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Ivar the Boneless was not a cripple at all.The leader of Vikings was one of the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, who along with his brothers Halfdan and Ubbe led the great pagan army. Ivar the Boneless ~in Old Scandinavian~ means Ivar inn beinlausi, Ivar also spelled Ivarr, Inguar, or Inwaer, (died 873, Dublin [Ireland]), Viking chieftain, of Danish origin, whose life story is suffused with legend.Ivar the boneless was curiously referred to, was a Viking warlord and a man of exceptional cruelty and ferocity, he was the son of Ragnar Lodbrok and Aslaug Sigurdsdottir.Ivar, who ruled over an area covering parts of modern Denmark and Sweden, was reputed to be a berserker.The berserkers were Viking warriors who are said to have fought in an uncontrollable, trance-like fury, later giving rise to the English word “berserk”.The name derived from their reputed habit of wearing a coat (Old Norse- serkr) made from the skin of a bear (Old Norse- ber) in battle.And the Viking sagas describe Ivar as “Only cartilage was where bone should have been , but otherwise he grew tall and handsome and in wisdom he was the best of their children.”It is recorded that his stature was such that he dwarfed all his contemporaries, in battle he was always in the van. His arms were so strong that his bow was more powerful and his arrows heavier than those of his companions.There is much disagreement as to the meaning of Ivar's puzzling epithet “the Boneless”.It has been suggested it was a euphemism for impotence, It was said that he had "no love lust in him" or even a snake metaphor, his brother Sigurd was known as Snake-in-the-Eye. It may however, simply have referred to a physical flexibility.The poem "Httalykill inn forni" describes Ivar as being "without any bones at all". Norse sources mention Ivar being carried on a shield by his army, leading to speculation that he was lame, this however is unlikely considering he was a renowned warrior and other sources from the period mention chieftains being ceremonially borne on the shields of enemies following victory.Accompanied by his brothers Halfdan and Ubbe, Ivar crossed the North Sea to England and led what the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle referred to as the Great Heathen Army in the invasion of East Anglia in 865. He unfurled the Viking Raven banner in East Anglia, according to legend, it was woven by three of the daughters of Ragnar Lodbrok. The East Anglians made peace with the invaders and provided them with horses.Lothbrocus and his sons Ivar and Ubba. 15th century miniature in Harley MS 2278, folio 39r.The following year, Ivar led his army north and took the city of York, known to the Vikings as Jorvik. Northumbria was at the time in a state of civil war, King Aelle of Northumbria had usurped the throne from Osberht who had ruled Northumbria for the previous eighteen years, however they agreed to unite against their common enemy, it took 4 months for them to join their forces, and on 21st March 867 they stormed the city walls and gained entry to York in attempt to relieve it.Vikings rallied, slaughtered all those who had entered the city and routed those who were outside, both kings Aelle and Osberht were killed. In revenge for the killing of Ivar's father, Ragnar Lodbrok, who was thrown into a snake-pit on Aelle's orders.Ragnar receives Kráka (Aslaug), as imagined by August Malmström.19th century artist's impression of Ælla of Northumbria's execution of Ragnar LodbrokAelle was subjected to the agonising death of the blood eagle, a gruesome Viking method of torture and execution which is sometimes mentioned in the Nordic sagas. It was performed by cutting the ribs of the victim by the spine, breaking the ribs so they resembled blood-stained wings, and pulling the lungs out through the wounds in the victim's back. Salt was sprinkled in the wounds. What was left of the Northumbrian court fled north, and Ivar installed Egbert as the puppet king of Northumbria.The Great Heathen Army army progressed into Mercia fixing their winter-quarters at Nottingham. Burgred, the King of Mercia, sought aid from Ethelred, King of Wessex and his brother Alfred, who led an army into Mercia and besieged Nottingham, however, the Vikings, heavily outnumbered, refused to fight. Henry of Huntingdon, writing almost 250 years later, described the situation at Nottingham “Ingwar [Ivar] then, seeing that the whole force of England was there gathered, and that his host was the weaker, and was there shut in, betook himself to smooth words - cunning fox that he was - and won peace and troth from the English. Then he went back to York, and abode there one year with all cruelty.”The Mercians settled on paying the Vikings off, who agreed to leave and returned to Northumbria in the Autumn of 868. They spent the winter in York.They returned to East Anglia and when King Edmund of East Anglia led resistance against them he was captured and brutally executed at the village of Hoxne.Viking religious beliefs encouraged cruelty towards the followers of the “White Christ” who they saw as cowards. Edmund bravely refused to become the vassal of a heathen or renounce his religion, declaring that his religion was dearer to him than his life, he was beaten with clubs as he called upon the name of Jesus and was then tied to a tree, where the Vikings