Chronology Of The 10th Mountain Division In World War Ii: Fill & Download for Free

Many countries changed their names and borders and had different ethnic groups that conquered them. I choose the notion of an organized Kingdom/Empire/City-state during Antiquity by chronological order and region:Middle EastSumer is the oldest civilization and was divided into many independent city-states. It also had many periods when it was conquered and changed between empires. Now it’s current day Iraq.Ubaid period: 6500–4100 BC (Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic)Uruk period: 4100–2900 BC (Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age I)Uruk XIV-V: 4100–3300 BCUruk IV period: 3300–3100 BCThe earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back to 3300 BC; early cuneiform script writing emerged in 3000 BC.Jemdet Nasr period (Uruk III): 3100–2900 BCEarly Dynastic period (Early Bronze Age II-IV)Early Dynastic I period: 2900–2800 BCEarly Dynastic II period: 2800–2600 BC (Gilgamesh)Early Dynastic III a period: 2600–2500 BCEarly Dynastic III b period: c. 2500–2334 BCAkkadian Empire period: c. 2334–2154 BC (Sargon)The Akkadian Empire was the first ancient Semitic-speaking empire of Mesopotamia, centered in the city of Akkad. The empire united Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule.Gutian period: c. 2218–2047 BC (Early Bronze Age IV)Ur III period: c. 2047–1940 BCUgarit city-state c. 6000 BC- 1190 BCUgarit was an ancient port city, the ruins of which are located at what is now called Ras Shamra, a headland in northern Syria. Ugarit had close connections to the Hittite Empire, sent tribute to Egypt at times, and maintained trade and diplomatic connections with Cyprus (then called Alashiya), documented in the archives recovered from the site and corroborated by Mycenaean and Cypriot pottery found there. The polity was at its height from c. 1450 BC until 1200 BC until its destruction, which was possibly caused by the mysterious Sea Peoples.During some of its history it would have been in close proximity to, if not directly within the Hittite Empire.Kingdom of Elba period: c. 3500 BC-7th century ADElba was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria. Ebla was an important center throughout the third millennium BC and in the first half of the second millennium BC. Karl Moore described the first Eblaite kingdom as the first recorded world power.Starting as a small settlement in the early Bronze Age (c. 3500 BC), Ebla developed into a trading empire and later into an expansionist power that imposed its hegemony over much of northern and eastern Syria.Ebla was destroyed during the 23rd century BC; it was then rebuilt and was mentioned in the records of the Third Dynasty of Ur.The second Ebla was a continuation of the first, ruled by a new royal dynasty. It was destroyed at the end of the third millennium BC, which paved the way for the Amorite tribes to settle in the city, forming the third Ebla.The third kingdom also flourished as a trade center; it became a subject and an ally of Yamhad (modern-day Aleppo) until its final destruction by the Hittite king Mursili I in c. 1600 BC. Ebla maintained its prosperity through a vast trading network. Artifacts from Sumer, Cyprus, Egypt and as far as Afghanistan were recovered from the city's palaces. The kingdom had its own language, Eblaite and the political organization of Ebla had features different from the Sumerian model. Women enjoyed a special status and the queen had major influence in the state and religious affairs. The pantheon of gods was mainly north Semitic and included deities exclusive to Ebla. The city was excavated starting in 1964, and became famous for the Ebla tablets, an archive of about 20,000 cuneiform tablets found there, dated to around 2350 BC.Assyrian Empire period: c. 2500 BC–605 BCNow it’s current-day Syria, Armenia and Azerbaijan, Arabian Peninsula, Egypt and eastern Libya.Assyria was a major Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant. It existed as a state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC in the form of the Assur city-state, until its lapse between 612 BC and 599 BC.At its peak, the Assyrian empire stretched from Cyprus and the East Mediterranean to Iran. Assyria is named after its original capital, the ancient city of Aššur, which dates to c. 2600 BC, originally one of a number of Akkadian city states in Mesopotamia. In the 25th and 24th centuries BC, Assyrian kings were pastoral leaders. From the late 24th century BC, the Assyrians became subject to Sargon of Akkad, who united all the Akkadian- and Sumerian-speaking peoples of Mesopotamia under the Akkadian Empire, which lasted from c. 2334 BC to 2154 BC. After its fall from power, the greater remaining part of Assyria was a geopolitical region and province of other empires, although between the mid-2nd century BC and late 3rd century AD a patchwork of small independent Assyrian kingdoms arose in the form of Ashur, Adiabene, Osroene, Beth Nuhadra, Beth Garmai and Hatra.Assyria was a major Mesopotamian Afro-Asiatic-speaking kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East. Centered on the Tigris-Euphrates River System in Upper Mesopotamia, the Assyrian people came to rule powerful empires at several times.At its peak, the Assyrian empire ruled over the what the ancient Mesopotamian religion referred to as the "Four Corners of the World": as far north as the Caucasus Mountains within the lands of what is today called the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, as far east as the Zagros Mountains within the territory of present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, as far south as the Arabian Desert of today's Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as far west as the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea, and even further to the west in Egypt and eastern Libya.Assyria was also sometimes known as Subartu and Azuhinum prior to the rise of the city-state of Aššūr, after which it was Aššūrāyu.The modern Eastern Aramaic-speaking Christian ethnic minority in northern Iraq, north east Syria, southeast Turkey and northwest Iran are the descendants of the ancient Assyrians.Babylonian Kingdom: established c. the 19th or 18th century BCBabylon was originally a small Akkadian city dating from the period of the Akkadian Empire c. 2300 BC.Stephanus of Byzantium wrote that Babylon was built 1002 years before the date given by Hellanicus of Lesbos for the siege of Troy (1229 BC), which would date Babylon's foundation to 2231 BC.The town became an independent city-state with the rise of the First Amorite Babylonian Dynasty in the nineteenth century BC. A chieftain named Sumu-abum declared independence from the neighboring city-state of Kazallu. Sumu-la-El, whose dates may be concurrent with those of Sumu-abum, is usually given as the progenitor of the First Babylonian Dynasty. Both are credited with building the walls of Babylon.After the Amorite king Hammurabi created a short-lived empire in the 18th century BC, southern Mesopotamia became known as Babylonia and Babylon eclipsed Nippur as its holy city.During the rule of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC), Babylonia was under constant Assyrian domination or direct control.Kingdom of Yamhad period: c. 1810 BC–c. 1517 BCYamhad was an ancient Semitic kingdom centered on Ḥalab (Aleppo), Syria. The kingdom emerged at the end of the 19th century BC, and was ruled by the Yamhadite dynasty kings, who counted on both military and diplomacy to expand their realm. From the beginning of its establishment, the kingdom withstood the aggressions of its neighbors Mari, Qatna and Assyria, and was turned into the most powerful Syrian kingdom of its era through the actions of its king Yarim-Lim I. By the middle of the 18th century BC, most of Syria minus the south came under the authority of Yamhad, either as a direct possession or through vassalage, and for nearly a century and a half, Yamhad dominated northern, northwestern and eastern Syria, and had influence over small kingdoms in Mesopotamia at the borders of Elam. The kingdom was eventually destroyed by the Hittites, then annexed by Mitanni in the 16th century BC.The Middle Assyrian Empire period: 14th century BC- 10th century BC.The Neo-Assyrian Empire was an Iron Age Mesopotamian empire, in existence between 911 and 612 BC.The Assyrians perfected early techniques of imperial rule, many of which became standard in later empires. Following the conquests of Adad-nirari II in the late 10th century BC, Assyria emerged as the most powerful state in the known world at the time, coming to dominate the Ancient Near East, East Mediterranean, Asia Minor, Caucasus, and parts of the Arabian peninsula and North Africa, eclipsing and conquering rivals such as Babylonia, Elam, Persia, Urartu, Lydia, the Medes, Phrygians, Cimmerians, Israel, Judah, Phoenicia, Chaldea, Canaan, the Kushite Empire, the Arabs, and Egypt. The Neo-Assyrian Empire succeeded the Old Assyrian Empire (c. 2025-1378 BC), and the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365-1050 BC) of the Late Bronze Age. During this period, Aramaic was also made an official language of the empire, alongside the Akkadian language.Phoenicia period: 1500 BC–539 BCPhoenicia was a thalassocratic ancient Semitic civilization, that originated in the Eastern