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To me, the best summary of what Clojure is has been said by Neal Ford in one of his presentations (The Curious Clojurist) :Clojure is not so much a programming language: it's a vision for how to build software that you could only realize by building a programming language.Being a Lisp is only one of the aspects of Clojure, and arguably not the most important one on a day-to-day basis. It's easy to tout individual language features, and show toy examples of how they make an arbitrary three-line expression easier to write in one line, but, in my experience, that does not convey the feel of the language at all.To me, the most defining point of Clojure is the notion of data. In the Clojure vision, the most important part of a program's work is manipulating data, and the language is optimized for exactly that. The language has the best collection system I have seen, and it is really a joy to use it to manipulate complex data structures representing complex information.Again, I do not think any language feature list can convey the real difference between Clojure and all the other languages I have tried (which includes C, C++, Java, Scala, Ruby, Matlab, Javascript, Python, Scheme and Common Lisp, among others), but I am going to try anyway, because, other than forcing you to learn idiomatic Clojure (and the whole point of your question is to decide whether you should), I cannot think of a better way. So here goes.Clojure has built-in collections for the three basic ways of organizing data: unordered bag (set), ordered sequence (vector), and associative bag of key-value pairs (map). Together, vectors and maps allow for the representation of almost any kind of information, with sets being a nice semantic addition. Whereas most modern languages would represent a tree of associative data structures as an object hierarchy, Clojure will represent it as nested maps. This has profound implications.Clojure offers literal syntax for all of these data structures. This is much, much more important than many people realize. This means that, after a while (it does take some time to digest any new syntax), you can begin to reason about data structures in a very explicit way, you can use this notation to support your thinking, you can use it on a whiteboard to support an argument, etc. It also means that at any moment, and without any further effort on your part, any of these data structures in your program is printable in a way that can not only be read by a human being, but also by a Clojure program, making inspection and debugging of the state of Clojure programs much easier.These default data structures are immutable, which means that you never have to worry about concurrency or defensive copy. Again, this means in turn that you can think in a much more straightforward way about the data manipulations you want to make. At this point, people usually get somewhat less enthusiastic. If you have ever tried to manipulate (get a new, changed version of) a java.util.Map without modifying it, you are probably thinking that I am crazy to think immutability is a good thing from a usage perspective. But like many of the points in this list, it only really makes sense within the context of the others. Which brings me to my next two points.Clojure is dynamically typed. This is also sometimes scary, for reasons of both performance and safety. This is much less of a problem than it might at first appear, as Clojure relies much less on user-defined types than most other languages. When you're manipulating what is conceptually a map, you have to know its structure, whatever language you're using. Look at any Java library for JSON parsing and try to explain the tremendous advantages that static typing gives you. Clojure data structures are actually basically JSON.Clojure has higher-order functions. Combined with dynamic typing, this is what makes it possible to very easily express immutable updates to collections. For example, assuming you have a map "world" with an entry for each country, which point to maps with an entry for each soccer team in that country, which point to a score, and you want to add 3 to the score of a french team called "Boutons", it would be as simple as (update-in world ["France" "Boutons"] + 3), which is arguably no worse than the mutable version you would have in Java: world.get("France").put("Boutons", world.get("France").get("Boutons") + 3). Honestly, while it might seem bulky at first to have to manage "new" collections after every operation (people sometimes fear having to create lots of new variable names, since Clojure variables re immutable), all of the above features combined make that fear completely unfounded, and it's hard to go back to any other collection framework in terms of convenience.Clojure code is (mostly) built out of expressions; there are technically no statements (though in practice defining new functions, for example, is used as a statement, even though it actually returns a null value). Again, this plays very nicely with all of the above features, especially since it makes expecting functions to return values instead of modifying things the natural, expected behaviour in terms of notation. As a totally subjective note, this is where the lispy syntax shines the most in my opinion. If you ever try to follow an introductory course in