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If 2 babies were left alone on an island and they survived, would they create their own fluent language or would it be more like different grunts? Do languages take many generations to become sophisticated?

The human ability to learn language is often considered hardwired, and even an instinct to do so, but it also requires input. Children are exceptionally good at generalizing patterns and forming a complete mental grammar from relatively little input (many believe there is some sort of innate linguistic structure in the brain that helps), but they do need some input.Without any input, they would almost certainly make sounds on their own (like the grunts you describe), but they would not resemble any other human language because they don’t have input in that language. Part of the complexity of a language develops over time, and languages vary greatly, so there is no basic form that infants would develop by default without input.Human interaction supports communication and the development of language, in addition to direct linguistic input. So in your scenario having 2 infants makes this much more likely than with one alone (who would probably never consider trying to communicate with another individual until encountering them later, if they did, maybe in adulthood). Cases of so-called feral or ‘wolf’ children have been documented, and in general they have a lot of difficulty learning language, but abuse and trauma are other factors. But mostly they are individual children, without a companion to learn with. (In fact, the evidence only shows that language skills can be limited by such experiences, not that such experiences necessarily lead to a lack of language skills. An abused child who cannot speak might make the news, while one who can rarely would. Still, you’re talking about a complete absence of input here so we can set that aside.)Given all of that, we can ask what happens when in a relatively normal social situation a group of children is deprived of linguistic input. For the most part, this only happens with deaf children who can’t hear the languages spoken around them. (A hearing child with deaf parents, for example, will learn signed language without difficulty. Blind children born to deaf parents would be scientifically interesting, but I don’t think we have enough data to make any relevant generalizations, and their communication would be very limited, not just linguistically, but socially as well, so the situation would be different.)A well-known real-world ‘experiment’ of sorts happened within the last few decades in Nicaragua. The country implemented (centralized) schools for the deaf, bringing together deaf children for the first time. They had limited, basic ‘home sign’ systems to communicate with their families, but no full language. Teachers were brought in, and they used ASL or other signed languages, but the children didn’t learn these foreign sign languages directly. Instead, a sort of sign language pidgin (like a trade jargon) was created as a working language for communication, mostly just from the children attempting to communicate with each other (not explicitly instruction). (It’s not really a pidgin in the sense of mixing languages, although there were pieces of ASL and various home sign systems, but it is a pidgin in the sense of a means to an end, and not a full linguistic system.) The result is that the children were able to communicate some but did not have a full language. So this means the answer to your question is: no, they would not develop a full language on their own.But what is remarkable is that over several generations of deaf students at the school, to some degree ignoring attempts from their teachers to correct them and suggest certain ways to sign, the children expanded their new language to include many more relevant words and grammatical structures, and now it is a full language, and they become fluent in it just like native speakers [or signers] of any language. Nicaraguan Sign Language was born.Children will not spontaneously generate a full language in one generation, but over a few they will polish the system and fill in the blanks. More generally, this is what happens when a pidgin becomes a creole. Adults who need to communicate with speakers of another language, often in the context of trade or colonization, will use simplified forms and rough strategies to get meaning across, and these systems are usually limited in their expressive power. They might be good for bartering but just not have words for every topic. The remarkable result, though, is that when children are born speaking these pidgins they fill in the gaps (in some cases almost in a single generation when they are given plenty of input in a relatively developed pidgin) and become fluent, native speakers. And that is precisely when linguists consider a creole to have been born out of that pidgin. A creole is a full language with native speakers, while a pidgin is a more limited system spoken only as a second language by adults. (Precisely when it switches over may not be clear in many real-world scenarios, but it can be clear enough at the level of generations.)So what children do is take input and form a full language from it. The resources required to do this are our genetically determined abilities, a socially supportive communicative environment, and enough input to make generalizations. In fact, it would be fair to say that all children do this every time they learn a language. Your children are not learning your language perfectly. They are imitating it, and actually they are recreating a language very close to yours based on the limited amount of input they get from you. You do not speak the same language as your children in a technical sense, but of course these systems overlap enough for you to easily understand each other. That is (part of) how languages change over time too (in addition to any changes