Mediterranean. It included the coastline of what is now Lebanon, Israel, Gaza, Syria, and south-west Turkey, though some of its colonies later reached the Western Mediterranean (most notably Carthage) and even the Atlantic Ocean. The civilization spread across the Mediterranean between 1500 BC and 300 BC. heir civilization was organized in city-states , similar to those of Ancient Greece , perhaps the most notable of which were Tyre, Sidon , Arwad, Berytus , Byblos and Carthage. Each city-state was a politically independent unit, and it is uncertain to what extent the Phoenicians viewed themselves as a single nationality. Around 1050 BC, a Phoenician alphabet was used for the writing of Phoenician . It became one of the most widely used writing systems , spread by Phoenician merchants across the Mediterranean world, where it evolved and was assimilated by many other cultures.Kingdom of Israel period: 930 BCE–720 BCEThe Kingdom of Israel emerged as an important local power by the 10th century BCE before falling to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE.Modern scholarship, incorporating textual criticism and archaeology, has challenged the biblical account that the northern kingdom of Israel broke off from a united monarchy with the southern kingdom of Judah, suggesting instead that the northern civilization of Israel developed independently of Judah (a comparatively small and rural area), and that it first reached the political, economic, military and architectural sophistication of a kingdom under the Omride dynasty around 884 BCE.The major cities of the kingdom were Shechem, Tirzah, and Shomron (Samaria).Kingdom of Judah period 9th or 8th century BCE–586 BCEThe Kingdom of Judah was an Iron Age kingdom of the Southern Levant. The Hebrew Bible depicts it as the successor to a United Monarchy, but historians are divided about the veracity of this account. Israel's southern neighbor, the Kingdom of Judah, emerged in the 8th or 9th century BCE .In the 7th century its population increased greatly, enjoying a period of prosperity as a client state of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and then the Neo-Babylonian Empire before a revolt against the latter led to its destruction in 586 BCE.In 605 the Assyrian Empire was defeated, and the ensuing competition between the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt and the Neo-Babylonian Empire for control of the Eastern Mediterranean led to the destruction of the kingdom in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582, the deportation of the elite of the community, and the incorporation of Judah into a province of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.Following the fall of Babylon to the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE, some Judean exiles returned to Jerusalem, inaugurating the formative period in the development of a distinctive Judahite identity in the province of Yehud Medinata. Yehud was absorbed into the subsequent Hellenistic kingdoms that followed the conquests of Alexander the Great, but in the 2nd century BCE the Judaeans revolted against the Seleucid Empire and created the Hasmonean kingdom.Hasmonean dynasty period: 140 BCE–37 BCEThis, the last nominally independent kingdom of Judea, came to an end in 63 BCE with its conquest by Pompey of Rome. With the installation of client kingdoms under the Herodian dynasty, the Province of Judea was wracked by civil disturbances which culminated in the First Jewish–Roman War, the destruction of the Temple, the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity.Sabaean Kingdom: 1200 /800 BCE–CE 275The kingdom of Saba' has been identified with the biblical land of Sheba.Sheba was an South Arabian speaking kingdom believed to be in modern day Yemen.The Sabaean Kingdom fell after a long but sporadic civil war between several Yemenite dynasties claiming kingship, resulting in the rise of the late Himyarite Kingdom.Neo-Babylonian Empire, also known as the Chaldean Empire period: 626 BC- 539 BC.During the preceding three centuries, Babylonia had been ruled by their fellow Akkadian speakers and northern neighbours, Assyria. A year after the death of the last strong Assyrian ruler, Assurbanipal, in 627 BC, the Assyrian empire spiralled into a series of brutal civil wars. Babylonia rebelled under Nabopolassar, a member of the Chaldean tribe which had migrated from the Levant to south eastern Babylonia in the early 9th century BC. In alliance with the Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians, they sacked the city of Nineveh in 612 BC, and the seat of empire was transferred to Babylonia for the first time since the death of Hammurabi in the mid 18th century BC. This period witnessed a general improvement in economic life and agricultural production, and a great flourishing of architectural projects, the arts and science. The Neo-Babylonian period ended with the reign of Nabonidus in 539 BC. To the east, the Persians had been growing in strength, and eventually Cyrus the Great conquered the empire.The Achaemenid Empire period: c. 550–330 BCAlso called the First Persian Empire, (now Iran) was an empire based in Western Asia, founded by Cyrus the Great. Ranging at its greatest extent from the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper in the west to the Indus Valley in the east, it was one of the largest empires in history, and was larger than any previous empire in history. It is equally notable for its successful model of a centralised, bureaucratic administration (through satraps under the King of Kings), for building infrastructure such as road systems and a postal system, the use of an official language across its territories, and the development of civil services and a large professional army.By the 7th century BC, the Persians had settled in the southwestern portion of the Iranian Plateau in the region of Persis. From this region, Cyrus the Great advanced to defeat the Medes, Lydia, and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, establishing the Achaemenid Empire. Alexander the Great, an avid admirer of Cyrus the Great, conquered most of the empire by 330 BC.Upon his death, most of the empire's former territory came under the rule of the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Seleucid Empire, in addition to other minor territories which gained independence at that time. The Iranian population of the central plateau reclaimed power by the second century BC under the Parthian Empire.Seleucid Empire period 312 BC–63 BCWas a Hellenistic state ruled by the Seleucid dynasty, it was founded by Seleucus I Nicator following the division of the Macedonian empire vastly expanded by Alexander the Great. Seleucus received Babylonia and, from there, expanded his dominions to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, Persia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and what is now Kuwait, Afghanistan, and parts of Pakistan and Turkmenistan.The Parthian Empire period: 247 BC – 224 ADAlso known as the Arsacid Empire was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran and Iraq. Its latter name comes from Arsaces I of Parthia who, as leader of the Parni tribe, founded it in the mid-3rd century BC when he conquered the region of Parthia[12] in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) in rebellion against the Seleucid Empire. Mithridates I of Parthia (r. c. 171–138 BC) greatly expanded the empire by seizing Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to eastern Iran. The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han Empire of China, became a center of trade and commerce.Himyarite Kingdom 110 BC–525 ADNowadays Yemen. The Himyarite Kingdom conquered the Sabaean Kingdom around 280 AD. Himyar fell to invaders from the Kingdom of Aksum in 525 ad.EuropeAncient Greece:Minoan civilization c. 2600 BC – c. 1100 BCMycenaean Greece c. 1600 – c. 1100 BCArchaic Greece 8th century BC-480 BCClassical Greece 5th –4th century BCHellenistic period 323 BC-31 BCSparta/Lacedaemon city-state 900s–192 BCMacedonia period 808–168 BCFounded by King Caranus in the year 808 BC, Macedonia was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece,and later the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. The kingdom was founded and initially ruled by the royal Argead dynasty, which was followed by the Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties. Home to the ancient Macedonians, the earliest kingdom was centered on the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula,] and bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonia to the north, Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south. Before the 4th century BC, Macedonia was a small kingdom outside of the area dominated by the great city-states of Athens, Sparta, and Thebes, and briefly subordinate to Achaemenid Persia.