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From mrisafety.com:Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a relatively safe diagnostic modality. However, damaged radiofrequency coils, physiologic monitors, electronically-activated devices, and external accessories or objects made from conductive materials have caused excessive heating, resulting in burn injuries to patients undergoing MR procedures. Heating of implants and similar devices may also occur, but this tends to be problematic primarily for objects made from conductive materials that have elongated shapes or that form loops of a certain diameter. For example, excessive MRI-related heating has been reported for leads, guidewires, certain types of catheters (e.g., catheters with thermistors or other conducting components), and certain external fixation or cervical fixation devices.[1]It seems that most burn injuries caused by MRIs can be isolated to the following causes:Faulty MRI equipmentConductive external or internal implantsOld tattoos which contained metallic ions in the dyeBody parts in direct contact with the transmitting coilsConducting objects in the RF field causing a concentration of the RF energyMicrofiber clothing which contains metallic ions (such as silver thread in a microfiber shirt)Here are the guidelines to perform an appropriate and safe MRI. If these do not happen when you go to get your MRI, tell the MR tech immediately. If they refuse to fix it, stop the scan and inform your doctor.The patient should change into a gown or other appropriate attire that does not contain metallic material.Prepare the patient for the MR procedure by ensuring that there are no unnecessary metallic objects contacting the patient’s skin (e.g., drug delivery patches with metallic components, jewelry, necklaces, bracelets, key chains, etc.).Prepare the patient for the MR procedure by using insulation material (i.e. appropriate padding) to prevent skin-to-skin contact points and the formation of “closed-loops” from touching body parts.Insulating material (minimum recommended thickness, 1-cm) should be placed between the patient’s skin and transmit RF coil that is used for the MR procedure (alternatively, the transmit RF coil itself should be padded). There should be no direct contact between the patient’s skin and the transmit RF body coil of the MR system. This may be accomplished by having the patient place his/her arms over his/her head or by using elbow pads or foam padding between the patient’s tissue and the transmit RF body coil of the MR system. This is especially important for MR examinations that use the transmit RF body coil or other large RF coils for transmission of RF energy.Use only electrically conductive devices, equipment, accessories (e.g., ECG leads, electrodes, etc.), and materials that have been thoroughly tested and determined to be safe or otherwise acceptable for MR procedures.Carefully follow specific MR safety or MR conditional criteria and recommendations for implants and devices made from electrically-conductive materials (e.g., bone fusion stimulators, neurostimulation systems, cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, intracranial pressure monitoring catheters, etc.).Before using electrical equipment, check the integrity of the insulation and/or housing of all components including surface RF coils, monitoring leads, cables, and wires. Preventive maintenance should be practiced routinely for such equipment.Remove all non-essential electrically conductive materials from the MR system prior to the MR procedure (i.e. unused surface RF coils, ECG leads, EEG leads, cables, wires, etc.).Keep electrically conductive materials that must remain in the MR system from directly contacting the patient by placing thermal and/or electrical insulation between the conductive material and the patient.Keep electrically conductive materials that must remain within the transmit body RF coil or other transmit RF coil of the MR system from forming conductive loops. Note: The patient’s tissue is conductive and, therefore, may be involved in the formation of a conductive loop, which can be circular, U-shaped, or S-shaped.Position electrically conductive materials to prevent “cross points”. A cross point is the point where a cable crosses another cable, where a cable loops across itself, or where a cable touches either the patient or sides of the transmit RF coil more than once. Even the close proximity of conductive materials with each other should be avoided because cables and RF coils can capacitively-couple (without any contact or crossover) when placed close together.Position electrically conductive materials (e.g., cables, wires, etc.) to exit down the center of the MR system, not along the side of the MR system or close to the transmit RF body coil or other transmit RF coil.Do not position electrically conductive materials across an external metallic prosthesis (e.g., external fixation device, cervical fixation device, etc.) or similar device that is in direct contact with the patient.Allow only properly trained individuals to operate devices (e.g., monitoring equipment) in the MR environment.Follow all manufacturer instructions for the proper operation and maintenance of physiologic monitoring or other similar electronic equipment intended for use during MR procedures.Electrical devices that do not appear to be operating properly during the MR procedure should be removed from the patient immediately.Closely monitor the patient during the MR procedure. If the patient reports sensations of heating or other unusual sensation, discontinue the MR procedure immediately and perform a thorough assessment of the situation.[2]Footnotes[1] MRISafety.com - Info[2] MRISafety.com - Info

