Airport Non-Commercial Use Land Lease: Fill & Download for Free

Following things will happen if Mr. Modi wins!:-1- Economic growth:-Steadily accelerate GDP growth rate to achieve a target of 8%.Raise investment rates to 36% of GDP.Increase tax-GDP ratio to 22% of GDP.Work with states to improve ease of business and rationalize land & labour regulations.2- Employment & Labour Reforms:-Fully codify central labour laws; Enhance Female Labour Force Participation to 30%.Enhance skills & significantly increase number of apprenticeships.Improve data collection on employment.Ease industrial relations to encourage formalization.3- Technology & Innovation:-Achieve a position among top 50 countries in Global Innovation Index.Establish an empowered body to holistically steer the management of science.Take steps for enhancing technology commercialization by public funded institutions.Create a non-lapsable "District Innovation Fund”.4- Industry:-Double the current growth rate of the manufacturing sector.Develop self-sufficient clusters of manufacturing competence, with plug & play parks for MSMEs.Launch a major initiative to push industry to adopt Industry 4.0.Introduce a “single window” in states providing a single point of contact between investor & government.Doubling Farmers IncomeModernize technology, increase productivity & agro-processing; diversify cropsIncrease area under drip irrigation, adoption of hybrid seeds.Reorient ATMA to include bottom-up planning for developing Strategic Research Extension Plans.Encourage diversification to High Value Crops.Promote policies that enable farmers to capture a higher share of value additionAbolish APMC; Adopt Model APLM Act, Model Contract Farming Act & Model Land Leasing Act.Formulate a coherent & stable agricultural export policy. Eliminate ban on agro-exports.Focus on precision agriculture; raise research spending.Create modern rural infrastructure & an integrated value chain systemAccord infrastructure status for agriculture value chains.Link production to processing, set up village-level procurement centres.Develop export-oriented clusters.5- Financial Inclusion:-Ensure universal access to bank accounts, insurance & pensionIntegrate an Arthik Shiksha Abhiyan in the regular school curriculum.Use technology to improve assessment of credit-worthiness of small borrowers & households etc.Facilitate growth of online digital & paperless banking.6- Housing for All:-Provide every family with a pucca house, water connection, toilet & 24x7 electricity supplyShift focus of projects to life cycle cost approach instead of cost per square foot approach.Use land lying idle with sick/loss making PSUs of central/state governments.Consider a sub-category under priority sector lending for affordable houses.7- Travel/Tourism:-Increase India’s share in global international tourist arrivals from 1.2% to 3%Develop 100 “Smart Tourist Destination Sites”.Launch e-visa awareness campaign; enhance number of annual visits allowed under e-medical visa.Notify tourism infrastructure projects more than Rs 1 crore as "infrastructure".8- Mining:-Target average growth of 8.5%; double area explored from current 10% of OGPLaunch a mission “Explore in India” by revamping minerals exploration & licensing policy.Provide single window & time-bound environment & forest clearances.Create a National Mineral Regulatory Authority with subordinate state authorities.9- Energy:-Make available 24x7 power to all; achieve 175 GW renewable energy generation capacity.Bring oil, natural gas, electricity & coal under GST to enable input tax credit.Promote smart grid & smart meters.Provide mechanism for cost-effective power grid balancing.10- Surface Transport:-Double length of national highways; reduce number of road accidents & fatalities by 50%.Complete key projects e.g. Bharatmala Pariyojna Phase-1.Maintain NH assets by adopting a maintenance management system.Earmark 10% of annual budget for road & highways maintenance.11- Railways:-Ensure an efficient, safe, cost-effective & accessible rail network; achieve zero fatalities.Rationalize fare structures & subsidies, & monetize assets to generate revenues.Implement the 22 recommendations of the High-Level Safety Review Committee chaired by Dr. Kakodkar.Set up an independent regulator