[3] During the reign of the Argead king Philip II (359–336 BC), Macedonia subdued mainland Greece and Thrace through conquest and diplomacy. With a reformed army containing phalanxes wielding the sarissa pike, Philip II defeated the old powers of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC; Sparta was occupied a century later by Antigonus III Doson. Philip II's son Alexander the Great, leading a federation of Greek states, accomplished his father's objective of commanding the whole of Greece when he destroyed Thebes after the city revolted. During Alexander's subsequent campaign of conquest, he overthrew the Achaemenid Empire and conquered territory that stretched as far as the Indus River. For a brief period, his Macedonian empire was the most powerful in the world.Macedonia lost to Rome in the Battle of Pydna that took place in 168 BC.RomeRoman Kingdom period 753 BC–509 BCRoman Republic period 509 BC–27 BCRoman Empire period 27 BC – 395 ADKingdom of Thrace/Odrysian Kingdom period 480 BC–46 ADOdrysian Kingdom was a state union of over 40 Thracian tribes and 22kingdoms that existed between the 5th century BC and the 1st century AD. It consisted mainly of present-day Bulgaria, spreading to parts of Southern Romania, parts of Northern Greece and parts of modern-day European Turkey.Dacian Kingdom period 168 BC–106 ADDacia was the land inhabited by the Dacians. It corresponds to the present day countries of Romania and Moldova, as well as smaller parts of Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine.The Greeks referred to them as the Getae (east of Dacia) and the Romans as Daci.Geto-Dacians inhabited both sides of the Tisa river prior to the rise of the Celtic Boii and again after the latter were defeated by the Dacians under the king Burebista. It seems likely that the Dacian state arose as a tribal confederacy, which was united only by charismatic leadership in both military-political and ideological-religious domains. At the beginning of the 2nd century BC, under the rule of Rubobostes ( a Dacian king), the Dacians' power in the Carpathian basin increased after they defeated the Celts, who previously held power in the region.The Dacia of King Burebista (82–44 BC), stretched from the Black Sea to the source of the river Tisa and from the Balkan Mountains to Bohemia. During that period, the Geto-Dacians conquered a wider territory and Dacia extended from the Middle Danube to the Black Sea littoral (between Apollonia and Olbia) and from present-day Slovakia's mountains to the Balkan mountains. In 53 BC, Julius Caesar stated that the lands of the Dacians started on the eastern edge of the Hercynian Forest (Black Forest).Anatolia/ TurkeyTroy/WilusaWilusa or Wilusiya, was a major city of the late Bronze Age in western Anatolia .It was described in 13th century BC Hittite sources as being part of a confederation named Assuwa. The city is often identified with the Troy of the Ancient Greek Epic Cycle. Many modern archaeologists have suggested that Wilusa corresponds to an archaeological site in Turkey known as Troy VIIa, which was destroyed circa 1190.It was the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle, in particular in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey suggests that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion); this is also supported by the Hittite name for what is thought to be the same city, Wilusa.Hissarlik, is the modern name for the generally agreed site of ancient Troy, also known as Ilion, and is located in what is now Turkey (historically Anatolia).The unoccupied archaeological site lies approximately 6.5 km from the Aegean Sea and about the same distance from the Dardanelles.Hittite Empire period: c. 1600 BC–c. 1178 BCThe Hittite Empire centered around Hattusa in north-central Anatolia (today Turkey) circa 1600 BC. This empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Suppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Anatolia as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC the Hittite Empire came into conflict with the Egyptian Empire, Middle Assyrian Empire and the empire of the Mitanni for control of the Near East. The Assyrians eventually emerged as the dominant power and annexed much of the Hittite empire, while the remainder was sacked by Phrygian newcomers to the region. After c. 1180 BC, during the Bronze Age collapse, the Hittites splintered into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived until the 8th century BC before succumbing to the Neo-Assyrian Empire.Kingdom of Mitanni period: c. 1500 BC– c. 1300 BCKingdom of Mitanni was a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia (today Turkey) from c. 1500–1300 BC. Mitanni came to be a regional power after the Hittite destruction of Amorite[1] Babylon and a series of ineffectual Assyrian kings created a power vacuum in Mesopotamia. At the beginning of its history, Mitanni's major rival was Egypt under the Thutmosids. However, with the ascent of the Hittite empire, Mitanni and Egypt made an alliance to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination. At the height of its power, during the 14th century BC, Mitanni had outposts centered on its capital, Washukanni, whose location has been determined by archaeologists to be on the headwaters of the Khabur River. The Mitanni dynasty ruled over the northern Euphrates-Tigris region between c. 1475 and c. 1275 BC. Eventually, Mitanni succumbed to Hittite and later Assyrian attacks, and was reduced to the status of a province of the Middle Assyrian Empire.Kingdom of Phrygia period: c. 1200–700 BCPhrygia was first a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now Asian Turkey.According to Homer's Iliad, the Phrygians participated in the Trojan War as close allies of the Trojans, fighting against the Achaeans (Greeks).Phrygian power reached its peak in the late 8th century BC under another, historical, king: Midas, who dominated most of western and central Anatolia and rivaled Assyria and Urartu for power in eastern Anatolia. This later Midas was, however, also the last independent king of Phrygia before Cimmerians sacked the Phrygian capital, Gordium, around 695 BC. Phrygia then became subject to Lydia, and then successively to Persia, Alexander and his Hellenistic successors, Pergamon, Rome and Byzantium. Phrygians gradually became assimilated into other cultures by the early medieval era; after the Turkish conquest of Anatolia, the name "Phrygia" passed out of usage as a territorial designation.AsiaIndiaIndus Valley Civilisation 3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCEVedic period c. 1750 BCE–600 BCEIron Age Kingdoms period c. 1200 BCE to the 6th century BCESecond urbanisation c. 600 BCE–200 BCEMaurya Empire 322 BCE–180 BCEChinaXia dynasty c. 2070–c.1600 BCShang Dynasty c. 1600 BC–c. 1046 BCZhou dynasty 1046–256 BCWarring States period 476–221 BCQin dynasty 221–206 BCMongoliaXiongnu Empire 209 BC-93 ADChinese sources report that Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire.The Xiongnu were a confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Asian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.KoreaGojoseon Kingdom ?–108 BCECambodia and VietnamFunan Kingdom 1st century – 550 ADChinese annals contain detailed records of the first known organised polity, the thalassocratic Kingdom of Funan, on Cambodian and Vietnamese territory characterised by "high population and urban centers, the production of surplus food...socio-political stratification [and] legitimized by Indian religious ideologies".Early Funan was composed of loose communities, each with its own ruler, linked by a common culture and a shared economy of rice farming people in the hinterland and traders in the coastal towns, who were economically interdependent, as surplus rice production found its way to the ports. By the second century C.E. Funan controlled the strategic coastline of Indochina and the maritime trade routes. Cultural and religious ideas reached Funan via the Indian Ocean trade route. Trade with India had commenced well before 500 BC as Sanskrit hadn't yet replaced Pali. Funan language has been determined as to have been an early form of Khmer and its written form was Sanskrit.JapanYamatai Kingdom c. 1st century–c. 3rd century ADDuring the Yayoi period, the Yayoi tribes gradually coalesced into a number of kingdoms. The earliest written work of history to mention Japan, the Book of Han completed around 82 AD, states that Japan, referred to as Wa, was divided into one hundred kingdoms. A later Chinese work of history, the Wei Zhi, states that by 240 AD one powerful kingdom had gained ascendancy over the others. According to the Wei Zhi, this kingdom was called Yamatai, though modern historians continue to debate its location and other aspects of its depiction in the Wei Zhi. Yamatai was said to have been ruled by the female monarch Himiko.AfricaAncient Egypt (c. 2686 BC-641 AD)Old Kingdom of Egypt period c. 2686 BC–c. 2181 BCMiddle Kingdom of Egypt period c. 2055 BC – c. 1650 BCNew Kingdom of Egypt period c. 1550 BC – c. 1077 BCLate Period of ancient Egypt c. 664 BC – c. 332 BCEgypt Province of the Achaemenid Empire 525 BC–404 BCMacedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt 332 BC–30 BCWas a Hellenistic kingdom based in Egypt. It was ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty which started with Ptolemy I Soter's accession after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and which ended with the death of Cleopatra VII and the Roman conquest in 30 BC.Egypt Province of the Roman Empire 30 BC–641 ADKingdom of Kush period: 2000 BC– 350 ADThe Kingdom of Kush was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, located at the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara in what is now Sudan and South Sudan. The Kushite era of rule in Nubia was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt. Kush