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When Trump boasted that his IQ was higher than Secretary of State Rex Tillerson's, it was part of a pattern. In 2013, he tweeted that his IQ was "much higher" than Barack Obama and George W Bush. He has also claimed a higher IQ than comedian Jon Stewart. This is a guy who seems obsessed with IQ…. what psychologists might rightly call “illusory superiority,” a condition of cognitive bias wherein a person overestimates their own qualities and abilities, in relation to that of others…..or what we might call wishful thinking.Trump has never revealed his own IQ. So can we work it out? Well, it’s not as impossible as it looks, here is a review of what we do know, all of it quite revealing and refection of a person’s intelligence. After all, isn't the real issue not an abstract IQ number, but how we leverage our intelligence to interact, socialize, learn and maneuver through the ups and downs that life throws at us?So let's take a look at the evidence readily available in regard to both men.Trump is a guy who doesn't read, has no interest in any type of intellectual pursuits of any kind and was rated as really dumb by one of his Profs;"William T. Kelley, who taught Trump at the University of Pennsylvania, said, “Donald Trump was the dumbest goddamn student I ever had.”Source: Chicago Tribune “Donald Trump's biggest flaw: He's not that bright” https://www.chicagotribune.com/n...“Trump transferred into Wharton’s undergraduate program — then known as the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce — after spending two years at Fordham University in New York. Despite Trump’s repeated mention of Wharton, his own classmates hardly remember him, and he even describes the school’s high-flung reputation as overwrought in his 1986 book, “Trump: The Art of the Deal.”In a 1985 biography of Trump, Jerome Tuccille wrote that he was not an honor student and “spent a lot of time on outside business activities.”Another biographer, Gwenda Blair, wrote in 2001 that Trump was admitted to Wharton on a special favor from a “friendly” admissions officer. The officer had known Trump’s older brother, Freddy.Source: Trump flaunts Wharton degree, but his college years remain a mystery. The Daily Pennsylvanian; Trump flaunts Wharton degree, but his college years remain a mysteryTony Schwartz, the ghostwriter of “The Art of the Deal,” ( you really didn’t think Trump wrote this did you?) said Trump had “a stunning level of superficial knowledge and plain ignorance.”Source: https://bluenationreview.com/don...This is not a smart person. By the way, one of the markers of intelligent people is their vocabulary. One psychologist who tests students rated Trump’s vocabulary at the grade 6 or 7 level, virtually spot on to General Jim Mattis’ assessment.Source: Donald Trump speaks at the level of an 8-year-old, analysis findsSource: https://bluenationreview.com/don...David Cay Johnston, a financial reporter, and someone who knows Trump intimately, having literally followed and reported on Trump and his career for decades, had this to say after scoring an interview with Trump, at a time when Trump was planning to enter the casino business. Johnston said he was stunned by Trump’s lack of business acumen and stated: “Trump couldn’t answer basic business questions that a first-year Wharton student could.” This was a poseur, a phony, someone who always got by on bluff and intimidation, unable and/or unwilling to do the work or take the time to learn the business or develop the business skills necessary to succeed.Source: “It's Even Worse Than You Think; What the Trump Administration Is Doing to America By David Cay JohnstonIt has become more than apparent that Trump knows little about most things and next to nothing in terms of either managing his administration, the country or in fulfilling his role as president. Not only are these accusations voiced by his opposition, but similar concerns have also been even documented by his cabinet ministers, a number of whom have called him an idiot, a “fucking moron” or as “having the intelligence of a 5th or 6th grader”, virtually spot on with General Jim Mattis’ assessment of Trump’s ability.Source: “Fear: Trump in the White House” by Bob WoodwardSource: Donald Trump speaks at the level of an 8-year-old, analysis findsSource: https://bluenationreview.com/don...This guy is always claiming he " is like a real smart guy", yet Gary Cohn, the former White House adviser and former head of Goldman Sachs, someone considered as one of the, if not the, smartest guys on Wall Street, having joined TRUMP as an advisor, stated “this man HAS THE I.Q. OF AN INBRED TANNING BED”.Cohn said he was “astounded” by the depths of the president’s stupidity. He said it was a stone-cold, mind-blowing, we’ve-never-seen-an-I.Q.-in-the-single-digits-before levels of stupidity.He called the president a joke a liar and a “con on the public”, this from Cohn, the Goldman Sachs president turned National Economic Council director. Cohn stated he came away from his very first meeting with Donald Trump “astounded” by just how dumb the guy was.Cohn gave examples of what he meant. During a chat about various economic issues, Cohn told Trump that the Federal Reserve would likely increase rates during his first term in office, to which the President responded, “We should just go borrow a lot of money, hold it, and then sell it to make money.” This suggestion and “lack of basic understanding” about how federal debt works apparently sent chills up Cohn’s spine.Cohn went on to explain that borrowing more money would increase the deficit and add to the debt, something that would, in theory, be counterproductive for a delusional president who had pledged to completely eliminate the federal debt!!But “ I’m like a really smart guy”, wasn’t finished: The president-elect offered a solution. “Just run the presses—print money,” Trump said. Cohn suggested that would be detrimental to the fiscal and economic health of the U.S., since printing vast amounts of money leads to inflation. . . . Cohn also pointed out that there was a federal debt ceiling, a statutory limit to the amount of debt the federal government can have outstanding. Even approaching the debt ceiling can be harmful to the stock market and U.S. economic growth. But Cohn’s message did not seem to connect. Cohn told friends “It was clear that Trump did not understand the way the U.S. government debt cycle balance sheet worked”. Of course, the fact that the 45th president of the United States is an idiot is not exactly a new revelation.Source: “Fear: Trump in the White House” by Bob WoodwardBy contrast, Obama attended two top Ivy league schools, Columbia and Harvard Law, where he earned the very vaunted Harvard Law Review role in 1990.Here is what the New York Times reported at the time back in 1990: “The Harvard Law Review, generally considered the most prestigious in the country, elected the first black president in its 104-year history today. The job is considered the highest student position at Harvard Law School.The new president of the Review is Barack Obama, a 28-year-old graduate of Columbia University who spent four years