shot arrows into him until he died, they then beheaded him. They left Edmund's corpse unburied and his head was thrown into deep brambles. Monasteries were razed to the ground, monks slaughtered and plundering took place on a massive scale.After 869 Ivar left for Dublin leaving the command of the Great Heathen Army in England to his brothers Halfdan and Ubbe. He is thought to be later identified as Imar, founder of the of Ivar, which at various times ruled Northumbria from York, and dominated the Irish Sea from the Kingdom of Dublin.Along with “Olaf the White”, his co-ruler in Dublin, he launched a two-pronged attack on Scotland, they met up at Dumbarton Rock the “fortress of the Britons”, which they besieged. The garrison of the rock held out for four months. They cut off the water supply and having 'Wasted the people who were in it by hunger and thirst', the defenders capitulated after which it was pillaged and destroyed. Ivar and Olaf remained in Strathclyde for the winter, and then returned to Dublin loaded with booty and slaves. The Vikings then exacted tribute from Constantine I, King of Scots.The Annals of Ulster record Ivar as having died in 873. His death is also mentioned in the Annals of Ireland under the year 873. The cause of death, said to be a sudden and horrible disease' raises the possibility that Ivar's curious nickname of “the Boneless” was due to the crippling effects of an unidentified disease which was eventually was the cause of his death.We know there are theories that he may have suffered from osteogenesis imperfecta or brittle bone disease, which was put forward in 1949 by the Dane Knud Seedorf “Of historical personages the author knows of only one of whom we have a vague suspicion that he suffered from osteogenesis imperfecta, namely Ivar the Boneless, eldest son of the Danish legendary king Regnar Lodbrok. He is reported to have had legs as soft as cartilage («he lacked bones»), so that he was unable to walk and had to be carried about on a shield.”Osteogenesis imperfecta is a dominant congenital skeletal disorder that causes extremely fragile bones, and is most frequently caused by defect in the gene that produces type 1 collagen, an important building block of bone.People with the condition are extremely susceptible to fractures and may have blue sclerae, a bluish tint in the whites of their eyes.But another hypothesis is that he was actually known as "the Hated", which in Latin would be Exosus. A medieval scribe with a basic knowledge of Latin could easily have interpreted it as ex (without) os (bone), thus "the Boneless", although it is hard to align this theory with the direct translation of his name given in Norse sources.While the sagas are not clear about Ivar's physical disability, they emphasise his wisdom, cunning, and mastery of strategy and tactics in battle.Ivar was known to be the most generous of men. He attracted many warriors that he kept at his side when King Ælla was attacked by his brothers' Vikings for the second time and captured.On the other hand, there is another very interesting variant. Evidence has been discovered that Ivar could have been a rather tall and stocky man. It’s the most probably and I honestly believe it.In warrior societies ~as were the Vikings~ defective children were not tolerated and they were sacrificed immediately. Hence, Ivar could never have a born disease.Testimonies of a fortuitous excavation in 1685 speak of a person of 9 feet of height that could have been an important viking caudillo by the form in which it was buried. These testimonies are given as valid by both archaeologists and historians since the records that were left of that excavation describe everything as they found it in 1974 in Repton. Which would mean that “Ivar's illness” could be gigantism and the name somewhat ironic or derived from that he was never wounded in battle.This theory also fits with the one that defends that Ivar was a great warrior that touched the unbeatable, for what he was nicknamed "Without Bones".That means this berserker name was later derived as two parts in which -serkr is old Norse translated to wearing a coat and -ber is old Norse translated to made from the skin of a bear.Finally, he may not have been associated with his physique, but with a snake, an animal also considered as a symbol of wisdom. It would not be strange in his family as it could be related to his brother Sigurd, whom they nicknamed Snake Eye, as well as the inheritance received by his maternal grandfather, Aslaug's father, Sigurd, who killed the dragon Fafnir.In the saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, there is an interesting prequel to the battle of Hastings: it is said that before Ivar died in England, he ordered that his body be buried in a mound on the English shore, so that while his bones kept that coast, no enemy could invade the island successfully. This prophecy remained, according to the saga, until William the Conqueror stepped on English soil, came to the mound of burial and, after desecrating his grave and realizing that the body of the Viking was intact, he ordered to raise a pyre and burn the corpse. From there, Guillermo launched his forces from the continent and achieved victory.A map of the routes taken by the Great Heathen Army from 865 to 878SOURCE:English Monarchs All rights reserved · Copyright © 2004 - 2018mummy-case / cartonnage / human mummy