was centered at Napata during its early phase. After King Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the 8th century BC, the Kushite emperors ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt for a century, until they were expelled by the Assyrians under the rule of Esarhaddon. During classical antiquity, the Kushite imperial capital was located at Meroe. In early Greek geography, the Meroitic kingdom was known as Aethiopia. The Kushite kingdom with its capital at Meroe persisted until the 4th century AD, when it weakened and disintegrated due to internal rebellion. The Kushite capital was eventually captured and burnt to the ground by the Kingdom of Aksum.Napata city-state period: 15th century BC- 23 BCNapata was a city-state of ancient Nubia on the west bank of the Nile River, at the site of modern Karima, Northern Sudan.Napata was founded by Thutmose III, the sixth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty in the 15th century BC after his conquest of Nubia. The nearby Jebel Barkal was taken to mark the southern border of the New Kingdom. In 1075 BC, the High Priest of Amun at Thebes, capital of Egypt, became powerful enough to limit the power of the pharaoh over Upper Egypt. This was the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period (1075–664 BC). The fragmentation of power in Egypt allowed the Nubians to regain autonomy. They founded a new kingdom, Kush, and centered it at Napata.In 23 BC, the Roman prefect of Egypt invaded the kingdom after an initial attack by the queen of Meröe, razing Napata to the ground.Carthage city-state period: 814 BC–146 BC.Carthage was the Phoenician city-state of Carthage and during the 7th to 3rd centuries BC, included its sphere of influence, the Carthaginian Empire. The empire extended over much of the coast of North Africa ( what is now Tunisia) as well as encompassing substantial parts of coastal Iberia and the islands of the western Mediterranean Sea ]. Carthage was founded in 814 BC. A dependency of the Phoenician state of Tyre at the time, Carthage gained independence around 650 BC and established its political hegemony over other Phoenician settlements throughout the western Mediterranean, this lasting until the end of the 3rd century BC. At the height of the city's prominence it served as a major hub of trade, with trading stations extending throughout the region. For much of its history, Carthage was on hostile terms with the Greeks in Sicily and with the Roman Republic, leading to a series of armed conflicts known as the Greek-Punic Wars (c. 600–265 BC) and the Punic Wars (264–146 BC) respectively. The city also had to deal with potentially hostile Berbers, the indigenous inhabitants of the area where Carthage was built. In 146 BC, after the third and final Punic War, Roman forces destroyed, redesigned, and then occupied Carthage. Nearly all of the other Phoenician city-states and former Carthaginian dependencies subsequently fell into Roman hands.Kingdom of Numidia period 202 BC–40 BCNimidia was an ancient Berber kingdom of the Numidians, located in what is now Algeria and a smaller part of Tunisia and Libya, in North Africa. The polity was originally divided between Massylii in the east and Masaesyli in the west. During the Second Punic War (218-201 BC), Massinissa, king of the Massylii, defeated Syphax of the Masaesyli to unify Numidia into one kingdom. The kingdom began as a sovereign state and later alternated between being a Roman province and a Roman client state. It was bordered by the kingdom of Mauretania to the west, Africa Proconsularis (modern-day Tunisia) to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and the Sahara Desert to the south.Kingdom of MauretaniaTribal Berber kingdoms (3rd century BC-40 AD)Provinces of the Roman Empire(44 AD-431 AD)Today stretching from central Algeria westwards to the Atlantic, covering northern Morocco, and southward to the Atlas Mountains.Beginning in 27 BC, the kings of Mauretania became Roman vassals until about 44 AD when the area was annexed to Rome and divided into two provinces: Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis. In the late 3rd century, another province, Mauretania Sitifensis, was formed out of the eastern part of Caesariensis. When the Vandals arrived in Africa in 429, much of Mauretania became virtually independent.Kingdom of Aksum: period c. 100 AD – c. 940 ADThe Kingdom of Aksum was an ancient kingdom located in present-day Eritrea and the Tigray Region of Ethiopia.The polity was centered in the city of Axum. It grew from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period around the 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD, and became a major player on the commercial route between the Roman Empire and Ancient India. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency, with the state establishing its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush. It also regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian Peninsula, and eventually extended its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. The Persian Prophet Mani (died 274 AD) regarded Axum as one of the four great powers of his time, alongside Persia, Rome, and China.Under King Ezana’s rule ( 320–360 AD) Aksum adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims from Mecca sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in Islamic history as the First Hijra. Its ancient capital, also called Axum was in northern Ethiopia. The Kingdom used the name "Ethiopia" as early as the 4th century. Tradition claims Axum as the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.

WODEN: for it is postulated, that he is linked to virtually every monarchical dynasty, anything of consequence is related usually in someway throughout history to him and his dynasty (This is an attempt from various paper and historical sources, to provide an explanation) :Skjöld is an ancestor of a mythical god-warrior named Woden, known by some as the god Odin (cf Wodan). The sons of Odin include Baldeg, Njord, and Skjöld. The first of them is Baldeg, ancestor of the Anglo Saxon House of Wessex. Njord (Njörðr) is father of the Norwegian kings. These three are all sons of Woden, so-called `Woden-born'. Skjöldr continued the kingly line. The line eventually goes through Haroldus Hyldetand (cf. Harald Hildetand) and Sigurd Ring, these two being among the earliest documented kings of Sweden (Scaniae). (Gesta Danorum, Saxo Grammiticus; The Periphery of Francia: Spain, Britain, Eastern Europe, & Scandinavia)In Snorri Sturlesson's Edda, Skjaldun son of Heremod is the third-great-grandfather of Odin. The Scylding or Skjöldung line is commonly seen as referring to this ancient princely line of Denmark, and the word means shielding in both Old English as well as Old Norse respectively. Edda is compared with the genealogies of the Winchester and Canterbury manuscripts. Table of the Genealogy lists of Anglo-Saxon kings compared to Snorri's Edda. Snorri Sturluson's Edda The Winchester manuscript (1) The Canterbury manuscript (2) Tror (Thor), alleged son of Priamos's daughter Troan and (Aga)Memnon Loride (Hloride) Henrede Vingethor (Vingthor) Vingener (Vingner) Moda (Mode) Magi (Magne) Kesfet Bedvig Atra (Annan) Itrman Heremod (Hermod) Skjaldun (Skjold) Bjaf (Bjar) Jat or Gaut Geats Gudolf Godwulf Fjarlaf (Fridleif) Finn Vodin (Odin) Woden Woden Balder Beldeg Beldeg Brand Brand Brand Frjodigar (Frode) Frithugar Benoc Freovin Freawine Aloc Uvigg Wig Angenwit Gevis (Gave) Gewis Ingui Esla Esa Elesa Eoppa Cerdic (Attacked England in 496 AD, won the land in 500 AD, died 534 AD) Ida (king in 547 AD, died 568 AD) Cynric1 ... ... Cynric is later supposed to have been involved in a battle against the Britons near Salisbury, in 552 AD. According to Thor Heyerdahl of Kon-Tiki fame, Odin at one time resided in southern Russia. Heyerdahl expresses the thought that shipbuilding preceded civilization and not the other way around.In 1902 W.M.H. Milner wrote in his book The Royal House of Britain: An Enduring Dynasty: "The traditions of our Scandinavian forefathers tell of a great conqueror, the hero king of Asgard--Odin. He was so heroic a king, and so great a conqueror, that the superstition or reverence of after ages made a god of him . . . He led our forefathers across Europe. Asgard has been variously located in present-day Sweden or on the Dniester. In either case, his victorious march traversed Russia, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden" (pp. 31-32)... Wilmer Thomas records: One important ancient source referring [to] the name of Odin (or rather Woden) is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. Written during the 10th century for King Alfred the Great, they list the alleged genealogies of these Saxon kings, stemming back to (and beyond) a man called Woden. (Ibid, Wilmer Thomas). Athol Bloomer quotes from Sir Iaian Moncrief concerning Ivar Wide-fathom, whose daughter Alfhild married Valdar (Hervarar Saga).As the Vikings used to say, its time to unlock your word-hoard, because Ivar Widefathom (Vidfamne) is said to have been succeeded by son-in-law Harald Hildetand, and Valdar appears to be a mixture of the names (Ivar and Harald) corresponding to bloodlines which were similarly mixed: "However, King Yngvarr's grandson, King Ingiald 'Ill-Ruler', was last of the peace Kings of Uppsala, whence he was