heading a community development program for poor blacks on Chicago's South Side before enrolling in law school. His late father, Barack Obama, was a finance minister in Kenya and his mother, Ann Dunham, is an American anthropologist who did fieldwork in Indonesia.”As well as the high office won on merit, of note is the fact that both of Obama’s parents were well educated, each holding graduate degrees as well as a Ph.D. in his mother’s case. The education of parents is often a harbinger of similar intelligence levels in their offspring.Harvard professor Laurence Tribe is a sort of legal rock star rated as one of the very best of the best legal minds and American Law Professors who taught Obama and had this to say about his famous student: Upon checking his day timer, Tribe pointed out, "and there's an exclamation point next to it. ( Obama’s name)" That was to remind Tribe how impressed he was by this skinny kid in jeans, a sweatshirt and an afro, then a lowly first-year law student.” Their first conversation lasted hours, and Obama went on to work for Tribe on articles and books, including one called Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes.Tribe recalls that his research assistant tried to find a way out of deeply entrenched lines of the abortion debate, focusing instead on education and access to birth control. "It's as though he was looking not just for a point in the middle of a spectrum, but for a line that was perpendicular, so that one could get outside the tragic choice."The two have remained close, with Tribe serving as a mentor and informal adviser to the president over the years.Professor Charles Ogletree plays a similar role in Obama's life. In 1989, Ogletree taught a non-credit Saturday course to give first-year students a basic set of skills in law school.Ogletree remembers the student “who always arrived on time, sat in the front row, and was professorial almost to a fault. After answering the question, Obama would say, "But Al, who talked earlier, had a very good point when he said X. And Sarah, I think she really captured it when she said Y. And if you think about Latoya, her analysis was ..." at which point Ogletree would interject, "Barack, I'm teaching this class, not you!" That might sound like the arrogance Obama is sometimes accused of, but to Ogletree it sounded like this student was trying to bring everyone into the conversation.Bridge-BuilderAccording to Harvard classmate Ken Mack, “He (Obama) seemed to know who he was, be very grounded. Even then, classmate Ken Mack recalls, Obama stood apart. Mack is now a professor at Harvard Law School and author of the book Representing the Race: The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer."He seemed to know who he was, be very grounded," says Mack. There was no sign of the kid people used to call "Barry.""If you would've told me that someone had called him Barry, I would have been surprised. Barry is a little bit diminutive — that would not have fit him at all," Mack saysTaking The LeadBy the end of Obama's second year, his academic record and reputation had qualified him to run for one of the most prestigious roles at the law school — president of the Harvard Law Review.The review editors were a partisan, contentious group. Classmate Brad Berenson remembers the guy from Hawaii who floated above the fray. "One of the enduring images I have of him is of a guy in jeans and a leather jacket, Jimmy Dean style, standing out in front of Gannett House smoking a cigarette."Berenson was one of the conservatives, and in a long, contentious election, his group ultimately supported Obama's candidacy."They did that in part because they had a sense that he was more open-minded and would listen to the conservatives, and would value and accept their contributions in a way that some of the other candidates would not," says Berenson, who worked in the George W. Bush White House and is now a member of Romney's justice advisory committee. The following are Obama's top 16 major accomplishments:1. Ended the 2008 RecessionIn February 2009, Congress approved Obama's $787 billion economic stimulus package. It cut taxes, extended unemployment benefits, and funded public works projects.The recession ended in July 2009 when GDP growth turned positive.In just seven months, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act pumped $241.9 billion into the economy. That increased growth to a robust 3.9 percent rate by early 2010. By March 30, 2011, almost all ($633.5 billion) of the funds were spent.2. Modernized the Auto IndustryObama bailed out the U.S. auto industry on March 30, 2009. The federal government took over General Motors and Chrysler, saving three million jobs. It forced the companies to become more fuel efficient and therefore more globally competitive.3. Received the 2009 Nobel Peace PrizeOn October 9, 2009, Obama won the Nobel Peace Prize. The Committee lauded "his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples." He withdrew troops from Iraq in 2011. He reduced the U.S. nuclear warhead stockpile by 10 percent.4. Reformed Health CareOn March 23, 2010, the Affordable Care Act revolutionized healthcare. By 2014, the economy benefited from having 95 percent of the population on health insurance.The greater number of people receiving preventive care reduced the number of expensive visits to emergency rooms.That slows the rise of health care costs for everyone. That's because Medicaid reimburses hospitals for emergency care. Those are the most significant of Obamacare's 10 advantages.Why did health care need to be reformed? Rising costs threatened to take over the entire federal budget. It was also the no.1 cause of bankruptcies. In return, Americans received the worst health care in the developed world. It is the only one of 33 developed countries without universal health care.President Donald Trump promised to "repeal and replace" Obamacare. As of October 2017, he has failed to pass any legislation. But he is weakening Obamacare even without repeal.5. Regulated the Big BanksIn July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act improved regulation of eight areas that led to the financial crisis. The Consumer Financial Protection Agencyreduced harmful practices of credit cards and mortgages. The Financial Stability Oversight Council regulated hedge funds and banks that became too big to fail. The "Volcker Rule" banned banks from risking losses with their depositors' money. Dodd-Frank clarified which agencies regulated which banks, stopping banks from cherry-picking their regulators.Dodd-Frank directed the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. These regulated the riskiest derivatives, like credit default swaps and commodities futures. Dodd-Frank also asked the SEC to recommend how the credit rating agencies, like Moody's and Standard & Poor's, could be improved.6. 