]Meccano – Frank HornbyCrossword puzzle – Arthur WynneGas mask – (disputed) John Tyndall and othersGraphic telescope – Cornelius VarleySteel-ribbed Umbrella – Samuel FoxPlastic – Alexander ParkesPlasticine – William HarbuttCarbonated soft drink – Joseph PriestleyFriction Match – John WalkerInvented the rubber balloon – Michael FaradayThe proposal of a new decimal metrology which predated the Metric system – John Wilkins[287]Edmondson railway ticket – Thomas EdmondsonThe world's first Nature Reserve – Charles Waterton *Public Park – Joseph PaxtonScouts – Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-PowellSpirograph – Denys FisherThe Young Men's Christian Association YMCA was founded in London – George Williams[288]The Salvation Army, known for being one of the largest distributors of humanitarian aid – Methodist minister William BoothPrime meridian – George Biddell AiryProduced the first complete printed translation of the Bible into English – Myles CoverdaleFounder of the Bank of Scotland – John HollandVenn diagram – John VennVulcanisation of rubber – Thomas HancockSilicone – Frederick KippingPykrete – Geoffrey PykeVantablack – The world's blackest known substanceStamp collecting – John Edward Gray bought penny blacks on first day of issue in order to keep themlorgnette – George Adams (optician)Boys' Brigade [289]Bank of England devised by William Paterson