driven towards the close of the seventh century by a Skioldung royalty from Skane, the famous Ivar 'Wide-Fathom'...For King Ivar 'Wide Fathom' was 'Woden-born', being also king at hallowed Lethra where there is a sacred stone circle on the Danish island of Sjaelland..." (Sir Iaian Moncrieffe: 'Royal Highness; The ancestry of the Royal child') ( Miriam ha Kedosha Queen of Zion: Hernaut de Gironde and the Norse Kings, Athol Bloomer) The Ring of Brodgar, Stenness, Orkney Left: The Ring of Brodgar, Stenness, Orkney. Queen Elizabeth II is also believed to be 'Woden-Born'. Her Royal Highness traces her ancestry through Saxon King Cerdic (519-534 CE) as her earliest progenitor (SAXON GENEALOGIES). Queen Elizabeth II, is a descendant of William The Conqueror, the Norman who ascended to the English throne in 1066. Thus a connection is seen between the descendants of the house of Woden (Skjöldungs) and descendants of Rollo, the latter of which has William as a third great-grandson. Of the House of Normandy, William is the first of the English Kings. The story of Rollo of Normandy is considered by many as important to world history.The Orkney Islands in Scotland is a location rarely associated with Rollo, as noted by one website: A son -- Hrólfur, Rolf, or Rollo -- of the first Earl, Ragnald, went on to become the first Duke of Normandy. The consequences of this for European history, from England to Sicily and beyond, are beyond calculation; yet this connection to the Orkneys is rarely noted. (GERMANIA: Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandal, Vikings, Orkney, etc.) In the saga Heimskringla Ragnvald accompanies Harald Fairhair on expeditions to the west, and when Ragnvald's son Ivar is killed, Harald gives Ragnvald the Orkney and Shetland Islands as compensation. Stromness Seafront, Orkney Right: Stromness Seafront, Orkney Ragnvald the first Earl of Orkney c875 soon tired of his position and generously gave it up in 875 to his brother Sigurd (Earl of Orkney 875-892). But serving as Earl of Orkney for 892-893 was Guthorm, a term of about one year. In this connection, Rollo is said to have had a brother named Guthorm (Garin) who died in the war which followed the death of their father, as Rollo and Guthorm led a rebel force of young warrior princes against the new King, who was about to order the expulsion of all unruly family members. Ragnvald died c894 according to traditional thought. Dates as given above for the Earls of Orkney are approximate. (Gesta Normannorum Chapter 5, Dudo; GERMANIA: Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandal, Vikings, Orkney, etc.) Harald Fairhair ruled Norway after a civil war which ended in 885, so he is very probably the King named, all the more so since a story exists of how Rollo as a young warrior is villified by Harald for a certain case of plundering, after which Rollo is banished. A further point in the story describes how Rollo later finds safe haven in Normandy. (Heimskringla, The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway, HARALD HARFAGER'S SAGA, Snorre Sturlasson) Saint Quentin Town Hall Left: Saint Quentin Town Hall, Normandy The father of Rollo is said to have been a powerful man: ``But in the region of Dacia there was, in those days, a certain old man, most opulent with an abundance of all goods, and surrounded on all sides by a crowd of innumerable warriors, a man who never lowered the nape of his neck before any king, nor placed his hands in anyone else's hands in committing himself to service. Holding almost the entire realm of Dacia, he claimed for himself the lands bordering on Dacia and Alania, and by force and power he subjugated the populace to himself through very many battles. For, of all the easterners, he was the mightiest due to his superior strength and the most distinguished due to his accumulated surplus of all the virtues. But when he died, his two sons, vigorous in arms, well-versed in warfare, in body most fair, in spirit most hardy, survived him. Truly the older of them was called Rollo, but the other, the younger, Gurim.'' (Ibid, Dudo of St. Quentin, Chapter 5)The civil war in Norway lasted from 863 to about 885 according to The Periphery of Francia. Rollo, whose father is unidentified by name in Dudo's Gesta Normannorum, was traditionally believed to have been Ragnvald Eysteinsson. But the family of origin of Rollo has been a subject of much controversy, with some authorities asserting that it will now never be known. Another possibility exists. Ragnvald the Mountain-High about whom little is otherwise known, was the son of Olaf Gierstad-Alf who died about the time of the civil war. Were Rollo his son, this places Rollo early enough to have been attacking England in the early 870's consistent with Dudo's account about Rollo's arrival in Rouen in 876 but alters the ancestral trace, making Rollo the son of Ragnvald, the son of Olaf Geirstad-Alf (named Alf after his mother), the son of Gudrod the Hunter, the son of Harald the Old, the son of Valdar, the son of Roarr.Born about 710, Theodoric was called to the court of Charles Martel (c688-742) akhir. In 768 he was declared King of Septimania by Charlemagne the grandson of Charles Martel. Eudes the warrior general of Charles Martel is the father of Theodoric (Theuderic) who helped to expel the Muslims from Narbonne but left before that long siege ended in 739. He is known also as Gudrod the Hunter (770-809), it is believed, married Alfhildr (772-807) Alfarinsdottir. Their son Olaf is known also as Olaf Geirstad-Alf, possibly the former living soul associated with the body found buried at Gokstad (near Gjerstad) in Norway, even with a ship. He was worshipped as an elf after his death. Tjodolf of Hvin sang: Long while this branch of Odin's stem Was the stout prop of Norway's realm; Long while King Olaf with just pride Ruled over Westfold far and wide. At length by cruel gout oppressed, The good King Olaf sank to rest: His body now lies under ground, Buried at Geirstad, in the mound. Halfdan the Mild (Old Norse hinn mildi) (745- 800) is the father of Gudrod as spoken by the sagas and this Halfdan (from Hebrew ha Aleph, prince) fits well with then King of Haithebu Harald the Old whose wife was Imhild (cf Mild as in `miled'). Harald King of Haithebu is sometimes known as Harald Wartooth or Harald Hildetand and is a son of Valdar (the earlier Harald Hildetand). This may explain the story of how Harald Wartooth fought the battle of Bravalla at the age of 150 years. A chart showing the descent line of Rollo of Normandy.Karlomann | Arnulf Pepin of Landen | | Ansegisel - - - - - - - - Saint Begga | Pepin Mayor of Palace (Halfdan The Clever) |---------------------------| Childebrand CHARLES MARTEL (brother of (Ivar Wide Fathom, Charles Martel) Heidrek Ulfhamr, Eric, Mar, son of Halfdan The Clever, Mayor of the Palace, Ivar Halfdan, Wolf-skin, Ivarr inn vidfadmi, Ivar Vidfamne Husband of Rotrude, Victor over Ingjald Ill-Ruler, father of Aude) | THEODORIC I - - - - - - - - - - ALDA (Thiery Autun, (Auld, Audr, Aude, Machir Todros, Roric Ringslinger Hilda, Alfhild, Aldana) Hroerek, Roric, Valdar, Eysteinn Old Norse, ald = old Ivarsson, son of Ivar Halfdan, Jewish King of Septimania, Roarr, Eystein Glumra, Theuderic, son- -in-law of Charles Martel, father of Rognvald, father of Valdar. | VALDAR - - - - - - - - - - - - - IMHILD (Halfdan The Mild, of Engern Harald Hildetand, Harald The Old, (Sister Of Widukind, Harald Wartooth, Harald King of Daughter of Werenich of of Haithebu, Halfdan hinn mildi, Saxony and Gunilda of Hernaut de Gironde, Valdyr = Wolf Rugen, Mhildi) Ragner Lodbrok, Rognvald Jarl of More, Ragnvald The Wise, Ragnvald The Powerful, Companion to Harald Fairhair, Rognvald Earl of Orkney, RANDVER Ragnvald King of The Northmen, of Hesbaye, Halfdan The Valiant, Valdyr, (half-brother of Ragnvald Eysteinsson, grandfather Harald Hildetand of Halfdan The Black, father of and son of Roric Drota, father of Rollo Duke of Ringslinger Normandy, Rugen + Vald = Rugnvald | Old Norse, draugr = tree trunk SIGURD RING or reanimated corpse or spirit rogen = gods, rule IThe historicity of Rögnvald as long-lived king, described by Dudo in Gesta Normannorum, leads to a proposal: that he is the famous Harald Wartooth who lived for a hundred and fifty years and fought a final battle against his nephew Sigurd Ring, wherein he gave Sigurd a stronger force so that he might win and succeed him, while his uncle gained a privilege, that of dying in battle. The name Harald, translated from Old Norse, is `herra = master or lord' and `ald = old' or `vald = rule', thus: Old Master. Old Norse `regin or rögen = gods), thus: Ragnvald. Viking names often included reference to the mother or wife, making the oral record as recorded in the sagas accurate, while at the same time more complex and varied. Chronology was not preserved in the colourful accounts of these wayfarers, but their way of recording history was of an extremely high standard, as we may see. Rögnvald's wife Imhild was the daughter of Gunilda of Rügen (cf Ragnhild). Keeping in mind God's admonition `not to put Jehovah your God to the test', we look to the many histories and oral traditions to see if our proposal is valid, if it holds any water, or if it simplifies the facts in such a way as to improve our grasp and eliminate, as much as possible, discrepancies and chronological difficulties so