2010 Tax CutsIn December 2010, Obama and Congress agreed upon additional stimulus in the form of an $858 billion tax cut. It had three main components: a $350 billion extensionof the Bush tax cuts, a $56 billion extension of unemployment benefits, and a $120 billion reduction in workers' payroll taxes. Businesses received $140 billion in tax cuts for capital improvements and $80 billion in research and development tax credits. The estate tax was exempted (up to $5 million), and there were additional credits for college tuition and children.7. Eliminated bin Laden Threat and Withdrew Troops from Iraq and Afghanistan WarsOn May 1, 2011, Navy SEALs attacked the al-Qaida leader's compound in Pakistan and eliminated Osama bin Laden. Later that year, Obama withdrew troops from the Iraq War. Three years later, renewed threats from ISIS meant troops had to return. The Sunni-Shiite split within Islam means there may always be wars in the Middle East.In 2014, Obama wound down the war in Afghanistan. Ending the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan should have reduced annual military spending. At over $800 billion, it was the largest discretionary budget item and one of the leading causes of the budget deficit and national debt.Instead, spending on the War on Terror remained higher than during the Bush administration.8. Raised Fuel Efficiency StandardsOn August 28, 2012, the Obama administration announced new fuel efficiency standards. He required cars and light trucks obtain 54.5 MPG by 2025. That would reduce oil consumption by 12 billion barrels, saving drivers $1.7 trillion. It would also reduce the damage of climate change by lowering greenhouse gases.The Trump administration promised to roll back these standards. But California requires zero-emissions vehicles. Twelve other states adopted the mandate. Major automakers must build cars to meet stricter standards in the European Union and Asia.9. Won 2012 Presidential Re-electionOn November 6, 2012, Obama won a second term. Republican Presidential candidate Mitt Romney promised to repeal Obamacare and Dodd-Frank. Voters were not sure about eliminating health benefits and regulations against big banks. Romney failed to capture the country's imagination by not presenting a new vision for economic growth.10. Reduced Carbon EmissionsObama announced carbon reduction regulations in 2014. He enacted the Clean Power Plan in 2015. It reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. It did this by setting carbon reduction goals for the nation's power plants. To comply, power plants agreed to create 30 percent more renewable energy generation by 2030. It encourages carbon emissions trading by allowing states that emit less than the carbon cap to trade their surplus to states that emit more than the cap.11. Nuclear Agreement With IranOn July 14, 2015, Obama brokered a nuclear peace agreement with Iran. That meant Iran could not longer build a nuclear bomb in three months. Instead, it would take at least a year. In return, the United Nations lifted the economic sanctions it imposed in 2010. Trump is weakening the agreement to try and negotiate a better deal for the United States.12. World's Largest Trade AgreementOn October 4, 2015, Obama's team negotiated the Trans-Pacific Partnership. It would have replaced NAFTA as the world's largest free-trade agreement. It would have removed tariffs between the United States and 11 other countries that border the Pacific Ocean. On January 23, 2017, Trump withdrew the United States from the agreement. The other countries are planning to continue the agreement anyway. Japan and the European Union are negotiating their own agreement.Obama launched the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between the United States and the European Union.Obama's term ended before negotiations on the TTIP could be finalized. It would have been bigger than the TPP. President Trump has not made much progress on the TTIP.13. International Climate Change AgreementOn December 12, 2015, Obama and 196 other countries announced the Paris Climate Agreement. Countries agreed to reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon trading. The goal is to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial temperatures. Developed countries will contribute $100 billion a year to assist emerging markets. They bear the brunt of damage from climate change. They face increased typhoons, rising sea levels, and more severe droughts.On October 5, 2016, enough countries ratified the agreement that it went into effect. At the 2016 G20 meeting, China and the United States agreed to ratify the agreement. These two countries are the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases. On June 1, 2017, Trump announced the U.S. withdrawal from the agreement.14. Third-Best Job CreatorObama is the third-bestt job-creating president in U.S. history. His policies put 16 million people to work from the depths of the recession in December 2009 to the end of his term. That's because unemployment continued to rise even after the recession ended in July. It takes a few months of economic growth before businesses are confident enough to begin hiring again.Other AccomplishmentsMaintained Continuation of Federal Reserve Policy - Obama appointed Federal Reserve Vice-Chair Janet Yellen to replace Ben Bernanke. She maintained an expansionary monetary policy that created the lowest interest rates in 200 years. This allowed the early stages of the housing recovery and slow but steady business expansion to continue. That's because Treasury yields affect mortgage interest rates.Deficit Spending - The major mark against Obama is the increase in the national debt. Part of the reason for this increase was the deficit spending he used to stimulate the economy. Deficits fell in his second term. Obama's total deficits were $6.785 trillion, more than any other president.·FY 2017: $666 billion·FY 2016: $585 billion·FY 2015: $438 billion·FY 2014: $485 billion·FY 2013: $679 billion.·FY 2012: $1.087 trillion·FY 2011: $1.3 trillion.·FY 2010: $1.294 trillion.·FY 2009: Added $253 billion in stimulus spending to the Bush budget.No Personal Scandal - One achievement has gone unnoticed but is nevertheless admirable. That's Obama's unblemished personal record. President Obama has served longer than any president in decades without the appearance of the word “scandal” on the front page of The Washington Post.For any thinking person, looking at Trump and Obama, there is no question that Obama essentially the same height as Trump, but metaphorically Obama is head and shoulders over Trump, more intelligent and smarter in every measurable way.

