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This response ended up being longer than I thought it would. Still, I feel as though there are some things left out. Keep the following in mind as you are reading.**Thanks to Greg Aper for his additionsYou can always pay for more concepts or more levels of refinement.Technical problems can push you back a step. For example, if the technology doubles in size, the industrial design concept may want to be changed.The person commissioning the development creates a Product Requirements Document (PRD). This is a description of what you want your product to be, and should include feedback from marketing, sales, users, everyone. Even with all the preliminary work that goes into it, it will still will probably need to be fleshed out in more detail with the development team, but you should be able to come up with a good starting point on your own. Furthermore, this will be a living, breathing document.Is the technology a known entity? If yes, skip to the next step. If no, you will want to have domain experts (in Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science, etc.) reduce/develop the technology to a point where it can be commercialized. This can be a significant step for high-tech products.From here, Industrial Designers will take the PRD, the technical limitations of the technology, and (if they are good) usability considerations (many designers will pay lip service to usability, the bad ones just fake it), and coalesce them into some rough "blue sky" concepts, with a little bit of technical input from Mechanical Engineers and other experts. If you are hiring an industrial designer, the number of concepts to be delivered is usually agreed upon in the contract.Also, depending on the nature of the product, rough foam models might be mocked up to aid in the evaluation of ergonomic considerations.At this point, the concepts are shown to the client. The client can choose to take these to customers, but often chooses to review them with resources internal to their company, or with a select few Subject Matter Experts (SME), Key Opinion Leaders (KOL), or some other Marketing term for 'important people'.Based on initial feedback, the client down selects from the rough concepts; usually to 2 or 3. It is at this point also where the client will notice specific details they had not considered before and express a preference. This often manifests itself in a "take the knobs on concept foam coreA and the widgets from concept B and roll them into concept C" sort of conversationThe concepts that have made the cut are refined further. This next round of concepts often has cleaner drawing, more consideration payed to manufacturing cost, assembly, technical feasibility, reliability, and other engineering considerations. The designers may also create some 3D models to better communicate the geometry to the client. They may also create 3D models sufficient to be prototyped as appearance models. These appearance models can be used to show to users for feedback.The concepts are presented to the client (who may or may not show it to users) who downselects to one concept. Alternatively, the client can discuss taking elements from one design and adding them to the other design. This would be discussed with the designers and engineers and evaluated for technical, ergonomic, and aesthetic efficacy. If it seems appropriate (and has been agreed to in the contract, or the client is willing to pay for the additional work), the designers and engineers will go back and refine the concept until all stakeholders are satisfied.Usually it helps for the designers to create a 3D underlay to give the engineers a starting point, so the designers may do that.From here the engineers begin to take over. CAD geometry is created (either off of 2D or 3D underlays from the designers) with considerations for manufacturing, shock and vibration, component placement RF shielding, weight, chemical resistance, ingress protection, fatigue, and other requirements.As the CAD geometry is created, frequent prototyping is critical. As soon as a scheme is developed to accommodate the requirements alluded to in step 9, it should be physically prototyped. This can be expensive, but neglecting to truly solve high level problems results in expensive detail work being done on a shaky foundation, with all the risk that such an approach entails (lots of it!).From here it is just prototype and iterate until the requirements are achieved. This is the time frame where tradeoffs are often made. Aesthetic, usability, cost, schedule, and other considerations are all vying for attention, and sometimes the choices are mutually exclusive. This is a point where the PRD is worth it's weight in gold. A clear understanding by all parties (from engineer to CEO) of what this product wants to be is necessary for clean execution of development. Changes to the PRD at this point can be expensive (both in money and time). It is up to the client to determine whether a (to make a number) 5% drop in quality or increase in material costs is preferred over a 1 month delay in release date. This estimation may yield different results for products with a short sales cycle (consumer electronics) than those with a longer sales cycle (capital equipment)Once the design meets all requirements, PROTOTYPE ONE MORE TIME!!!!!! Even if it feels like you've just prototyped a week or two ago, nothing will make you sleep better at night than knowing that the exact design you are investing hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars in is the exact one that you have prototyped and therefore have the utmost confidence in.