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n:Pages with references, Articles containing French language text, Articles containing Spanish language text,and 8 morePrincipality of AndanyEditSharePrincipality of AndanyPrincipauté d'Andany (French)Principado de Andany (Spanish)안다니 공국 (Korean)PRINCIPATVS ANDANY (Latin)←July 25, 2017–presentFlagCoat of ArmsMotto: Template:If emptyAnthem: Template:If emptyLocation of Andany (blue) in Europe (dark grey)InformationCapital cityDistrict of Floriano (D.F.)Official language(s)French, Spanish, Italian, EnglishOfficial religion(s)Christianity (Roman Catholicism)Short nameAndanyDemonymAndanian (Ándano es) (singular),Andanians (Ándanos es) (plural)GovernmentConstitutional Monarchy- PrincePablo MaciasLegislatureNational Assembly- Number of seats33Area claimed2.641788 km2(1.02 mi2)PopulationTotal: 8├Female: 2└Male: 6Currency§ Regal (REG)Time zoneASTNational sportGolfPatron saintSaint Michael the ArchangelStatisticsMatthew's Democracy System of Classification▬ 4.25 (2017)Linden's Revised System of Classification▲ 4.2 (2017)Dresner's System of Classification▬ 4.5 (2017)Economic Potential Index▲ 4.2 (2017)GDP▲ 1,800 REG (2017)GNI▲ 600 REG (2017)Country code abbreviationAN (ISO 3166-1 alpha 2)ADY (ISO 3166-1 alpha 3)MiscellaniousAndanyAndany (/ˈændəni/ AND-ə-nee), more commonly known as the Principality of Andany, is a democratic semi-crowned principality composed of three states, a federal district, and three territories. Andany is mainly located on the island of Sardinia with three embassies, located in Nevada, another located in Canada, and finally one in the People's Republic of Kaion. The nation was founded on 25 July 2017 and is surrounded by the Province of Olbia-Tempio in Italy. Andany is also considered a micronation by external observers, with citizens believing it to be an un-macronationally recognized microstate. It has a surface area of 2.641788 km² (664.64 acres) and a population of 16 full citizens, of whom all are territorial residents except two. It is solely based on a democratic capitalist ideology and educational system. The Principality's form of government is a democratic semi-crowned republic with an assemblaic system, defined by the Principality's constitution, the National Assembly. The current Prince of Andany is Prince Pablo Ailani Macías, who has ruled Andany since it was founded on 25 July 2017. Also, the current Prime Minister of Andany is Syrus B. Andany's official capital is the District of Floriano. Other cities include Ginepro and Menditsa. The Principality consists of three states, and three territories. The Principality's total size has increased throughout its history, starting out with 0.015 km² as the District of Floriano in Andany when it was first founded in 2017. The majority of the Principality's area comes from the Sardinian coastline, a territory which covers a large coastal area. The Principality's current surface area is at 2.641788 km² (664.64 acres). With all its territory surrounded by Italy. French, Spanish, and Italian are the native languages of most Andanian citizens, and this is reflected in the fact that Etruscan and Spanish are the Principality's official languages.Andany has a small services-based economy and the government's main source of income is through contributions from citizens, also known as voluntary taxation. Intermicronationally, Andany has had numerous periods of heightened influence in many places, with Prince Pablo Macias serving as Chair of the Federated Union of Micronations in 2017, of which Andany was a former member state. Under the Economic Potential Index, it has a score of 4.2, and under Linden's Revised System it scores 4.2. Andany is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Micropact, Andany has been the founder of many other organizations, such as the Intercontinental Union. Andany's unique cultural heritage, tourism industry, prominent shipping sector and geostrategic importance classify it as a middle power, according to the Andanian Census Bereau. It is so far the largest economy in the Italian micronations according ot the Nueva Ventura Stock Exchange, where it is an important regional investor. Andany can unofficially rank among the highest micronations in several measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP, and productivity per person. Andany is a Security Council member of the Intercontinental Union as of the founding of the IU.Contents[show]EtymologyIn March 2017, Pablo Macias, the then-to-be Prince of Andany, founded the Republic of Coral Rock. It was later disestablished due to inactivity. In the coming months, Pablo Macias scoured to find a new micronation. After buying the current Andanian Territory, the future 33 National Assembly members voted on a name for the almost-founded country. The street the Prince lived on was then called "Avenida Andany". If a Prince is voted [unanimously] in, then it would be a sovereign Principality. The name State of Celestine was because celestial bodies were easily visible from Andany. The name Principality of Andany won with a two-thirds majority compared with one-third to the State of Celestine. The Prince of Andany (Pablo Macias) was voted in by the National Assembly and by the people with no objections. The short form "Andany" is also a standard. A citizen of the Principality of Andany is an "Andanian".HistoryMain article: History of AndanyIndigenous peoplesThe Principality of Andany is located on the Italian island of Sardinia, which embodies a lot of history. Much of the island’s arable land is devoted to cereal cultivation and fruit growing. Macchia - grasslands mingled with a scrub of cistus, lentisk, myrtle, prickly pear, and dwarf oaks—covers most of the uncultivated countryside. A rich salt-loving vegetation is found along the shores and cliffs, and salty marshes extend along the coast. Most of the mammals are like those found in Italy, but some of those deserving special mention are a Sardinian weasel, a native wild cat, the mouflon (a wild sheep found only in Sardinia, Corsica, and Cyprus), and the Cape hare. The dominating feature of the island (some 7,000 examples of which are said to exist) is the nuraghi: truncated conic structures of huge blocks of basalt taken from extinct volcanoes, built in prehistoric times without any bonding. Most nuraghi are quite small, but a few are obviously fortresses. There is also a nuraghic village near Dorgali with traces of about 80 buildings identified. Expert opinion now dates the nuraghi to about 1500 to 400 BCE.The civilization that built the nuraghi probably had its roots in the prehistoric population of the island, but its origins and affinities are uncertain, and it left no written records. Mant archaeological sites have been fully discovered in Sardinia. Examples include the Torre Di Longosardo, Coddu Vecchiu, and the Nuraghe la Prisgiona. Tt is possible, though that the Sherden, one of the Sea People who fought in Egypt in the 13th and 12th centuries BCE, either came from, or settled in Sardinia, and they gave the island its name. Archaeological evidence from the Nuraghi culture suggests a strongly organized power of tribal states. The working of metal from local mines was presumably the chief source of wealth. However, the presence of Phoenician trade settlements along the Sardinian coasts from the 9th or 8th century BCE must have vigorously contributed to Sardinian prosperity. In the centuries that followed, Sardinia often fell prey to passing pirates and marauders, owing to its strategic position in the middle of the Mediterranean sea. It is no wonder therefore that most of the main Sardinian cities are inland, wary as Sardinians were of the dangers that came from the sea. These raids in fact continued right up to recent times, as some of the older folk used to describe. On the Costa Smeralda, for example, the natural caves at Liscia di Vacca were used as hiding places from the pirates by the Orecchioni family, just at the turn of the century. The highest local peak, Monte Moro, is so called because it provided a useful look-out against the Moors. Monte Canaglia (Rascal Hill), is the name given to the place where the scoundrels settled down and you can find traces in some local surnames, like Ragnedda, "wicked like a spider" or in place names, Lu Saraghinu "the Saracen", La Petra di li Tulchi, the rock where the Turks set ashore.There is still memory in present day families of not too distant events, like the mother who left her child on the beach to play, while she collected berries close by. When she returned, she found the Saracens sailing off with her child and in grief lost all reason. She became known as "La scasciata d'Agnula Maria", Mad Angle Maria. The Casalloni family that today resides in nearby San Pantaleo, narrowly escaped a bitter fate for their two small children, Stephen and Luke, who fortunately were not in their house but under a nearby olive tree, when it was ravaged by the Moors. In thanksgiving they made a donation to the church of an 18th century flag. It is curious to note a further indication of the natural fear of invaders from the sea, that on the coast, the old Sardinian cottages never have a sea view as they were always built in positions where they couldn't be seen from the sea. Moreover, Sardinians completely lack a fishing tradition and the few fishermen on the island are all migrants, or their descendants, from the Pontine Islands, close to the mainland. It is an ironic quirk of fate, that today the recent economic prosperity of Sardinia has actually come from the sea, from an invasion of many summer tourists. This has also led to many intermarriages, with mainland Italians, Germans, Swiss, English, French, Scandinavian and even with Australians. Andany wouldn't be founded until many years later, when Sardinia colonized immensely and became civilized greatly.Independence and expansionAt 8:30 AST on 25 July 2017, Pablo Macias declared independence from Italy as the Principality of Andany. Unanimously, Pablo Macias was crowned as the Prince of Andany shortly after. A Declaration of Independence was sent in paper form and by email to the Italian Government. No response has come back so far. The Prince was on holiday when Andany declared Independence. An Instagram post was made on the founding of Andany. The purpose of the Principality of Andany was to protect the endangered Mediterranean species Queen conch[1], and the Posidonia oceanica, or Mediterranean seagrass.[2]The Queen conch species is being killed and their habitats have been destroyed by fishermen and boats. The Posidonia oceanica, is known in Italy as "the olive of the sea".[3]The Prince really likes Queen Conch, thus creating the Queen Conch Restorations Act. The Queen conch Restoration Act was signed the day Andany was founded. It consists of it being the current National Animal and having extra care from the Oceanic Conservation Agency. Andany was founded with basic principles based on the Etruscan societal standards.Revolutionary WarThe Andanian Revolutionary War was an internal conflict in the Principality of Andany about conserving the Hudson Mountain Range into a nature conservation area. The rebel against the conservation idea was Will van den Boom, a Roman Imperial Party Senator who claimed that making a preserve wouldn't help the flora and fauna. The conflict began on 12 March 2018 after the National Assembly of Andany could not make a resolution towards the conservation area. It ended on 14 March 2018 after a peace agreement was signed in order to maintain Andany as a country and for nature to be preserved in Andanian culture and society. The Prince, Will van den Boom, and their respective followers all signed a peace agreement called the "Hudson Agreement". The purpose was to establish recreational parks for the flora and fauna of the Hudson Mountain Range and River Valley. Two Andanian citizens did remain neutral throughout the entire ordeal. Some propaganda for either side was shown on national television. Following the signing of the Hudson Agreement, the Prince himself visited the nature reserve along with Will van den Boom. They explored and found some of the Painted lady butterflies still in Andany. This inspired the Prince to start the National Conservation Agency. The national organization was created to find, help, and protect Andanian flora and fauna.La RevoluciónA rebellion between people of a total of eight micronations ensued, On 20 May 2018, the Iustian 2nd division of Jaax Town was sent over to Fort Dealvi and captured the Andanian Embassy in Iustus and territory which was annexed by Iustus and Vedecsco. On 22 May 2018, some of those micronations took to Twitter to express their opinion on the Andanian Government lying about some events. They declared independence on 22 May 2018 as the “Republic of Andany”. This led to many disputes and ruckus in many Discord severs. Tensions were continuously high between people in the morning of 23 May 2018. Finally, on 23 May 2018, negotiations between the Republic of Andany and the Principality of Andany began. These were considered to be going very well. The results were the Republic of Andany becoming defunct and merging with Principality of Andany; thus creating the new position of a Duceño. This was because of the Duceño Act creating a royal seat equal to the Prince. More agreements were made on MicroWiki. After, the Dukian Foreign Affairs Department built a new embassy for the Principality on 23 May 2018 to show peace.Contemporary historyOn 3 January 2018, the Kingdom of Imvrassia sent an email to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. They asked if Andany could unite with the Kingdom of Imvrassia or become a single federation: "The Government of the Kingdom of Imvrassia proposes the union of Andany with Imvrassia or we can create a federation.". For safety reasons, the Prince himself asked, "We don't quite get the cache on a "union" or federation being created.". The citizens of Andany had mixed feelings about the message. The population took a quick vote online, with a staggering 100% voting no. After the Prince sent the message, a response came back on January 5 at 5:53 AST. The response astonished everyone in Andany. It read, "1. The Principality of Andany would made an official request to form a union with the Kingdom of Imvrassia. 