The Destitution of a StateSoon after Populist ideologue Hugo Chavez became President of Venezuela in 1999, he managed to change the constitution of Venezuela for the 27th time in its history, replacing the Republican democratic institutions of the government of Venezuela with communal missions led by partisan followers.As the government became more centralized and the long established governmental institutions of the country became less autonomous, the Venezuelan Communist Party PSUV became the overriding force to channel a so called populist system, expropriating private companies in a massive scale, supposedly to redistribute funds in favor of the poor. But in fact the missions created a new oligarchy of Nouveau riche, who were uneducated state-men : these new leaders were enabled by corruption schemes adopted at a large national scale; which appropriated collective benefits originally intended for the poor.Today, we know through investigative efforts by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund that corruption led to the escape of 350 trillion dollars —not including gold—dispersed in private accounts in banks of Europe, Russia, China, and the Middle East. That is the main reason why the Venezuelan economy has collapsed and its dissenting voices are escaping in throes from a nation without food supply, hospitals or medicine, without water or electricity. Only a black market managed by the military sustains the very few who have dollars to keep themselves afloat.The same destiny befell the control of oil production while the nationalized industry was taken over by partisan followers of the PSUV, who replaced all the expert engineers before them.Not only did these actions bring inept hands to the management of the oil industry during the bonanza years in which the world prices per barril of oil were very high; this income also helped in catapulting and expanding the support needed by all other Latin American countries following the Castro/Chavista’s vision of an unified continent through ALBA and similar “communists” organizations, until the cost of petroleum dropped and so did the Venezuelan support dwindled to non-existence.One needs to clarify, that any notion of communism or 21st century socialist agenda is just a semantic cover for the dictates of Cuban and Russian intelligence in order to destabilize the economy and political system of the Americas, aided by the propaganda against “Capitalism”. This strategy is directed to change the hegemony of imperialism on the hands of the powerful nation of the United States, and the aspiration to change the world order of free market competition into a new “hegemony”: that of Russia.Along with the usurping influence of Cuba over Venezuelan institutions and wealthy resources, the machinations of Hugo Chavez, who was assisted by his once beloved mentor Fidel Castro, helped in consolidating Fidel Castro as the intelectual promoter of an unified communist and totalitarian system of governments in the Americas. Evidently Fidel Castro was also assisted by Russian mafias, and they saw to it that other sources of income would aid in the development of a Great Fatherland. The Avispas Negras military forces of Cuba already in control of the military forces of Venezuela converted PDVSA into a means to money laundering illicit incomes from the drug cartels of Cuba, Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela.Thus, the creation of the Narco Soles Cartel came into being. The cartel has been led by handsomely paid Venezuelan Generals at the head of PDVSA, despite not having any expertise in the oil industry, and so the once World-wealthiest natural resources of Venezuela, derived from oil, became relegated to a front for illicit transnational operations.Although of little value to defining facts for what they really are—other than from an academic perspective—, there is a letter written by Fidel Castro advising Hugo Chavez how to fulfill control of Venezuela; which Fidel considered necessary for his ultimate cause célebre. The letter was disseminated by unknown sources prior to 2005, when Hugo Chavez had accomplished absolute control over the institutions of the Venezuelan government.The letter’s style of writing and vocabulary bears resemblance to the manner of speech in which Fidel came to be known, so the authenticity of the letter can be taken at a face value, despite of the controversial nature of its content. It is clear that this letter appears to have been written by Fidel Castro in an intimate sharing of purpose with his exhortations to Hugo Chavez: putting aside all formalities of protocol. You be the judge of the message it conveys and how it relates to the state of affairs at that time in the Venezuela of 2005 and what it has become after the last15 years of dictatorial rule.“We know Hugo that in order to end Yankee imperialism we have to do things well. The Arabs are ready, Lula is working in Brazil and you have been encouraged by the FARC.The Power of the masses is always present; the poor are the majority and have little memory; inject them with hopelessness and accuse the past for their misery: the democracy of all evils. Stay in permanent line with the common people; identify with them. Your verb should be simple; and it is very good for them because you offer them the gravy they need; exalt their emotions, pretend that you are taking them under your wing, while learning how to handle their IGNORANCE. Your verb must be ignited, to unleash your authority and power over them.Do not worry about the rich and the middle class. Only the one 80% of the poor should concern you. The rich will run away every time you say BOOO! to them.Catholics love the mentions of the Bible, or of Christ. The Catholics who are the majority in Venezuela are nothing to you while praying without actions. That is not getting them anywhere. They are fools. Take advantage while the church is asleep, by the time they decide to move against you; you will be already installed in power over them. Remember that the church equivocates everything. Continue to accuse them of weakness. Catholics without leadership amount to nothing. No Band-Aid will be enough for them. Although there are two or three who want to fight you, corner their superiors in order to control them.If you see a priest exasperated, buy him, pressure him, win him over. If the Christian people were to attempt to influence you, that will be your undoing, but I am sure that will not be the case. The Jews in Venezuela do not count at all, the evangelicals are just assholes and the other religions are not even worth mentioning.Invoke Christ by all means; always speak in his name; remember that this gave me excellent results in Cuba. Remember whenever you can to invoke the power of the national symbols, the national flag as well as Simón Bolívar. Generate a strong sense of nationalism, and arouse class hatred; divide Venezuelans. At this stage you will reap good dividends. Eliminate as many dissenters as possible. Violence will also help you settle scores through force. But always talk about democracy and the constitution of the nation.Offer money and buy loyalty while they meet your objectives. If once you achieve your objectives, they oppose you, you must discard them, Send them to embassies if you must; give them money to shut them up or take them out of the country so that the press will not have access to them.. Or sow crimes in those who oppose you to disqualify them forever.By all means keep a majority at the National Assembly, and keep at your side at least the Attorney General and the Supreme Court.Buy all the military with clothes and equipment, and have all commandIng generals well-oiled; put them where there is enough money, CORRUPT them to achieve fidelity, put some of them at the head of PDVSA oil industry, so that you can achieve absolute military control; be sure to have your people in the central garrisons, where you need them to influence others; have them offer courses to change the undecided in key positions.If you manage to