present in adult speech that will then become new input for children and get generalized to form new grammatical patterns).Unfortunately (for science) an experiment like you describe would be all but impossible today for ethical reasons, and despite how much we might learn from it, it would not be worth it. Setting aside ethical concerns, it would take a massive amount of work to do it correctly and it would take several generations to watch the new language develop. It would develop probably, into something relevant within maybe 3 generations, but it might be limited by social factors as discussed above. Another very important factor is that in the scenarios above (like Nigaraguan Sign Language) the children do have examples of language use, even if the input is not perfect. Even if deaf children see adults communicating by speaking, they will know that there is some behavior they might want to participate in, so they will desire to create their own system. This behavioral suggestion is important, I think, and without it (a child alone, or even two completely isolated children) they would have no model on which to base a new language, and they would likely develop one very slowly. Once a basic level of complexity in communication takes hold, it wouldn’t be many generations before something like other human languages developed, but it would need some kind of base. If it took some generations to get there, it would probably very quickly switch (in 1–2 generations) into a system that looked very much like other human languages, even if it took a while to get there.From a theoretical perspective, we can attempt to classify languages in terms of complexity based on their combinatorial power. I will outline an approach briefly below. First, I should point out that in the model I am providing here would rank all current human languages equally, even pidgins with somewhat reduced structure. They are often distinguishable from other languages, but it just takes a couple generations of children to fill in the gaps, and they already work well enough for communicating many ideas, even some complex ideas. So the other categories are hypothetical for what may have evolved into modern human languages in our hominid ancestors, how we could describe animal communication systems, or even what we might wonder about for extra-terrestrial life.The most basic form involves just single words. Many animal communication systems are like this. A baby’s “first word” is like this. The isolated children in your example would almost certainly reach this stage (the most basic stage of verbal communication) although they might have very limited vocabulary sizes, just like some animals do with only a few different ‘alarm calls’ in their repertoires.The next step would be the “two-word stage” that children go through. “Want cookie”, “Mommy hug”, “Drink good”, etc. This is the most advanced type of communication used by most animals (although there may be some exceptional cases). A lot of meanings can be expressed this way, and the vocabulary is dramatically increased (as well as both supporting the development of new vocabulary through communicative need and also by compounded words becoming new words themselves over time and then being modified). What is important here is that one word modifies the other. A very basic grammar.Finally, developing a full language requires that not just one word modifying one other word, but that these modified expressions (phrases) can modify each other. (More technically this is known as recursion, and in one popular syntactic theory, it corresponds to an operation called Merge, that does exactly this: it combines meanings to form more complex structures.)The isolated children might reach stage two, but within a single generation, without any model to follow, they probably wouldn’t reach stage three, or at least not very quickly and wouldn’t produce many complex sentences. But once they do, once they start combining more than two words, the expressive power would grow exponentially (actually infinitely, after a certain point, with full recursion), and the result would be very similar to a full language— or more like a pidgin to begin, with some gaps and some rough parts of the grammar. But after one or two more generations, the new children would fill in those gaps and polish the language and become native speakers. After all, they then have the input and the genetic capacity to generate a new language (just like your children generate a language from hearing you speak, even though you’ve already generated one that is quite similar). This all assumes the very unlikely survival and social success of these individuals in your experiment, without any outside intervention. With some ‘behind the scenes’ help, sort of like animals at a zoo, I suppose the odds would be higher, but anyway that’s all irrelevant to the scientific/linguistic question.Update: as some of the other answers have mentioned, this experiment has actually been attempted, for goals ranging from figuring out which language is the “oldest” to discovering the true language of god. The experiments have failed for the reasons outlined above (while we have the instinct to speak, we need input to learn to speak as children, and multiple generations are required to develop a language), and are also completely unethical by modern standards, depriving children of human interaction. These attempts are described here: Language deprivation experiments - WikipediaRelated answers:What is the oldest language ever discovered?During antiquity, did anyone in Greece or Rome recognize similarities between Greek and Latin languages and hypothesize relationships between them?How long would it take an isolated group of people to develop what would be considered their own language?Nicaraguan Sign Language discussed in these answers: Is Hebrew the youngest language? / What are some special features of sign languages that spoken languages don’t have?