prevalent in the history of the time period with which we are concerned. For example, the span of time between 700 and 900 seems poorly known. Without prejudice to future discovery, the time span from 828 to 1033 seems to be best expressed with the list of Kings of Denmark as given below: A chart of Danish Kings 830-1035 CE, showing seven generations in the course of 200 years, for an average generation span of 200 ÷ 7 = 28.6 years. Ragner Lodbrok (830 CE) | Sigurd Snake-In-The-Eye | Hardecanute | Gorm The Old | Harald Bluetooth | Sven Forkbeard | Canute The Great | Hardecanute (1035 CE) It might be useful to compare that simple list of kings, above, with a list from a traditional source: A chart of Danish Kings from Gesta Danorum, Saxo Grammaticus Haldanus III | Haraldus Hyldetan | Sigurd Ring | Olo | Omundus | Sywardus I | Iarmericus | Broderus | Sywaldus II | Snio | Biorn | Haraldus II | Gormo I | Gotricus | Olavus II | Hemmingus | Siwardus Ring | Regner Lothbrog | Siwardus III | Ericus | Kanutus I | Frotho VI | Gormo II | Haraldus III | Gormo III Harald Hildetand Harald Hildetand at the Battle of Bravalla On the above list, we may identify some kings in the final nine names with several names, as Sigurd Ring, Kanute, Gorm The Old, and Harald Bluetooth. The list is taken from many-storied Danish history as told by Saxo Grammiticus, and is not stated to represent the accurate chronological order of the people depicted. It is merely the list as they appear in the account, in the order in which the stories are told. In third place on the list is Sigurd Ring! Might the list be re-arranged by breaking it in two and placing it by the side of the Chart of Danish Kings (828-1033), A chart comparing the line of eight Kings of Denmark with the first section of Gesta Danorum , and last section of Gesta Danorum . Numbers six through eight Sven Forkbeard, Canute The Great, and Hardecanute are also Kings of England. Line of 8 Kings Gesta Danorum i Gesta Danorum ii. Haldanus III | - - - - -1- Haraldus Hyldetan - - - / | \ / -2- Sigurd Ring - - - - - -\- - - / / | \ \ \ / / Olo \ \ Siwardus Ring -2- / / | \ \ | -1- RAGNER Lodbrok (830 CE) / Omundus \ REGNER Lothbrog -1- | / | \ | -2- SIGURD Snake-In-The-Eye - - - - - - SIWARDUS I - - - - - - - - SIWARDUS III -2- | | | | Iarmericus - - - - - - - - - Ericus -2i- | | | | Broderus | | | | -3- HARDECANUTE - - - - - |> Sywaldus II <| - - - - KANUTUS I -3- | | | | Snio Frotho VI | | | -4- GORM The Old - - - - - |> Biorn <| - - - - - GORMO II -4- | | | -5- HARALD Bluetooth - - - - - - - - - - HARALDUS II - - - - - - - - HARALDUS III -5- | | | -6- Sven Forkbeard Gormo I - - - - - - - - - - Gormo III -5i- | | -7- Canute The Great Gotricus | | -8- Hardecanute (1035 CE) Olavus II | Hemmingus The three lists correspond very closely when putting Ragner Lodbrok as Harald Hyldetan and Sigurd Ring as Siwardus I and Siwardus III. In particular, there is good correlation between the outer lists, the middle list seeming to be somewhat repetitious of a pattern seen on the outer two, but timeshifted by as much as three generations (about 100 years). This repetition is rather what we might expect from an historian who places events in time while compensating for the age of the person about whom they write. A shift of this size is explained by the age of Ragnvald (150 years) being larger than expected by 75 or 100 years, which might explain a shift of as many as five generations in any individual case. A very old individual exists during many different generations, and therefore may be thought of by some historians as people who lived at different times, where that makes more sense. odbrok is a quintessential case, with him appearing during a period of about a hundred years of history. Scandinavian king lists are rife with optional dates during the period of the early kings of which Ragner (Ragnald) is one. There are even two Ivar Vidfamne's separated in time by four generations, an early date for his ruling being 588, while we hold that Charles Martel was born c. 688. `Mar' is the Hebrew word for `Davidic Prince', male-line descendant of King David the first Israelite King. `Martel' means `Hammer' in the French language, but the stories of the daughter Aude of Charles Martel, when compared with the story of Ivar's daughter Auðe or Alfhild, and also with an account of Heiðrek Ulfhamr and his daughter Hild are too similar too overlook when timeline problems such as this are already known to exist, and when history is written by Vikings with a known penchant for word manipulation and creative nicknames. `Ulfhamr' means `Wolf-skin' in Old Norse, while Valdar is similar to `Valdyr' meaning Wolf, and Charles The Hammer is the father of Alda (Auðe, Alfhilda) who gave her as wife to Makhir according to Bloomer. But Ivar Wide-Fathom gave his daughter Auðe The Deep-Minded to be married to Valdar, and Harald the Valiant's mother Hild is a daughter of Heiðrek Ulfhamr, `Heiðrek' being a title and a form of `eric' which is a suffix used by Kings of France. Ivar Wide-Fathom was also a ruler of part of England, and the family of Charles Martel married into the English Anglo-Saxon regency. The Norse word `hamr' means `skin', `hamarr' = `hammer', `ham-ramr' means (1) `able to change one's shape', and also (2) `seized with a war-like fury'. Charles Martel earned a reputation for adapting quickly in warfare, in one case being able to develop heavy cavalry in a period of just five years in order to defeat Muslim forces, who believed it would take him at least a generation to accomplish (eg River Berre near Narbonne in 735). The idea of Martel being a `Wolf-skin' might be seen thus as his ability to quickly take on the mantle of a warrior. More than that, by giving his daughter to be married to Makhir he was no doubt also offering a measure of protection. Providing that we take Makhir as `The Wolf' (Valdyr), Charles as Heiðrek (Eric) is seen as the protector or `Wolf-skin' of a son-in-law known as Makhir or Valdar. Makhir as `The Wolf' goes back to `Welf' and the Hebrew `ha Alef' according to Bloomer. Bloomer also mentions an ancestor of Makhir named Nathan Todros (b 440), who was a Jew living in England. Nathan's daughter Blanchfleur married Vahan the Wolf (Kayl). Wolf in the form `Kayl' may be seen as a part of the name `Kalonymous', a Greek word for `good name', and the name taken by the Frankish Jews as a surname (eg Charlemagne is `David Kalonymous'). In Athol Bloomer's Aron Ben Gilad, Blanchfleur (White Flower) Dindaine marries Vahan The Wolf (Kayl) and becomes a ninth-great grandmother of Makhir. Goths, Map Right: The green area is the traditional extent of Götaland and the dark pink area is the island of Gotland. The red area is the extent of the Wielbark culture in the early 3rd century, and the orange area is the Chernyakhov culture, in the early 4th century. (The purple area is the Roman Empire) Consistent with known facts, Ulfhamr the Gothic King (Gothic cf. Geat) bears enough similarity to Charles Martel The Hammer, who was known as a great warrior, even undefeated in battle, while Old Norse `reka' is the word for `prosecute' and `fight' and `heiðra' is `honour' (cf `Heiðrek' = `heið' + `rek', as honoured warrior). But `rek' means `reach', as `Wide-Fathom', and `Ivar' in Old Norse is `bow warrior'. `Heið', in Old Norse, is `height' or `clear sky', so `Heið-rek' is `wide reach' or `wide-fathom'. Goths inhabited an area spanning from the Black Sea to Norway. Makhir-Valdar Left: Onomastic derivation of `Valdr' from `Makhir', Danish runes (top), and two-way derivation, `Makhir=Valdr', `Valdr=Makir', Viking runes (bottom) With Rögnvald as the son of Machir or Valdar it follows that he is also Valdyr or `The Wolf'. Valdyr is pronounced valdeer. Rögnvald has been traditionally credited with carrying as his standard a flag having an emblem of the Wolf, `Valdyr' in Old Norse. `Harald' means `Lord of armies', `Old Master' in Old Norse, and `Rögenvald' is `rögen' + `vald' which is `gods' + `armies', or `King of armies'. The Hebrew word `regin' means `king' also (cf Ragnvald), and Harald is the title given to Kings of Norway and Denmark. Ragnvald Eysteinsson was the son of Eystein which means `east' which is in German `Osten', Dutch `het oosten', Swedish `Östen'. Machir Todros of Baghdad was known as Theodoric I in France and Roric or Hroerek Ringslinger in Scandinavian sagas. It was also from the east that Rabbi Machir came to Charles Martel to serve as teacher, for a time ruling over a third of the city of Narbonne, then appointed Jewish King of Septimania in 768 CE by Charlemagne grandson of Charles Martel. Alda a daughter of Charles Martel was given to Theodoric (Eystein) in marriage. `Ivar' is `ravi' spelled backward and Eystein was called by Eystein Ivarsson, son (ie son-in-law) of Ivar. There is thus ample reason to believe that Ivar is Charles Martel. `Martel' in Hebrew is `mar = lord' plus `tel = hill', or `Lord of Hill, Height' (cf Wide Fathom). Standing Stones o'Stenness at Sunset, Orkney Right: Standing Stones o'Stenness at Sunset, Orkney There was another Ivar also called Ivar Wide-Fathom, as indicated by stories about two Ivar Wide-Fathom's who were separated by four generations. This is Ivar The Boneless a son of Ragner Lodbrok who died in 873 CE. He was said to be very smart (so `Wide-Fathom'). This may be a son of Ragnvald named Ivar who died at about