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Begin learning architectural design by studying these specific topics first:First, Architectural History - You need to learn and understand what defines architecture as applied to a specific type of building. Houses and skyscrapers have little in common except that they both need a design drawn for them. The architecture of the single-family house is a seriously complex subject that spans centuries and includes Classical, vernacular, and modern design concepts. The architecture of the skyscraper is of contemporary culture and modern design theory covers them more precisely. Even if you want to design in the modern aesthetic, you must understand other architecture to appreciate the context and design theory behind modern architecture.So, learn & understand classical architecture, it’s a fascinating and rich topic, and it is everywhere in Western civilization. It will seem overwhelming at first attempt, but once you know it, it’s like riding a bike, you will never forget it.Also, understand that the vast majority of buildings are not fashioned architecture, that is, they do not have a specific application of architecture to them and are considered vernacular. Often these buildings are plain and have little or no character, but what is key to grasp is that on occasion these types of buildings become architecture because, in groups or regions, a dialect establishes by repeating admirable characteristics that define those structures. For example, the white washed stuccoed buildings with blue tile roofs and blue details define the architecture of the Greek islands. English half-timbered and thatched roof houses commingled with medieval Jacobean architecture to deliver the American Tudor style house. It’s arguable whether a specific example is architecture or not, but it is important to consider everything.Modern architecture first appeared in the very late 19th century, but had spurts and stops in the early 20th century. It now dominates commercial architecture around the planet, however, it has not overtaken residential architecture. While it has become more popular than ever before, many houses are traditional, meaning that they have a closer association to the roots of Classical or developed vernacular architecture than anything else. As well, most other houses are non-descriptive vernacular and regional dialects define most everything else.Second, Design Theory - The term “design” has become nearly meaningless as it applies to anything from designing shoes to computer software. And may I insert here my annoyance with the term “Systems Architect”, that is so incredibly confusing. Do they say, “Systems Doctor”, or “Systems Attorney”, uh, no! Also, “architectural designer” is redundant. Either you are an architect or you are not. Anyway, designing is a creative process that can be intellectualized to beyond comprehension of the lay observer, however, architecture schools primarily focus on theory as opposed to the nuts and bolts of getting a building designed on paper and constructed. While theory is important, it is only about a tenth of what you actually need to know about architectural design. Look for a handful of good books on the topic, read them, grasp the concepts, and move on to reality.As for applying the aesthetics of design to an actual project, the skill needed to accomplish this only comes with practice experience, especially as an apprentice under another more experienced person or people who already know how to design buildings. There is a great deal to learn about architecture and how buildings are assembled to really master the ability to design well. You might be able to draw a few simple houses without much assistance, but most other buildings, and better houses too, need people who are very knowledgable about architectural design in the real world.You don’t necessarily need to work in construction to comprehend how buildings are assembled, but it certainly doesn’t hurt. Most aspiring architects don’t have time to become a construction worker in addition to getting an education and training to become licensed architects. However, it is a good idea to at least hang around buildings under construction when possible and witness how they are actually assembled.Third, Design Process - To learn how to begin designing a building, you must first gather a lot of information. Check out this Quora answer: Steven Randel's answer to How do I make the structure plan of a house? Putting pencil to paper hardly comes first, but once it’s time to begin drawing a whole new set of abilities come into play. Clearly written data that establishes project parameters constrains the first sketch, whether that is a flow chart to grasp the functions of an airport terminal, or whether it is hierarchal delineation in bubble format loosely sketched to design a small house. The first phase of drawing is loose and conceptual and most architects play around with many concepts before determining which one is desired. In complex projects, the process may involve a team or several teams of designers and consultants, i.e. structural engineers.As things progress, the conceptual sketches are translated into scaled sketches that investigate spatial requirements, relationships, and the resulting forms. Overall forms as well as hierarchy enter the process early. The process goes from composition, to form, to openings, to perforations, to details. Eventually, scaled layouts, and elevations, as well as 3D images start to define the building you have set out to create. The first iteration never meets the ultimate criteria. Tweaks, twists, reassessments, overlooked errors or features get scrutiny next.The process continues through several makeovers until everyone, especially the client, is pleased with the solution.Material knowledge is also key for good architecture students. We live in a world full of product and you can have almost anything you want these days. How to apply material well or not takes skill and becoming well-informed.Fourth, Design