control 200 to 300 high-ranking military personnel, who are leading commando troops, you will become indestructible; if you have any doubts about any of them; put them to the test, for example, with a simulated coup, when all traitors come to the fore and all the faithful reveal themselves.It is necessary to control the means of production of the state; merchants love money; buy bankers, big merchants and big builders; give them contracts, jobs and facilities. This is the First Stage..For the Second Stage, you need to have formed committees for the defense of the revolution; call them Bolivarians; have them do community work so that they feel grateful and patriotic; pay them for following your guidelines; have them do massive marches, and large populist manifestations.From the communal committees, select the most aggressive members to form an armed-shock force, whom you might need, if the going gets tough.Control the police; destroy it if necessary; and put it at your disposal. In the Second Stage, you have to deepen the revolutionary message; you must mention the word revolution a lot; that excites the poor. This the time when you have to fracture Union workers as well as their employers, who could make trouble with opposition; you have to get the workers to be affiliated to a parallel central force. This is achievable only with money, you also have to put together a parallel central committee of employers.Attack businessmen, accuse them of starvation, fascism; and, particularly, accuse them of being coup plotters.Pretend to be the underdog, the mind of the common man stands always in solidarity with the weakest, against inequity.If you can't buy the media, close the radio, print and television. Your oil company (PDVSA) is the one that produces the Project-money for all of us; create a revolutionary board of directors; remove the expert-technicians and end for once and all with this so-called meritocracy. If you were to have everything at this stage, you can then continue to the Third Stage..In the Third Stage, you can violate the constitution, because no one is going to prevent you; order raids; plant weapons, drugs, money; accuse them of being spies or corrupt; discredit them; disband as many journalists as possible, businessmen, labor leaders; the rest will escape the country or suffer dire consequences.Restructure the ministerial cabinet. Here, you may decide to get rid of your collaborators, some of whom you can reward and others you may wish to discard, if they disagree with your actions. You have to put true comrades on your side; establish a state of exception; suspend guarantees, launch a national curfew. This is an accelerated stage when you need to be sure that you rouse emotions, that the people be angrier than ever; close all the media; remove mayors and governors of the opposition; announce the restructuring of all areas of the State and the development of a new Constitution; form a governmental council with 500 members; and I (Fidel) will be the head of that advisory council to oversee the entire government.We must shoot all opponents, who do not succumb to our authority; this is the only thing that silences them, and it is definitively cheaper than paying them, never let them organize and know your intentions. We will be respected again as the maximum leaders of Marxism, Leninism. Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela and Cuba will become an indestructible fatherland. If you were not to follow my advise (‘criadillas’), I will gather all of my people (The Black Wasps and recruiting doctors) and bid you farewell, lest my people be killed by a military uprising. See to what may become of you, if you do not hid my advise.What are you waiting for Hugo? “Fidel.Regardless of its interpretation, the letter validates the strategies of the late Fidel, in a manner consistent with the anarchist ideology of the communist international movement in order to spread propaganda against the United States of America and the capitalist market freedom. It seeks to diminish the import of the Russian mafias to whom Cubans are a proxy, in their quest to destroy the order known to us by one that they themselves define only in the slang of ideological terrorism.Given the facts as established by the libertarian press of today, the authorship of the letter, whether it is truthful or not, is only a rhetorical and academic question: its existence is preempted by the very facts that corroborate the events that have taken placed over the last 20 years of Chavism Dictatorship:Venezuela is a Cuban colony. It follows as such the will of the Cuban authoritarian regime, the Cuban interests and little or nothing exists in terms of national sovereignty. That is the most relevant fact and the letter itself has no other import.Today, there is a state of social decomposition at all levels due to the lack of gasoline and food supply. The desperation for gasoline becomes a recipe for recrudescing the deadly effect of the pandemic COVID-19 in massive numbers: A genocidal maneuver on the part of the regime to increase its strength through the omission of public services. It suits them like a tight glove: with less production to supply, more revenue for their pockets, fewer mouths to feed, less opposition, and greater freedom of action for the future of the Castro-Chavista dictatorship.The history of future generations, much more mature than the present one in Venezuela, will judge our current politicians and the environment that led Venezuela, perhaps, to its own extinction. It is not the first country whose jurisdiction disappears making way to a new state or group of states

Since the 1990s, few things have remained timeless societal staples like Friends, Pokémon, Britney Spears, and the internet.Seriously. Lots of things have come and gone, but these guys have stuck around, rolled with the Y2K punches, and integrated themselves into our society. (Pokémon Go or a new Britney Spears Vegas residency, anyone?)Yet nothing has said “I’m here to stay” like the internet. From dial-up and AOL everything to Chrome and IoT, the ~*interwebs*~ have completely infiltrated our lives.Learn More About HubSpot's CMS SoftwareLearning about web development is kind of like drinking from a fire hose. Google “coding,” and you’ve turned the hose on full blast. This guide serves as a slow drip to get you acquainted with and intrigued by the world of web development. It’s by no means a comprehensive manual.In this guide, we’ll cover the bare-bone-basics of web development, the process of creating a website, and additional resources for those who want to learn more about development — or become a developer themselves.Keep reading to dive into website development or use the chapter links to jump around the guide.Web Develop- ment BasicsTypes of Web Develop- mentThe Web Develop- ment ProcessWeb Develop- ment ResourcesWhat is website development?Website development refers to the work that goes into building a website. This could apply to anything from creating a single plain-text webpage to developing a complex web application or social network.While web development typically refers to web markup and coding, it includes all related