2. The Government of Imvrassia will immediately accept this request and Andany will be proclaimed as an Imvrassian Province. 3. His Highness Prince Pablo Macias will be appointed as Governor-General of the Province of Andany. 4. His Highness Prince Pablo Macias will be appointed as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Imvrassia. 5. His Highness Prince Pablo Macias will be awarded the title of Count of Imvrassia. 6. The Province of Andany will have the full inner workings of local government and will be allowed the establishment and operation of a representative-public advisory body under the name of the House of Representatives. This body will be under the chairmanship and responsibility of the Governor-General. 7. The Governor-General of the Province will be the Commander of the Provincial Guard of Andany.". The Prince voted later in the day, along with the entire population. Non-surpsrisingly, the Prince and the residents voted no. This was a major part in Andanian history, as a country tried to turn an entire country (micronation) into a province. While the Ministry of Foreign Affairs replied with a no, the Principality of Andany did however recognize the Kingdom of Imvrassia.Geography, climate, and environmentAndany is located Sardinia, between the latitudes of 41° and 42° N, and longitudes 9° and 10° E. All the land surrounding Andany is part of Italy. The land area of the entirety of Andany is approximately 2.641788 km2(1.02 mi2), of which 2.640 km² (1.019 sq mi) is land and 0.001788 km² (0.0007 sq mi) is water. Floris is the largest state at 0.983 km2(0.4 sq mi). The smallest state, Mendia, is 0.685 km2(0.3 sq mi) in area. The unpopulated territories of Gaea Rock and Emperor Island together cover 115.59016 km2(44.62961 mi sq). The entirety of Andany’s coastline and land border stretches 5.82 km (3.61 mi) on the Mediterranean Sea and Gulf of Andany. The ground is part of the Variscan basement, which consits of a plutonic complexity. Some volcanic sedimentary rocks can be found in Andany, more likely on Juniper Peak. The valley that Andany is in is called Gallura. The Lipán Tribe of Andany created the first Native Andanian Indian Reservation, with a steady population of 2.To the north, Andany has the Duyatán Peninsula, with the Bay of Menditsua to the right, and the Gulf of Andany to the left. Also, Juniper Peak, a granite promontory topped with junipers, towers over the entire country. The Hudson Mountain Range is a mountain range the northern part of Andany; which was turned into a conoevration area with the "Hudson Agreement" after the Revolutionary War occured. The 4 meter wide Saint Michael's River runs parallel to the state lines of Floris and Mendia, only to meet with the Frenchman River. To the south, it consists of the Gallura Chip. Most of the land in the southern portion is flatland and small hills. It borders Italy (3.76 km) and the Mediterranean Sea. Andany’s only claims are of Gaea Rock, which is an islet that lies a few meters from Juniper Peak, and Snow Island in Antarctica; used as a sanctuary for Emperor Penguins. Andany is mostly flat in the southern Zuhaitzan regions. Though, the northern portion is more mountainous. The Frenchman River is a 15 meter wide river that passes through Mendia and Floris from central Sardinia to Hibiscus Bay, emptying at Aintzira Lake. Gaea Rock is a territorial islet of Andany, lying off the coast of Juniper Peak.ClimateThanks to the great elevational changes of Juniper Peak, Duyatán Peninsula, and the mostly mountainous northern conformation, the climate of Andany is highly diverse. In most of the inland southern and central regions, the climate ranges from humid subtropical to humid continental and oceanic. In particular, the climate of the Hudson Mountain Range geographical region is mostly continental, with harsh winters and hot summers. The average temperature in Andany is 48°F (9°C) and with 8 mph (12 kph) winds. It is also humid. The coastal areas of Zuhaitza and most of Floris generally fit the Mediterranean climate stereotype (Köppen climate classification Csa). Conditions on peninsular coastal areas can be very different from the north's higher ground and valleys, particularly during the winter months when the higher altitudes tend to be cold, wet, and often snowy. The coastal regions have mild winters and warm and generally dry summers, although lowland valleys can be quite hot in summer.[4]Summer is usually more stable, although the northern regions often have thunderstorms in the afternoon/night hours and some grey and rainy days. So, while in the north, the summer is typically dry and sunny, in the south it tends to be more humid and cloudy. Spring and Autumn weather can be very changeable, with sunny and warm weeks (sometimes with Summer-like temperatures) suddenly broken off by cold spells or followed by rainy and cloudy weeks. The southern places, such as Menditsa International Airport, recieve more rain and clouds. The central plains, such as Ginepro and Kostaldea, get moderate rain and close to no flooding. The northern portion, such as the Hudson Mountain Range and the high city (Menditsua) in elevation, get little rain. Places like Juniper Peak and the Duyatán Peninsula recieve more rain than other higher places because of foliage moisture. Both major rivers in Andany, the Frenchman and the Saint Michael's, induce a little more rain than usual, causing the most minor of three inch flooding. Andany recieves more rain in winter than any other season, causing November through February to be called the "Rainy Season".Climate data for the Principality of Andany (near Santa Teresa Gallura)MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high °F (°C)59.0(15)59.0(15)59.0(15)63.5(17.5)68.0(20)72.5(22.5)78.8(26)77.0(25)76.1(24.5)68.0(20)63.5(17.5)54.5(12.5)54.5(12.5)Average high °F (°C)55(12.8)55(12.8)60(15.6)62(16.7)68(20)75(23.9)80(26.7)80(26.7)77(25)71(21.7)62(16.7)58(14.4)80(26.7)Average low °F (°C)38(3.3)39(3.9)41(5)45(7.2)50(10)55(12.8)60(15.6)60(15.6)56(13.3)51(10.6)45(7.2)40(4.4)38(3.3)Record low °F (°C)50.0(10)51.8(11)51.5(10.83)58.4(14.67)59.0(15)63.5(17.5)68.0(20)68.0(20)63.5(17.5)60.8(16)55.4(13)51.8(11)50.0(10)Precipitation inches (mm)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|1.96(49.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|3.93(99.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.78(19.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.39(9.9)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.78(19.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.39(9.9)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.19(4.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.11(2.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.98(24.9)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|1.57(39.9)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|2.95(74.9)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|3.93(99.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen border-left-width:medium"|1.49(37.8)Source no. 1: Weather and Climate.com[1]Source no. 2: Max., Min., Avg. Temperatures of Andany[2]WildlifeThe Andanian ecology is megadiverse: about 300 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous Principality of Andany and Gaea Rock, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Zuhaitza, few of which occur on the Gaea Rock. The Principality of Andany is home to approximately 100 mammal species, 30 bird species, 23 reptile species, and 10 amphibian species. About 400 insect species have been described. The Queen conch is both the national invertebrate and national animal of Andany, and is an enduring symbol of the country itself. The seahorse is also a sacred animal in Andanian culture, with a planned seahorse statue being built at the future Hibiscus Prommenade. The sehorse is also used in Andany TV, the state run television program for Andany. There is a national park, as well as a wilderness conservation area which was fought over in the Andanian Revolutionary War. Altogether, the government owns about 15% of the country's land area. Most of this is protected, though some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching; about 2% is used for military purposes. Environmental issues have been on the national agenda since 2017. Environmental controversies include debates on oil and wildlife area, dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting wildlife, logging and deforestation, and international responses to global warming. Many federal and state agencies are involved. The most prominent is the Land Conservation Agency (LCA), created by the Prince's order in 2017. The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 2017, with the Wilderness Act. The Endangered Species Act of 2018 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the National Park Service.PoliticsThe Constitution, which consists of 20 sections and 2 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees of civil liberties and social rights. Women's suffrage was guaranteed with an amendment to the 2018 Constitution. According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the Prince of the Principality and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 2018, the Prince's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister.The position of Prime Minister, Andany's semi-head of government which has yet to be elected, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the National Assembly. The Prince of the Principality formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.File:National Assembly of Andany.svg (http://micronations.wikia.com/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=National_Assembly_of_Andany.svg&flow=create-page-article-redlink)Legislative powers are exercised by a 33-member elective unicameral National Assembly. Statutes passed by the National Assembly are promulgated by the Prince of the Principality. Assembly elections are held every year, but the Prince is obliged to dissolve the Assembly earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance. The Prince is also obliged to dissolve the Aembly earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence.ProclamationsThe Principality of Andany claims to be a sovereign, independent nation-state, completely surrounded by Italy. As a result, it has adopted a system of government recognizably similar in structure to that of a sovereign state.[3]According to a study made by the Andanian Government, 80% of the citizens say they live a happy life. This conlcudes to the fact that the somewhat "strict" citizenship exam subliminally makes a citizen of Andany happier. This was the case as well for Switzerland. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Andany since 2017.[4]Political structureAndany is a principality governed by a constitution creating a National Assembly and other institutions of state. There are judicial, legislative, and executive branches of the government.[5]The constitution is a very special document in Andany, and is kept at the International History Museum of Andany.[6]The two major political parties in Andany are the Athenian Imperial Party, and the Roman Imperial Party.Democracy Index 2018 for AndanyRankCountryScoreElectoral processand pluralismFunctioning ofgovernmentPoliticalparticipationPoliticalcultureCivillibertiesCategory1Principality of Andany9.029.608.957.758.7510.00Full democracyPolitical divisions (also referred to as administrative divisions) of Andany are the various recognized governing entities that together form the Principality of Andany. The first-level political division (Administrative division division of the Principality of Andany is the Andanian Constituent state. There are 3 states, which are bound together in a political union with each other. Each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a defined geographic territory, and shares its sovereignty with the Federal government of the Principality of Andany.[7]According to numerous decisions of the Principality of Andany Supreme Court, the 3 individual states and the Principality of Andany as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions. All state governments are modeled after the federal government and consist of three branches (although the three-branch structure is not Constitutionally required): Governor, State legislature Principality of Andany, and State court Principality of Andany.