Development - Now, you need to become familiar with the purpose of this phase of a project. Buildings must be examined and delineated for position on the site, how zoning ordinances and building codes affect the design, and whether all of the program requirements are sufficiently met for the design that has arisen. Site plans, floor plans, exterior elevations, interior elevations, building sections, door schedules, window schedules, and finish details must be sorted out and put into documents that can be understood and ready by Planning & Building Departments, Contractors, Consultants, Clients, and anyone else who is allowed a chance to review or contribute to the design of the building.Fifth, Design Review - You need to comprehend the approval process for the design of a building. Most buildings in major metropolitan areas of the United States pass through a review process that is administered by the local Planning Department. Keep in mind that, this is CRITICAL, the Planning Department is concerned with enforcing zoning ordinances while the Building Department is primarily concerned with building codes affecting occupant safety, health, and welfare. All areas in the USA, to my knowledge, have both departments. Depending on the type of building and its location, other municipal entities and utility organizations become involved in projects as well. But, you first go through an approval process by the Planning Department before moving your design into the construction document phase.Sixth, Construction Documents - From the Design Development phase, you have a set of documents which you now build upon to finalize a set of drawings and specifications that are essentially a set of instructions on how to build the design. While simple houses can be built without great detail, more complex buildings demand a refined system of instruction that strives to convey the design intent of the architect, match the budget, and clearly illustrate to contractors and subcontractors what they are suppose to accomplish. Construction Administration handles these issues during construction, but it must be clearly conveyed in the drawings and written documents for it to be enforceable on the job site. This aspect of architectural design is a world unto itself involving serious legal issues that must be assimilated into the whole process and can only be understood with significant knowledge and experience in all of the other processes of getting something built.Seventh, Permitting Processes - Once a set of construction documents is complete, it gets submitted to the local Building Department for review, approval, and issuance of a building permit. Once again, complexity of the project impacts the complexity of this process. The Building Department examines the Documents to check if the architects and engineers included all of the applicable building codes in the design and that the design solution complies with the Building Department’s interpretation of those codes. It is common for the Building Department to require revisions to the documents if they determine that clarification is warranted or if the codes were not met.Eighth, Bidding Phase - Usually during the Building Department’s plan check process, copies of the construction documents and specifications go to different general contractors for bids. Institutional projects that involve government buildings, for example, can have incredibly complex bidding procedures. Houses usually require a simpler process to obtain bids. The architect, in a traditional owner/contractor/architect legal agreement, may assist the owner in selecting the contractor who appears most suitable for the project based a number of criteria including bid amount.Ninth, Construction Administration - Questions and issues always arise during construction and more complex projects can have large budgets for construction administration by architects. Often, details need babysitting, or unforeseen problems impede progress, or, tragically, the drawings and specifications have errors. If you have not heard of E&O insurance, investigate this topic at an appropriate time under a timely circumstance. It’s not likely that you should concern yourself with that early on other than to be aware of dealing with it in the future.The above process is the real world. Having fun designing buildings is limited to a fraction of your time, though enduring the process certainly rewards a sense of accomplishment nicely.Tenth, Celebration -Once the client occupies the completed building, pop a cork on an expensive bottle of champagne and celebrate! That was a hellofa lotta work…

Thanks for A2A.First of I will tell about some characteristics of INFJs and then INTJs.Thinking A More.The (standing for Introversion, Intuition, Feeling, Judgment) is the rarest personality type of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, making up only 1-2% of the population. But how does their unique personality translate into real-life contexts?Here are ten things people don’t realize you are doing because you’re an INFJ:1. Fixating on people and situations that don’t necessarily matter in the long run; planning in advance for everything and imagining every potential scenario possible ahead of time.As an INFJ, you’ve got quite the imagination (which makes you pretty talented at visualizing and manifesting things). On the other hand, this can be a recipe for disaster if you haven’t gotten a handle on your anxiety or taken the appropriate steps to set healthy boundaries with yourself and others.In social groups, you tend to be the overthinker who’s already on top of issues and topics among those who haven’t given them a second thought. You’re likely to anticipate anything and everything that could occur in a future event. You pre-plan ways in which you could solve potential conflict or navigate obstacles that haven’t even occurred yet.While your vivid imagination can benefit you as a creative type, it is very easy for you to get lost inside of your mind and out of touch with reality. You may fixate on a