(Thanks to Greg Aper for asking me to elaborate on this)...As the development process winds down, drawings will begin to be created. The level of detail of these drawings can vary (and of course is specified in the contract), but will usually contain the critical dimensions to be used for inspection, along with the tolerance of allowable variation of those dimensions. For some products, drawings often referred to as Critical to Function and/or Critical to Assembly documentation may be generated for the manufacturing vendor in order to provide quality control instructions for complex product parts or mechanisms. CMF (color, material & finish) documentation is often provided along with the technical documentation in an attempt to ensure that the aesthetic design integrity is maintained. Many times, a Bill of Materials (aka BOM - the cost of producing each individual part at a certain volume) is also created for the client and the manufacturer(s). There should be much back and forth between the engineers and the manufacturer(s) (and the client to, depending on the level on involvement) so that no one is surprised by what is on the drawings.Once everything is designed and the documentation is completed, it's time to release it for production. Get the circuit boards made, have the tools made to create the metal and plastic parts, get the OTS part on order, etc. Typically, the CMF specifications, BOM documentation, Critical to Function/Assembly documentation, 2D part drawings and the CAD database(s) are released at the same time to the client, manufacturers and vendors. Some combination of these items typically compromise the design package for the product - everything you would need to take the design to a manufacturer and have the product mass produced. This information also allows the manufacturers to begin building tooling for the product.(Another Greg Aper recommendation)...Once the tools are created it's time to inspect the parts that come off the tools. This is called an FOT (First off Tool) inspection. During this inspection the engineer will check the parts against the drawing to ensure that dimensions are in the acceptable range, aesthetic considerations have been met, and so on. In the case of tolerances, statistical analysis can be used to extrapolate how many 'failures' per million will occur. If this number is unacceptable, the tool may be modified appropriately. The CAD databases may also be tweaked at this time to improve the cost efficiency and quality of the parts based upon the performance of the tool and the analysis of the FOT parts. There are other nuances as well, and they vary with the choice of manufacturing process used; suffice it to say that the people who designed the device should be involved throughout manufacturing to ensure the integrity of the design is maintained.Many times a limited number of "alpha" or "pilot" prototypes are constructed at this point. These prototypes are built from FOT parts and used for final functional, performance and technical testing in addition to being utilized for final aesthetic approval. Based upon the analysis of the alpha prototypes, tooling or CAD databases may need to be tweaked again and beta prototypes built or the design may be released for mass production.Once all the parts are produced, they will need to be assembled and shipped. Some places will manufacture all the parts (sheetmetal, plastic, ceramimc, electonics) and do all the assembly. This is rare. More likely you will have different parts made at different places. It is up to the client to determine what they want to pay for. You can pay to have all your subassemblies and parts combined into a final product, or you can have the subassemblies sent to you where you can finish off the final product. This is often the case in high tech products, where the low-tech components are created elsewhere and the high-value element of the design is created in-house or at a trusted supplier.From there, sell it.

No. They didn’t need to.Let me give a completely unrelated example to explain why.People today are used to a world in which most documentation is delivered electronically in the final, finished form, and any errors known to the authors have already been fixed. This was not always the case.Up through the 1990s, it was standard practice for technical and training manuals and all sorts of other printed material to ship with addenda and errata. Often, this were actually in the form of printed three-ring binder pages the customer was meant to use to replace pages made redundant by corrections. Sometimes it was in the form of an errata bound into a work behind the front matter as a last-minute change before printing. Sometimes it was just a page of instructions on where to make manual corrections. Sometimes (more rarely) it was in the form of adhesive masks meant to be inserted inside a bound volume. Publishers could also include a corrigendum, which was simply a list of parts of a printed work to be removed, either due to error or update or what have you.Today, this system seems hopelessly impractical. It’s the sort of information that goes in a “READ ME” file that everyone ignores because whatever it is that needs changing will be in the next update anyway. But in the old days, everything was on paper, and updates—if any—had to wait till the next printing. It was prohibitively expensive to do anything else.So, in those dark days before ebooks and the Internet, everyone knew to check for the corrections and apply them to their new training manuals or whatever. It was slow and kludgy, but it worked.So…in case you don’t already see where I’m going with this, complex engineered systems are a little like print runs—on mega steroids. Not only are changes hard to make late in development—they are dangerous. Every change requires rework and retesting to revalidate the engineering of the overall system