Scheme, you'll see that the syntax lends itself beautifully to functional programming. To me, this justifies the lisp syntax even in the absence of macros, as any other syntax used in this style (only expressions, no assignment/instructions) results in a big mess and at least as many parentheses.These great data structures and the community insistence on treating data as data, instead of wrapping it in user-defined types, have some profound implications in terms of how applications are structured. But more importantly, it has the huge benefit of nearly eliminating any kind of impedance mismatches between libraries: Clojure libraries are collections of mostly pure functions that consume the basic data structures and emit the basic data structures. You don't have to learn a new data API every time you get a value; you don't have to learn a new set of functions. At the worst, you get data that does not have the correct structure, but as already mentioned, transforming the structure of data is made really easy in Clojure.Using data directly instead of type hierarchy results in much more modular code: when the default way to pass values from one part of your program to another part of your program is basically to send a JSON string, how hard is it to break these two apart?Now, don't get me wrong, I love the concurrency features, the lispy macros, and the JVM interop that are usually touted as the fundamental pillars of Clojure. I also love the REPL, which allows me to continually test my code at the function or even at the expression level. However, these are really nice-to-haves compared to the above.So Clojure is a fundamentally different way of looking at software. Scala, on the other hand, is what Java should always have been: a great object-oriented language, with a decent type system and no unwarranted restriction on the freedom of verbs. People claiming that Scala is functional, however, are [in my view] simply misguided: having first-order functions is not a hallmark of a functional language, it is a hallmark of a not-Java language.[Edit] My definition of functional language probably differs from yours. I consider a language functional if it has as its core, underlying model of computation the lambda calculus. This means that the "default" use of the language is based on expression rewriting rather than instruction evaluation with memory. In that view, Scala is not functional, as it still presents a Turing-machine based model by default. It does, however, allow the user to program in a functional style by providing higher-order functions and immutable collections much like those I describe above (there is much sharing of implementation between the Scala and Clojure standard libraries).From a learning perspective, my problem with Scala would be that it does not force you to make the switch to the functional frame of thinking, it merely allows you to use it. Which makes for an easier, more comfortable transition path, but also a much longer one.[/Edit]In short, Scala will make some patterns in your code easier to write. Clojure will challenge the fundamental assumptions behind your software engineering knowledge. I'd say you stand to learn much more with Clojure, but it will also be much less comfortable at first.PS: Two short additional commentsThis is all well and good, but what about performance? Surely dynamic typing, immutable data structures and higher-order functions must be dog slow. Well, actually, not so much. Clojure does much better than any other dynamically typed language at the Alioth shootout, and the impressive Storm framework for data stream processing, mostly built in Clojure, boasts performances of more than a million messages per second on a single machine. If you're even considering the JVM (rather than going native), chances are Clojure is more than fast enough.A programming language is fundamentally a notation for representing data manipulations ("algorithms") in a precise, formal way. One only needs to look at the history of physics and mathematics to convince oneself of the tremendous importance of notation. The lispy syntax might seem unnatural at first, and counting parentheses seems daunting, but with a little practice it is a much nicer notation for actual paper-based reasoning. Besides, if you have trouble counting your parentheses, your function is probably too long.

Banner logoHere is your chance to improve coverage of Indian culinary diversity on Wikipedia.Submit photographs and win prizes!More details[Help with translations!]Invasive species in AustraliaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchCommon invasive species in the Adelaide Hills: olive, artichoke thistle, fennel and bambooA European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in TasmaniaInvasive species in Australia are a serious threat to the native biodiversity, and an ongoing cost to Australian agriculture. Numerous species arrived with European maritime exploration and colonisation of Australia and steadily since then.Management and the prevention of the introduction of new invasive species are key environmental and agricultural policy issues for the Australian federal and state governments. The management of weeds costs A$1.5 billion on weed control and a further $2.5 billion yearly in lost agricultural production.