problem for far too long without coming up with realistic solutions. You may become easily entangled and absorbed in how others are behaving or what they think of you. This habit of “fixating” and obsessing over others can also make you prone to engaging in .Unfortunately, you can’t just plan for everything. People can be unpredictable, life is always in flux and the only constant is change. It’s important for INFJs to realize that the only thing you can plan for is how you can best take care of yourself emotionally if things don’t quite turn out as you expected.2. Dissociating from the material world to live in your own head.INFJs have a running joke about frequently bumping into poles while walking or tripping over their own feet because they were busy daydreaming or thinking too deeply. Unfortunately, this joke hits all too close to home. Going inward all the time allows us to be focused innovators, but it can also disconnect us at times from our immediate surroundings.There’s the “real life” that we acknowledge exists. Then, there’s an elaborate, rich fantasy life we have that we tend to disappear into every day, where we create full-fledged interactions, conversations and events that haven’t happened (at least not yet). Which world is more real? To an INFJ, the answer is not as clear-cut as it seems. The truth is, if you know an INFJ, they’ve probably already had multiple conversations with you – you just weren’t physically present when they occurred.3. Reading the emotions of people and absorbing their energy.INFJs are natural who soak up the emotions of those around them. They have a knack for intuitively sensing what others are feeling and understanding what is left unsaid in social interactions. They can read between the lines, pick up on nonverbal cues and note the disparity between what you’re saying and what you really feel.Due to their high sensitivity, they tend to be very compassionate people who are overly generous and conscientious to the needs of others. This makes them a target for predators like who seek to exploit them. That’s why it’s important for INFJs to develop a “radar” for emotional con artists and move slowly in relationships to ward off these toxic types. They also need to ground themselves mindfully as to not take on the emotions of others. Meditation and yoga can be helpful in keeping your energy high and to reconnect with your inner guidance.On the other hand, their sensitivity is also makes INFJs gifted healers, highly attuned to what other people need in their journey towards personal development. INFJs can use their emotional intelligence to excel in professions that involve teaching, counseling, and coaching. They can inspire both great personal growth in others as well as social change.4. Having your guard up, yet desiring and pursuing meaningful connections.INFJs are deeply sensitive personalities who are easily hurt when mistreated. That’s why many of them learn to guard themselves when meeting new people or letting people into their “secret” world. Since INFJs can be quiet and reserved in certain situations, they can sometimes appear cold and standoffish, especially when deep in thought. Very few people get close enough to discover the true core of an INFJ.Yet with their loved ones, INFJs are loyal and compassionate, warm-hearted and sentimental. They value their friendships and relationships with an intensity and intimacy that can surpass shallow bonds and resonate on a “soul” level.Once you get to know them a bit better, you uncover that INFJs are actually very emotional and loving people. As astute students and observers of human behavior, they are startlingly thoughtful in their ability to connect to what makes others happy. Their sentimental nature may not come through when they are being guarded with their hearts, but as they slowly learn to open up around trustworthy people, their capacity to connect with others on a deeper level is unparalleled.5. Using your intuition in a way that’s eerily on point.Friends, family members and loved ones may call you slightly “psychic.” And, well, you kind of are. INFJs have an uncanny intuition about situations and people that goes beyond facades and surface-level appearances. They may have dreams and that come to life or gut feelings that, while at the time seem ridiculous, are later confirmed by unexpected life events.For the most part, they can make accurate predictions years ahead of time and have their finger on the pulse of what’s about to occur. A challenge for the INFJ is to learn how to trust their intuition early on; they need to know that the way they come to conclusions is quite different from other personality types that are more “practical.”6. Slamming the door on toxic people with a ferocity that shocks onlookers.While INFJs can have a difficult time setting boundaries with toxic people at the onset, they all eventually reach their limits. The INFJ personality type is known for their infamous a phenomenon that occurs when the INFJ feels so violated by someone that they no longer have the emotional reserves to tolerate any more of their bullshit.Although the door slam can sometimes be used in contexts that don’t warrant it, often times the INFJ slamming the door has more than enough reason to do so. Remember that this type is very conscientious: so before cutting off contact, they’ve likely already weighed the pros and cons and have probably tolerated numerous transgressions prior to ending the relationship or friendship.7. Being immediately turned off by insensitive personality types, especially ones that are tone-deaf and emotionally obtuse.Blunt, unemotional people are a natural turn-off to this personality type. Because INFJs are so conscientious and tend to overthink and overanalyze everything they do and say to others, it baffles them that other people could be so unaware, cold, indifferent or downright unempathic. They are easily overwhelmed by bullying types who treat others with a reckless disregard or abrasiveness. The exception being, of course, manipulative charmers