for the Indian Railways.12- Civil Aviation:-Increase domestic ticket sales from 103 to 300 million; double air cargo handled.Ensure time-bound completion of airports under UDAN. Privatize Tier 1 city airports.Reduce taxes on MRO services & consider granting infrastructure status for MRO.Promote “Fly-from-India” through the creation of transshipment hubs.13- Ports, Shipping & Inland Waterways:-Double the share of freight transported by coastal shipping & inland waterways.Complete SagarMala project. Open up India?s dredging market.Enact new Merchant Shipping Bill.Facilitate access to capital for inland vessels under priority sector lending.14- Logistics:-Reduce the logistics cost to less than 10% of GDP from the current level of 14%.Develop an IT-enabled platform for integrating different modes of transport.Rationalize tariffs & determine prices in an efficient manner across different modes.Create an overarching body that maintains a repository of all transport data.15- Digital Connectivity:-Achieve digital connectivity across states, districts; deliver government services digitally.Explore efficient spectrum allocation in large contiguous blocks.Consider putting in place a credible system to track call drops, weak signals etc.Focus on digital literacy at primary school level through the National Digital Literacy Mission.16- Smart Cities:-Drive job creation & economic growth; improve efficiencies in service delivery.Establish a dedicated Metropolitan Urban Transport Authority in 1 million plus population cities.Launch single-window facility for urban poor to access basic services.Mainstream the resilient cities approach & integrate it with service levels.17- Swachh Bharat Mission:-Make India open defecation free; change attitudes towards sanitation & promoting hygiene.Plan behavior change through communication & inter-personal communication campaigns.Consider expenditure on bio-toilets/bio-digesters for concession from GST.Nudge ULBs to charge adequate user charges for disposal of waste & toilet maintenance.18- School Education:-Universal access & retention; improvement in learning outcomes.Formulate mechanisms to enforce regulations on teacher qualifications, absenteeism etc.Rationalize public school structure, undertake individualized tracking.Give children the option of branching into vocational courses.19- Higher Education:-Increase gross enrolment ratio from 25% in 2016-17 to 35%.Ensure effective coordination of higher education regulators.Compulsorily accredit all higher education institutions.Link funding to outcomes through MHRD & Higher Education Funding Agency.20- Teacher Education & Training:-Enforce minimum standards; improve in-service training; resolve teacher absenteeism.Establish a committee to develop objective criteria to recognize institutions.Redesign in-service teacher professional development programmes.Set up a national electronic teacher registry; develop teacher-demand forecast models for all levels.21- Skilling:-Increase proportion of formally skilled labour from 5.4% of workforce to 15%; ensure inclusivity.Establish single regulatory body to lay down minimum standards for players.Initiate vocational education from class VIII.Streamline claim process for reimbursement under National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme.22- Public Health Action:-To revamp radically the public & preventive health system.Co-locate AYUSH services in 50% of PHCs, 70% of CHCs & 100% of district hospitals.Institute a public health & management cadre in states.Create a focal point for public health at the central level with state counterparts.23- Primary Health Care:-Scale-up a new vision for comprehensive primary health, on the platform of Health & Wellness Centres.Accelerate the establishment of a network of 150,000 HWCs; Enable mechanisms for rapid scale up.Coordinate action to address social determinants of health.Catalyse people?s participation for a healthy India: Swasth Bharat Jan Andolan.24- Human Resources for Health:-Achieve doctor-population ratio of 1:1400 & nurse-population ratio of 1:500Reform governance of medical, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy councils.Promote integrative medicine curriculum.Develop comprehensive HRH policy in states; generate data on