[8]They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the Andanian Constitution, Andanian Code, or list of Andanian treaties ratified by the Andanian National Assembly, and are organized as presidential systems where the governor is both head of government and head of state (even though this too is not required). The various states are then subdivided into counties of the Andanian states. Andanian subnational divisions include the District of Floriano, and the Principality of Andany Crown Dependency (Gaea Rock, all of which are administered by the Federal government). The Federal government also maintains exclusive jurisdiction over military installations and Andanian embassies and consulate(s) located in foreign countries. Other special purpose divisions exist separately from those for general governance, examples of which include conservation district(s) and Congressional district(s).[9]File:Andanian States Map.pngStates and their subdivisionsThe primary political entity of the Principality of Andany is the state. The three states — Floris, Zuhaitza, and Mendia — are a "commonwealth". The word commonwealth in this context refers to the common "wealth", or welfare, of the public. The District of Floriano is the capital of the country. It is located in Floris and is also home to the prince, Prince Pablo. The most popular state in Andany is Floris. Floris is known for Hibiscus Bay, and the beautiful granite promontory; Juniper Peak. Zuhaitza is the second most popular state in Andany. It is known for its private beaches at Pearl Point, and Paradise Bay. Mendia is the least populated state, however, it does include small private beach. Also, it's a great spot for camping and snorkeling. Gaea Rock is the small island off the coast of Floris. It is an isle or small island, made from granite. It is accessible by boat.[10]FlagArmsStateCodeCapitalPop.AreaTemplate:SmallOfficiallanguagesZIP CodeHead of statePictureTemplate:SmallFlorisFL (FLR)Ginepro50.983EnglishFrenchItalianSpanish2--N/A70px50pxTemplate:SmallZuhaitzaZH (ZTA)Kostaldea10.940EnglishFrenchSpanish3--N/A150px70px50pxTemplate:SmallMendiaMD (MDA)Menditsua10.685EnglishItalianFrenchSpanishBasque4--N/A150pxThere are four major cities in Andany. They are Ginepro, Kostaldea, Menditsua, and Menditsa.CitiesFlagArmsName/StateCodeCapitalPop.AreaTemplate:SmallOfficiallanguagesZIP CodeHead of statePicture70pxTemplate:SmallGineproTemplate:SmallGP (GPR)Yes50.600EnglishFrenchItalianSpanish21-N/A60px70px50pxTemplate:SmallKostaldeaTemplate:SmallKT (KTD)Yes10.115EnglishItalianSpanish31-N/A80px70px50pxTemplate:SmallMenditsuaTemplate:SmallMT (MDT)Yes10.016EnglishItalianSpanishFrenchBasque41-N/A80px70px50pxTemplate:SmallMenditsaTemplate:SmallMD (MDS)No00.167EnglishItalianSpanish32-N/A80pxDistrict of FlorianoA separate federal district/national capital, the District of Floriano (D.F.), which is under the direct authority of Congress, was formed by the District of Floriano Organic Act of 2017 from land ceded to the Federal Government by the state of Floris. The District does not form part of any state and the Andanian Congress exercises "exclusive jurisdiction in all cases whatsoever", over the district; however, the District of Floriano Home Rule Act provides for limited District of Floriano home rule, including an elected mayor/leader (Prince Pablo) and a district council. Residents of the District can vote in presidential elections, as in Article I, Section 10 to the Andanian Law, grants the District five electors in the Electoral College.[11]Foreign relationsMain article: Foreign relations of AndanyThe foreign relations of the Principality of Andany are made by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Foreign Offices of Andany, also known as embassies, are located primarily in four different countries. Andany is also a member of the Union Against Micronational War, United Micropact, and the founding nation of the Micronational Olympic Group. The Principality has 6 total embassies. None are recognized by any government under which land they are in (México and the United States). The Andanian Embassies in México are in the cities of Aguascaliéntes, Puerto Vallarta, Zacatecas, and Cancún. While the other two in the United States are in Las Vegas and New York City.File:Countries with Andanian Embassies.pngThe Andanian Commonwealth establishes and maintains foreign relations with other states through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs/Foreign Office. The Foreign Office was established in 2017 and is maintained under close supervision by the Prince The Commonwealth has recognized many different territorial entities, some including the Republic of Liber, Kingdom of Befshire and Vatican City. Andany continues to recognize other nations. The Principality of Andany recognizes several other micronations, such as, the Republic of Molossia, the Conch Republic, Filettino, the Republic of Kosovo, and many more.[12]Formal recognitionsAndany recognizes and maintains diplomatic relations with the following nations and micronations:Template:Flaglist (14 January 2018)23px People's Republic of Kaion (2 February 2018)Template:Flaglist (14 December 2017)25px Millania and New Granada (12 February 2018)Template:Flaglist (22 January 2018)Kingdom of Ourania (14 December 2017)Template:Flaglist (7 January 2018)23px Republic of Quietrock (2 February 2018)Unilateral recognitions25px UN Members (12 January 2018)25px Liberland (25 December 2017)Kosovo (1 January 2018)25px Tibet (5 January 2018)Template:Flaglist (12 December 2017)23px Catalonia (16 December 2017)Template:Flaglist (10 December 2017)25px Kingdom of Coria - (12 December 2017)Template:Flaglist (12 December 2017)Template:Flaglist (2 January 2018)Template:Flaglist (12 December 2017)Republic of Molossia (2 February 2018)23px Republic of Eberia (2 February 2018)Andany doesn't recognize25px Islamic State - Considered as a terrorist organization (12 December 2017)EconomyMain article: Economy of AndanyAndany sells a variety of products in person and online, including postcards, signed photographs of the Prince, and more. Stamps are also produced by Andany through its Postal and Telegraph Service.[13]File:Andanian Economy Treemap.PNGMoneyAndany's currency is the Regal.[14]The current exchange rate of §1 Regal to USD is $2.00. Cotton is used to make the banknotes for Andany. They are produced by the Bank of Andany, from which Regal coins made from silver and printed banknotes are redistributed.[15]The Bank of Andany issues Regal banknotes in accordance with the principles and rules established within the Andanian Economical System and controls all the currency in circulation in Italy. As part of the Andanian Economical System, the Bank produces the quantity of Regal banknotes assigned to it, puts them into circulation, withdraws worn notes, takes part in the search for and experimentation of new security features and contributes to the definition of common standards for the quality of the notes in circulation and the fight against counterfeiting.250pxCultureEthnicitiesIn Andany, the majority ethnicity is Méxican at 75%. The other two minorities include American and Russian, both at 12.5%.500pxReligions87.5% of all Andanian citizens are of Chrisitan faith. The minority religion is Muslim, at 12.5%. Below is a chart of the entire religions.400pxNational holidaysHolidayDatePurposeNew Year's DayJanuary 1To celebrate the new and prosperous year.New Year's Day (observed)January 2-5To give chance to remember the previous year and to make preparations for the upcoming year.EpiphanyJanuary 6To celebrate the revelation of God incarnate as Jesus Christ.CandlemasFebruary 2To celebrate the presentation of the child Jesus; Jesus’ first entry into the temple; and it celebrates the Virgin Mary’s purification.Valentine's DayFebruary 14To celebrate the peoples love and to honor the Saints called Valentine.Saint Patrick's DayMarch 17To commemorate the arrival of Christianity in Ireland.March EquinoxMarch 20When the Sun shines directly on the equator and the length of night and day are nearly equal.Monarch DayApril 2To honor the current standing Monarch.Palm SundayApril 9To remember Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday.Titanic DaysApril 10-14To remember the lives of those lost in the Titanic disaster.Good FridayApril 14To commemorate Jesus Christ's crucifixion.Holy SaturdayApril 15To commemorate the day when Jesus Christ lay in the tomb after his death.Easter SundayApril 16To celebrate Jesus Christ's resurrection after his crucifixion.Prince Pablo "Lyon" Macias' BirthdayJune 2To celebrate the birthday of the current Prince.Independence DayJuly 25To celebrate the independence of Andany from Italy.Thanksgiving4th Thursday of Every NovemberTo give thanks, spend time with family, and parade.Christmas EveDecemeber 24To commemorate the birth of Jesus of Nazareth.Christmas DayDecember 25Commemoration of the Nativity of Jesus.New Year's EveDecember 31To prepare for the new year to come.Road sideThe Principality of Andany drives on the right side of the road.File:Countries driving on the left or right.pngTourismThe tourism in the Principality of Andany takes private guided tours of Andany's untouched wilderness. Also, visitors are not allowed to bring certain items onto the property, including tobacco.[16]Visitors are required to produce a passport in order to be admitted into the country. After traveling to the country more than once, its citizen(s) and visitor(s) recieve a card or free registration that allows them to enter and exit the country whenever they wish to.[17]Life in AndanyWhen citizens apply for a citizenship registration form and are accepted into the country, then they will be given a special, one-of-a-kind credit card that will hold their money.[18]Also, it holds their Social Security of Andany number.See alsoList of micronationsAndany's WebsiteReferences↑ . Weather and Climate.com. https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,santa-teresa-gallura,Italy. Retrieved on 9 November 2017.↑ . World Weather Online.com. https://www.worldweatheronline.com/santa-teresa-gallura-weather-averages/sardegna/it.aspx. Retrieved on 9 November 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/about. Retrieved on 29 June 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/bill-of-rights. Retrieved on 13 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/structure. Retrieved on 29 June 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/constitution. Retrieved on 5 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/government. Retrieved on 12 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/federal-goverment. Retrieved on 12 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/discover-andany. Retrieved on 13 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/discover-andany. Retrieved on 13 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/federal-goverment. Retrieved on 13 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/about. Retrieved on 7 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/shop. Retrieved on 5 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/bank. Retrieved on 4 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/bank. Retrieved on 29 June 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/structure. Retrieved on 29 June 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/citizenship. Retrieved on 29 June 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/citizenship. Retrieved on 29 June 2017.Available languages for this page: English