Because cell phones usually are held near the head when being used, the main concern has been whether they might cause or contribute to tumors in this area, including:Malignant (cancerous) brain tumors such as gliomasNon-cancerous tumors of the brain such as meningiomasNon-cancerous tumors of the nerve connecting the brain to the ear (vestibular schwannomas, also known as acoustic neuromas)Non-cancerous tumors of the salivary glandsA few studies have also looked at possible links to other types of cancer, such as skin cancerand testicular cancer.Researchers use 2 main types of studies to try to determine if something might cause cancer.Lab studies: Lab studies usually expose animals to something like RF energy to see if it causes tumors or other health problems. Researchers might also expose normal cells in a lab dish to RF energy to see if it causes the types of changes that are seen in cancer cells. It’s not always clear if the results from these types of studies will apply to humans, but lab studies allow researchers to carefully control for other factors that might affect the results and to answer some basic science questions.Studies in people: Another type of study looks at cancer rates in different groups of people. Such a study might compare the cancer rate in a group exposed to something like cell phone use to the rate in a group not exposed to it, or compare it to what the expected cancer rate would be in the general population. But sometimes it can be hard to know what the results of these studies mean, because many other factors that might affect the results are hard to account for.In most cases neither type of study provides enough evidence on its own to show if something causes cancer in people, so researchers usually look at both lab-based and human studies.What do lab studies suggest?As noted above, the RF waves given off by cell phones don’t have enough energy to damage DNA directly or to heat body tissues. Because of this, it’s not clear how cell phones might be able to cause cancer. Most studies done in the lab have supported the idea that RF waves do not cause DNA damage.Some scientists have reported that the RF waves from cell phones produce effects in human cells (in lab dishes) that might possibly help tumors grow. However, several studies in rats and mice have looked at whether RF energy might promote the development of tumors caused by other known carcinogens (cancer-causing agents). These studies did not find evidence of tumor promotion.A large study by the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) exposed large groups of lab rats and mice to RF energy over their entire bodies for about 9 hours a day, starting before birth and continuing for up to 2 years. The NTP recently released partial findings from this study, focusing on gliomas and on schwannomas of the heart (tumors related to vestibular schwannomas) in rats. The study found increased (although still low) risks of these tumors in male rats exposed to RF radiation, although there was no increased risk among female rats. Some aspects of this study make it hard to know just how well these results might be applied to people. For example, the doses of RF radiation in the study were generally higher than those from cell phones (ranging from 1.5 W/kg to 6 W/kg), and the amount of time the rats were exposed was longer than most people typically spend on the phone each day. Still, the results add to the evidence that cell phone signals might potentially impact human health.A recent small study in people has shown that cell phones may also have some other effects on the brain, although it’s not clear if they’re harmful. The study found that when people had an active cell phone held up to their ear for 50 minutes, brain tissues on the same side of the head as the phone used more glucose than did tissues on the other side of the brain. Glucose is a sugar that normally serves as the brain’s fuel. Glucose use goes up in certain parts of the brain when it is in use, such as when we are thinking, speaking, or moving. The possible health effect, if any, from the increase in glucose use from cell phone energy is unknown.What do studies in humans suggest?Several dozen studies have looked at possible links between cell phone use and tumors. Most of these studies have focused on brain tumors. Many of these have been case-control studies, in which patients with brain tumors (cases) were compared to people free of brain tumors (controls), in terms of their past cell phone use.These studies have had mixed results:In most studies patients with brain tumors do not report more cell phone use overall than the controls. This finding is true when all brain tumors are considered as a group, or when specific types of tumors are considered.Most studies do not show a “dose-response relationship,” which would be a tendency for the risk of brain tumors to be higher with increasing cell phone use. This would be expected if cell phone use caused brain tumors.Most studies do not show that brain tumors occur more often on the side of the head where people hold their cell phones. This might also be expected if cell phone use caused