HRH.25- Universal Health Coverage:-On platform of PM-JAY, cover 75% of population with publicly financed health insurance.Strengthen public sector health facilities e.g. institutionalise district hospital rankings.Trigger private investments in supply deficit areas through incentives for hospital empanelment.Establish research consortia for high priority diseases.26- Gender:-Enhance FLFP rate to at least 30%; create a work environment without barriers.Strengthen legal frameworks to eliminate discrimination against women.Generate gender-disaggregated data & rank states on key indicators.Provide gender friendly facilities in upcoming towns & big cities.27- Social Inclusion:-Enable senior citizens, PwDs & transgender persons to participate in economic development.Revise National Policy for Older Persons; emphasize concept of „ageing in own home?.Generate disaggregated data on PwDs.Provide for identification of transgender persons in government & non-government records.Accelerate development of SCs, STs, OBCs, DNTs, NTs, SNTs & minorities through focused affirmative action.Design schemes narrowly focused on the needs of specific communities.Establish residential schools in uncovered blocks with facilities for vocational training.Vest primary responsibility for schemes implemented by Ministry of Minority Affairs with line ministries.28- Aspirational Districts:-Uplift 115 districts currently lagging behind in development parameters.Create a positive narrative of development by making it a mass movement.Use data to inform decision-making & spur competition among districts.Establish institutional mechanisms for teamwork between centre, states & districts.29- North-East Region:-Develop physical connectivity for enhanced trade; focus on waterways, financial inclusion.Encourage each NER state to draw up a development blueprint.Address connectivity issues e.g. transit treaties for NER & its neighbours.Promote eco-tourism & adventure tourism; ensure early completion of irrigation projects.30- Legal, Judicial, Police Reforms:-Ensure safety & security of citizens & access to effective legal systems.Create a repository of all existing central & state laws, rules & regulations.Address backlog of pending cases e.g. shift part of workload out of regular court system.Create task force under MHA to skill personnel & identify non-core functions for outsourcing.31- Civil Services Reforms:-Establish a reformed system of recruitment, training & performance evaluation of civil services.Promote an officer-oriented culture & focus on expanding the number of officers.Alter current system of training to meet job-outcome oriented goals e.g. managing urban areas.Consider replacing annual confidential reports with multi-stakeholder feedback.32- City Governance:-Transform cities into economically vibrant & environmentally sustainable habitats.Recognise each city as a distinct unit of the economy; develop a quarterly city dashboard.Articulate a framework for city governance that includes development authorities, other parastatals etc.Establish a modern national framework for spatial planning of cities.33- Water Resources:-Provide adequate & safe piped drinking water & water for sanitation.Increase the water storage capacity from 253 bcm to 304 bcm.Launch a pilot scheme to irrigate 10 lakh ha with treated waste water.Develop recharging zones to make groundwater resources sustainable.34- Sustainable Environment:-Reduce PM2.5 to 50; effective implementation of solid waste management rules.Upscale technologies for crop harvesting & utilization of farm residue.Encourage nationwide implementation of bio-digester toilets.Convert urban vacant areas to urban green areas.35- Land Resources:-Strengthen land markets by efficient allocation, secure property rights etc.States may consider the Model Land Leasing Act, 2016.Implement effectively the Forest Rights Act in all states.Update & digitize land records in a user-friendly manner.36- Data-Led Policy-making:-Ensure timely generation & dissemination of data for evidence-based policy-making.Create state data repositories based on guidelines drawn up by central government.Use tertiary big data collected by private third parties.Update government statistical organizations on new technologies.Long live India!Namo again!