[1]Contents1 Causes2 Invasive species2.1 Fungi and bacteria2.2 Animals2.2.1 Control2.2.1.1 Bounties2.2.2 Invasive birds2.2.2.1 Control2.2.3 Invasive freshwater fish species2.2.4 Insects and other invertebrates2.2.4.1 Control2.2.5 Invasive marine species2.3 Invasive plant species3 Management of invasive species4 World Trade Organisation and Australia's quarantine regulations5 See also6 References7 External linksCausesBoth geologic and climatic events helped to make Australia's fauna unique.[2] Australia was once part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana,[3] which also included South America, Africa, India and Antarctica. Gondwana began to break up 140 million years ago (MYA); 50 MYA Australia separated from Antarctica and was relatively isolated until the collision of the Indo-Australian Plate with Asia in the Miocene era 5.3 MYA. As Australia drifted, it was isolated from evolutionary pressures in the rest of the world. Other examples of island isolation include Madagascar, New Zealand, Socotra, the Galapagos and Mauritius. The geographic isolation of Australia created a sharp division between Australian fauna and Asian fauna at the Wallace line.Brumbies at Snowy Wilderness retreat in Jindabyne, New South Wales, 2003Humans arrived in Australia between 65,000 and 80,000 years ago, living alongside megafauna for 20,000-25,000 years[4][5][6] before the megafaunal extinctions that were likely caused by, or partly contributed to, by late Pleistocene climate change[7][8] however the full reason for the extinctions is still unclear and human hunting or habitat changes through Fire-stick farming may also have contributed to the extinctions. This left Australia with much of its keystone species extinct, leaving the ecosystems altered and far more vulnerable to invasion.Dingoes probably arrived in Australia between 4,600 and 5,400 years ago, long after the first humans, spread rapidly across the continent and probably contributed to the extinction of even more native species such as the Thylacine, Tasmanian devil, and Tasmanian nativehen. The current period of invasive species introduction began in 1788 with the arrival of the first European settlers. The population density in Australia beyond the coastline and major cities has been very low since the arrival of European settlers and there are large tracts of land where, it is very difficult for people to manage even large feral animals like camels, horses, donkeys and water buffalos.Invasive speciesMain article: List of invasive species in AustraliaFungi and bacteriaInvasive fungi and bacteria in Australia affect many native plants and animals and agricultural crops. Recently[when?] citrus canker was introduced into Australia, and many Queensland citrus orchards have been burned to remove the disease.[citation needed] The fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi, commonly known as wildflower dieback or jarrah blight, has created a massive problem in some types of native vegetation – especially jarrah forest and banksia woodland.[9]AnimalsAustralia is host to 56 introduced invasive vertebrate animal species. They can be categorised in the following ways:Invasive – species has a tendency to spread their range into new areas or plague their rangeFerals – defined as animals for domestic purposes (i.e. pets, recreational use – such as hunting – or beasts of burden) which have gone wild.Pests – animals which have a direct effect on human standard of living or the environment/ecosystems in areas where they are present, have a high rate of reproduction and are difficult to controlAnimals causing most public concern and economic and ecological damage include:Image Species Introduced Reason Introduced from Distribution Threat level Estimated proliferation Main control measures Notes / refStruthio camelus portrait Whipsnade Zoo.jpg Common ostrich 1980s Farming for meat, feathers, oil and eggs South Africa Found only in outback South Australia near the Birdsville Track Medium 20,000 None due to them being rare in Australia. All wild ostriches in Australia are descendants of escaped farmed populations in the 1980s. Only one ostrich farm is active in Australia now, Hastings Ostrich Farm in Victoria [10]Bufo marinus from Australia.JPG Cane toad(Rhinella marina) 1935 Biological control (cane beetle) Americas via Hawaii Queensland (extensive), the Northern Rivers (New South Wales), the Top End (Northern Territory), the Kimberley Extreme 200 million + Culling; trapping;[11] genetic[12] (under research) Prolific breeders and bufotoxin kills native animals[13]Red Fox Mornington National Park.jpg Red fox(Vulpes vulpes) 1855 Recreational hunting Europe most of mainland Australia; small numbers in Tasmania Extreme 7.2 million + 1080 baiting; hunting Elusive prolific predator of native animals and livestock.[14]Gato en Boiro Galicia.jpg Feral cat(Felis catus) 1849 Pets Europe Throughout Australia, except in tropical rainforests (extensive) High to extreme 2.1 to 6.3 million[15] Barrier fencing, shooting, trapping, toxic pellet implants.[16] Control measures effective on small islands; less so on the mainland. It is possibly responsible for the extinction of some species of small mammals.