development tasks, such as client-side scripting, server-side scripting, server and network security configuration, ecommerce development, and content management system (CMS) development.See why thousands of customers use CMS Hub to build an optimized website that integrates with their HubSpot CRM data and full marketing suite.Web Development BasicsWebsiteIP addressHTTPCodingFront-endBackendCMSNow that we've defined web development, let’s review some web development basics to better acquaint you with the topic.1. What is a website?Websites are files stored on servers, which are computers that host (fancy term for “store files for”) websites. These servers are connected to a giant network called the internet … or the World Wide Web (if we’re sticking with 90s terminology). We talk more about servers in the next section.Browsers are computer programs that load the websites via your internet connection, such as Google Chrome or Internet Explorer. Your computer is also known as the client.2. What is an Internet Protocol (IP) address?Internet Protocol is a set of standards that govern interaction on the internet.To access a website, you need to know its IP address. An IP address is a unique string of numbers. Each device has an IP address to distinguish itself from the billions of websites and devices connected via the internet.The IP address for HubSpot is 104.16.249.5. You can find any website’s IP address by visiting a site like Site 24x7 or by using Command Prompt on Windows or Network Utility > Traceroute on MacBooks.To find your device’s IP address, you can also type “what’s my IP address” into your search browser.While you can access a website using its IP address, most internet users prefer to use domain names or by going through search engines.3. What is HyperText Transfer Protocol?HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) connects you and your website request to the remote server that houses all website data. It’s a set of rules (a protocol) that defines how messages should be sent over the internet. It allows you to jump between site pages and websites.When you type a website into your web browser or search for something through a search engine, HTTP provides a framework so that the client (computer) and server can speak the same language when they make requests and responses to each other over the internet. It’s essentially the translator between you and the internet — it reads your website request, reads the code sent back from the server, and translates it for you in the form of a website.4. What is coding?Coding refers to writing code for servers and applications. It’s called a “language” because it’s comprised of vocabulary and grammatical rules for communicating with computers. They also include special commands, abbreviations, and punctuation that can only be read by devices and programs.In a sense, developers are translators, too.All software is written by at least one coding language, but they all vary based on platform, operating system, and style. There are many different types of coding languages … all of which fall into two categories (written by two different types of developers) — front-end and backend.5. What is the front-end?Front-end (or client-side) is the side of a website or software that you see and interact with as an internet user. When website information is transferred from a server to a browser, front-end coding languages allow the website to function without having to continually “communicate” with the internet.Front-end code allows users like you and me to interact with a website and play videos, expand or minimize images, highlight text, and more. Web developers who work on front-end coding work on client-side development.We’ll unpack more about front-end development in the next section.6. What is the backend?Backend (or server-side) is the side that you don’t see when you use the internet. It’s the digital infrastructure, and to non-developers, it looks like a bunch of numbers, letters, and symbols.There are more backend coding languages than front-end languages. That’s because of browsers — at the front-end — only understand JavaScript, but a server — at the backend — can be configured to understand (pretty much) any language. We’ll cover more about backend development next.7. What is a content management system?A content management system (CMS) is a web application or a series of programs used to create and manage web content. (Note: CMSs aren’t the same as site builders, like Squarespace or Wix.)See why thousands of customers use CMS Hub to build an optimized website that integrates with their HubSpot CRM data and full marketing suite.While not required to build a website, using is CMS is certainly easier. It provides the building blocks (like plugins and add-ons) and lets you create the structure with your code. CMSs are typically used for e-commerce and blogging, but they’re useful for all types of websites.Now, why is web development important?You might be a business owner hiring a freelance developer to build your website, a marketer pitching a vision to your development team, or a student learning about development as a career. Regardless of who you are or why you’re reading this guide, understanding the basics of website development can be helpful in this technology-driven world.The internet isn’t going away anytime soon. In fact, it’s become a portal and primary method of research, connection, education, and entertainment in the world.As of 2019, there are 4.2 billion global internet users. That’s more than half the world’s population, and these folks are using the internet for a vast variety of reasons.What’s the one thing those reasons have in common? They require a website, and each website requires a skilled web developer.Web development is also a rapidly expanding industry. Between now and 2028, the employment of web developers is expected to grow by 13%. That’s much faster than most other technology careers.Whether you’re looking to hire a web developer or become one, you should understand the different types of web development that developers can master — we dive into this below.Types of Web DevelopmentFront-end developmentBackend developmentFull stack developmentWebsite developmentDesktop developmentMobile developmentGame developmentEmbedded developmentSecurity developmentThese different types of web development primarily refer to the different sectors of the profession in which web developers can work — we referenced some of these in the sections above. Some of these distinctions overlap, and oftentimes, web developers will master multiple types of web development.1. Front-endFront-end developers work on the client- or user-facing side of websites, programs, and software. They design and develop the visual aspects, including the layout, navigation, graphics, and other aesthetics. These developers also work on the user interface and user experience of whatever project they're developing.2. BackendBackend developers work on the server-facing side of websites, programs, and software. These developers work in systems like servers, operating systems, APIs, and databases and manage the code for security, content, and site structure.3. Full