Q. Meaning of being intelligent do people learn to be intelligent or is it inherited through relatives?Very Long Answer1. Genetics and intelligence-Scientists identify 40 genes that shed new light on biology of intelligenceMon 22 May 2017The research on 60,000 adults and 20,000 children uncovered 40 new genes that play a role in intelligence, a haul that brings the number of genes known to have a bearing on IQ to 52.“We want to understand how the brain works and learn what are the biological underpinnings of intelligence,” said Professor Danielle Posthuma, a statistical geneticist at the Free University of Amsterdam, who led the study published in Nature Genetics.“Genes do not determine everything for intelligence,” said Posthuma. “There are so many other factors that affect how well someone does on an IQ test.”Working with an international team of scientists, Posthuma looked for genetic markers linked to intelligence in 13 different groups of people of European descent. Amid the 52 genes they found, 40 were new ones that predominantly switched on in the brain. The same genes were also associated with better educational attainment, a larger head circumference at birth, living longer, and autism.But research on the genetics of IQ has always raised serious questions about how the information might be used. Could human embryos be chosen according to their future brain power? Could scientists make drugs to enhance human intelligence? If so, would only the richest have access to such powerful technology? “There is always the question of designer babies and can we use this knowledge to improve intelligence,” said Posthuma. “These are valid questions, but it’s very far from where we are now. You certainly wouldn’t be able to design a baby based on the current knowledge.”FromScientists identify 40 genes that shed new light on biology of intelligence-2. Genetics and intelligence-Predetermined Genius: A Potential for High Intelligence Lies in GeneticsAndrew Tieu August 6th 2015-So much for hard work and studying; scientists have conducted their first-ever genetic analysis of people with “extremely high intelligence”, and found that there are important genetic differences between them and the rest of society.The study, conducted by the King’s College London, selected 1,400 people from the Duke University Talent Identification Program. With IQs of 170 and more, the study participants represent the top 0.03% of the intelligence distribution. Noble Prize winners, in comparison, have an average IQ of only 145.While the researchers did not find any SNPs that met all of the criteria they had for the differences between the genius study group and the general public, what they did find was that the high intelligence group was less likely to have rare alleles in SNP locations.“Our research shows that there are not genes for genius. However, to have super-high intelligence you need to have many of the positive alleles and importantly few of the negative rare effects, such as the functional alleles identified in our study,” says Professor Robert Plomin, a member of the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience at King’s College London.FromPredetermined Genius: A Potential for High Intelligence Lies in Genetics-3. Genetics and intelligenceThe Repository for Germinal Choice (originally named the Hermann J. Muller Repository for Germinal Choice, after Nobel laureate Hermann Joseph Muller) was a sperm bank that operated in Escondido, California from 1980 to 1999. The repository is commonly believed to have accepted only donations from recipients of the Nobel Prize, although in fact it accepted donations from non-Nobelists, also. The first baby conceived from the project was a girl born on April 19, 1982. Founded by Robert Klark Graham, the repository was dubbed the "Nobel prize sperm bank" by media reports at the time. The only contributor who became known publicly was William Shockley, Nobel laureate in physics. ……………… Graham's original intention was to monitor the outcomes of children produced through the bank's sperm, and he asked families using the bank's sperm to agree to periodic surveys; however, most recipients showed no interest in sharing information on their children once the procedure was over, and when he sent out a survey to recipient families in the early 1990s, few families responded. Two women who claimed to have been the recipients of Repository sperm and to have raised children born of that sperm responded anonymously to a series of articles in Slate in 2001. Both stated that their children were extremely intelligent and healthy.A later segment of the same Slate article reported on the highlights of the lives of fifteen of the resultant children. Of the fifteen, six reportedly had 4.0 GPAs and two were reported to be "artistically precocious". Still others were reported to be "geniuses" and "whizzes" at various disciplines. All the children contacted by Slate were in good health, except one, who had what his mother described as a "developmental disability".From Repository for Germinal Choice - Wikipedia-4. Genetics and intelligenceResearchers Identify Intelligence Gene NetworksDec 22, 2015 by EditorsA group of scientists led by Imperial College London researcher Michael Johnson has identified two ‘gene networks’ associated with human cognitive abilities.The newly identified gene-regulatory networks, named M1 and M3, appear to influence cognitive function.The M3 network consists of 150 genes, and M1 has more than 1,100 genes. The networks are likely to be under the control of master regulator switches.“We know that genetics plays a major role in intelligence but until now haven’t known which genes are relevant. This research highlights some of genes involved in human intelligence, and how they interact with each other,”“What’s exciting about this is that the genes we have found are likely to share a common regulation, which means that potentially we can manipulate a whole set of genes whose activity is linked to human intelligence.”From http://www.sci-news.com/…/intelligence-gene-networks-03530.From http://www.nature.com/…/jou…/vaop/ncurrent/full/nn.4205.html-5. Genetics and intelligence- Luck and random accidents make genes to develop intelligence..... new studies looking for small effects of thousands of genes in large samples have pinpointed a few genetic loci that each accounts for a fraction of an IQ point. More studies are in the pipeline and will link those genes to brain development, showing that they are not statistical curiosities. The emerging picture is that most behavioral traits are affected by many, many genes, each accounting for a tiny percentage of the variance.What is the additional factor shaping us that cannot be identified with our genes or families? The answer may be luck. We’ve long known that the genome can’t wire the brain down to the last synapse, so there is tremendous room for unpredictable zigzags in development.Random accidents also shape the genome itself. Each of us inherits about 60 new mutations, and as we live our lives, our neurons fill up with still more mutations, which can affect how our brains work. We are all mutants, so our genes may have an even bigger role in shaping us and our children than we thought.FromSteven Pinker on New Advances in Behavioral GeneticsFrom http://graphics.wsj.com/…/steven-pinker-on-new-advances-in-…-6. Genetics and intelligence-In Western philosophy of science, all is based on materialism. All about living materials are based on genetics. Evolution of living organisms from simple unicellular organisms into complex multicellular animals (including human beings) is under the influence of genes. What makes those genes evolve like that? Genes themselves make it. If one gives enough time, continuous combination of genes (causing different arrangements of sequences of genes) will make evolution complete. So genes are everything. All the living things including human beings are under the influence of genes.-What makes human beings distinct from other animals? Intelligence. What makes human beings have that unique intelligence? Give genes enough time to have random different combination of genetic sequence, some sequences of genetic arrangement will make some kind of change in neuronal network in brain causing intelligence!-So all the differences of human beings from other animals including intelligence are due to random effect of genes.-So all the innate behaviors of human beings are due to luck, due to random sequence of genetic combination.-So scientists are looking for the genetic information for intelligence because it is the shortcut for further advancement of human beings. If one finds the sequence of genes for intelligence, and if one can manipulate and insert that sequence into future generation, those people will become super-intelligent ones without any other effort.-7. Genetics and intelligenceZhao’s goal is to use those machines to examine the genetic underpinnings of genius like his own. He wants nothing less than to crack the code for intelligence by studying the genomes of thousands of prodigies, not just from China but around the world. He and his collaborators, a transnational group of intelligence researchers, fully expect they will succeed in identifying a genetic basis for IQ. They also expect that within a decade their research will be used to screen embryos during in vitro fertilization, boosting the IQ of unborn children by up to 20 points. In theory, that’s the difference between a kid who struggles through high school and one who sails into college.From https://www.wired.com/2013/07/ge...-Now, researchers at BGI (formerly the Beijing Genomics Institute) in Shenzhen, China, the largest gene-sequencing facility in the world, are searching for the quirks of DNA that may contribute to such gifts. Plunging into an area that is littered with failures and riven with controversy, the researchers are scouring the genomes of 1,600 of these high-fliers in an ambitious project to find the first common genetic variants associated with human intelligence.From https://www.nature.com/news/chin...-8. Genetics and intelligence-Problem with geneticsTransmission of intelligence-Intelligence Is in the Genes, but Where? Most Genes Thought to Be Linked to Intelligence Probably Have No Bearing On IQOct. 2, 2012 — You can thank your parents for your smarts -- or at least some of them. Psychologists have long known that intelligence, like most other traits, is partly genetic. But a new study led by psychological scientist Christopher Chabris of Union College reveals the surprising fact that most of the specific genes long thought to be linked to intelligence probably have no bearing on one's IQ. And it may be some time before researchers can identify intelligence's specific genetic roots.Chabris and David Laibson, a Harvard economist, led an international team of researchers that analyzed a dozen genes using large data sets that included both intelligence testing and genetic data.In nearly every case, the researchers found that intelligence could not be linked to the specific genes that were tested. The results are published online in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science."In all of our tests we only found one gene that appeared to be associated with intelligence, and it was a very small effect. This does not mean intelligence does not have a genetic component. It means it's a lot harder to find the particular genes, or the particular genetic variants, that influence the differences in intelligence," said Chabris.It had long been believed, on the basis of studies of identical and fraternal twins, that intelligence was a heritable trait. The new research affirms that conclusion. But older studies that picked out specific genes had flaws, Chabris said, primarily because of technological limits that prevented researchers from probing more than a few locations in the human genome to find genes that affected intelligence."We want to emphasize that we are not saying the people who did earlier research in this area were foolish or wrong," Chabris said. "They were using the best technology and information they had available. At the time, it was believed that individual genes would have a much larger effect -- they were expecting to find genes that might each account for several IQ points."Chabris said additional research is needed to determine the exact role genes play in intelligence."As is the case with other traits, like height, there are probably thousands of genes and their variants that are associated with intelligence," he said. "And there may be other genetic effects beyond the single gene effects. There could be interactions among genes, or interactions between genes and the environment. Our results show that the way researchers have been looking for genes that may be related to intelligence -- the candidate gene method -- is fairly likely to result in false positives, so other methods should be used."ReferenceC. F. Chabris, B. M. Hebert, D. J. Benjamin, J. Beauchamp, D. Cesarini, M. van der Loos, M. Johannesson, P. K. E. Magnusson, P. Lichtenstein, C. S. Atwood, J. Freese, T. S. Hauser, R. M. Hauser, N. Christakis, D. Laibson. Most Reported Genetic Associations With General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives. Psychological Science, 2012; DOI: 10.1177/0956797611435528--Tabula rasa (Children are blank slate)-Tabula rasa, means "blank slate" in Latin and originates from the Roman tabula.-The term also is used as the name of an epistemological theory that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that all of their knowledge comes from experience and perception.Human intellect at birth resembled a tabula rasa, a pure potentiality that is actualized through education and comes to know. Persian philosopher Ibn SinaAt birth the (human) mind is a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences. John Locke-Generally, the tabula rasa thesis favour the "nurture" side of the nature versus nurture debate, when it comes to aspects of one's personality, social and emotional behaviour, and intelligence.-Scholarly and popular discussion about nature and nurture relates to the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities (nature) as compared to an individual's personal experiences (nurture) in causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits.FromTabula rasa - WikipediaNature versus nurture - Wikipedia--Fall of the Tabula rasa (Blank slate) concept-Generations later, people questioned about the blank state theory of mind. When observating the children, they found out that the children had distinct personalities, characters, talent since young. Within same culture, within same environment and even within same big families, some children were introvert, some were extrovert, some were easily angry, some had sence of humor, some learnt easily in studying, some had talents in arts, music, dancing, playing piano, etc, some had talent in different sports since young, majority of children had sense of morality since young (they knew what is good, what is bad without learning from adults).