In December of 2018, Modi govt's policy think tank - Niti Ayog has prepared strategy of Modi govt for next 5 years which is called Strategy for New [email protected] to this, if Modi wins again following could be his plans for the term 2019 to 2024 :Economy PolicySteadily accelerate GDP growth rate to achieve a target of 8%.Raise investment rates to 36% of GDP.Increase tax-GDP ratio to 22% of GDP.Work with states to improve ease of business and rationalize land & labour regulations.Employment & Labour ReformsFully codify central labour laws; Enhance Female Labour Force Participation to 30%.Enhance skills & significantly increase number of apprenticeships.Improve data collection on employment.Ease industrial relations to encourage formalization.Technology & InnovationAchieve a position among top 50 countries in Global Innovation Index.Establish an empowered body to holistically steer the management of science.Take steps for enhancing technology commercialization by public funded institutions.Create a non-lapsable "District Innovation Fund”.IndustryDouble the current growth rate of the manufacturing sector.Develop self-sufficient clusters of manufacturing competence, with plug & play parks for MSMEs.Launch a major initiative to push industry to adopt Industry 4.0.Introduce a “single window” in states providing a single point of contact between investor & government.Doubling Farmers IncomeModernize technology, increase productivity & agro-processing; diversify cropsIncrease area under drip irrigation, adoption of hybrid seeds.Reorient ATMA to include bottom-up planning for developing Strategic Research Extension Plans.Encourage diversification to High Value Crops.Promote policies that enable farmers to capture a higher share of value additionAbolish APMC; Adopt Model APLM Act, Model Contract Farming Act & Model Land Leasing Act.Formulate a coherent & stable agricultural export policy. Eliminate ban on agro-exports.Focus on precision agriculture; raise research spending.Create modern rural infrastructure & an integrated value chain systemAccord infrastructure status for agriculture value chains.Link production to processing, set up village-level procurement centres.Develop export-oriented clusters.Financial InclusionEnsure universal access to bank accounts, insurance & pensionIntegrate an Arthik Shiksha Abhiyan in the regular school curriculum.Use technology to improve assessment of credit-worthiness of small borrowers & households etc.Facilitate growth of online digital & paperless banking.Housing for AllProvide every family with a pucca house, water connection, toilet & 24x7 electricity supplyShift focus of projects to life cycle cost approach instead of cost per square foot approach.Use land lying idle with sick/loss making PSUs of central/state governments.Consider a sub-category under priority sector lending for affordable houses.Travel/TourismIncrease India’s share in global international tourist arrivals from 1.2% to 3%Develop 100 “Smart Tourist Destination Sites”.Launch e-visa awareness campaign; enhance number of annual visits allowed under e-medical visa.Notify tourism infrastructure projects more than Rs 1 crore as "infrastructure".MiningTarget average growth of 8.5%; double area explored from current 10% of OGPLaunch a mission “Explore in India” by revamping minerals exploration & licensing policy.Provide single window & time-bound environment & forest clearances.Create a National Mineral Regulatory Authority with subordinate state authorities.EnergyMake available 24x7 power to all; achieve 175 GW renewable energy generation capacity.Bring oil, natural gas, electricity & coal under GST to enable input tax credit.Promote smart grid & smart meters.Provide mechanism for cost-effective power grid balancing.Surface TransportDouble length of national highways; reduce number of road accidents & fatalities by 50%.Complete key projects e.g. Bharatmala Pariyojna Phase-1.Maintain NH assets by adopting a maintenance management system.Earmark 10% of annual budget for road & highways maintenance.RailwaysEnsure an efficient, safe, cost-effective & accessible rail network; achieve zero fatalities.Rationalize fare structures & subsidies, & monetize assets to generate revenues.Implement the 22 recommendations of the High-Level Safety Review Committee chaired by Dr. Kakodkar.Set up an independent regulator for the Indian Railways.Civil AviationIncrease domestic ticket sales from 103 to 300 million; double air cargo handled.Ensure time-bound completion of airports under UDAN. Privatize Tier 1 city airports.Reduce taxes on MRO services & consider granting infrastructure status for MRO.Promote “Fly-from-India” through the creation of transshipment hubs.Ports, Shipping & Inland WaterwaysDouble the share of freight transported by coastal shipping & inland waterways.Complete SagarMala project. Open up India?s dredging market.Enact new Merchant Shipping Bill.Facilitate access to capital for inland vessels under priority sector lending.LogisticsReduce the logistics cost to less than 10% of GDP from the current level of 14%.Develop an IT-enabled platform for integrating different modes of transport.Rationalize tariffs & determine prices in an efficient manner across different