brain tumors.Some studies have found a possible link. For example, several studies published by the same research group in Sweden have reported an increased risk of tumors on the side of the head where the cell phone was held, particularly with 10 or more years of use. It is hard to know what to make of these findings because most studies by other researchers have not had the same results, and there is no overall increase in brain tumors in Sweden during the years that correspond to these reports.Three large studies deserve special mention:The INTERPHONE studyThe 13-country INTERPHONE study, the largest case-control study done to date, looked at cell phone use among more than 5,000 people who developed brain tumors (gliomas or meningiomas) and a similar group of people without tumors. Overall, the study found no link between brain tumor risk and the frequency of calls, longer call time, or cell phone use for 10 or more years. There was a suggestion of a possible increased risk of glioma, and a smaller suggestion of an increased risk of meningioma, in the 10% of people who used their cell phones the most. But this finding was hard to interpret because some people in the study reported implausibly high cell phone use, as well as other issues. The researchers noted that the shortcomings of the study prevented them from drawing any firm conclusions, and that more research was needed.Another part of the INTERPHONE study compared more than 1,000 people with acoustic neuromas to more than 2,000 people without tumors, who served as matched controls. As with gliomas and meningiomas, there was no overall link between cell phone use and acoustic neuromas. There was again a suggestion of a possible increased risk in the 10% of people who used their cell phones the most, but this was hard to interpret because some people reported implausibly high cell phone use, as well as other issues.The Danish cohort studyA large, long-term study has been comparing all of the people in Denmark who had a cell phone subscription between 1982 and 1995 (about 400,000 people) to those without a subscription to look for a possible increase in brain tumors. The most recent update of the study followed people through 2007. Cell phone use, even for more than 13 years, was not linked with an increased risk of brain tumors, salivary gland tumors, or cancer overall, nor was there a link with any brain tumor subtypes or with tumors in any location within the brain.This type of study (following a large group of people going forward in time and not relying on people’s memories about cell phone use) is generally thought to be stronger than a case-control study.But this study also has some drawbacks. First, it is based only on whether or not people had a cell phone subscription at the time. It didn’t measure how often these people used their phones (if at all), or if people who didn’t have a subscription used someone else’s phone. There are also limits as to how well this study might apply to people using cell phones today. For example, while the cell phones used at the time of the study tended to require more power than modern cell phones, people also probably used the phones quite a bit less than people use their phones today.The Million Women StudyA large prospective (forward-looking) study of nearly 800,000 women in the UK examined the risk of developing brain tumors over a 7-year period in relation to self-reported cell phone use at the start of the study. This study found no link between cell phone use and brain tumors overall or several common brain tumor subtypes, but it did find a possible link between long-term cell phone use and acoustic neuromas.All studies done so far have limitationsIn summary, most studies of people published so far have not found a link between cell phone use and the development of tumors. However, these studies have had some important limitations that make them unlikely to end the controversy about whether cell phone use affects cancer risk.First, studies have not yet been able to follow people for very long periods of time. When tumors form after a known cancer-causing exposure, it often takes decades for them to develop. Because cell phones have been in widespread use for only about 20 years in most countries, it is not possible to rule out future health effects that have not yet appeared.Second, cell phone usage is constantly changing. People are using their cell phones much more than they were even 10 years ago, and the phones themselves are very different from what was used in the past. This makes it hard to know if the results of studies looking at cell phone use in years past would still apply today.Third, most of the studies published so far have focused on adults, rather than children. (One case-control study looking at children and teens did not find a significant link to brain tumors, but the small size of the study limited its power to detect modest risks.) Cell phone use is now widespread even among younger children. It is possible that if there are health effects, they might be more pronounced in children because their bodies might be more sensitive to RF energy. Another concern is that children’s lifetime exposure to the energy from cell phones will be greater than adults’, who started using them at a later age.Finally, the measurement of cell phone use in most studies has been crude. Most have been case-control studies, which have relied on people’s memories about their