What is the scope of doing MBA in IT after btech in information technology?

Lets understand the IT management courses first.The MBA in IT after engineering program is helpful to expose the students to advanced technical and analytical skills, leadership, project management and team management. Project-based courses and hands-on learning opportunities help equip students to help organizations solve complex business issues with advanced technology solutions. They are exposed to everything from organizational support and risk-management to enterprise applications support.Two major positions you get after being a management pro are It Manager and IT project manager. What kind of work they do ?Information Technology Manager :Information Technology Managers are responsible for overseeing and ensuring that computing systems and equipment are operating effectively and efficiently.To be successful in this position you will demonstrate a detailed knowledge of the industry’s best practices and evidence a professional track record of effective technical management, information analysis, and a thorough understanding of computer hardware and software systems.IT Manager’s Responsibilities:Managing IT staff by recruiting and training employees, communicating job expectations, and monitoring performance.Overseeing the annual IT budget and ensuring cost effectiveness.Monitoring daily operations, including server hardware, software, and operating systems.Coordinating technology installations, upgrades, and maintenance.Selecting and purchasing new and replacement hardware and software, when necessary.Testing, troubleshooting, and modifying information systems so that they operate effectively.Generating performance reports for operating systems.Assuring all IT activities are performed within the parameters of applicable laws, codes, and regulations.Evaluating technology risks in order to develop a network disaster recovery plan and backup procedures.Remaining up to date with advances in technology and industry best practices.IT Project Manager : To oversee project teams and to ensure IT projects are completed on time. The IT Project Managers establish a Project Management Office (PMO), and direct and coordinate the utilization of resources across divisions of the project to reach targets. The IT Project Managers ensure compliance with budget and other project requirements. You will document instructions for end users and assist with testing of the final product. You will communicate with stakeholders during all phases of the project, and close it efficiently.To be successful in this role you should deliver an extensively recorded, tested, intact and operative product within delivery time frames and budget. Ideal candidates will be analytical, and have a positive demeanor.IT Project Manager Responsibilities:Assisting in establishing a Project Management Office to oversee multiple projects.Liaising with stakeholders such as project personnel, vendors and end users regarding project requirements.Outlining, defining and initiating project.Implementing document control policies and documentation templates.Maintaining a good working knowledge of assigned component projects.Evaluating standards of component products.Monitoring project progress and implementing changes where necessary.Monitoring expenditures in accordance with budget.Ensuring compliance with objectives, organizational policies, procedures and standards.Compiling project reports and informing management regarding problems.Ensuring project complies with best practices, SOPs, PMO policies and other policies.From the job responsibilities of these positions, it is clear that some skills/knowledge apart from technologies are required like: Thorough understanding of project management ,fundamentals, Understanding of software development life cycle. Outstanding leadership, organizational and time management skills, Outstanding verbal and written communication skills, Strong people skills, Proficiency in computer hardware, cabling installation and support, wireless technology applications and interface, and IT security, Proficiency in Microsoft Windows software, including Server, Office, and Exchange, Management and leadership skills, Multi-tasking and time-management skills, with the ability to prioritize tasks, Highly organized and detail oriented, Excellent analytical and problem-solving skills.And a good management program is required for having the skills required.You must keep in mind that just doing a MBA program is not enough, you must do it from a institution of repute and solid track record.The next big question comes, how to chose a college/university? Well, per my experience of 16 years as an educator, I see it from the point of view of following parameters:Curriculum : If at all the