Resolution Copper Company: Fill & Download for Free

International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) directs Pakistan to pay US $ 5.9 billion as penalty in Reko Diq mining case to The Tethyan Copper Company (TCC)Who is ICSID?The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is an international arbitration institution for legal dispute resolution between international investors (Companies or Countries). ICSID was established in 1966 and a part of it is funded by the World Bank Group and their headquarters is in Washington, D.C., USA.As of May 2016, 153 contracting member states agreed to enforce and uphold arbitral awards in accordance with the ICSID Convention. However India is neither contracted member and nor signatory of ICSID . Indian Council for Arbitration (ICA) Director, Mr. G.K. Kwatra, has said at a press conference that the convention's rules for arbitration leaned towards the developed countries and had recommended to the Finance Ministry against India becoming a signatory to ICSID.Where is Reko DiqThe Reko Diq mine is located near Reko Diq town in Chagai District, Baluchistan, Pakistan. It is a large Copper mine located in the west of Pakistan in Balochistan. Reko Diq represents one of the largest copper reserve in Pakistan and in the world having estimated reserves of 5.9 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.41% copper. The mine also has gold reserves amounting to 41.5 million oz.Who is TTC?The Tethyan Copper Company (TCC) is a joint venture between Canada's Barrick Gold Corporation and Chilean mining company Antofagasta. TCC was created to explore gold and copper in Reko Diq after approval from Pakistan government.TCC’s argumentThe TCC had completed their job of doing feasibility study locating the Gold and Copper deposits at Reko Diq and submitted a mining lease application as formality to proceed further for extraction of Gold & Copper.The Baluchistan (Pakistan) Government after reviewing the detailed report from TCC, informed them that they are not willing to do mining, giving them some lame excuses of an environmental and social impact, and called off the agreement.Case in Pakistan’s Supreme CourtSupreme Court chief justice in Jan’ 2013, Mr Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry gave a verdict that Reko Diq agreement stands void and is in conflict with the country's laws.Interestingly, The chief justice for this case Mr. Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry didn’t have a clean image and was later suspended on the various charges including corruption.Case in ICSIDICSID declared that there was noting wrong in the agreement on grounds which Supreme Court of Pakistan had terminated the deal. ICSID directed Government of Pakistan to pay an amount of US $ 5.9 billion as compensation to TCC for the loss of their time and investment on mine research.