who can “present” a more gentle personality type at the onset, but later unmask themselves to be cruel and callous. INFJs can have a more difficult time detoxing from these types of manipulators simply because of the trauma this “unmasking” reveals.It’s probably this same indignation that explains why INFJs tend to be justice seekers, always harboring a mission to right wrongs and support the underdogs. It’s important that INFJs keep in mind that other personality types may deal with their emotions differently, while also being mindful of the company they keep. INFJs have to learn to be so comfortable in their own skin that they don’t end up trying to cater to the needs of toxic personalities, even while remaining diplomatic.8. Disappearing for days after just a few social interactions.INFJs can appear very friendly and extroverted to outsiders. In fact, this is one of the most “extroverted” introverted types. Yet their energy can get drained easily by social interactions, even the most positive ones. They need time to absorb and process social interactions in a way that can appear somewhat unusual. They might disappear for days without contacting you or seem uncharacteristically emotionally distant even while physically present.If this disappearance occurs after a conflict, it’s important to let the INFJ retreat and unwind by themselves. They need time to cool down, relax and reconnect with you later (if they aren’t doing a “door slam,” that is). If they disappear after a positive interaction, don’t worry. They’re usually just spending time reminiscing over and processing the fond memories. For the most part, INFJs retreat not because they don’t enjoy spending time with you, but because their alone time is essential for their self-care.9. Being overly organized in some areas and highly disorganized, even neglectful, in others.Being a perfectionist comes naturally for an INFJ, so they’re usually stereotyped as being organized, meticilous and neurotic in all facets of their life. However, the INFJ is a complex and contradictory type. They can get so absorbed in something that they neglect other important aspects of their lives or even neglect their own wellbeing.It’s common to see an INFJ spend days on a project while neglecting to eat or sleep, or for an INFJ to become so lost in a creative undertaking that they lose sight of their external environment, causing them to leave their living arrangements in disarray. Sometimes, they focus so much on the details that they lose sight of the bigger picture – or vice versa. Workaholic INFJs are very high-strung and overly devoted to their dreams and goals, often at the expense of their social life or their mental health.That’s why you might encounter an INFJ who is incredibly precise and detailed in certain projects, but seemingly messy and disorganized in others. It’s because their logic and reasoning are inextricably tied to their intuition. They do things on “impulse” and from their inspiration moreso than deadlines or protocols. They work primarily from their visceral “sense” of knowing of what will work, what won’t, and how they work best.How an INFJ thinks and organizes things may not make sense to an outsider, but they definitely bring a unique perspective into everything they do. They just have to learn how to take better care of themselves in the process.10. Appearing to have multiple personalities.If you’ve presented an INFJ with a tough situation, don’t worry – one of their personalities will be with you shortly. You’ll observe that the normally tightly wound INFJ tends to “unravel” across diverse contexts. This complex type has many different facets to their identity, many of which can contradict one another.You may witness a seemingly scientific and “rational” INFJ exhibit a keen interest in spiritual or even paranormal matters. Or perhaps watch a normally serious INFJ morph into a mischievous comedian with a knack for telling dirty jokes.Don’t be alarmed. The INFJ hasn’t undergone some sort of personality transplant; these are just various sides of the same, albeit multifaceted person. INFJs have a rich inner life which they normally don’t share with others, so when even a part of their inner monologue is shared with the world, it is quite intriguing and revealing to say the least.When an INFJ’s wilder sides do come out, realize that you’re just getting another piece of a very intricate and unusual puzzle. INFJs are tough personalities to figure out, but that’s what makes them so infinitely interesting.INTJsAt 2% of the population, the INTJ is among the rarest types.The Engineer / The Architect / The MastermindINTJ stands for (I) introverted (N) intuitive (T) thinking (J) judging. These represent the preferred cognitive functions employed by this personality type. The INTJ cognitive stack is as follows:Dominant – Introverted Intuition (Ni)Auxiliary – Extraverted Thinking (Te)Tertiary – Introverted Feeling (Fi)Inferior – Extraverted Sensing (Se)INTJ Cognitive Functions:Introverted Intuition (Ni) – Introverted intuition is a perceiving function associated with abstract interpretation and pattern finding. It is predictive and focuses on reading into the underlying subtext and significance of things and events beyond what is physically and concretely obvious. It is concerned with probable outcomes, interpretations of meaning and the future.Extraverted Thinking (Te) – Extraverted thinking is a judging function that organizes information into physical or meta-systems, and visual graphs and charts. It applies logic and proven concepts towards the fulfillment or service of some project or goal. It focuses on testing, analyzing, strategizing and problem solving. Extraverted thinking optimizes for efficiency and identifies weak points to be improved upon.Introverted Feeling (Fi) – Introverted feeling is a judging function concerned with subjective valuations of good and bad, right and wrong. It cultivates personal integrity and a unique and creative temperament. Introverted feeling can seem self-absorbed and anti-social and