curriculum is continuously upgraded and developed with consultations and feedback of industry.Pedagogy : The teaching pedagogy forms the backbone of how the program is delivered, more the practical, better it is.Technology: The businesses and the business functions are now highly tech driven, the MBA program must have the exposure and training of the same. The world leading technologies like SAP, GitHub, Advance excel etc are must for any professional to succeed in career.Entrepreneurship : Even though most of the students go for jobs, the exposure to entrepreneurship is required. This helps the professionals know how the other departments and the profit center heads work, what are the expectations etc.Professional etiquette: It is the most important part these days, the personality, ethics, virtuous, speech, body language, interpersonal skills etc are given high importance in the organisations. The program must include the training or modules on all these.Community service: A bit of community projects in between the course are very important to develop the humane side of the person as well as learn the organizing skills.Diversity: As he world shrinks into a aligned economy, the professionals will be required to work in cross cultural teams having entirely different work culture and ethos, the national and international diversity of students in a B-School is helpful in enabling the students develop right sensibilities for such work atmosphere.Industry interface: Ultimately its the industry which is going to immerse the students in the placements, the regular industrial talks, interactions, lectures, visits and internships are must have in any MBA program. This is common to all the specializations.Placements: Since the ultimate aim of attaining a skill/knowledge/degree is to have a career, it is desirable that whichever university you chose, It must have good industry linkages to attract the good recruiters which value fresh talent.There are some very good business schools which offer such programs like IIMs, IITs, FMS Delhi, SPJMER, Great lakes Chennai, LBSIM, JIMS, UBS Chandigarh, SIBM, SCMHRD, IBS Hyderabad, LPU Punjab etc.I made it a long read to cover every topic of your interest and its implications so that you make an informed choice.I hope this helpsDVD

So what made Archimedes of Syracuse so great? What are his accomplishments in mathematics?

Archimedes was the foremost mathematician and scientist during the period of time in which he flourished in Antiquity ( roughly during the Punic Wars , given the fact that he died during the Second Punic War ). The following lines give an outline of his scientific work and its importance :Archimedes is especially important for his discovery of the relation between the surface and volume of a sphere and its circumscribing cylinder. He is known for his formulation of a hydrostatic principle (known as Archimedes’ principle) and a device for raising water, still used in developing countries, known as the Archimedes screw.[…]There are nine extant treatises by Archimedes in Greek. The principal results in On the Sphere and Cylinder (in two books) are that the surface area of any sphere of radius r is four times that of its greatest circle (in modern notation, S = [math]4 \pi r^2[/math] ) and that the volume of a sphere is two-thirds that of the cylinder in which it is inscribed (leading immediately to the formula for the volume, V = [math]\displaystyle \frac {4\pi r^3} {3}[/math] ). Archimedes was proud enough of the latter discovery to leave instructions for his tomb to be marked with a sphere inscribed in a cylinder. […]Measurement of the Circle is a fragment of a longer work in which π (pi), the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle, is shown to lie between the limits of 3 10/71 and 3 1/7. Archimedes’ approach to determining π, which consists of inscribing and circumscribing regular polygons with a large number of sides, was followed by everyone until the development of infinite series expansions in India during the 15th century and in Europe during the 17th century. That work also contains accurate approximations (expressed as ratios of integers) to the square roots of 3 and several large numbers.On Conoids and Spheroids deals with determining the volumes of the segments of solids formed by the revolution of a conic section (circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola) about its axis. In modern terms, those are problems of integration. On Spirals develops many properties of tangents to, and areas associated with, the spiral of Archimedes—i.e., the locus of a point moving with uniform speed along a straight line that itself is rotating with uniform speed about a fixed point.On the Equilibrium of Planes (or Centres of Gravity of Planes; in two