into which it will fit. As a result, changes are purposefully delayed, grouped, and avoided. Indeed, this is exactly why systems from spacecraft to software are changed incrementally in coordinated phases (blocks in spacecraft, releases in software).At NASA, during the Apollo program, the Shuttle program, and still today, the first, preferred solution to any problem is a procedural one. If you can solve a problem by changing crew training or procedures, you can avoid a costly and potentially dangerous engineering change altogether.After Apollo 13, NASA had a perfectly good, safe, and tested procedure for making the CO2 cartridges interchangeable. They had no real need for an engineering fix, or for the disruption to the production chain and training that would entail.All manned Apollo flights were on Block II spacecraft. Blocks III, IV, and V were already in preliminary planning in anticipation of continued lunar exploration, but as the cost of the existing missions skyrocketed and it became clear the funding could not be sustained, these plans were scrapped. Had the program continued, NASA might eventually have reengineered the CO2 cartridges just to standardize and cut down on costs, but that likely would have been much later—like in the 1980s.It was easier, cheaper and safer, in the meanwhile, to make do, and this is far from the only such case.The booster, as flown, continued to experience POGO oscillations which were also managed by shutting down the center engines early.The floodlights in the CSM ran hotter than expected in the weightless environment of space, so astronauts changed procedures and training to prevent burns.After the Service Module came dangerously close to hitting the Command Module during reentry of Apollo 11, controllers changed the procedure for the RCS separation burn meant to put distance between the two.The LM, after setting down on the moon with its engine shut down, wasted RCS propellant trying to return to its programmed descent orientation, so astronauts turned the guidance off at a different point in the checklist.The guidance computer had an extraordinarily crude interface that made it easy for the user to accidentally wipe all navigational information since launch—as Jim Lovell did during Apollo 8. Rather then an engineering fix, he and ground controllers developed a procedure to recover from this event—which ironically, he then used during Apollo 13.The Apollo LM landing radar would sometimes switch to the wrong mode—but rather than an engineering fix, this was resolved by power cycling the radar.The Space shuttle wasn’t immune either.It didn’t have enough CO2 scrubbers to handle some of the longer mission with larger crews that it flew in its eventual role as ersatz space station, so NASA loaded commercially available scrubbers into the mid deck and blew air on them to make up the shortfall.During certain operations, enrichment of the cabin air with nitrogen could lower oxygen partial pressure on part of the mid-deck to potentially hazardous levels, so to stay safe, the crew were not allowed to use the bathroom during these operations.And there are many, many more such examples.

This scheme is to motivate deserving sailors in the Indian navy to become officer. Applicable only to sailors, who have joined Indian Navy.Promotion to Officer Rank:Sailor who posses unique leadership qualities and fulfil requisite conditions in terms of age, education etc, can aspire to become commissioned officer in the Indian Navy through commission worthy (CW) scheme and special Duties (SD) scheme.Ranks:OfficerAdmiralVice AdmiralRear AdmiralCommodoreCaptainCommanderLieutenant CommanderLieutenantSub LieutenantMidshipmanSailorMaster Chief Petty Officer Ist ClassMaster Chief Petty Officer IInd ClassChief Petty OfficerPetty OfficerLeading RateSeaman Ist ClassSeaman 2nd ClassThe CW Scheme, also earlier known as the Upper Yardmen Scheme – was used to select suitable candidates from the lower deck for promotion to the rank of Acting Sub-Lieutenant in all branches. Today, CW scheme has become a full-fledged entry for sailors to become officers. The selection under CW scheme is conducted bi-annually at six monthly intervals. Need to qualify NDA exam and SSB.About Commission Worthy Scheme :The CW Scheme offers young sailors an opportunity for grant of permanent commission in the Navy with an aim to select deserving sailors from all branches and give them appropriate in-service training so as to make them General List officers at par with the entrants through other schemes.Eligibility Criteria :Age:Non-Artificer sailors shall be under 22½ years of age and Artificers under 24 years of age as on the course commencement date.All cases of upper age limit relaxation up to one year are to be forwarded to IHQ of MoD(Navy) subject to the following :-(a) An applicant should have applied for commission under the scheme whilst within the above prescribed age limit.(b) An application for relaxation of age should be forwarded to IHQ of MoD(Navy)/DOP through the Administrative Authority and Bureau of Sailors.