modes.Create an overarching body that maintains a repository of all transport data.Digital ConnectivityAchieve digital connectivity across states, districts; deliver government services digitally.Explore efficient spectrum allocation in large contiguous blocks.Consider putting in place a credible system to track call drops, weak signals etc.Focus on digital literacy at primary school level through the National Digital Literacy Mission.Smart CitiesDrive job creation & economic growth; improve efficiencies in service delivery.Establish a dedicated Metropolitan Urban Transport Authority in 1 million plus population cities.Launch single-window facility for urban poor to access basic services.Mainstream the resilient cities approach & integrate it with service levels.Swachh Bharat MissionMake India open defecation free; change attitudes towards sanitation & promoting hygiene.Plan behavior change through communication & inter-personal communication campaigns.Consider expenditure on bio-toilets/bio-digesters for concession from GST.Nudge ULBs to charge adequate user charges for disposal of waste & toilet maintenance.School EducationUniversal access & retention; improvement in learning outcomes.Formulate mechanisms to enforce regulations on teacher qualifications, absenteeism etc.Rationalize public school structure, undertake individualized tracking.Give children the option of branching into vocational courses.Higher EducationIncrease gross enrolment ratio from 25% in 2016-17 to 35%.Ensure effective coordination of higher education regulators.Compulsorily accredit all higher education institutions.Link funding to outcomes through MHRD & Higher Education Funding Agency.Teacher Education & TrainingEnforce minimum standards; improve in-service training; resolve teacher absenteeism.Establish a committee to develop objective criteria to recognize institutions.Redesign in-service teacher professional development programmes.Set up a national electronic teacher registry; develop teacher-demand forecast models for all levels.SkillingIncrease proportion of formally skilled labour from 5.4% of workforce to 15%; ensure inclusivity.Establish single regulatory body to lay down minimum standards for players.Initiate vocational education from class VIII.Streamline claim process for reimbursement under National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme.Public Health ActionTo revamp radically the public & preventive health system.Co-locate AYUSH services in 50% of PHCs, 70% of CHCs & 100% of district hospitals.Institute a public health & management cadre in states.Create a focal point for public health at the central level with state counterparts.Primary Health CareScale-up a new vision for comprehensive primary health, on the platform of Health & Wellness Centres.Accelerate the establishment of a network of 150,000 HWCs; Enable mechanisms for rapid scale up.Coordinate action to address social determinants of health.Catalyse people?s participation for a healthy India: Swasth Bharat Jan Andolan.Human Resources for HealthAchieve doctor-population ratio of 1:1400 & nurse-population ratio of 1:500Reform governance of medical, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy councils.Promote integrative medicine curriculum.Develop comprehensive HRH policy in states; generate data on HRH.Universal Health CoverageOn platform of PM-JAY, cover 75% of population with publicly financed health insurance.Strengthen public sector health facilities e.g. institutionalise district hospital rankings.Trigger private investments in supply deficit areas through incentives for hospital empanelment.Establish research consortia for high priority diseases.GenderEnhance FLFP rate to at least 30%; create a work environment without barriers.Strengthen legal frameworks to eliminate discrimination against women.Generate gender-disaggregated data & rank states on key indicators.Provide gender friendly facilities in upcoming towns & big cities.Social InclusionEnable senior citizens, PwDs & transgender persons to participate in economic development.Revise National Policy for Older Persons; emphasize concept of „ageing in own home?.Generate disaggregated data on PwDs.Provide for identification of transgender persons in government & non-government records.Accelerate development of SCs, STs, OBCs, DNTs, NTs, SNTs & minorities through focused affirmative action.Design schemes narrowly focused on the needs of specific communities.Establish residential schools in uncovered blocks with facilities for vocational training.Vest primary responsibility for schemes implemented by Ministry of Minority Affairs with line ministries.Aspirational DistrictsUplift 115 districts currently lagging behind in development parameters.Create a positive narrative of development by making it a mass movement.Use data to inform decision-making & spur competition among districts.Establish institutional mechanisms for teamwork between centre, states & districts.North-East RegionDevelop physical connectivity for enhanced trade; focus on waterways, financial inclusion.Encourage each NER state to draw up a development blueprint.Address connectivity issues e.g. transit treaties for NER & its neighbours.Promote eco-tourism & adventure