may rebel against the expectations of prevailing social norms. Fi wants to be true to itself and resists outside impositions against it’s will. It is also compassionate self-sacrificing with a noble desire to do what is believed to be right.Extraverted Sensing (Se) – Extraverted sensing is a perceiving function that is highly aware of details of the physical environment. (Se) is experiential and sensation focused. It is impulsive and in the moment and is highly reactive, responsive and action oriented. Extraverted Sensing is concerned with appearances and anything that can be directly experienced through the senses.About the INTJ PersonaIn the Keirsey temperament sorter, INTJs belong to the group Keirsey dubbed the “Rationals”. This grouping is one of four classifications into which he sorted the 16 personality types. The Rationals are composed of the INTP, ENTP, INTJ, and ENTJ. The INTJ personality is among the rarest types in the MBTI. It comprises only 2% of the general population with INTJ women being even more rare at 1% of the female population. Their scarcity ensures a status as intellectual outliers; a personality type that will often find itself at odds with the predominant attitudes and reigning mores of society. INTJs may exhibit narcissism and a propensity for being highly judgmental of what they view as idiotic and meaningless. They can be harsh and highly critical of others but they generally possess a number of virtuous qualities that give them an aire of refinement, mystery and nobility.INTJs prefer a lifestyle that is structured over that of a vagrant, unpredictable and unstable one. They are world-class planners who like to think ahead and make preparations in advance. Deadlines are taken seriously and they will work out a realistic plan of attack to ensure that their task or aim is completed in timely fashion. INTJs develop excellent strategic skills over time which allows them to become highly efficient at what they do. They are capable of becoming proficient in many areas wherever they focus their energy and attention. They have the concentration and cunning of a chess grand master and indeed the legendary chess champion Bobby Fischer was reputed to be an INTJ.The high achieving and ambitious nature of INTJ types compel them to engineer their futures years far in advance. They have uncanny foresight that allows them to set pieces in motion that will yield to success for them down the road. They are often viewed by others as a highly intelligent, academically inclined overachiever and tend to be over-represented among those who rate highly on I.Q. tests. Their thought processes are highly intuitive and visionary. INTJs often form hunches and notions that turn out to be correct upon following them up with a series of testing and examination. They are like scientists with a bit of prescient mysticism thrown in. They often do not know where their insights come from exactly. Perhaps they are transmitted from a higher power or a demonic one (just kidding). Once these ideations take shape in their minds, the INTJ is compelled to seek out a means to validate and give life to them and this is often what drives and preoccupies the INTJ’s time.INTJs embody a host of contradictions. They are both cynical and idealist; robotic yet sensitive. They are mysterious persons who live inside their minds analyzing the possibilities that do not even register with other types. INTJs do this in an almost magical, uncanny way. They are very private, reserved and aloof individuals. Others may view the INTJ as arrogant and cold. They are self-contained and not emotive or inclined to put their feelings on display for other people to see. They would rather let others believe they haven’t any emotions but they know this is not the case at all. INTJs do not focus on feelings but they are aware of what they feel. They simply prefer not to act on those feelings in the moment choosing instead to analyze it later and reflect on why they feel the way they do so they can reach a rational verdict on the matter.INTJs are self-confident and generally care little what people think of them. They often do not fully understand the way they are perceived by others but social acceptance is not of great personal importance to them anyway. Mature INTJs eventually learn to conform a bit and play the social song and dance recognizing it as a means to accomplish their objectives and ambitions within the framework of society. INTJs can put on the semblance of being outgoing and sociable and when they do, people are often very responsive. INTJs prefer to talk about ideas especially their own ideas and thought processes. They enjoy people who share their interest in the unusual and a mindset that is generally future-oriented. INTJs get along best with other rational types and idealists who prefer intuition over sensing.Individuals with the INTJ personality type take pride in their intellect and competence and this is primarily what they judge others by. They are not impressed by tokens of authority such as rank and superficially manufactured titles. An INTJ will criticize anyone they deem incompetent and stupid regardless of what rank or title they hold. The INTJ person tends to be a terse and concise communicator but they often possess an extensive vocabulary. They sometimes have to water-down the way they speak to adjust to the person they are speaking to. INTJs can be too abstruse and verbose for other types to comprehend clearly and this contributes to the INTJ’s feelings of being misunderstood and alone. If someone is unable to understand them, INTJs are liable to place the fault on them. In many cases they would rather not bother conversing with those people at all and would sooner move on than try ‘dumbing down’ their communication to accommodate an inept listener… unless they really like them.INTJ LeadershipINTJs are creative problem solvers. The bottom line for any approach they take is: will it work? They care about practical efficiency and effectiveness over tradition and orthodoxy. INTJs are