(c) Relaxation of age limit under the power of the Chief of the Naval Staff will be considered after a candidate has qualified through the SSB/NSB.Qualification:Minimum educational qualification will be 10+2 with Physics and Maths.A Non-Artificer sailor should have completed his induction training including 3rd class specialist qualification, where applicable, before appearing for the written examination.An Artificer sailor should hold the rank of Artificer 5th class or higher.Marital Status:Sailors who are married will not be provided married accommodation nor allowed to live with their families while undergoing training. Those who are unmarried will not be allowed to marry till they become Sub Lieutenants.Medical StandardsA sailor should be in medical category S 1 A 1. Those in temporary lower medical category may be permitted to apply but their cases shall be decided on merit by IHQ of MoD(Navy). Request for consideration in such cases should be forwarded immediately on promulgation of results of CW written examination. Such sailors will be directed to report for SSB only on approval of IHQ of MoD(Navy).How to Apply?Sailors desirous of grant of commission under this scheme should apply on the proforma. The Commanding Officer is to forward the applications to the Bureau of Sailors so as to reach by 30 Apr / 31 Oct each year.Commanding Officers, while completing the remarks column of an application, should consider power of expression, personal habits and moral conduct of the sailor.All applications are required to be forwarded to CABS with appropriate remarks as to whether the sailor is ‘recommended’ or `not recommended’. In cases where the educational qualification mentioned in the Service Documents is below 10 + 2 with Physics and Maths, the original educational certificate is to be attached with the application form or submitted directly to Preliminary Screening Board. The date of application is to be endorsed on Page 13 of the Service Documents. If a candidate fails to qualify at any stage, a fresh application form is to be submitted for each subsequent attempt.Selection ProcedurePreliminary Screening Board (PSB)The Bureau of Sailors will scrutinise the applications for errors and correctness of the facts stated therein and forward the names of eligible candidates to the respective Administrative Authorities and IHQ of MoD(Navy) / (DOP/DNE) by 31 May / 30 Nov every year.Depending on the number of candidates, the Administrative Authorities convene one or more Boards to carry out the Preliminary Screening of candidates during the month of Jun / Dec. Each Board is headed by an officer of the rank of Captain as the President with three other officers of the rank of Commander as members.In case of a sailor’s transfer to another unit, the Commanding Officer of the new unit deputes the sailor for interview by the Board in his Command, under intimation to Bureau of Sailors. The Boards screen the applications and select candidates who have a reasonable chance of qualifying the written examination and the SSB interview. The Board is guided by the following:-(a) Screening of Service Documents and scrutiny of original educational certificate, in case educational qualification mentioned in the Service Document is below 10 + 2 with Physics and Maths. This certificate will be available with the application form or submitted by the candidate at the time of Preliminary Screening Board interview.(b) Assessment of officer-like qualities including power of expression, personality, general knowledge and common sense.Written ExaminationSailors who pass the ‘Preliminary Screening’ are permitted to appear in a written examination. The written examination will be conducted by IHQ of MoD(Navy) / DNE online through ‘Indian Navy Online Examination System (INOES). Command Headquarters will be responsible for smooth conduct of the Online examination at Designated Exam Centres (DEC’s). IHQ of MoD(Navy) / ONE will issue detailed instructions on the conduct of Online Exams.If a ship is likely to be at sea during this period, candidates borne afloat are disembarked for the written examination, before a sea sortie. In case of a sailor’s transfer to another unit, the Commanding Officer of the previous unit informs IHQ of MoD(Navy) / DNE for change of exam centre of the sailor to the nearest DEC of next unit. Other details are given below:-All candidates who have successfully qualified the written examination will be sent for selection by the SSB in end Oct / end Apr.Sailors are to carry their Service Documents by hand.Candidates who qualify in the SSB will be examined by a designated Medical Board, and if found fit, will he considered for final selection.All sailors who are selected under this scheme shall be allotted branches depending upon the requirement of the Service and aptitude of the individual.Number of Attempts AllowedA candidate will be allowed to appear before the PSB only three times. The Board stamps the number of chances availed on the first page of the Service Document [IN 271(Rev)]. The Board declare results to candidates and forward the consolidated results so as to reach the Bureau of Sailors by end Jun / end Dec. The results includes separate lists of successful, unsuccessful and absentee candidates. Bureau of Sailors is to promulgate the list of candidates eligible to appear in the written examination by early Jul/early Jan.Similarly, a candidate will be allowed to appear in the written examination only thrice, irrespective of the stage of selection reached in previous attempts. To qualify in the written examination, a candidate must pass all papers in one attempt.TrainingAll candidates selected under CW scheme will be designated as cadets and will undergo the four year B-Tech course at INA, Ezhimala. Those who fail in the prescribed examination during training as Cadets and Midshipmen, will be relegated by six months at a time and their promotion delayed accordingly. Penalty for failure after being promoted to Sub Lieutenant will be as applicable to Indian Naval Academy cadets.A trainee, who fails to make adequate progress in the course may be withdrawn from training with the approval of IHQ of MoD(Navy)/(DNT/DOP). If a trainee is withdrawn while under training as a cadet, he will be reverted to his original rank and Branch as a sailor without loss of seniority for all purposes. In such cases, character and efficiency assessment for the period under training is to be completed by INA.ALL THE BEST !