[17]Wild rabbit.jpg European rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus) 1857 Recreational hunting Europe Throughout Australia (extensive) Extreme 200 million + rabbit-proof fence; Myxomatosis; Calicivirus (RHD) Prolific breeders that destroy land.Goats - Wilpena Pound.JPG Feral goat(Capra hircus) 1840 Domestic livestock Unknown Throughout Australia (extensive) High more than 2.6 million in 1996[18]Feral pig.jpg Feral pig(Sus scrofa) 1788 Domestic livestock Europe Throughout Australia, except in deserts (extensive) High up to 23.5 million in 2011 Musters, ground and helicopter culling, trapping, poisoning, fencing Prolific breeders that destroy land and have the potential to spread disease[19]SilvertonDustStormDonkeys.JPG Feral donkey(Equus asinus) 1866 Pack and haulage animals Europe Throughout Australia (extensive) Medium to high up to 5 million in 2005[20] Musters, ground and helicopter culling, fertility control Grazers that damage sensitive lands07. Camel Profile, near Silverton, NSW, 07.07.2007.jpg Dromedary camel(Camelus dromedarius) 1840 Beast of burden India Outback Medium to high 300,000 in 2013[21] Helicopter culling Grazer, though arid Australian conditions suit the camel perfectly.[22]Perlino brumby.JPG Brumby(Equus ferus caballus) 1788 Farm and utility work Europe; some later imports from South Africa and Indonesia Throughout Australia (extensive) Medium to high more than 300 thousand Musters, ground and helicopter culling, fertility control Grazers that damage sensitive lands[23]Bos javanicus male.jpg Banteng(Bos javanicus) 1849 Domestic livestock Indonesia Garig Gunak Barlu National Park Medium 8,000 - 10,000 Brucellosis, tuberculosis, hunting Environmental damage – soil erosion, channelling of floodwaters, increased intrusion of saltwater into freshwater habitats and destruction of wetland vegetation.Water Buffalo at Fogg Dam (1).jpg Water buffalo(Bubalus bubalis) 1829 Domestic livestock Indonesia Top End Medium 150,000 in 2008[24] Brucellosis, tuberculosis, hunting Environmental damage – soil erosion, channelling of floodwaters, increased intrusion of saltwater into freshwater habitats and destruction of wetland vegetation.[24]ControlThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Various programs exist to control invasive species in Australia. A cane toad control program aims at preventing the spread of the species towards Darwin and Western Australia, and involves trapping. Foxes are often baited, although the use of 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) is also known to affect native animals such as the quoll and Tasmanian devil, though the most common and effective method is shooting. 1080 is ideal in the south-west of Australia because a native plant contains the same toxin – therefore most native animals have developed immunity to it. Other species are either open to hunting as a sport (such as the deer) or subject to government sponsored culling programs. Camels and buffalo are often shot from helicopters.BountiesSeveral bounty programs have assisted in the eradication of larger sized pests in Australia.Ironically, many early bounties were paid for the extermination of native species that were considered a pest to farmers. The Tasmanian tiger or thylacine was one such program that caused extinction, whilst the Tasmanian devil, spotted quoll, and Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle all became seriously threatened by bounties.At various times, bounties have been in place for invasive species such as wild-living domestic dogs (including the dingo) and fox. A beer-for-toads bounty has been publicised for cane toad control in the Northern Territory.[25]In 2002, a Victorian Fox Bounty Trial began to test the efficacy of fox bounties which have been in place intermittently since 1893 (only 30 years after introduction). The study showed no reduction in fox impacts, and that the project may even have been counterproductive. The evaluation also found that a sustained annual reduction of 65% is required to achieve real declines in fox populations.Feral cat bounties in Queensland have also been considered to counter the growing problem. The dingo is subject to various controversial bounty systems in Australia. The Australian dingo was itself introduced before European settlement, yet has been considered native of the mainland in most cases and is considered a pest to livestock.Invasive birdsThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Common mynaFeral rock pigeons are common pests in public spaces in citiesIntroduced birds considered pests include the common myna, the common starling, the spotted dove and rock pigeon (common pigeon).Initially introduced to control locust plagues, the Indian myna breeds prolifically in urban environments in the eastern states. The myna poses a serious threat (such that it has been listed in the World Conservation Union's world's 100 worst invasive species). The bird has caused human health concerns due to the spread of mites and disease and it has also been known to force native birds and their eggs from their nests.The rock pigeon in particular has acidic faeces and can damage human property, including historic stone buildings.ControlThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Historically, control programs have struggled to curb the expansion and proliferation of invasive bird populations in Australia. A new program in Canberra has reversed this trend regarding mynas. Since 2006 the Canberra Indian Myna Action Group (CIMAG) has implemented an effective control scheme, based upon large-scale trapping conducted by volunteers. As