great at constructing systems that optimize productivity. For this reason, they make for excellent managers and leaders in many fields. Although they are well suited to be leaders, they are often not compelled to do so unless they perceive the current leadership as incompetent, in which case, an INTJ will be motivated to step in and seize control of the ship so they can correct course.INTJs lead with a visionary mindset. They are highly capable of bringing to fruition their lofty and ambitious personal goals. Once they’ve identified their mission, they will set about completing it like the relentless Captain Ahab in his obsessive pursuit of the white whale. INTJs hold the big picture in their minds and they equip themselves with abundant knowledge and data so that they possess the technical know-how for assembling the pieces to their puzzle. INTJs are purpose-driven and the focus and energy they invest in thinking and researching is rarely for it’s own sake much the way it is for the INTP. They do it with a goal in mind or a specific objective they want to accomplish be it short-term or long-term.Others tend to respect or even fear the INTJ. They carry themselves in a respectable manner and dignity but their mysterious nature can often call their motives into question by others. Why is he/she so aloof? Does he/she think they’re better than us? Is he/she plotting to destroy us all? The INTJ type, like a lot of introverts, is bound to be the target of negative introvert stereotypes such as the quiet lone wolf person who one day shoots up their school without warning. INTJs may also get a bad rap as being particularly devious and mephistophelian. They are often characterized in fiction as the evil genius out to destroy or control the world. In reality, INTJs are some of the most admirable and noble persons including the likes of Elon Musk, and Mark Zuckerberg, two individuals who have done great good through their innovations and life’s work.The INTJ EmployeeINTJ people are concerned with understanding the underlying principles and mechanisms at work in the world so that they can then apply them to their own projects and endeavors. They have high standards and substantial willpower and discipline that shows through in the work they produce. The INTJ person loves complexity and the challenge of figuring things out until they’ve gained mastery of that thing. Simple tasks are a bore to them, they require variety and intellectual stimulation from their jobs. INTJs are highly independent and work best on their own in a structured environment with clear objectives. They dislike noisy, chaotic workspaces and prefer quiet environments where they can focus. They are diligent, reliable and trustworthy workers who function best when they are given adequate freedom and autonomy.INTJ people are generally great at managing their time effectively. They are punctual and have a good sense for the amount of time and work required to complete a given task. They can be trusted to carry out their responsibilities with diligence and professionalism and they respect others who do the same. While INTJs are willing to operate from a subordinate position and take orders from a superior, they are not inclined to blindly follow the directives of others. They, above all else, think for themselves and will cast a critical eye to anything and everything that is requested of them. INTJs refuse to be lemmings and are determined to be true to who they are and what they stand for. They expect the same of others because they understand that all people are fallible and that not all people in positions of authority are necessarily qualified to be there. Individuals, no matter what their rank or title will be judged by the merit of their abilities and character.INTJs can become disputatious and uncooperative when they feel like they are losing control over their domain or not getting the respect they feel they deserve. INTJs are second only to ENTJs in their argumentativeness. Everything to them is subject to questioning and reevaluation and they are not inclined to adhere to meaningless customs. They can sometimes snub social niceties and will be unapologetic in their disdain for schmoozers and superficial hobnobbers who in their minds possess zero substance. They are open to new ideas if they are supported by logic but they are not fans of by-the-book procedure that does not allow for creative improvement or superior alternatives.INTJs and ReligionINTJs, are the least likely of all MB types to believe in a religious higher power. However, as it turns out, many INTJs do possess an interest in spirituality both orthodoxical and unorthoxdical. Sir Isaac Newton, the father of physics and calculus and famed INTJ is reported to have been very religious and superstitious. He was also reputed to be paranoid and irascible. It would make sense that INTJs would have some interest in the ethereal realm of spirituality because of their introverted intuition. Ni would be inclined to interpret the significance of events on a symbolic and metaphysical level. There are many things in the world that cannot yet be explained and for many things the possibility of a “god” is still on the table. Ni doesn’t always get it right and sometimes the INTJ connects dots that are not meant to be connected. At their worst, they can become like conspiracy theorists buying into intriguing but unsubstantiated theories as though they were empirical fact. This is why Extroverted Thinking is important for fact checking and edifying the intuitive mental machinations that INTJs come up with.The Death StareINTJs have a “look” often referred as the ‘death stare’ or ‘death glare’. This grave and pensive expression is characterized as appearing vaguely threatening and intimidating to others. INTJs often project a flat affect where little to any emotion shows through in their face. It is essentially ‘resting-bitch-face’ and it can make them appear more unhappy or unfriendly than they really are. In most cases, there is no malice behind this expression