that time of course, here allowing the Orkneys Islands' conquest by Harald Fairhair as 873 CE. This also thus seems to fit our proposed view of Ragnvald which has him as a very old man in 873 and described by many as Jarl of More and Jarl of the Orkneys. The corresponding fact once again is that Ragner Lodbrok was said to have been Earl, and this at the court of a Danish King Hrorik. Dudo's description of Rollo's father as old but very influential comes to mind again, and it seems barely a stretch to visualize Ragnvald as a mentor to young Harald Fairhair on the Orkney expeditions. After the fall of York in 867 CE, the Orkney invasion comes at a point in time just 9 years before Rollo arrives at Rouen, the latter date 876 CE according to Dudo. The civil war in Norway 863-885CE may be more accurately dated than the earlier events, as this is very close to the time when history (as we call it) began. Time will tell whether we have estimated events according to their actual timeline. The Sigurd (or Siward) who is described as a brother of Ragnvald and who becomes the Earl of Orkney after Ragnvald may be Harald Hildetand's nephew Sigurd, as dating of Sigurd's father Ragner Lodbrok varies over a period of 100 years to after 860 CE, thus close to the time under study. Guthorm is said to be Sigurd's son, so he is Rollo's cousin. As Randver's grandson, Guthorm is Rollo's first cousin once-removed. `Ivar' is the son of Ragnvald who dies, and Harald Fairhair compensates Ragnvald with the Orkney Islands earldom for the loss of his son. In the account of Dudo, the brother of Rollo is Guthorm who dies after Ragnvald. With the revised Ragnvald as the same man as Ragner, Sigurd is thus the same man as Sigurd Ring, but he's seen as living late in the ninth century now. In the account of Dudo, Guthorm dies in battle. Soon afterwards, Rollo goes to England in the early 870's and meets King Alfred, so the death of `Ivar' as 873 CE is right. The startling clarity which emerges when Ragnvald is identified with Harald Hildetand and Ragner Lodbrok, despite any or all objections to the contrary, rings true. Olaf Gudrodsson (790-841) is the father of Ragnvald, known as Ragnvald the Glorious or Mountain-High. The Ragnvald conventionally held to be Rollo's father is known as the Wise or Powerful. Vikings loved words. Since Ivar Wide-Fathom (Charles Martel b c688 d 741) is described as `Woden-born', Charlemagne (c750-814) his grandson is also `Woden-born', also Elizabeth II through Poppa the wife of Rollo. Rollo and Poppa are third-great-grandparents of William I the Conqueror; William is the 29th great-grandfather of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. But Ivar Wide-Fathom's daughter Alfhild (Auðe, Alda) sometimes called Hilda (Charles Martel's daughter is known as Aude or Aldana) is also `Woden-born' due to her father Ivar (Charles). Thus Valdar's sons by his wife Auðe are also descendants of Woden. Some of the descendants of Valdar are: Harald the Old (745-800), his son, Gudrod (770-810), his son Olaf Gierstad-Alf (790-841), his son Ragnvald (809-862), his son Rollo (860-933), his son William Longsword (c897-942). In Danish legends there are four generations between Haldanus II and Haldanus III. Haldanus III held rule immediately prior to Haraldus Hyldetan. Haldanus III thus corresponds to Charles Martel (Ivar). The prior king Haldanus II four generations earlier explains a discrepancy of a hundred years in Danish king lists, where Ivar Vidfamne is said to be ruling c. 700, and is also said to be a second great-grandson of Roarr, where Roarr (Theodoric) from above was born c710. So there appears to have been an earlier Ivar Vidfamne. Such discussions are, however, wearisome (Ec 12:12). In Compendium of World History, Vol 2, Ch 12A, the year 256 is given for when the last Odin invaded Saxony and led many of the tribes of Israel into the region of northwestern Europe. From what we read, we therefore need not be surprised if kings are said to be Odin's (or Woden's) descendants after 256 CE. The term `Halfdan' can be interpreted as meaning half of the gene pool of Woden (Dutch, Wodan) through the maternal side's X-chromosomes. `Dan' then refers to the Messianic aspect of a male born in the direct male line of Woden, the Y-chromosome. Note how males pass X-chromosomes to all of their daughters, who in turn may only pass that X-chromosome on to a half as many of their children. Many of the names of Kings have been obscured by the very peculiarities of language and custom which seek to preserve them, and in hopes of discovering hidden meanings it is necessary to look at other ways. Ivar Wide-Fathom, as an example of one said to be `Woden-born', was known to have ruled widely, including in parts of England. We of today's `modern' society tend to underestimate greatly the distances people travelled in times past as well as the frequency of their excursions. But despite being separated widely, families married within their own bloodlines as much as possible, and this explains family connections spanning such great distances and geographical obstacles as boggle one's mind by their sheer enormity. Bayeux, Normandy Right: Bayeux, Normandy Without prejudice to other genealogical study, it is interesting to single out particular family lines of interest and attempt to establish their validity, or of course, discover new family connections. There is no history which holds as much fascination nor which is more believable as one which utilizes connections within family traditions in order to vindicate it as `right'. This is not to say that history does not at times possess anomalies. But when the vast course of time past has rendered the trail cold, corroboration in the form of patterned behaviour is invaluable. Of the latter, one such example is the intermarriage of families within their own gene pool at large. Beyond the immediate family group, the precise relationship between the husband and wife of a union is harder to define, since they are always related in some way to Adam and Eve. In fact, we are all related in so many ways that it becomes merely the choice of the person telling the story which relatives to single out. The descent of Charles Martel (Ivar Wide-Fathom) may be traced from a line of Trojan Kings who ruled over a body of Trojan refugees who had at first fled Troy under the leadership of Francio the son of Hector of Troy. Francio and his brother Turcus stop in Maeotis and reign for twenty-one years. They then migrate to Isauria where Francio drives out his brother, ruling for ten more years, until 1150 BCE. In 1063 Priam, a son of Francio II, leads Trojans to Pannonia-- there they remain until Gratian comes in 378 CE and expels them. Historical map of the duchy of Brabant. Francio IV, the thirty-second King in line to Priam, rules Pannonia on the Danube from the period 138-118 BCE. He has 14 sons and 7 daughters. As his youngest son, Brabon `junior' enters the service of a certain Duke of Arcadia in Greece, receiving as compensation a wife of noble birth. Ten years after Francio dies, Brabon `junior' has a son born named Brabon Silvius. One son who is to be known later as Julius Caesar is born at the same time to the Duke of Arcadia, who is related to Brabon Silvius in that he is a descendant of Archadius the son of Philymeus, fifteenth king of Sycambria and Pannonia. Julius Caesar and his cousin Brabon Silvius are close companions during the Roman conquest of Gaul. Julius Caesar conquers the kingdom of Cologne (Agrippina), and later gives it to Brabon Silvius for a possession. Compendium of World History, Vol 2, Ch 12, continues: At that time there stayed with the duke of Arcadia a man named 'Karolus.' His father, also called Karolus, was a powerful figure and leader of a military division at Nijmegen. He was born of the old Trojan line, being the son of a certain Pharamunt who had 14 sons. This must be none other than Francio IV (138-118). 'Karolus,' the son of Karolus, received a bad reputation because of his licentious life. So his father sent him away from home to the duke of Arcadia. Here, according to the Chronicle, he married the duke's daughter 'Zwana,' who, upon their return to the Low Countries, gave birth to a son called 'Octavianus'. This Octavianus later became Roman Emperor Augustus. Karolus junior also had two daughters, Octaviana and Zwana. Zwana was given by her uncle Julius Caesar in marriage to Brabon Silvius. After the death of Karolus, Julius Caesar adopted Octavianus. The kingdom of Agrippina he gave to Brabon Silvius. (from Compendium of World History, Hermann L. Hoeh) The line of the Kings of Agrippina of Brabon Silvius reign from 53 BCE until the eleventh king Angisus is driven out of Pannonia by Gratian in 378 CE. Brabon, the six-year-old son of Angisus, is given a new role as prince by Maximus, who conquers parts of northern Gaul and gives Brabon the title `Prince of Brabant', this after Angisus spends seven years as prisoner of the Romans and is freed by Theodosius. Le Mont-Saint-Michel, Normandy Left: Le Mont-Saint-Michel, Normandy During the days of Brabon I (424-456), Clodius, King of the Franks annexes Brabant and destroys Agrippina and Thuringia. Clodius is by custom Chlodio (Clogio) Longhair. The line of Princes of Brabant continue as obedient to the Frankish realm from 459 to 615, when Brabant becomes a Dukedom. The last Prince (570-615) is Karlomann who is succeeded by Pippinus of Landen, the first Duke of Brabant. It is said that Pippin is descended from the third son Hector of a Trojan king Clodius V (Compendium of World History), The Chronicle of Fredegar adding that Pepin [of Landen], mayor of the Austrasian palace, is son of Carloman. Either there are two Frankish Kings who annex Brabant, or there is confusion between the Trojan-Frankish kings Chlodius V and Chlodius VI, as the result of a timeline discrepancy of sixty years. Doubtless said Pepin and his descendant Charles come from the Trojan line of Frankish kings that belonged to the group leaving Troy in 677 BCE after the Third Trojan War, being led by a Trojan royal, Antenor. It is very possible that Clodius King of the Franks did appoint a relative of his in Brabant. Either way the descent proceeds from Trojan royalty. (Compendium of World History, Hermann L. Hoeh; Gesta Normannorum, Dudo) Pepin of Landen is Duke of Brabant 615-647 CE, after which his son Grimoald succeeds him. His daughter is Begga, who marries Angisus (Ansegisel) the successor to Grimoald. Angisus has a son Pepin of Herstal, and Pepin of Herstal has a son Charles Martel, who holds the position of Duke of Brabant 715-741 CE. The list of Dukes continues with Pepin the son of Charles and Pepin's son Charlemagne (Karolus Magnus). (Compendium of World History, Hermann L. Hoeh) In the article Harald Hildetand and Rollo in the Trojan House of Charlemagne it was said that Pepin of Landen and Charlemagne are descended from Clodio V who ruled (358-376CE). Their descent is said to have been through his son Hector. Clodio appears just after Richimir II (Richemar) and his successor Theudomirus (Theudemar) on the list of Frankish kings. The suffix -mar on the names of King Richemar and son Theudemar are indicative of Davidic descent for this line, which makes Charlemagne a son of David, consistent with his Hebrew name David. The dates of the births of Richemar and Theudemar, while not given, are determined by the dates of their rule and by what may be known of their son Clodio. We are aware that Clodio Longhair ruled some 68 years after an earlier Clodio, said to be the son of Theudomirus who was the son of Richimir II. While we do not doubt the skills of the faithful men who preceded us, we believe that history of times as ancient as 1500 BCE to 1000 CE must be understood to be considered dimly lit at best (1Co 13:7). The time period referred to is the Dark Age which begins when the Bible genealogies end and ends when more written history becomes available, thereby dividing the time known as Pre-Historic from what we call History. The time before 1500 BCE we call Pre-Law. This discussion in large part seeks to illuminate the Dark Age. This is not to say that ours is the only view of history. (Pr 15:22; 30:2-3) Coat of Arms of the Dukes of Brabant Right: Coat of Arms of the Dukes of Brabant Clodio V (358-376) and Clodio VI (424-444) may be in fact the same person. The date that the last Odin is said to have invaded Saxony is given as 256 CE, when Bartherus (r251-269 CE) ruled the Franks. This year, 256 CE, is pivotal for it may be causing the 68-year discrepancy between the two Clodios. 68 + 256 = 324. One birthdate for a Wodin is circa 300 CE. He may be the Odin referred to, in which case the invasion may have come c324 which may resolve the discrepancy and reconcile the two Clodios. In The Throne of Britain: It's Biblical Origin and Future'', Appendix 10, The Family of Odin we read: Milner wrote in his book The Royal House of Britain: An Enduring Dynasty: ``The traditions of our Scandinavian forefathers tell of a great conqueror, the hero king of Asgard-- Odin. He was so heroic a king, and so great a conqueror, that the superstition or reverence of after ages made a god of him . . . He led our forefathers across Europe. Asgard has been variously located in Armenia or on the Dniepr. In either case, his victorious march traversed Russia, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden (pp. 31-32).'' ``In Sharon Turner's [monumental work of historiography] History of the Anglo-Saxons [1805, 1823], Vol. i, pp. 124, 430, 450, the human existence of Odin is proved in detail" (p. 32, footnote). Based on genealogical tables, Odin can be dated to the second or third centuries: "The date of Odin is given at p. 733 of Anderson's Royal Genealogies as A.D. 256 to 300. On p. 140 of Haigh's Conquest of Britain by the Saxons a careful collation of all the Saxon genealogies makes Odin born in the `latter half of the third' century. Sharon Turner, at pp. 430, 450, of the first volume of his History, makes the date of Odin A.D. 270, 297, 285, or 220. A.D." (p. 32, footnote). The average of the four dates for the birth of Woden above is 268 CE with a standard deviation of 34. The range of dates might be expected therefore to be 234 to 302. The mean date for Woden's birth as mentioned is 268 CE. This date makes the invasion date of Odin much more likely to be 324 than 256 CE since Odin is not yet born in 256 CE. Using the date 268 CE, Woden is 56 years old in 324. So the discrepancy may be resolved, and Clodio V was possibly the same person as Clodio VI on king lists. The problem might have been alleviated were Merovech taken to be the son-in-law of Clodio, so that Clodio also might be seen as son-in-law of Pharamund. Thus, Clodio the son of Theudemar may well be the same man as Clodio the son-in-law of Pharamund. There is also a forty-year period prior to Pharamund when no kings are said to rule. Richemar the grandfather of Clodio lived until 393 CE by one source (348 CE by the king list) and this 45-year adjustment recovers the years of missing rulership, as well as much of the 68-year difference between the rules of the two Clodios. The second Clodio (or the only one) ruled 424-444 CE, or up to a point in time 51 years after his grandfather died, which is just about right for his death, given that a generation is about 25 years. Clodio was born in 395 CE. He is known as Clodius Long-Hair (Clovis, Clodion, Clogio). The name `Clodion' by its spelling contains the name `Odin', suggesting that Clodion is very possibly `Woden-born'. A possible identification of the `last Odin' is Dan. Dan Olafsson was born in Denmark circa 300 CE and he married Auda. Odin is the Old Norse form of Wodan, a Dutch version of the same name (the Anglo-Saxon form is Woden, and the Old High German form is Wuotan). A Danish genealogical list has given Dan Olafsson as a descendent of Skjöld the son of Odin, in particular a seventh-great grandson of Odin. Sons of Odin included Skjöld, Njord, and Baldeg, and are associated with Denmark, Norway, and England (The House of Wessex) respectively. Heiðrek Ulfhamr (Charles The Hammer, Ivar Vidfamne), father of Auda the Deep-Minded, is `Woden-born', and it is written of Ivar that he ruled over a very wide kingdom which included parts of England. Connection of the English family lines with European lines, where substantiated, provides proof of travel between England and Europe, and also may corroborate the claim that Charles Martel at some time ruled the kingdoms of Scandinavia and even some of England. It has been documented by Kurth that Charles The Hammer occupied West Frisia (The Netherlands) in 719 CE. (Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913, Godefroid Kurth) Richard I The Fearless the first Duke of Normandy is son of William I Longsword and Sprota. Richard has a daughter Emma of Normandy. Emma marries Ethelred The Unready, King of England, and later Canute The Great the King of Denmark. Two of Emma's sons, one by each husband, and two step-sons, also one by each, become Kings of England. Ethelred is the son of King Edgar, King of England. Emma's son Edward, later Edward the Confessor, is the son of Ethelred (House of Wessex). The House of Wessex is `Woden-born'. When Richard's grandfather Rollo goes to the land of the Angels (cf Anguls, England) he meets with a king named Alstem c873 CE. But Alstem is transcribed from ancient English, wherein the letter s appears in the middle of words as f, and t as very similar to r, in fact almost identical. The King of the Anglo-Saxons, Alfred The Great, reigned in England during the time 871-899. So it can be now seen that Alstem is Alfrem (Alfred), and that Rollo's abiding friend was Alfred The Great of England. This accords well with a date, 876 CE, given by Dudo for Rollo's arrival in Rouen. (Gesta Normanorrum, Dudo of St. Quentin) Alfred's son Edward The Elder ruled 899-924 CE, King of Wessex. Among the West Saxons' Kings, the name of Edward is first used in Edward The Elder (see Alfred below). Below: A chart of English Kings of the House of Wessex showing the line of Cerdic to Alfred The Great, Edward The Elder, to the Last King Edward The Confessor, with the Carolingian line leading to the First King of England of the House of Normandy, William The Conqueror (Wodan) House of Wessex (Wodan) All are linked to WODEN.{it will be necessary for the reader to research the various papers and genealogy for themselves, as when compiling history of two thousand years plus, there are bound to be missing areas and no little confusion with names and dates. But certainly a substantial case may be made for asserting that without Woden, civilization and advances in science and technology, would have been very different.}