of June 2013 the Action Group has recorded over 45,000 myna captures in the Canberra region since 2006. This has reduced the myna's prevalence in the Canberra region from a ranking of third most prevalent bird species in 2006, to twentieth in 2012. This has correlated with anecdotal evidence of increased nesting activity and prevalence of native species in the Canberra region. Other volunteer organisations in Australia have begun to adopt the CIMAG model with similar success.Starlings and sparrows are currently closely monitored in south-eastern Western Australia.Despite the number of rock pigeons, many people continue to feed the birds bread crumbs and assist them to breed in great numbers. It is not illegal to feed pigeons in Australia, and many local proposals to cull pigeons have been rejected.Programs promoting indigenous plantations to attract native birds are an alternative method of promoting native species rejuvenation.Invasive freshwater fish speciesThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of introduced fish in AustraliaInvasive freshwater fish species in Australia include carp, brown trout, rainbow trout, redfin perch, mosquitofish (Gambusia spp),[26] weather loach, and spotted tilapia among others. Some introduced freshwater fish species have had devastating impacts on Australia's endemic freshwater fish species and other native aquatic life. For example, in much of south eastern Australia's freshwater systems introduced carp (often incorrectly called "European" carp) dominate the lowland reaches,[27] while introduced trout species almost completely dominate the upland reaches. While the damaging impact of carp is well recognised, little in the way of control measures have been employed to control their spread. Their ability to colonise almost any body of water, even those previously considered to be beyond their physical tolerances, is now well established.Insects and other invertebratesThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Fire antProblem insects include red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta), yellow crazy ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes), black Portuguese millipedes (Ommatoiulus moreletii), Western honey bees (Apis mellifera), and European wasps (Vespula germanica; known elsewhere by the common name "German wasps"). The elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola), discovered in Victoria in 1989 devastates exotic elm trees, themselves imported, and a parasite wasp species as well as the beetle's natural enemy the parasitic fly (Erynniopsis antennata) were in turn introduced in 2001 in an effort to control the pest.ControlBoth the honey bee and European wasp are well established and now impossible to eradicate in Australia. Honey bees take over potential nesting hollows for native animals and are very hard to remove once established.The fire ant in particular, with its venomous stings, poses a direct threat to human lifestyle. Although control is extremely difficult and spread quickly, the species is currently effectively quarantined to South East Queensland.[28]The yellow crazy ant is currently quarantined to Christmas Island where it has had a significant environmental impact.[29] The primary impact is the killing and displacing of crabs on the forest floor.Invasive marine speciesThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)A number of marine pests have arrived in Australia in the ballast water of cargo ships. Marine pests include the black-striped mussel (Mytilopsis sallei), the Asian mussel, the New Zealand green-lipped mussel, and the European shore crab. The Northern Pacific seastar in Tasmania, Inverloch, and Port Phillip has caused much localised environmental damage.Invasive plant speciesSee also: Boneseed in Australia, Echium plantagineum in Australia, Mimosa in Australia, and Prickly pears in AustraliaWeeds invade natural landscapes, waterways, and agricultural land. Originally, plants were most likely to be considered weeds if they had a direct economic impact, especially on agricultural production. However, growing environmental consciousness since the 1970s has led to the recognition of environmental weeds; plants which have adverse effects on the natural ecosystem of an area.[30] A list of Weeds of National Significance (WONS) was created in 1999 and updated in 2012 and now has 32 taxa.Not just the prickly pear: Hudson's Pears - Cylindropuntia tunicata and C. rosea - are also cacti of agricultural significance in Queensland.[31]Weed management costs the Australian economy A$4 billion yearly; weeds are considered the second greatest threat to biodiversity after land clearing. Almost half of Australia's 220 declared noxious weeds (under legislation) were introduced deliberately, one third of these as garden ornamentals.Management of invasive speciesThe management of invasive species is carried out by individuals, conservation groups, and government agencies.The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service is responsible for ensuring that no new species with the potential to become invasive species enter Australia. To raise public awareness, Australian Quarantine has featured Australian celebrity nature lover Steve Irwin on a series of television commercials, with the message Quarantine – Don't mess with it.Several scientific bodies are involved in research for the control of invasive species. The CSIRO has released several successful biological pest control agents and developed chemical agents for pest and weed control. For example, the CSIRO released myxoma virus to control wild rabbits in Australia. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease escaped containment from an Australian Government research facility and spread across Australia. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease was subsequently legalised for the control of wild rabbits. The moth Cactoblastis cactorum was introduced for the control of prickly pear, and the salvinia weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae for the control of aquatic weed Salvinia. More doubtful biological controls were the cane toad, which was introduced to control the sugar cane destroying cane beetle; instead the cane toad ate anything and everything else—the beetle was not its preferred food source given choice. The cane toad in Australia has become the biological control that is most infamous for having been a complete failure as well as becoming an environmental nightmare. Walter Froggatt, an economic entomologist, warned of this likelihood at the time.[32] It has also led to much public concern and caution when considering the introduction of new biological controls.Another example of a poorly researched introduced biological control is the sap sucking lantana bug (Aconophora compressa) also from South America that was introduced into Australia in the 1995 to eat the lantana. Unfortunately, the lantana bug also attacks other trees including fiddlewood trees which has caused distress to some gardeners. The lantana bug had been tested for six years on 62 different plants. Aconophora compressa was the 28th insect introduced to control lantana in about 80 years.More successfully, the Australian Dung Beetle Project (1965–1985), led by Dr. George Bornemissza of CSIRO's Division of Entomology, introduced 23 species of dung beetle to Australia in order to biologically control the pestilent population of bush flies. These flies, along with other species of fly and parasitic worm, use the dung as a breeding and feeding ground. The rolling and burying activity of the dung beetles means that the dung is removed from the pasture land, which had the effect of reducing the bush fly population by 90%, as well increasing soil fertility and quality by recycling the dung back into the soil.[33]Cooperative Research Centres for weed management and pest animal control, have been established by the federal government. They coordinate research and funding between a number of university and government labs for research into control of invasive species.Non government organisations have also been established to fight invasive species, for example, the Invasive Species Council (ISC).[34] The ISC are a policy, advocacy, lobbying, research, and outreach group on matters related invasive species.Volunteer groups, such as SPRATS, have also made very significant contributions to fighting invasive species, in their case removing sea spurge from large areas of Tasmanian coastline.[35]World Trade Organisation and Australia's quarantine regulationsThe World Trade Organisation specified quarantine regulations are weaker than Australia's fairly stringent regulations controlling the importing of raw produce. Following Australia's membership of the WTO, many forms of raw produce once banned have commenced import, with potentially adverse effects and controversy; for example, regarding proposals to import apples from New Zealand[36] or bananas from the Philippines.[37]Australian quarantine regulations such as those limiting banana imports from developing economies have been recognised as protectionist trade barriers by economists including Kevin Fox, head of Economics at the Australian School of Business.[38]The weakening of restrictions on importing raw produce into Australia mandated by the World Trade Organisation Future may pose risks of introducing exotic disease organisms.[39] Case examples include, Chytrid fungus that is threatening numerous Australian frog species with extinction and mass pilchards deaths in the Southern Ocean from 1995 onwards that are suspected to have been caused by a virus that may have been brought in with imported pilchards.See alsoInvasive species in New ZealandEnvironmental issues in AustraliaFauna of AustraliaReferencesImpact of Weeds Department of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved 22 November 2016.Egerton, pp. 14, 20.Egerton, p. 20.School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesA world-first framework will help identify the ecosystems that are most critical for biodiversity conservation, research, management and human wellbeing.https://www.bees.unsw.edu.au/climate-change-helped-kill-super-sized-ice-age-animals-australiaNational Phytophthora cinnamomi. Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) & IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. 2005 Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved 17 July 2012.Lysaght, Gary-Jon, Ostriches roam the outback after failed attempts to farm the flightless birds ABC News, 2 September 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2021.Cane Toad Home. Frogwatch. Retrieved 17 July 2012.Killing off the cane toad Archived 31 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Institute Molecular Bioscience. Retrieved 17 July 2012.The Feral Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) – Invasive species fact sheet"Invasive Species Fact Sheet: European red fox (Vulpes vulpes)" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia). 