although people tend to misinterpret it as such. INTJs, while lost in thought, will forget their surroundings and stare off into the distance at something no one else can see. If someone is standing in the line of their gaze, it can appear as though the INTJ is looking right through them. Because they are so enrapt with the intensity of their thoughts, the INTJ may be unaware of how their unbroken gaze may disturb or concern others.INTJ Strong PointsExcellent plannerMaintains composure under pressureExcellent Problem SolverOrganizedPersistent and thoroughFollows through on commitmentsReliable and consistentLoyal and honestForward ThinkingCreativeSelf reliant and responsibleIndustriousTrustworthyINTJ Weak PointsHighly judgmentalReluctant to adapt to sudden changesTaking criticismTaking themselves too seriouslyIntolerantNarcissism and arroganceLack of empathyOverly private and aloofSuspicious of othersUntrustingEmotionally disconnectedCynicismDepressionINTJ RelationshipsIn relationships, the INTJ type needs an intelligent partner who can appreciate and share in their taste for unspoken truths and hidden meanings. INTJ get along best with other intuitive types, especially ENFP in particular. According to David Keirsey, an American psychologist, and author of “Please Understand Me”, the INTJ’s best type match for friendship and romance is the ENFP. Keirsey believed that the most important factor for type compatibility is a shared perceiving preference. Every other letter in the ENFP and INTJ 4-letter type name is reversed except for the “N”. ENFP’s use Ne (extraverted intuition) while INTJs use Ni (introverted intuition). Although they use different forms of intuition, these two types nonetheless share a fondness for possibilities and are not encumbered by tradition or inclined to do things the way they have always been done. They are both idea people and and they will likely enjoy countless hours discussing interesting topics and bouncing ideas of one another.Any partner who gets the INTJ’s wry and sometimes dark humor will likely work well with them. INTJs tend to run romantic prospects away with unrealistic demands and expectations. In the end, they are often disappointed and some unfortunately give up looking altogether. INTJs sometimes annoy their partners when they try to intervene and instruct them on how to do things the way they think is best. This may be especially so when it comes to areas in which the other person takes pride in. The INTJ may need to guard against being too controlling or pushy with their advice and not get offended when others decide not to follow their suggestions.Even though there is likely a powerful libido inside of them, INTJs struggle with managing their sexual interests with their intellectual interests. In many cases the former is subjugated by the latter. Sex for them is just as mental as it is physical. If a relationship falls apart, they are able to move on but will seek closure first. Severing emotional ties is more difficult than they let on but they do it because they believe it is the right thing and they are usually firm in their decisionsI.NTJ CareersProfessorTeacherMedicalDoctorPhysicianNeurologistPathologistScientistDentistTech EngineerCorporate StrategistOrganization BuilderBusiness AdministratorBusiness ManagerMilitary OfficerAttorneyJudgeInvestigatorComputer ProgrammerActuaryScholar/researcherManagement (upper level/executive)Consultant (any type, including political)Technical writerGraphic/website designerCreative writer, journalist, editor, bloggerFilm producer/directorUrban planningChemist, mathematician, astronomer, physicistApplied science, technology, technicianFamous INTJs:Hillary ClintonAl Gore, Bill GatesDwight EisenhowerAlan GreenspanUlysses S. GrantStephen HawkingJohn Maynard KeynesAyn Rand, Isaac AsimovLewis CarrollCormac McCarthySir Isaac NewtonThanks

It’s like Artificial Intelligence (AI).For over 50 years, really functional AI has been “just around the corner”. It still is. Read the hype.In the late 1960s, Weed described how computerization of Medicine had already gone too far in the wrong direction, and sketched (in two articles in the NEJM) how to structure things properly. He then spent about 40 years not really quite getting it right. Countless others have said “Ah, that’s easy!” … and then more-or-less failed. Yep, a really functional EMR that actually saves you time, improves clinical care, and decreases your overall workload is just around the corner.I can only say one thing with certainty — if we carry on doing what we’re doing at present, we’ll get the same results. Like the £14bn flushed down the toilet of NPfIT. D’Oh.There are no glib solutions.But here are a few thoughts. Well more than a few. In fact, the following 18 points (a) are far too long; and (b) just scratch the surface. Bits may be challenging to understand the first time you read them, and they are also largely heresy:Centre your design on scientific clinical models, not pre-conceived computer science-based models. The most perniciously wrong models are those that currently underpin most software designs—ontological models. (This comment will evoke screams of outrage from the medical CS fraternity, who simply cannot conceive of a model that is not primarily ontological. I will likely be strapped to a hurdle, and beaten with badly made whips labelled “HL7 v3”). But the bottom line here is that if you try to coerce a multi-dimensional vector space into what is effectively a hierarchical structure (even with, or particularly with multiple inheritance), your fundamentals are a mess. You will get code bloat. The fidelity of the system will start off bad, and become worse.Make the underlying code simple. Really simple. Then cut it down some more. Invest huge effort in this task. Most modern EHR suites have millions of lines of code (or the equivalent). This failing has predictable consequences:Insecurity. It’s impossible to secure complex code, especially if your primary design isn’t around security.Inability to maintain the code. No matter