-Some researchers even found out that they could predict which children will be succesful in later life, who would complete university education by doing so simple experiment to the children.-(The Stanford marshmallow experiment was a series of studies on delayed gratification in the late 1960s and early 1970s led by psychologist Walter Mischel, then a professor at Stanford University. In these studies, a child (4-7 years of age) was offered a choice between one small reward (sometimes a marshmallow, but often a cookie or a pretzel, etc.) provided immediately or two small rewards if he or she waited until the tester returned (after an absence of approximately 15 minutes). In follow-up studies, the researchers found that children who were able to wait longer for the preferred rewards tended to have better life outcomes, as measured by SAT scores, educational attainment, body mass index (BMI) and other life measures.From Stanford marshmallow experiment)-Fall of the Blank slate and rise of the role of genes-Some researchers even said that whether the children will be successful in later life was already determined by the time they were born.(In late 1990s, US department of Education undertook a project called the early childhood longitudinal study (ECLS). It sought to measure the academic progress of more than 20000 children from kindergarden through the fifth grade. The subjects were chosen from across the country to represent an accurate cross section of American schoolchildren. The result is an incredibly rich set of data which tells some surprising stories.--Following factors are strongly correlated with test scores.The child has highly educated parents.The child’s parents have high socioeconomic status.The child’s mother was thirty or older at the time of her first child’s birth.The child had low birthweight. (Negative correlation)The child is adopted. (Negative correlation)The child’s parents are involved in the PTAThe child has many books in his home.--Following factors are not correlated with test scores.The child’s family is intact.The child’s parents recently moved into a better neighbourhood.The child’s mother didn’t work between birth and kindergarten.The child attended Head Start. (Federal preschool program for poor children)The child’s parents regularly take him to museums.The child is regularly spanked.The child frequently watches television.In addition, ECLS data show no correlation between computer use and school test scores.The child’s parents read to him nearly everyday.-To overgeneralize a bit, the strongly correlated factors describe things that parents are. The non correlated factors describe things that parents do.-By the time most people pick up a parenting book, it is far too late. Most of the things that matter were decided long ago – who you are, whom you married, what kind of life you lead. If you are smart, hardworking, well educated, well paid, and married to someone equally fortunate, then you children are likely to succeed. But it isn’t so much a matter of what you do as a parent; it’s who you are.-So how much do parents really matter?-The previous data have made it clear that parents matter a great deal in some regards (most have been determined by the time a child is born.) and not at all in others (the one we obsess about).-But there is also a huge random effects. You may have known some intelligent and devoted parents who child went badly off the rails. You may have also known of the opposite instance, where a child succeeds despite his parents’ worst intention and habits.From What makes a perfect parent?Excerpt from Freakonomics)---So children's success in later life are set by their parents' genes. The parents with good genes determine the fate of their children. Or is it?-The higher IQs the parents have, the more likely the children have ????--Autism Clusters Found in California's Major CitiesCalifornia scientists have identified autism clusters where children are twice as likely to have autism and mostly have highly educated parentsJan 6, 2010 |By Marla Cone and Environmental Health NewsFrom scientificamerican.co...--Are Geeky Couples More Likely to Have Kids with Autism?Children of scientists and engineers may inherit genes that not only confer intellectual talents but also predispose them to autism-By Simon Baron-CohenIn 1997 my colleague Sally Wheelwright and I conducted a study involving nearly 2,000 families in the U.K. We included about half these families because they had at least one child with autism, a developmental condition in which individuals have difficulty communicating and interacting with others and display obsessive behaviors. The other families had children with a diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome, Down syndrome or language delays but not autism. We asked parents in each family a simple question: What was their job? Many mothers had not worked outside the home, so we could not use their data, but the results from fathers were intriguing: 12.5 percent of fathers of children with autism were engineers, compared with only 5 percent of fathers of children without autism.From Are Geeky Couples More Likely to Have Kids with Autism?--Rise in autism 'may be linked to clever parents'Scientists are testing the theory that intelligent parents are fuelling the rise in the number of autistic children.Nov 2011A team of researchers at Cambridge University is exploring the link between high-achieving parents, such as engineers, scientists and computer programmers, and the development of their children.Professor Simon Baron-Cohen, director of the Autism Research Centre at the university, said there were signs that adults who work in science and maths-based jobs were more likely to have autistic children."A clear test of the hypothesis will enable us to test if couples who are both strong systemisers, for example, those who studied and works in STEM subjects (science, technology, engineerings and maths) and other fields related to systemising, are more likely to have a child with an autism spectrum diagnosis than couples where only one is a strong systemiser, or where neither is," he said.The study will involve recruiting graduates to survey the development of their children along with the subject studied at university to test the theory, which has already been highlighted in other research.In 2001, a report found mathematicians had higher rates of autism than other professions. A study in 1997 found the children and grandchildren of engineers were more likely to be autistic.From Rise in autism 'may be linked to clever parents' - Telegraph--What Genius and Autism Have in CommonA study of eight child prodigies finds that share some striking characteristics, most notably high levels of autistic traits and an overrepresentation of autism in their close family membersBy Maia Szalavitz @maiaszJuly 10, 2012From 2012 | TIME.com...--????????????????????----According to evolution, all the life in earth were arise from simple DNA. First it started as a single cell as an unicellular organism and later evolved into complex multicellular organism. All those organisms are related and evolved by the simple DNA instruction. Charles Darwin was the first to formulate a scientific argument for the theory of evolution by means of natural selection.-So DNA is the life of organism. No DNA, no life.-At first (before DNA was discovered), people thought that the (human) mind at birth is a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences in later life.-Later people found out that they could predict which children will be succesful in later life, who would complete university education by doing so simple experiment to the children.-Some researchers even said that whether the children will be successful in later life was already determined by the time they were born.-(After DNA was discovered) in human being, DNA of the child of is given by mother and father. The child's external features (physical characteristics) are built up according to those shared DNA. So scientists figure that the internal characteristics (Personalities, intelligence quotient, Emotional Intelligence, etc) of the child must be also derived from the parents.-So it seeemed like that children's success in later life are set by their parents' genes. The parents with good genes determine the fate of their children.-Then it was found that intelligent parents (scientists and engineers) had more autistic children than general population.---According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, each and every human being has own unique soul and when that human being dies, most of the souls has continual repetitive cycle of birth and death called samsara (not just in human world, also in other living worlds) according to his karma. In Buddhism, karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent ("cetana"), and bring about a consequence or fruit, (phala) or result (vipāka).-If that particular soul comes back to human world as rebirth, that particular human being will have distinct personality, I.Q, E.Q according to his daily routine doings, habits. Those characters are not derived from his own parents, according to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism.-So one human being will have personality, intelligence distinct from his father and mother. In other words, if one pair of parents produces a lot, a lot of children, the parents will find that their children will have so many distinct personalities and intelligences different not only from the parents but also among the siblings.-In science, it does not accept the concept of soul. When DNA makes a human being, mind spontaneously occur in that human and it permanently disappear when that living being dies.--And also, one can know the impact of genetics on one's intelligence by studying the identical twins.-According to present day science, identical twins must have very similar or same intelligence due to same DNAs in their bodies.-In present day science of genetics and evolution concept, it cannot explain how the identical twins have different personalities, different I.Qs, different characters, different interests, etc. Someone will see a lot of explanations with different mechanisms. But those different mechanisms can't explain the initial differences during the first 3- 5 years of ages. Genetics can only give identical external physical appearances. Genetics cannot determine so called internal characters. Those internal characters are determined (inherited) by different unique soul or spirit.-Although science cannot explain the cause of differences in internal characters between identical twins, extreme differences between children and their parents (i.e very, very far from the tree), those differences can be explained by rebirth concept.-According to philosophy of Theravada Buddhism, although the identical twins have identical physical appearances due to identical genes, each has different intelligence (I.Q), personality, character according to actions and habits, etc from previous individual's lifetime. So one will see different personality, character, intelligence and talent between identical twins. It must be miracle to see those identical twins have same or identical so-called internal characters between them because they have different souls. And those extreme differences will be more and more common in society like USA because USA is the land of immigrants and rebirths may occur in family of different cultures, different concepts, different values, etc. One cannot select to rebirth in family with same culture, race with previous one.-But science will not accept that kind of answer because science has no concept of soul and science denies concept of rebirth.-Which concept is right?--…… Then the Kalamas said to the Blessed One:“There are, Lord, some ascetics and brahmins who come to Kesaputta. They explain and elucidate their own doctrines, but disparage, debunk, revile and vilify the doctrines of others. But then some other ascetics and brahmins come to Kesaputta, and they too explain and elucidate their own doctrines, but disparage, debunk, revile and vilify the doctrines of the others. For us, Lord, there is perplexity and doubt as to which of these good ascetics speak truth and which speak falsehood.” ……….From 65. To the Kalamas--The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that was measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century.[1] When intelligence quotient (IQ) tests are initially standardized using a sample of test-takers, by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and their standard deviation is set to 15 or 16 IQ points. When IQ tests are revised, they are again standardized using a new sample of test-takers, usually born more recently than the first. Again, the average result is set to 100. However, when the new test subjects take the older tests, in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100.Test score increases have been continuous and approximately linear from the earliest years of testing to the present. For the Raven's Progressive Matrices test, a study published in the year 2009 found that British children's average scores rose by 14 IQ points from 1942 to 2008. Similar gains have been observed in many other countries in which IQ testing has long been widely used, including other Western European countries, Japan, and South Korea.There are numerous proposed explanations of the Flynn effect, as well as some skepticism about its implications. Similar improvements have been reported for other cognitions such as semantic and episodic memory. Research suggests that there is an ongoing reversed Flynn effect, i.e. a decline in IQ scores, in Norway, Denmark, Australia, Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, France and German-speaking countries, a development which appears to have started in the 1990s.