past cell phone use. In these types of studies, it can be hard to interpret any possible link between cancer and an exposure. People with cancer are often looking for a possible reason for it, so they may sometimes (even subconsciously) recall their phone usage differently than people without cancer.With these limitations in mind, it is important that the possible risk of cell phone exposure continue to be researched using strong study methods, especially with regard to use by children and longer-term use.What do expert agencies say?Several national and international agencies study different exposures and substances in the environment to determine if they can cause cancer. (Something that causes cancer or helps cancer grow is called a carcinogen.) The American Cancer Society looks to these organizations to evaluate the risks based on evidence from laboratory and human research studies.Based on the available evidence, some of these expert agencies have evaluated the cancer-causing potential of cell phones and RF waves. In general, they agree that the evidence of a possible link is limited, and more research is needed to look at possible long-term effects.The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is part of the World Health Organization (WHO). Its major goal is to identify causes of cancer. The IARC has classified RF fields as “possibly carcinogenic to humans,” based on limited evidence of a possible increase in risk for brain tumors among cell phone users, and inadequate evidence for other types of cancer. (For more information on the IARC classification system, see Known and Probable Human Carcinogens.)The other main agencies that classify cancer-causing exposures (carcinogens), including the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP), have not formally classified cell phones as to their cancer-causing potential. However, several other agencies have commented on the possible risks.According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates the safety of radiation-emitting devices such as cell phones in the United States:“The majority of studies published have failed to show an association between exposure to radiofrequency from a cell phone and health problems.”According to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC):“There is no scientific evidence that proves that wireless phone usage can lead to cancer or a variety of other problems, including headaches, dizziness or memory loss. However, organizations in the United States and overseas are sponsoring research and investigating claims of possible health effects related to the use of wireless telephones.”According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):“At this time we do not have the science to link health problems to cell phone use. Scientific studies are underway to determine whether cell phone use may cause health effects.”According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), which is conducting studies of the possible health effects of cell phones:“Current scientific evidence has not conclusively linked cell phone use with any adverse health problems, but more research is needed.”According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI):“Studies thus far have not shown a consistent link between cell phone use and cancers of the brain, nerves, or other tissues of the head or neck. More research is needed because cell phone technology and how people use cell phones have been changing rapidly.”Do cell phones cause any other health problems?A few other health concerns have been raised about cell phone use. One has been whether the RF waves from cell phones might interfere with medical devices such as heart pacemakers. According to the FDA, cell phones should not pose a major risk for the vast majority of pacemaker wearers. Still, people with pacemakers may want to take some simple precautions to help ensure that their cell phones don’t cause a problem, such as not putting the phone in a shirt pocket close to the pacemaker.Several studies have found that people who use cell phones while driving are more likely to be in car accidents. It is not clear if hands-free phones are safer than hand-held phones when it comes to driving.Can I lower my exposure to RF waves from cell phones?It is not clear at this time that RF waves from cell phones cause harmful health effects in people, but studies now being done should give a clearer picture of the possible health effects in the future. Until then, there are several things that people who are concerned about RF waves can do to limit their exposure.Use the speaker mode on the phone or a hands-free device such as a corded or cordless earpiece. This moves the antenna away from your head, which decreases the amount of RF waves that reach the head. Corded earpieces emit virtually no RF waves (although the phone itself still emits small amounts of RF waves that can reach parts of the body if close enough, such as on the waist or in a pocket). Bluetooth®earpieces have an SAR value of around 0.001 watts/kg (less than one thousandth the SAR limit for cell phones as set by the FDA and FCC).Texting instead of talking on the phone may be another option to reduce your exposure.But it may not be a good option in some situations, especially if you are driving. For safety reasons, it is especially important to limit or avoid the use of cell phones while driving.Limit your (and your children’s) cell phone use. This is one of the