StackFull stack developers work in both the front-end and backend sides of a website. They can create a website, application, or software program from start to finish.4. WebsiteWebsite developers are synonymous to front-end, backend, or full-stack developers. However, these professionals specialize in building websites (as opposed to mobile applications, desktop software, or video games).5. DesktopDesktop developers specialize in building software that lives on your desktop, such as Mac OS, Windows, and more.6. MobileMobile developers build mobile applications that live on a mobile device such as a smartphone or tablet. These operate much differently than other websites and software programs, thus requiring a separate set of development skills.7. GameGame developers specialize in writing code for video games, both console games (Xbox, PlayStation, etc.) and mobile games — which allows this specialty to overlap somewhat with mobile development. Game developers, however, have specific skills for building interactive, engaging gaming experiences.8. EmbeddedEmbedded developers work with all hardware that isn't a computer; this includes electronic interfaces, consumer devices, iOT devices, real-time systems, and more. With a recent rise in iOT and connected devices, this development skill is becoming more popular and in-demand.9. SecuritySecurity developers establish methods and procedures for the security of a software program or website. These developers typically work as ethical hackers and build systems that discover and eradicate security risks.Now, let's dive into the web development process (which involves many of these types of development).Website Development ProcessThe process of creating a website isn’t as easy as 1-2-3. Each development path is different based on the type of website, coding languages, and resources.The following section serves as a brief overview of the web development process and a short introduction into the most common languages and CMS options.Planning Your Website and Creating a SitemapAll websites start with a plan. Developers call this plan a wireframe or sitemap (not to be confused with sitemap.XML, which is a file that helps SERPs crawl and find your site). It doesn’t have to be an official document; it’s simply a vision for your site that’ll give both you and your developer(s) direction and a place to start. You can draw it on a whiteboard or use a tool like Invision, Slickplan, or Mindnode.Just like a business plan gives a potential investor insight into your goals and deliverables, a sitemap gives a developer an idea of what you’re picturing and the information needed to meet your vision. You can create your sitemap on your own or work with your developer(s).Here are a few questions to ask yourself when planning your site.What individual pages do you want? What content will be on those pages?How can you organize those pages into categories? (These categories might represent your homepage menu — if it helps to think about it like that.)What is the hierarchy of pages on your site?How will the pages link together?What pages and categories are essential to your site and user experience, and which ones could be removed or combined?Writing Your Website CodeThe next step in the web development process is writing the code.Developers will use different coding languages for the front-end and backend of websites, as well as for different functionalities of the site (such as design, interactivity, etc.) These different languages work together to build and run your site.Let’s start with the most commonly-used languages. Almost every website uses these three together, and yours probably will, too.HTMLHyperText Markup Language (HTML) has been used since the 1990s. It’s the foundation of all websites and represents the bare minimum of what’s needed to create a website. (Yes, you can create a website with only HTML. It wouldn’t look too pretty, though.)Below is HTML for a basic Bootstrap button.Languages like CSS and JavaScript enhance and modify the basic site structure built by HTML codes. HTML5 is the most recent version and supports cross-platform browser functionality, making it popular in mobile application development.CSSCascading Style Sheets (CSS) was developed in the late 1990s. It adds design elements like typography, colors, and layouts to websites; it’s the cosmetic code.CSS allows developers to transform your website to match the aesthetic you envisioned for your site, and like HTML5, CSS is compatible with all browsers.Here's a code snippet for customizing the jumbotron element in Bootstrap CSS.JavaScriptJavaScript is the cherry-on-top of coding languages. Created in the mid-90s, JavaScript is used to add functionality to websites. Developers use it to add animations, automate tasks within certain pages, and add interactive features that enhance user experience.JavaScript is rapidly evolving. Once considered a “toy” language, JavaScript is now the most widely used coding language in the world. With the help of Node.Js, it’s now a backend coding language. It’s the first language to be understood by browser, and some have even discussed applying machine learning to it, too.Below is a JavaScript code snippet for automatically opening links in a new window in WordPress.HTML, CSS, JavaScript are the “big three” of web development. Almost every website uses them in some capacity. There are plenty of others, such as server-side languages like Java, C++, Python, and SQL, but understanding these three is foundational to your website development knowledge.Building the Backend of Your WebsiteWriting code might be one of the more complicated parts of web development, but it’s hardly the only component. You also have to build your backend and front-end site structures and design.Let’s start with the backend.The backend handles the data that enables the functionality on the front-end. For example, Facebook's backend stores my photos, so that the front-end can then allow others to look at them. It’s comprised of two major components:Databases, which is responsible for storing, organizing, and processing data so that it’s retrievable by server requestsServers, which is the hardware and software that make up your computer. Servers are responsible for sending, processing, and receiving data requests. They’re the intermediary between the database and the client/browser. The browser will, in effect, tell the server "I need this information", and the server will know how to get that information from the database and send it to the client.These components work together to build the foundation for each website.As for building your website, backend developers will establish three things.Your logic code, which is essentially a set of rules for how your website will respond to certain requests and how objects of your website will interact.Your database management, which is how your website will organize, manage, and retrieve its data. Read more on SQL vs. NoSQL here.Your infrastructure, which is how your site will be hosted. Hosting your own site will give you greater control, but it’s much more expensive and requires you to maintain your own server health and security.With these