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl...-Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by government. Depending on the country, this education may take place at a registered school (schooling) or at home (homeschooling). "Compulsory education differs from compulsory attendance, which means that parents are obliged to send their children to a certain school. Compulsory education involves both the duty imposed upon parents by law to see that their children receive instruction, and the prerogative of every child to be educated."International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights requires, within a reasonable number of years, the principle of compulsory education free of charge for all.From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co...-Child prodigy in piano playing-In psychology research literature, the term child prodigy is defined as person under the age of ten who produces meaningful output in some domain to the level of an adult expert performer. Child prodigies are rare, and in some domains there are no child prodigies at all. Prodigiousness in childhood does not always predict adult eminence. (From wikipedia)-Some researchers believe that prodigious talent tends to arise as a result of the innate talent of the child, and the energetic and emotional investment that the child ventures. Others believe that the environment plays the dominant role, many times in obvious ways.-In child prodigy, there were many children talented in piano playing. They were recognized for piano playing ability since very young. Among them, many of them lost interest in piano playing in adulthood. Some of them continued to play in concert and are still famous as gifted piano players in later life. A small portion of them became famous composers in addition to gifted piano playing. What is certain is that those who continue to become musicians are devoting significant amount of time in practicing piano playing besides their in born talent of piano playing. It means they need a lot of practice to maintain the piano playing ability.-If someone is not a piano prodigy and if he is interested in playing piano, he has to do a lot of practice and needs a lot of years to become a professional piano player.-So what is the nature of child prodigy in piano playing? It is not due to inheritance from genetic traits because many of them have no talented piano players in their previous generations. Some said it is due to in-born trait (like just lucky brain development which makes one easy in learning piano playing).-In a book called the power of habit written by Charles Duhigg, there is a chapter about a man called Eugene Pauly who got viral encephalitis and it destroyed part of brain and made him permanent loss of the recent memory. He could remember his past, his previous experiences very well. But he could not remember what happened each and every moment after viral encephalitis. When he met a stranger and he was introduced to that man and made conversation with him for a time, he couldn't remember that particular man when he met again him later that day. He didn't even remember what he did an hour ago. After watching a particular TV program, when someone made him watch that again, he would watch that program as if entirely new to him. So he could not form recent memory and remote memory starting from the time of viral encephalitis.-When he was discharged from hospital, he and his wife moved into a new house with new environment. His doctors warned his wife not to get lose him. His wife took him on a walk outside their home, always together and always along the same route everyday for a period of time. But one day, Eugene went out without his wife and he returned safely later. When he was asked, he didn’t know whether he went out along and how he walked back home without losing his way.(……. It was clear to Squire (The scientist who made research on Eugene) that Eugene was absorbing new information. But where inside his brain was that information residing? How could someone find his way home when he had no idea which house was his? How were new patterns forming inside Eugene’s damaged brain?To test if Eugene was forming new habits, Squire devised an experiment. He took sixteen different objects—bits of plastic and brightly colored pieces of toys—and glued them to cardboard rectangles. He then divided them into eight pairs: choice A and choice B. In each pairing, one piece of cardboard, chosen at random, had a sticker placed on the bottom that read “correct.”Eugene was seated at a table, given a pair of objects, and asked to choose one. Next, he was told to turn over his choice to see if there was a “correct” sticker underneath. This is a common way to measure memory. Since there are only sixteen objects, and they are always presented in the same eight pairings, most people can memorize which item is “correct” after a few rounds.Eugene couldn’t remember any of the “correct” items, no matter how many times he did the test. He repeated the experiment twice a week for months, looking at forty pairings each day.But as the weeks passed, Eugene’s performance improved. After twenty-eight days of training, Eugene was choosing the “correct” object 85 percent of the time. At thirty-six days, he was right 95 percent of the time. After one test, Eugene looked at the researcher, bewildered by his success.“How am I doing this?” he asked her.The experiments demonstrated that Eugene had the ability to form new habits, even when they involved tasks or objects he couldn’t remember for more than a few seconds. This explained how Eugene managed to go for a walk every morning.Excerpt from the power of habit by Charles Duhigg)--Suppose that Eugene is able to remember what he does for one day and forgets on the second day. Suppose he has never used bow and arrow in his whole life. Suppose we train him to shoot a target with bow and arrow everyday. He will wake up everyday and he will feel that he has never practiced shooting a target with bow and arrow previously, his arrow shooting skill will get better and better day by day. And finally one day, he will very surprised to find himself that although he feels that he has never shot and practiced arrow shooting in the past, he can shoot straight into target nearly every time he makes attempts. He will be surprised and satisfied about his in-born skill (so he thought) of arrow shooting.-Just like above example, suppose that we train Eugene to play piano likewise, ..................……………………………………………………….-And finally one day, he will very surprised to find that although he has never learned to play the piano in the past (so he thought), he finds out that he can play the piano very well. He will be surprised and satisfied about his in-born skill (so he thought) of piano playing.-Just like above example, suppose a human being is interested in music and learns to play the piano his/her whole life and he/she can play the piano very well finally. He/She grows old and dies one day. Suppose that philosophy of Theravada Buddhism is true and each and every so-called soul or spirit or mind or consciousness will come into cycles of life unless he/she becomes liberated (reach Nirvana). Suppose that particular he/she comes back to human life. Suppose that although he/she cannot remember previous life, he/she will find out he/she can play piano very well since very young. People will be surprised about his/her in-born skill in piano playing. …………-Just like above example, suppose a human being is interested in (one particular subject) and learns and study (one particular subject) his/her whole life and he/she knows, understand (one particular subject) very well finally. He/She grows old and dies one day. Suppose that philosophy of Theravada Buddhism is true and each and every so-called soul or spirit or mind or consciousness will come into cycles of life unless he/she becomes liberated (reach Nirvana). Suppose that particular he/she comes back to human life. Suppose that although he/she cannot remember previous life, he/she will find out he/she can learn, know, understand (one particular subject) very well since very young. People will be surprised about his/her in-born skill in (one particular subject). ……-Just like above example, suppose a human being has inquisitive mind and he/she always asks questions to concerning persons, teachers, elderly, specialists, wise people and learns, studies, practices, memorizes things constantly. He/She grows old and dies one day. Suppose that philosophy of Theravada Buddhism is true and each and every so-called soul or spirit or mind or consciousness will come into cycles of life unless he/she becomes liberated (reach Nirvana). Suppose that particular he/she comes back to human life. Suppose that although he/she cannot remember previous life, he/she will find out he/she is a quick learner and more intelligent compared other people. People will be surprised about his/her high intelligence and wonder why ……-Just like above example, suppose a society in certain part of the world makes plan to teach all children in that society up to a certain age compulsorily by invent school, makes those children study, learn, practice, and memorize common knowledge and some special subjects. Later, they grow old and die one day. Suppose that philosophy of Theravada Buddhism is true and each and every so-called soul or spirit or mind or consciousness will come into cycles of life unless those become liberated (reach Nirvana). Suppose that those people come back to human life. Suppose that although they cannot remember previous life, they will find out they are quick learners and more intelligent compared to other people. Other people will be surprised about their high intelligence and wonder why ……-Just like above example, suppose the human beings of the world make plan to teach all children up to a certain age compulsorily by inventing school, makes those children study, learn, practice, and memorize common knowledge and some special subjects. Later, they grow old and die one day. Suppose that philosophy of Theravada Buddhism is true and each and every so-called soul or spirit or mind or consciousness will come into cycles of life unless those become liberated (reach Nirvana). Suppose that those people come back to human life. Suppose that although they cannot remember previous life, they will find out they are quick learners and more intelligent compared to previous generations. People who compared those late generation people with previous generations will be surprised about later generation’s higher intelligence and wonder why …….-And then generations later, this kind of increase in intelligence in much later generations is stopped due to education in schooling’s effect on intelligence is limited to certain extent. People will wonder why much later generation’s intelligence is not increased more ............-All the livings cannot take their belongings, wealth, servants with them when dead. The only thing they can take is the good deeds (actions) or bad deeds (actions) done by themselves physically, mentally or verbally. Gotama Buddha