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010.Legge, S.; Murphy, B.P.; McGregor, H.; Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Augusteyn, J.; Ballard, G.; Baseler, M.; Buckmaster, T.; Dickman, C.R.; Doherty, T.; Edwards, G.; Eyre, T.; Fancourt, B.A.; Ferguson, D.; Forsyth, D.M.; Geary, W.L.; Gentle, M.; Gillespie, G.; Greenwood, L.; Hohnen, R.; Hume, S.; Johnson, C.N.; Maxwell, M.; McDonald, P.J.; Morris, K.; Moseby, K.; Newsome, T.; Nimmo, D.; Paltridge, R.; Ramsey, D.; Read, J.; Rendall, A.; Rich, M.; Ritchie, E.; Rowland, J.; Short, J.; Stokeld, D.; Sutherland, D.R.; Wayne, A.F.; Woodford, L.; Zewe, F. (February 2017). "Enumerating a continental-scale threat: How many feral cats are in Australia?". Biological Conservation. 206: 293–303. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.032."Australian scientists plan to kill feral cats with toxic pellets injected into native wildlife". The Telegraph. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017."Invasive Species Fact Sheet: The feral cat (Felis catus)" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia). 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010."Background document for the threat abatement plan for competition and land degradation by unmanaged goats" (PDF). ISBN 978-0-642-55417-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2020."Invasive Species Fact Sheet: The feral pig (Sus scrofa)" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia). 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.Roots, Clive (2007). Domestication. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-313-33987-5.Milman, Oliver (18 November 2013). "Australian feral camel population overestimated, says study". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 March 2014."Camel Fact Sheet". Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (Australia). 2009. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2010."Invasive Species Fact Sheet: Feral horse (Equus caballus) and feral donkey (Equus asinus)" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia). 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2010.The feral water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Archived 4 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Fact Sheet. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 17 July 2012."Beer bounty for cane toads". The Australian. 26 February 2007. Archived from the original on 19 March 2007.Bryan, Selina. Scientists launch genetic warfare on 'mosquito fish', plan to limit fish to male only ABC News, 7 July 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2021.Schremmer, Jessica. Carp finally find fans as fertiliser demand skyrockets for veggie gardens during pandemic ABC Rural, 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.Fire ants Archived 23 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry. Retrieved 17 July 2012."Yellow crazy ants". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012."What's in a Name? The Changing Definition of Weeds in Australia". University of Wollongong. Retrieved 18 October 2013."Hudson pear". Business Queensland. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2021."Froggatt Awards 2017". Invasive Species Council. Retrieved 6 July 2017.Bornemissza, G. F. (1976), The Australian dung beetle project 1965–1975, Australian Meat Research Committee Review 30:1–30Faulkner, Jane (6 February 2003). "Noxious nasties". The Age. The Age Company. Retrieved 11 July 2017.Mounster, Bruce (18 March 2015). 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The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 September 2003.External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to Invasive species in Australia.Invasive Species CouncilFull list of noxious weeds in Australia (pdf)CSIRO Cane Toad research pageCSIRO Research on Introduced Marine PestsThe Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed ManagementCSIRO marine pest fact sheetsThe Department of Environment and Heritage, Invasive SpeciesWeeds of National SignificanceThe Cooperative Research Centre for Pest Animal ControlFeral Cleaning AustraliaRabbit Information ServiceFisheries Western Australia – Introduced Marine Species Fact Sheet"Distribution maps for vertebrate pests". NSW Department of Primary Industries. Retrieved 12 November 2020.vteInvasive species by countryvteInvasive species in OceaniaFlag of Australia.svgAustralia portalAegopodium podagraria1 ies.jpgEnvironment portalCategories: Invasive species in AustraliaAgriculture in AustraliaBiota naturalised in AustraliaCSIRONavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearchSearch WikipediaMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonateContributeHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload fileToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemPrint/exportDownload as PDFPrintable versionIn other projectsWikimedia CommonsLanguagesРусский中文Edit linksThis page was last edited on 1 April 2021, at 02:19 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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