Yes, but only for prototyping. The toner used in laser printers can resist acid, so it’s possible to print your circuit board design on paper using a laser printer; transfer the toner to a blank copper-clad board; then dip the board in acid, which eats away the exposed copper, leaving behind your circuit design.(Image Source: Create High-Resolution PCBs using PulsarProFX gear)This method allows a circuit board to be produced rapidly and cheaply. It’s used by hobbyists and sometimes even companies because it’s fast, and cheap compared to professional fabrication services: it might only costs ten or twenty dollars in materials and take a couple of hours, compared to maybe a couple hundred dollars and 24 to 72 hours using a professional fast-turnaround PCB manufacturing service. While the professional services produces much higher quality boards, the cost and time delay is a drag if you just need to quickly build and test a circuit.The process look a bit like this:1. Print PCB design with laser printer. Because you can’t feed a blank circuit board through a laser printer, the design has to be printed onto paper first, and then transferred. Glossy paper is best for the job as it transfers the toner easily rather than sticking to the paper, there is also special transfer paper like the stuff used to transfer designs to t-shirts. Some hobbyists have found that magazine paper works very well, so they just tear some pages out of a magazine and load that into the printer.(Image source: Take Your PCBs from Good to Great: Toner Transfer also a good guide for this kind of stuff)2. Transfer the design to the copper-clad board. Circuit boards start out life as a blank copper-clad sheet of fiberglass. The printed design is placed faced-down onto the copper-clad board and then heat and pressure is applied, which sticks the toner to the copper. Hobbyists have done it using a clothes iron or a modified document laminator.(Image Source: Digital Salinometer)3. Remove backing paper. At this point, the toner is stuck to the copper on one side, and the paper on the other. The paper can then be removed by soaking the whole thing in water, and gently peeling or rubbing the paper off. What’s left is a copper-clad board with the PCB design transferred over to it.(Image source: Using Laser Printer Toner Transfer)4. Acid-etch. The board now has the toner masking the copper that you want to remain on the board. The copper you want to remove is exposed. The board is placed in a tub of acid, which will eat away the exposed copper. Common acids used include things like hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, but even salt and vinegar works although slower.(Image source: Etch circuit boards with common household chemicals | Make:)5. Remove toner. After etching, the toner needs to be removed to allow the components to be soldered on. The toner can be removed using plain water and some scrubbing, or with the help of acetone or nail polish remover. The end result is a circuit board with your desired circuit on it.For two-sided circuit boards, both sides need to be carefully aligned and etched, then holes and vias have to be drilled and plated as required.This process is similar to how PCBs are made in industry, but rather than using a toner-transfer method, an acid-resistant chemical is applied to the copper board and then selectively cured using UV light projected onto it through a PCB design like an overhead projector; the uncured acid-resist can then be washed off, leaving behind acid-resist in the pattern of the circuit design. The copper board is then etched using a similar method to the above, but done inside a machine that better controls and automates the process. The board may go onto further manufacturing stages such as drilling, masking (that green color you associate with PCBs is from the protective mask - the color is a dye and doesn’t have to be green), silkscreening (this is the printed text on the board that helps with assembly and serial numbers), and plating (the exposed copper pads are often gold or tin-plated to prevent oxidation, and to help solder bond).The linked image sources above all have more resources for learning more about etching PCBs with a laser printer.

Vedanta resources, the holding company of Vedanta Limited of India announced its decision to delist its shares from the markets on May 12,2020 at Rupees 87.5 per equity shareWhat does the delisting generally mean?Delisting generally means removal of securities (shares) listed from the stock exchanges where it is traded on a permanent basis.How does the delisting happen?Compulsory delisting: The company is compelled by SEBI to delist its securities in case of any frauds or some wrongdoing by the companyExample: Previously, companies like Add life pharma Limited, AGS Infotech limited and many more companies have been delisted from Indian stock exchangesVoluntary delisting: The listed company seeks delisting of securities on its ownNow getting back to the question, the following are the reasons of Vedanta Limited getting delistedHit on demand of the commodityVedanta is a mining company. From the late 2017, when the trade war between US and China started and the Chinese economy began to slow down, the shares of Vedanta have been decreasing. The growth of commodities companies is largely dependent on Chinese economy because China accounts for nearly 50% of global demand of commodities like Aluminium, iron and copper. Vedanta was at around Rupees 350 at the beginning of 2018 and it never reached back to the same level.Below is the chart of share price levels of Vedanta LimitedImpact of Covid-19 on commodity pricesNow, due to the coronavirus outbreak and lockdown, the company is facing a lot of pressure. The demand is getting decreased and there is a sharp correction in the commodity pricesCorporate restructuringPromoter wants full control of the company. Vedanta can repay some portion of its debt using the cash that can be obtained from delistingWhat does delisting mean for investors?The promoter group owns 50.14% of share while the remaining 49.86% is held by public shareholdersTo delist, Vedanta would need the board’s approval. The meeting is scheduled for May 18. The company will then require approvals of minority shareholders by way of a special resolution adopted through postal ballotThe necessary condition for a successful delisting is that at least 90 per cent shares should come from the total share capital of the companyIf delisting happens at 87.5 per equity share, shareholders who bought Vedanta share below Rupees 87.5 will get benefited and the rest of the shareholders will incur lossAn exit window of one year will be made available to the remaining shareholders to render their shares at the delisting priceRequesting you all to read my answers and follow me on Quora as it would encourage me to write more answersYou can read all my answers here: DineshAssuring you all a good Return on Investment (ROI) on your time spent on my Quora answers