tourism; ensure early completion of irrigation projects.Legal, Judicial, Police ReformsEnsure safety & security of citizens & access to effective legal systems.Create a repository of all existing central & state laws, rules & regulations.Address backlog of pending cases e.g. shift part of workload out of regular court system.Create task force under MHA to skill personnel & identify non-core functions for outsourcing.Civil Services ReformsEstablish a reformed system of recruitment, training & performance evaluation of civil services.Promote an officer-oriented culture & focus on expanding the number of officers.Alter current system of training to meet job-outcome oriented goals e.g. managing urban areas.Consider replacing annual confidential reports with multi-stakeholder feedback.City GovernanceTransform cities into economically vibrant & environmentally sustainable habitats.Recognise each city as a distinct unit of the economy; develop a quarterly city dashboard.Articulate a framework for city governance that includes development authorities, other parastatals etc.Establish a modern national framework for spatial planning of cities.Water ResourcesProvide adequate & safe piped drinking water & water for sanitation.Increase the water storage capacity from 253 bcm to 304 bcm.Launch a pilot scheme to irrigate 10 lakh ha with treated waste water.Develop recharging zones to make groundwater resources sustainable.Sustainable EnvironmentReduce PM2.5 to 50; effective implementation of solid waste management rules.Upscale technologies for crop harvesting & utilization of farm residue.Encourage nationwide implementation of bio-digester toilets.Convert urban vacant areas to urban green areas.Land ResourcesStrengthen land markets by efficient allocation, secure property rights etc.States may consider the Model Land Leasing Act, 2016.Implement effectively the Forest Rights Act in all states.Update & digitize land records in a user-friendly manner.Data-Led Policy-makingEnsure timely generation & dissemination of data for evidence-based policy-making.Create state data repositories based on guidelines drawn up by central government.Use tertiary big data collected by private third parties.Update government statistical organizations on new technologies.Other Revolutionary Decisions (as mentioned in their manifesto) -Enactment of Citizenship Amendment Bill for protecting the religious minorities from neighboring countries escaping persecution.Annulling of article 35A and article 270 which separated Jammu and Kashmir from rest of India.Drafting of Uniform Civil Code to bring equality in citizens.Construction of Ram Temple either by bringing ordinance after achieving majority in Rajya Sabha or by other methods.Thanks for A2A Gopalkrishna Vishwanath Sir.

The task of running an airport is both a complex, and a very challenging one. It takes a perfectly coordinated show of humans and machines to carry out all the works needed to be performed on, or off the tarmac.Aiports are run as 24/7 businesses. The ones that see a decent profit, continue to make steady progress, with airlines eyeing to book slots for their profitable routes. The ones that don't, it becomes quite hard to do anything with them. Passengers (or cargo, or a mix of both) is the necessity for any airport to generate a profit.Civilian airports hugely rely on the influx and departure of passengers from their airport to make gains. At such airports, cargo operations are usually kept to a bare minimum. For example, the Heathrow Airport[1] in London sees around 78 million passengers yearly, at the same time having relatively low cargo transfers.However, defense airports with no commercial planes flying to it could present an exception. How do they make money? Well, they don't have to. They are government funded, and it pays for all their expenditure. Air shows/Aero exhibitions conducted at the airport further pushes the government to take up its upkeep more seriously.An airport makes a profit only when it can successfully generate more revenue than it spends in a financial year. For example, the Heathrow at London (operated by Heathrow Airport Holdings) has a running cost of around 1,485,650,000 [math]\$[/math] (roughly 1.5 billion dollars) yearly, and that is excluding the possibility any sort of unprecedented happenings. And yet, the world’s busiest airport is able to pull off immense profits day in and day out.Heathrow airport (Image source:- Wikipedia)The long lasting debate regarding the privatization of airports is something that hasn't had a clear settlement. The problem with small airports in large countries is the fact that they just don't offer connectivity needed on major routes, and are left out in the process. On the other hand, big airports in small countries do incredibly well to serve almost all passengers flying to major destinations. For example, the Branson Airport[2] situated in Missouri, USA. It is running at a loss, but county/state governments chose to keep it running since having an airport at a specific location is seen as a sign of development and prosperity. Heathrow, on the other hand, caters to a large international crowd, with roughly 650 flights flying in and out everyday. The only way a small airport