most obvious ways to limit your exposure to RF waves from cell phones. You may want to use your cell phone only for shorter conversations, or use it only when a conventional phone is not available. Parents who are concerned about their children’s exposure can limit how much time they spend on the phone.Some people might consider choosing a phone with a low SAR value. Different models of phones can give off different levels of RF waves. But as noted above, according to the FCC the SAR value is not always a good indicator of a person’s exposure to RF waves during normal cell phone use. One way to get information on the SAR level for a specific phone model is to visit the phone maker’s website. The FCC has links to some of these sites here: www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/specific-absorption-rate-sar-cellular-telephones. If you know the FCC identification (ID) number for a phone model (which can often be found somewhere on the phone or in the user manual), you can also go to the following web address: www.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid. On this page, you will see instructions for entering the FCC ID

Chips means…? umm… you have didn’t mention which type of chips you are talking about because there are number of chips used to build one mobile phone.Processor(SOC(CPU))Wi-fi ICBluetooth ICNFC(If included)Charging ICTouch & Display ICpower amplification module for LTEAudio CodecFlash StorageRAMPower Amplification Module for wi-fiRF transceiverPMIC(Power Management IC)Power Amplification module for GSM/GPRS/EDGEThis are the mainly used IC by any mobile phone for different purposesProcessorThis is one of the most important IC(chip) for a mobile phone as this works as a mind of any mobile phone. All the instruction and data are processed and pass through this IC(chip). Now a days Qualcomm is the main leader in the mobile phone market for processors, followed by mediatek and iphone own bionic chips(Yes apple made their own processor, Samsung as well(but not for all the mobile phones))Qualcomm’s 450, 630, 660, 801, 845 are mainly used processors.Wi-fi chipsAs all the mobile phone now a days having wi-fi facility they need separate wi-fi ic to processor data more fast. And it is always communicating with the processor. Murata’s wi-fi module is one example. Another one Espress if’s IC.Bluetooth ChipBluetooth chips handle communication between two Bluetooth paired devices like mobile to mobile, mobile to speaker or wireless hands free or any other bluetooth enbled device can communicate with mobile thanks to those Bluetooth management ic (Cihp). Again Bluetooth IC communicates with processor.NFC(Near Field Communication)NFC is like Bluetooth but for very short range lesser than the infrared. But their data rates high. They are used in tap and pay money like applications. So to handle this separate NFC chips us their in the mobile phones.Charging ICTo manage charging of the phone and get notification about low battery and all that this ic introduced in mobile phones,Touch & Display ICToday’s market is of touch screen enabled mobile phones. But do you know touch screens are handled?…yes then that’s good but if you don’t know than it is basically done by touch screen it self and it’s management IC(Chip). According our touch on the touch screen coordinate data generated in the form of display can understand and this data will be send to touch management IC(chip) so they can process and send to processor and process will command to do accordingly.Note: if you want to know how how actually touch screens works please ask me another question.Power Amplification for Module for GSM/GPRS/EDGE/WI-FI/LTEThere are different module for different communication systems. As mobile phone power supply can’t generate that much power to have good signal quality. In this case poor information will send and it will be disastrous. So those signals are amplified by those chips and then send in the air.Skyworks 77365 quad-band GSM/GPRS/EDGE power amplification moduleAvago AFEM-9053 power amplification moduleAudio CodecAudio codecs are basically encoders and decoders for analog audio files or waves. Processor can’t read or write analog signals, it has to be converted into digital form. For that Codec chips are used.Flash StorageThis one is also the important part of the mobile phone s now a days storage is essential not like the older days. So to store the all the file media or document flash storage is required and also for OS storage.Yes they can also use memory cards but to store OS part flash storage must.RAMThis one you probably know, it is one type of memory, it is just used at the time of operation as processor doesn’t handle all the task at same time so at the time of processing processor uses RAM memory to execute the taskRF transceiverAs I have mentioned earlier for audio signals, same apply for RF transceiver, signal go to air by antennas and received at antenna are analog to process those signals this chips are used.PMICPower management chips are basically manages the power to all the modules. PMIC contains mostly all of the required power supply means if one modules needs 1.8V and the other is runs on 3.3V this kind of stuff handled by the PMIC.This is it..this are mains chips which are used in almost all the mobile phones but higher end flagships may have more feature so one or may be two chips can be more than the mid range smartphones.Hope this will help!