The internet has democratised information. We can investigate any “knowledge community” without fear of rebuke and rebuttal.I will write about the internet first, then please be patient, I will answer the question.in 1995 the top 10 uses of the internet wereTop 10 uses of the InternetDecember 21, 1995by Diane MyersComments 4Based on a recent survey of Internet traffic, the 10 most popular uses of the Internet in descending order of use are:Electronic mail. At least 85% of the inhabitants of cyberspace send and receive e-mail. Some 20 million e-mail messages cross the Internet every week.Research.Downloading files.Discussion groups. These include public groups, such as those on Usenet, and the private mailing lists that ListServ manages.Interactive games. Who hasn’t tried to hunt down at least one game?Education and self-improvement. On-line courses and workshops have found yet another outlet.Friendship and dating. You may be surprised at the number of electronic “personals” that you can find on the World Wide Web.Electronic newspapers and magazines. This category includes late-breaking news, weather, and sports. We’re likely to see this category leap to the top five in the next several years.Job-hunting. Classified ads are in abundance, but most are for technical positions.Shopping. It’s difficult to believe that this category even ranks. It appears that “cybermalls” are more for curious than serious shoppers.The survey shows that individuals, corporations, business people, and groups use Internet primarily as a communications vehicle as these users reduce their use of fax machines, telephones, and the postal service. E-mail should remain at the top of the list. The Internet has continued and will continue to change how we view the world. — by Diane Myers, Analyst Communications, End Use, In-Stat, Scottsdale, AZ. (602) 483-4442More great EDN articles:1st .com domain name is registered, March 15, 1985ARPANET establishes 1st computer-to-computer link, October 29, 1969History of the internetThe Next Killer App? The Internet, and It’s Here NowDecember 1, 1995: EDN launches this site10 tips for a successful engineering resumeElectronic products from hellThe 5 greatest engineers of all time6 famous people you may not know are engineersBook review: A guide to sensors in automotiveApple teardowns and analysisToyota’s killer firmware: Bad design and its consequencesSlideshow: The most-popular MCUs everBogatin’s Rules Of ThumbCommon op-amp circuitsUnderstanding the basics of setup and hold timeEDN’s Design Ideas Create radio receiver circuits with the LM386 audio amplifier Encode dozens of buttons with only four lines Cancel PWM DAC ripple with analog subtraction Latching power switch uses momentary pushbutton Transcendental resistors simplify precision design Simplify the battery gauge with a 1-dot bar graph display Charge-pump topology doubles voltage, breaks DC pathEDN TeardownsFree PCB ECAD: The Ultimate listFinding a quick-turn PCB shopEDN Moment in Tech HistoryICs of the 1930s & 1940s60 years of electronics through the eyes of EDN4 comments on “Top 10 uses of the Internet”Measurement.Blues March 19, 2018 “A 2016 survey by techboomers reveals the following:nhttps://techboomers.com/t/uses-of-the-internetnn1. Email and personal communicationn2. Social networks and mass communicationn3. General researchn4. Information about hobbies and Interestsn5. Log in to ReplyPaulChau August 14, 2018 “The internet has somehow ingrained itself so deeply into every day life that I think a lot of people forget that they are using it in some of their daily activity. It's so common and expected to be using email and social media that we sometimes don't reme Log in to ReplyStephenGiderson August 31, 2018 “The internet has somehow ingrained itself so deeply into every day life that I think a lot of people forget that they are using it in some of their daily activity. It's so common and expected to be using email and social media that we sometimes don't reme Log in to ReplyAmarpreet Singh October 4, 2018 “Overseeing Twitter is a critical internet based life advertising procedure. There are an assortment of reasons why we are putting such a great amount of accentuation on appropriate administration and setting up of a Twitter. In this way, here we'll list d Log in to ReplyLeave a ReplyYou must Register or Login to post a comment.I will mention that in 2007 the number one use of the internet was pornography, and the number two use was family History/Genealogy.For 2019–2020Pornography StatisticsBelow are a sample of porn stats. Each statistic or quote has been carefully researched and referenced with the original source in our Porn Stats PDF document. In this way, this compilation of stats, quotes, and figures do not act as a last word on the subject, but as a first word, providing a good starting place for your own research.Stats on the Porn Industry“It seems so obvious: If we invent a machine, the first thing we are going to do—after making a profit—is use it to watch porn.” – Damon Brown, Author of Playboy’s Greatest CoversIt’s projected that virtual reality (VR) porn should be a $1 billion business by the year 2025. That’s third behind an expected $1.4 billion virtual reality video game market and $1.23 billion VR NFL-related content.Pornographers are hoping VR porn will boost porn website revenues that have been mostly stagnant from 2010 to 2015. In that time, adult content increased roughly 0.3% to $3.3 billion.In 2006, estimated revenues for sex-related entertainment businesses were just under $13 billion in the US. These estimates included video sales and rentals, Internet sales, cable, pay-per-view, phone sex, exotic dance clubs magazines, and novelty stores.28,258 users are watching pornography every second.$3,075.64 is spent on porn every second on the Internet.88% of scenes in porn films contain acts of physical aggression, and 49% of scenes contain verbal aggression.79% of porn performers have used marijuana, and 50% have used ecstasy.1 in 5 mobile searches are for pornography.“Amateurs come across better on screen. Our customers feel that. Especially by women you can see it. They still feel strong pain.” – Carlo Scalisi, Owner of 21 Sexury VideoThere are higher percentages of subscriptions to porn sites in zip codes that…Are more urban than rural.Have experienced an increase in higher than average household income.Have a great density of young people (age 15-24).Have a higher proportion of people with undergraduate degrees.Have higher measures of social capital (i.e. more people who donate blood, engage in volunteer activities, or participate in community projects).The Most Up-to-Date Pornography StatisticsSorry but I can’t find current usage statistics for Family History/Genealogy.Joseph Smith did NOT copy/plagiarise anything from the 1823 First Edition of Ethan Smith’s View of the Hebrews. The 1825 Second addition provides evidence, if not proof, of the spread of Hebraic words and culture throughout both American continents. It is available as a free download “voh.pdf” I think from BYU.I haven’t read The Late War. I will Google later.The Late War between the United States and Great BritainFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation Jump to searchThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.(Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article needs additional citations for verification.(December 2013)Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable.(December 2013)The Late War between the United States and Great Britain is an educational text written by Gilbert J. Hunt and published in New York in 1816. The Late War is an account of the War of 1812 written in the style of the King James Bible.[1]Contents1 Contents2 3rd Edition Preface3 Association with the Book of Mormon4 References5 External linksContentsThe Late War is a history of the War of 1812. It begins with President James Madison and the congressional declaration of war, writing "James, whose sir-name was Madison, delivered a written paper to the Great Sanhedrin of the people, who were assembled together." It continues, later describing the Burning of Washington, the Battle of New Orleans, and the Treaty of Ghent.The Late War was written in "biblical style", that is, emulating the style of the King James Bible, and is published with chapter and verse notation.[2]For example, the author introduces the Battle of Queenstown with the text:AND it came to pass, on the morning of the thirteenth day of the tenth month,2 That Stephen, a chief captain of Columbia, sir-named Van Rensselaer, essayed to cross the river which is called Niagara, with his whole army.Near the conclusion of the work, the Battle of New Orleans is described:And it came to pass, in the one thousand eight hundred and fifteenth year of the Christian era, in the first month of the year, and on the eighth day of the month, Being on the Sabbath day, (which, as it is written in the scriptures, Thou shalt remember and keep HOLY,) That the mighty army of the king, which had moved out of the strong ships of Britain, came, in their strength, to make conquest of the territory of Columbia, which lieth to the south ;3rd Edition PrefaceIn the third edition (1819), G J Hunt added a preface encouraging the use of the work in schools:[3]"The reception of it into schools, will render familiar to children the chief actions in the contest [the War], and teach them, at the same time, to respect their country and its institutions.""It seems to me one of the best attempts to imitate the biblical style ; and if the perusal of it can induce young persons to relish and love the sacred books whose language you have imitated, it will be the strongest of all recommendations."Association with the Book of MormonIn the 21st century, speculation arose that The Late War influenced the 1830 work The Book of Mormon. Believers in a miraculous origin for the Book of Mormon dismiss that claim.[1][4]ReferencesPhileas Gagnon. Essai de Bibliographie Canadienne. Quebec. 1895. Volume 1. p 235.Marcus Cunliffe. The Nation Takes Shape: 1789-1837. University of Chicago Press. 1959. p 134.Mason Locke Weems. The Life of Washington. Harvard University Press. 1962. p xliv.Paul A. Gilje. Free Trade and Sailors' Rights in the War of 1812. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p 286.Eran Shalev. American Zion: The Old Testament as a Political Text from the Revolution to the Civil War. Yale University Press. 2013. pp 98 & 99.Benjamin L., McGuire (2013), "The Late War Against the Book of Mormon", Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture, 7: 323–35, ISBN 9781494498573From the preface: "It seems to me one of the best attempts to imitate the biblical style""Late war, between the United States and Great Britain, from June, 1812, to February, 1815 : Hunt, Gilbert J : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine. 2001-03-10. Retrieved 2014-02-28."Book of Mormon/Plagiarism accusations/The Late War - FairMormon". FairMormon. Retrieved 2014-02-28.External linksWikisource has original text related to this article:The late war, between the United States and Great Britain, from June, 1812, to February, 1815Read The Late War at Internet Archive.Internet Archive, to which I belong, has free e-borrowing.A Comparison ofThe Book of MormonandThe Late War Between the United States and Great Britainfirst published Jan 11, 2014last edited Mar 9, 2014Joseph most likely grew up reading a school book called The Late War by Gilbert J. Hunt and it heavily influenced his writing of The Book of Mormon.SummaryIn October 2013, the authors conducted a data analysis comparing The Book of Mormon to over 100,000 books from the pre-1830's era. Out of the top matches, we discovered a book called The Late War Between the United States and Great Britain, a scriptural style account of the War of 1812 published in New York in 1816. Between 1817 and 1819 it was marketed "for the use of schools throughout the United States" under the title The Historical Reader.The Book of MormonAs far as I know Joseph was home-schooled by his father Joseph Smith Sr. As soon as Joseph Jr was fit enough after his leg operation when he was 11 y.o., he was needed to work on the family farm.Book of Mormon/Plagiarism accusations/The Late WarBook of Mormon/Plagiarism accusations/The Late War< Book of Mormon‎ | Plagiarism accusationsFairMormon Answers Wiki Table of ContentsWas the Book of Mormon influenced by the language and themes of "The Late War" by Gilbert Hunt?Summary: It has been claimed by critics Chris and Duane Johnson that the Late War is a potential source of influence on Joseph Smith in his "composition" of the Book of Mormon. These articles, along with the much more detailed and in-depth reviews from scholars associated with the Interpreter Foundation, refute these charges. The article from Ben McGuire uses the same statistical method to revise the Johnson's conclusions. The article from Bruce Schaalje uses Bayesian logic to see how likely it is that Joseph used the Late War as a source. The article from Stanford Carmack uses other literary evidence to suggest that the Late War likely played little to no role in the authorship of the Book of Mormon. The articles we have written here take a large swath of specific examples that the Johnson's have pointed to for such "influence" and shows problems and complications with them.Jump to Subtopic:Question: Did Joseph Smith plagiarize passages from Gilbert Hunt's book The Late War, between the United States and Great Britain, from June, 1812, to February, 1815?Question: Does the Book of Mormon phrase "curious workmanship" originate from Gilbert Hunt's The Late War?Question: Does Gilbert Hunt's The Late War talk of 2000 "striplings" who go to war?Question: Is Gilbert Hunt's phrase "the fourth day of this seventh month" in The Late War a source for the Book of Mormon phrase "the fourth day of this seventh month" in Alma 10:6?Question: Was the Book of Mormon description of a cataclysm at the time of Christ's death derived from a similar description in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War?Question: Are there similarities between the description of forts in the Book of Mormon and Gilbert Hunt's The Late War?Question: Does the Book of Mormon mention "steel" of "fine workmanship" as described in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War?Question: Does the Book of Mormon, like Gilbert Hunt's The Late War, talk of "freemen who came to the defence of the city, built strong holds and forts, and raised up fortifications in abundance"?Question: Were the Three Nephites of the Book of Mormon based upon three of the "lying prophets among the savages" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War?Question: Is there significance to the fact that both