could make profit is if its location is strategic, and there is a steady demand for the route it lies in. The Tenzing-Hillary[3] airport in Nepal, despite being small, serves as the key for the passengers willing to scale the highest mountain in the world, Mt. Everest[4] .Tenzing-Hillary Airport, Nepal (Image source:- Engineering News Magazine)With about 2/3rds of the world's airports failing to make any money, what really makes the successful ones stand out? Let’s have a look.The reasons behind their success can be broadly divided into 2, aviation related, and non-aviation related.Non-Aviation related:-RetailsEver wondered why the passengers are requested to be past the check-in and security gates as soon as possible? For one, it is necessary for the passenger to be in time for the flight, but another reason is to make customers wander around and eventually buy something from the shops/outlets at the airport.Passengers flying connecting flights often have to wait at the central area or the lounges for their next flight, and are naturally drawn into the shops in an effort to wile away their time. These retail shops and restaurants are strategically placed to attract flyers into buying what they want.The airport charges these shops for occupying a certain space in the airport, and also on the total money that a shop makes. This generates a lot of revenue for the airport.Parking lotsIt becomes necessary here to mention that the parking lots make a lot of money as well.Fees for stopping and going usually aren't existent, but heavy fees are charged if a car is to be parked at an airport for more than a couple of hours. This ensures that the airport utilizes its land for making the maximum profit.LoungesPremium lounges serve as a great way for it to make money off of the wealthy people travelling through the airport. Also, if everything had gone on swimmingly well, the airports could be given a great feedback, further increasing their reputation resulting in an increased passenger influx.Taxi permitsTaxi companies request permission to operate in and out of an airport, which is granted only at a certain cost. The taxis, at any given point of time, occupy quite a bit of space at the airport, and this is exactly what makes the airport charge a hefty fee from these companies.Apart from this, the airports sometimes have their own car rentals, bus services and train services, making them great add-ons to the profit that the airport’s already making.Airport improvement feeAn airport improvement fee is an additional fee charged to departing and connecting passengers at an airport. It is levied by government or an airport management corporation and the proceeds are usually intended for funding of major airport improvements or expansion of airport service. Some airports do not levy these fees on connecting passengers who do not leave the airport or whose connecting flight is within a specific timeframe after they arrive.Heathrow estimates that it requires about 19[math]\$[/math] per passenger to even out on the costs to run it. Yes, it might sound quite high, and it is, in fact. Thanks to its 650 (nearly full capacity) per day flight activities, it's able to make more than 27[math]\$[/math] per passenger, and the excess money is then utilized by paying in debts and improving the general infrastructure of the airport.However the non-aviation related reasons only account for about 13[math]\$[/math] revenue per passenger, so where does the rest come from?It comes from the airlines itself.Aviation related:-Flowage fees[5]Flowage fees are the fees levied by an airport operator per unit (gallons/liter/pound) of aviation gasoline and jet fuel sold at the airport.Airlines are required to pay this amount to the airport operator to refuel their aircraft. This amount varies from airport to airport.Landing feesA landing fee is a charge paid by an aircraft to an airport company for landing at a particular airport. This amount greatly varies depending on the demand at an airport, its size, type of aircraft, haul distance, runway area etc.On an average, it is about 9,500[math]\$[/math] per flight.Terminal and Gate spaceFlights upon landing are required to taxi off the runway and park at a specific gate. Specific gates at a specified terminal is allotted to an aircraft, and this is usually accompanied by a fee. Again, this depends on a lot of factors.Land leasesContracts, or binding agreements, that give individuals or entities the right to use real estate, equipment, or facilities for a specified period of time and for a specified rent are better known as leases. The types of leases at general aviation airports are all different and are usually tailored to the needs of the specific airport.Surprisingly enough, some airports make money just off the non-aviation causes. The West Palm Beach[6] International airport, for example, generates about 60% of its total revenue just based off of it.Palm Beach International Airport (Image source:- Wikipedia)And that is how, airports make profits.Footnotes[1] Welcome to Heathrow Airport[2] Home - Branson Airport[3] Tenzing–Hillary Airport - Wikipedia[4] Mount Everest - Wikipedia[5] My Airport Operations[6] Palm Beach International Airport - Wikipedia