components and decisions in place, your website will be ready for front-end development.Note: The backend is slightly tangential to web development because you don't always need a backend if you're not storing any data. “Data” in this context means any user-entered information that you need to save and persist. Think about logging in to a website. If they don't have a backend, how could they remember your login information? Or what your profile settings are? To get this information, you need a backend.Facebook, as an example, needs to know what people are in your Friends list, what events you have joined, what posts you have created, and more. This is all "data" that lives in a database. If they didn't have a backend with a database, none of that data would be accessible to them.On the other hand, a website that’s purely informational and doesn’t require the users to enter any data wouldn’t need a backend.So, if you have no data, you don’t necessarily have a need for backend development. But that’s not saying you shouldn’t learn the basics. You never know when you might need it.Building the Front-End of Your WebsiteIf you’ve ever dabbled in web design or toyed with a website in WordPress, Squarespace, or Google Sites, you’ve touched front-end web development.The front-end stuff is important — it’s what your visitors, customers, and users see and how they’ll use your website.Front-end (or client-side) development includes a combination of JavaScript, HTML, and CSS. It also controls components such as typography and fonts, navigation, positioning, and browser compatibility and responsiveness. This part will reflect more of your initial site vision and what you included in your wireframe.As technology and consumer preferences change, client-side coding tends to become outdated … a lot faster than backend development does. This is where coding resources (like the ones we’ve included below) come in handy.Working with a CMSWhy would someone choose a CMS over coding “by hand” or “from scratch?” Well, a CMS is easier to use (you have to write less code), and it often has tools around hosting the site. On the other hand, it’s less flexible and, therefore, gives you less control over your front-end.See why thousands of customers use HubSpot's CMS to build an optimized website that integrates with their HubSpot CRM data and full marketing stack.CMS options also often include plugins that remove the need to write a backend. For example, there are WordPress plugins for ecommerce so that, instead of building a complicated backend to charge customers’ credit cards, you can just use an existing plugin and avoid the need to deal with databases and server-side code at all.Popular content management systems include HubSpot, Joomla, Magento, and WordPress — which has over 60% market share. (In this case we’re talking about open source WordPress software, not the WordPress site builder.)Acquiring a Domain NameAt this point, your website will have an IP address. It also needs a domain name that your visitors can use to find your site.Perhaps you’ve heard of sites like GoDaddy and Hover. These services help you purchase a domain name and register with ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). Most domain registrations are good for a year before you’re required to renew.Site builders and hosting services, like WordPress and Squarespace, also allow you to purchase a domain name.Website Development ResourcesInterested in learning more about development and coding? Outside of connecting and networking with other developers, there are plenty of resources you can tap into to further your understanding or web development.Web Development Courses and ClassesWhether you want to explore backend, front-end, or full-stack coding, here are a few online courses and classes recommended by our own HubSpot developers.TutorialsPointAll content and resources on TutorialsPoint are free. Between tutorials, ebooks, and videos, TutorialsPoint provides many different ways to learn.eggheadAccording to their website, “egghead is a group of working web development professionals and open source contributors that provide you with concise, information-dense video courses on the best tools in the industry.” Users can take courses, listen to podcasts, or take lessons on a wide variety of web development topics.Khan AcademyKhan Academy is a well-known free educational resource. Users can learn anything from macroeconomics to linear algebra to US history, as well as a handful of computing topics.freeCodeCampfreeCodeCamp is a non-profit organization (like Khan Academy) that helps people learn to code for free. With thousands of articles, videos, and interactive lessons, as well as worldwide study groups, freeCodeCamp helps thousands of developers and engineers learn about programming and land development jobs.TreehouseTeam Treehouse is a subscription-based online learning program. Users pay a monthly fee and gain access to hundreds of courses on over 20 different topics. From JavaScript to Python to PHP, Treehouse can teach you all you need to know about web development.Web Development CommunitiesWeb developers are masters of the internet, so it makes sense that they’d hang out on there.According to Code Condo, developers join these communities for:Up-to-date information and problem solvingInsightful answers, new perspectivesTips and tricks for all-level programmersLinks to resources, talks and research papersMeeting new friends, code buddies, and potential partnersHere are a few online communities recommended by our own HubSpot developers.Stack OverflowStack Overflow was introduced ten years ago and has since become one of the most popular programming communities in the world. According to co-founder Jeff Atwood, “[Stack Overflow] is by programmers, for programmers, with the ultimate intent of collectively increasing the sum total of good programming knowledge in the world.”Stack Overflow is a great place to go with questions because most of the time, other developers have asked and answered the same ones. The forums in Stack Overflow keep you connected to other developers while also keeping you informed.Mozilla Development NetworkMozilla Development Network (MDN) is known to be more thorough and accurate than other online resources. It’s not as much a community as a comprehensive resource and library of documents for coding languages. MDN is useful when learning how certain functions work and staying up-to-date on coding and development news.RedditReddit is a forum-based community where developers of all levels gather to ask and answer questions. It’s incredibly interactive and includes people from all over the world. You can also join “subreddits” based on topic, such as web design, JavaScript, or freelancing.Dive Into Web DevelopmentThe internet is here to stay. It’s getting better every day, and web developers are on the front lines of these innovations and improvements. From this blog to your favorite social network to the apps you use on your phone, web development touches almost every part of your day — and your business.Take the time to understand coding and programming to improve not only your life but the lives of your customers, too.