books) is mainly concerned with establishing the centres of gravity of various rectilinear plane figures and segments of the parabola and the paraboloid. The first book purports to establish the “law of the lever” (magnitudes balance at distances from the fulcrum in inverse ratio to their weights), and it is mainly on the basis of that treatise that Archimedes has been called the founder of theoretical mechanics. […]Quadrature of the Parabola demonstrates, first by “mechanical” means (as in Method, discussed below) and then by conventional geometric methods, that the area of any segment of a parabola is 4/3 of the area of the triangle having the same base and height as that segment. That is, again, a problem in integration.The Sand-Reckoner is a small treatise that is a jeu d’esprit written for the layman—it is addressed to Gelon, son of Hieron—that nevertheless contains some profoundly original mathematics. Its object is to remedy the inadequacies of the Greek numerical notation system by showing how to express a huge number—the number of grains of sand that it would take to fill the whole of the universe.[…]Method Concerning Mechanical Theorems describes a process of discovery in mathematics. It is the sole surviving work from antiquity, and one of the few from any period, that deals with this topic. In it Archimedes recounts how he used a “mechanical” method to arrive at some of his key discoveries, including the area of a parabolic segment and the surface area and volume of a sphere.[…]On Floating Bodies (in two books) survives only partly in Greek, the rest in medieval Latin translation from the Greek. It is the first known work on hydrostatics, of which Archimedes is recognized as the founder. Its purpose is to determine the positions that various solids will assume when floating in a fluid, according to their form and the variation in their specific gravities. In the first book various general principles are established, notably what has come to be known as Archimedes’ principle: a solid denser than a fluid will, when immersed in that fluid, be lighter by the weight of the fluid it displaces. The second book is a mathematical tour de force unmatched in antiquity and rarely equaled since. In it Archimedes determines the different positions of stability that a right paraboloid of revolution assumes when floating in a fluid of greater specific gravity, according to geometric and hydrostatic variations.Archimedes is known, from references of later authors, to have written a number of other works that have not survived. Of particular interest are treatises on catoptrics, in which he discussed, among other things, the phenomenon of refraction; on the 13 semiregular (Archimedean) polyhedra (those bodies bounded by regular polygons, not necessarily all of the same type, that can be inscribed in a sphere) […]Archimedes’ mathematical proofs and presentation exhibit great boldness and originality of thought on the one hand and extreme rigour on the other, meeting the highest standards of contemporary geometry. While the Method shows that he arrived at the formulas for the surface area and volume of a sphere by “mechanical” reasoning involving infinitesimals, in his actual proofs of the results in Sphere and Cylinder he uses only the rigorous methods of successive finite approximation that had been invented by Eudoxus of Cnidus in the 4th century bce. These methods, of which Archimedes was a master, are the standard procedure in all his works on higher geometry that deal with proving results about areas and volumes. Their mathematical rigour stands in strong contrast to the “proofs” of the first practitioners of integral calculus in the 17th century, when infinitesimals were reintroduced into mathematics. Yet Archimedes’ results are no less impressive than theirs. The same freedom from conventional ways of thinking is apparent in the arithmetical field in Sand-Reckoner, which shows a deep understanding of the nature of the numerical system.In antiquity Archimedes was also known as an outstanding astronomer: his observations of solstices were used by Hipparchus (flourished c. 140 BCE), the foremost ancient astronomer.Source :Britannica.com : ArchimedesAlso from Wikipedia :The Fields Medal for outstanding achievement in mathematics carries a portrait of Archimedes, along with a carving illustrating his proof on the sphere and the cylinder. The inscription around the head of Archimedes is a quote attributed to him which reads in Latin: "Transire suum pectus mundoque potiri" (Rise above oneself and grasp the world).One of the famous sayings attributed to Archimedes is the following one : Give me a place to stand and with a lever I will move the whole world. (See Archimedes - Wikiquote )

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