what the promises, no matter how “modular” the code, when you have millions of lines of code, you will struggle to maintain and extend your code.Extensions to the code will involve re-coding algorithms that already exist, buried within the code. This problem will get exponentially worse, as the code base enlarges.Inefficiency.Unreliability. More code = less reliable, to a close approximation.Documentation becomes a nightmare.Understand proper normalization, whether you’re using SQL or NoSQL. Most modern EHRs are badly normalized.Know when to denormalize. A black art. Most modern EHRs are inappropriately denormalized.Don’t see “Big Data” as a salvation. Despite what IBM tells you. This truth will get up the collective nose of almost everyone. But it harks back to #1 above. The model always precedes the data. If you walk into a room, the sensory data you take in will be conditioned by your past experience and the implicit and explicit models represented in the ‘software’ of your brain. You’ll likely devote a lot more attention to the attractive person behind the desk than the peeling paint on the skirting board, unless you’re there to paint the room. And so it is with all data collection, even big data. Why were the data collected? How were they collected? How were they calibrated? Do you trust them? What was the “underlying model” of the person—or built into the device—involved in collection? And so on. Which important data are missing, or badly measured? Big Data is usually part of the problem. Distrust those who can’t see this.Get the shared data dictionary right. This is as much about not including unnecessary terms as it is about including necessary ones. (In contrast, contemplate the baroque madness of SNOMED CT). Clearly define terms. And ensure that clinicians understand the definitions. And check that you’re not being a complete twit in the eyes of the clinician. Accommodate change, with backwards compatibility. Clinical medicine only looks easy.Map underlying terms to terms that clinicians can use. This “second tier” is neglected and all-important. Accommodate clinicians’ quirks, and don’t try to impose the same cookie-cutter on everyone. But get rid of unnecessary variation. This is an extraordinarily difficult balance to get right.Design systems so that it’s easy to do the right thing, and really difficult to do the wrong thing. This is perhaps the most challenging component of building an EMR. It’s about understanding the clinical system.As an extension of the previous point, make the user interface simple. Then simplify it some more. Get rid of cruft.Spend an enormous amount of effort and money on getting the “human factors” component of the clinical interface right. This is currently just not done.Empower clinicians. Most current EMRs are profoundly disempowering. Create interfaces that make it really easy for appropriately trained and engaged clinicians to re-jig the user interface so they can do the things they want—without building in features for the sake of features. This is really difficult. Establish clinician leadership and co-operation.Get the analytics right. Get a good grip on Bayesian statistics—they at least are coherent, unlike frequentist ones. Understand Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. Learn a lot about statistical process control, especially control charts and even the simple, neglected run chart. Read Deming. Learn about analysis of means—a cool way to make meaningful comparisons that are also visually intuitive. Read Spiegelhalter on funnel plots. Toss out regression lines, traffic lights, league tables and similar atrocities, as they are worse than useless.Build in reasons and causality. Allow clinicians—encourage clinicians—to explain why a drug was given. Why a diagnosis was made. Why a therapy was chosen. This can’t be imputed reliably post hoc.Accommodate error. This is important everywhere. It must be trivially easy to:Review past errors;Document and fix new errors;Disagree, in a structured way, so that “both sides of the argument are presented”. This is hugely difficult to get right.Accommodate uncertainty. All diagnoses are uncertain, even those that are “clinically definite”. In keeping with the above ideas about Bayesian statistics, every diagnosis should be accompanied by an estimate of likelihood, even if this is a bit vague.Focus on important data. If you try to capture everything, you’re bound to get garbage, as exhausted clinicians just tick boxes. Make sure the data are primarily clinically relevant.Don’t dump the responsibility on the patient. It’s easy to create a patient portal that pretends to be empowering, but is—at its heart—confusing, and dumps more data on the patient than they can cope with. Or requires understanding that isn’t there. Or presents too many choices. Even worse is if they can upload uncalibrated garbage from their fitbit, or whatever. The clinician will then also drown in unnecessary crap. Realise that a lot of measurement is either unnecessary or frankly harmful. This is a difficult lesson to learn.Don’t try to ‘fix things’. Rather ask “How can I help?”In summary, embrace the idea that “Less is more”. This is 180 degrees away from our current trajectory. We are so far down the wrong road, it’s almost funny.Finally, acknowledge that even if you get all of the above right, you’ll still fail, a lot of the time! Many of the factors that contribute to your failure are out of your control. A litigious environment will cut you off at the knees. In most current medical systems, there’s almost a guarantee that pressure from on high will pervert your intentions, and coerce you into error and bad design. This pressure will often be in the form of mandatory collection of data; arbitrary ‘targets’ that stuff up the very things you need to measure for quality improvement; or clinicians and managers who simply are ignorant about the basics of measurement, ergonomics, human error, data interpretation and the difficulty inherent in making interfaces that work well.Good luck in trying :)My 2c, Jo.