the Book of Mormon and Gilbert Hunt's The Late War mention a "rod of iron"?Question: Do both the Book of Mormon and Gilbert Hunt's The Late War talk about people maintaining a "standard of liberty"?Question: How similar are the Late War and the Book of Mormon in their descriptions of Christopher Columbus?Question: Could Gilbert Hunt's The Late War have given Joseph Smith the idea of using brass plates as a way of recording information?Question: Does Gilbert Hunt's The Late War describe "Boats and barges built from trees after the fashion of the ark"?Question: Was the Book of Mormon phrase "it came to pass" derived from Gilbert Hunt's The Late War?Question: Could Joseph Smith have learned about Hebraisms from Gilbert Hunt's "The Late War"?Question: Does Gilbert Hunt's book The Late War contain rare phrases that do not appear in other works but only appear in the Book of Mormon?Question: Could the Book of Mormon been influenced by the Late War in its use of lions in similes?Question: Are the descriptions of Nephi (from the Book of Mormon) and Fulton’s (from The Late War) ships similar enough to suggest authorial relationship?Question: Could the fact that Orson Pratt considered cureloms to possibly be mammoths support the theory that Joseph Smith used Gilbert Hunt's The Late War in "authoring" The Book of Mormon?Question: Are the Book of Mormon's and the Late War's descriptions of travel to "faraway lands" similar enough to suggest an authorial relationship?Question: Are the Book of Mormon and the Late War's descriptions of the pitching of tents similar?Question: Do the Late War and the Book of Mormon describe "burned martyrs" in a similar way?Question: Do the Late War and the Book of Mormon describe a "Spiritual being entering hearts" in a similar way?Question: Do the Late War and the Book of Mormon share a similarity in describing women as "tender"—prey to the lusts of men?Question: Do the Late War and the Book of Mormon describe their battle casualties in a similar way?Question: Is the phrase "a mock and a bye-word among all nations" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "he hearkened unto the counsel of the wicked one" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "it came to pass, that they gathered together" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "and a part thereof" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "about twenty and four" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "and slew seven of" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "and wist not what" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "your women and your children" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "were compelled to flee before" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "to come out against" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "they were like unto" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "they were astonished beyond measure" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Question: Is the phrase "they humbled themselves and" in Gilbert Hunt's The Late War a "rare phrase"?Comparison between Tecumseh/Moriavon Town and Teancum/MoriantonInterpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship, "The Late War Against the Book of Mormon"Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship, "A Bayesian Cease-Fire in the Late War on the Book of Mormon"Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship, "Is the Book of Mormon a Pseudo-Archaic Text?"Question: Did Joseph Smith plagiarize passages from Gilbert Hunt's book The Late War, between the United States and Great Britain, from June, 1812, to February, 1815?Book of Mormon Central, KnoWhy #502: Is the Book of Mormon Like Any Other Nineteenth Century Book? (Video)An assumption is being made that Joseph Smith must have read Gilbert Hunt's The Late War in the absence of any evidence to support itChris Johnson, Duane Johnson, in "A Comparison of The Book of Mormon and The Late War Between the United States and Great Britain,"[1]propose a number of parallel sentence structures between Gilbert Hunt's book The Late War and the Book of Mormon. The authors conclude that Joseph Smith read Hunt's book while in school (without any actual evidence that Joseph ever actually saw the book). They base this conclusion upon the assumption that the book was widely available, and therefore Joseph must have read it. Hence, they conclude that Joseph constructed the Book of Mormon by using structural elements of The Late War. The evidence is presented as a series of comparisons between the Book of Mormon and The Late War.Seventy-five of the parallels identified as significant between the two texts came from the Copyright statements of the two booksSeventy-five of the parallels identified as significant between the two texts came from the Copyright statement. Why? Because the copyright statement was a fill-in-the-blank form. It had a certain set of language that was standardized for the period. So books copyrighted in the same general area at the same general time, such at The Late War and the Book of Mormon, would have nearly identical copyright statements. And this study found 75 parallels between the two. This shouldn't surprise us, because of course, both books had copyright statements that were reliant on a common source. And we can see from this dense material that there is a relationship between the two. But anyone who actually looks at the texts will also see that this has nothing to do with what might be termed the creative content in each work.Most of the similarities occur simply because both The Late War and the Book of Mormon use the language of the King James BibleMost of the similarities occur because they both use the language of the King James Bible. For both, the language choice seems like a stylistic decision (and not determined by the content). And in fact, the Book of Mormon quotes from Isaiah a couple of dozen chapters. This creates a relationship between the Bible and both of these books. The computer model doesn't have a way of separating style or word choice from content and meaning (and both texts can use the same phrase in different ways). We have to read it to realize that while one is simply copying the Bible (mining it for phrases), the other is creating theological discussion by taking a passage and expanding on it. 2 Nephi 2 quotes from Genesis about Adam and Eve, and then goes from there to provide commentary and discussion about the theology involved. The Late War may use the language or even quote from the Old Testament, but it never goes through commentary and theological discussion. That isn't its purpose. Sometimes the same passages get used. The Late War makes references to a specific battle and describes it as a David versus Goliath encounter. The Book of Mormon uses the David and Goliath narrative in an allusion to the Old Testament. They are very, very different ways of using the Old Testament text - even if on the surface, they use the same bit of material. All of this is important because if The Late War served as a model, or lent its language, we would expect perhaps to see other things influenced by it as well. And, we don't. But the computer model isn't capable of judging the quality of the parallels being offered.The authors employ a fallacy that is called the Texas Marksman (or the Texas Bulls Eye)The authors of the study present us these lists of similarities. In presenting this list, we get presented with a fallacy that is called the Texas Marksman (or the Texas Bulls Eye). Essentially, the way the reference works is that you shoot a bunch of rounds into the side of your barn, and then you go up to the holes and paint your target around them (giving you the best and tightest clustering). Usually, the way these models work in accepted applications is that you start by testing the model in situations where you already know the outcome. That way, you can see how reliable your new model is. And if it is highly reliable in known cases, then you can start cautiously applying it to unknown models (you don't create your own target this way).By intuiting that it must be right, this model used with The Late War simply skipped the testing part. But this created one of the biggest obvious problems with the theory. They didn't stop with the Book of Mormon. They ran a test on a Jane Austin novel, and found a source (a relatively unknown book from 1810). Why is this important? Austin was a prolific writer, sending thousands of letters during her lifetime detailing what she was reading, her influences, writing about her writing, and so on. We have a huge body of literature devoted to dealing with her writing (she was one of the most important writers of the period). So when you have a statistical model that produces a brand new source, not noticed by anyone previously, not mentioned in any of her letters, and so on - there ought to be a bit of a red flag raised. But there wasn't. Had this theory been introduced to academic literary theorists - this would have been the major point of dispute (since they don't really care about the Book of Mormon).Furthermore, the methodology employed by the Johnson's itself has been criticized by experts in the field. Consider the thoughts of Harold Love on the work of Donald W. Foster, who argued for the authorship of Shakespeare of an unattributed poem from 1612 using "a trawling of the vast electronic databases now available in search of phrasal parallels and rare vocabulary"[2]:"Instead of using the mathematics of probability to compare frequencies of stylistic usage, the new attributionists look on the widest of available scales for characteristic words and word clusters, which are assumed either to be conscious recollections of earlier texts (including those of the same author) or subconscious examples of authorial idiolect." ("Attributing Authorship" p. 149)Love further critiqued the methodology, saying:"considered as a method for establishing attributions for older texts, it runs all the dangers that Greg and Schoenbaum identified with the ‘parallelographic school’ of the early twentieth century. Chief among these is knowing when a similarity in expression actually constitutes a parallel close enough to be enrolled as evidence for derivation or common authorship" ("Attributing Authorship" p. 148).And also noted:"What I will call as a convenient shorthand the ‘memory mechanism’ approach, with all its promise, offers no formal method of verification, but relies on the inherent plausibility or implausibility of the patterns presented." ("Attributing Authorship" p. 151)Did this model that the Johnson's used really find a previously unknown and unidentified source of Jane Austin's work? Or did it simply create the illusion of doing this by painting a bulls eye after clustering its data? Scholarly analysis places confidence in the latter position (as a side note, discovering a new source for Jane Austin would be a thesis-significant sort of discovery). The paper the Johnsons wrote was submitted to Dialogue (who are usually sympathetic, given the purpose of the journal, to these types of claims and theories) yet they rejected the proposal. All indications would tell us that the methodology used to establish connections between The Late War and and the Book of Mormon is dubious and the supposed parallels of the same caliber.Look,(1) Joseph Smith was too poor to buy any books.(2) There was a library several miles away from Joseph’s home, but there is no record of him ever being a member. I think in those days you had to pay for membership, as well as pay late fees. He wouldn’t had a dime or nickel or to spare for “frivolities”.(3) Once Joseph got back into the “swing” of translation, he only took 65 days with the help of the Holy Spirit, to finish the translation.There is no way that Joseph had the raw intelligence and education to speed read both weeks.Joseph’s wife Emma stated that Joseph couldn't write a decent letter without help.(4) The issue of the authenticity of The Book of Mormon was first raised in the 1920’s.It was researched by Elder B.H. Roberts of the Council of the Seventy.His scholarship in producing his two manuscripts was mediocre.For example, he only read the 1823 First Edition of View of the Hebrews, but if he had bothered to study the 1825 Second Edition he would have found evidence, if not proof, of Hebraic words and culture across both of the American continents.Also, once the First Presidency and The Council of the Twelve (Apostles) decided that they didn’t have time to study and review their Roberts’ manuscript, even though they requested it, the manuscript, it should have been put the vault or destroyed.Roberts’ second manuscript, not published until 1985, should also have been destroyed by Roberts prior to his death. He doesn’t draw any conclusions, which I consider cowardly scholarship.If you are going to write something which requires answers to questions, have both the morality and intestinal fortitude to write conclusions.This is the only fault which I can find in Brother Roberts’ service to The Lord.In Doctrine and Covenants 64:9–10 The Lord states “I will forgive whom I will forgive, but of you it is required to forgive all [people]. (you can find it at Doctrine and Covenants 64I hope this answers your question.