New York City Housing Development C 2015 Owner: Fill & Download for Free

Because of this:and this...and this...Britain won many times in the battlefield but lost in the taverns. Taverns were plentiful and they were the social network of colonial life. Some areas of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania had them every few miles. One could get mail in a tavern, hire a hand, talk to friends, sell crops, buy land, and eat some good chow. In these places, capable and literate American settlers, many of whom had three or four generations on American soil, debated ideas, mustered militias and formed opinions. And after an apple jack and a roasted hen, with the warmth of a fireplace, one might even talk about throwing off the yoke of the Mother Country.It didn't start out immediately with a call for war. It started with a protest of the Stamp Act, other Intolerable acts, non-compliance, boycott and overall a call for assertion of American rights. I would argue that in those debates in homes, taverns and colonial assemblies (and assemblies were often conducted in taverns), London didn't have 'a man' in the tavern to argue their side. And so the resistance swelled and went from lobby to boycott to arms gathering, to arms-using.The colonies before being fully united were gathering news from each other and thus a blow in New England was felt in the Middle States and eventually South. Here's what Christopher Marshall, a "fighting Quaker' and patriot leader in Philadelphia writes about how Philadelphia reacted to the crackdown in Boston in 1775.Christopher Marshall writes:"This being the day when the cruel act for blocking the harbor of Boston took effect, many of the inhabitants of this city, to express their sympathy and show their concern for their suffering brethren in the common cause of liberty, had their shops shut up, their houses kept close from hurry and business; also the ring of bells at Christ Church were muffled, and rung a solemn peal at intervals, from morning till night; the colors of the vessels in the harbor were hoisted half-mast high; the several houses of different worship were crowded, where divine service was performed, and particular discourses, suitable to the occasion, were preached by F. Alison, Duffield, Sprout, and Blair. Sorrow, mixed with indignation, seemed pictured in the countenance of the inhabitants, and indeed the whole city wore the aspect of deep distress, being a melancholy occasion." -- Passages from the Remembrances of Christopher Marshall, p. 6.There was already by 1775 a national network, fueled by tavern talk, so that events in Boston could lead to protests in Philadelphia and Virginia.All of this popular appeal for resistance might have been satisfied by better policies towards America, by meaningful olive branches, perhaps even by having American MPs in Parliament, but absent those steps, popular appeal was lost and it was never broken during the war.Britain's armies were large and had many victories, swallowing large parts of American territory, holding the commercial center of New York for all of the war and holding Boston, MA, Charleston, S.C., Newport, R.I. and Philadelphia, PA at different times.When they captured Charleston, South Carolina, they had access to The Pink House, operating as a tavern since 1750.Then it was pink because of the Bermuda stone that it was made of. But the trouble maker in Charleston was McCrady's Tavern. There the resistance in that city was plotted. McCrady, in fact, ran the militia. And when the British captured Charleston they locked him up.The popular opinion so long developing in McCrady's, the Green Dragon, Fraunces in New York, City Tavern in Philadelphia, building against England meant that the American 'army' was not a stable puny force running around the woods, but a fair representation of the populace's mood and one that could be enlarged by new recruits and embodied local militias to match threats. It did shrink some too, as recruits left. But unlike the British, the American army had access to more people. Howe and other commanders had hoped for popular support, they got some, but not enough to negate the need for an imported army.Popular opinion meant that Britain had a devil of a time supplying its army because foraging teams sent out from Boston or New York during their occupation were met with resistance. Popular opinion meant that no matter how many East Enders Britain could drill into its army, it had 2.4 million people to subdue, and its army of 194,000 max strength British Army during the American War of Independence split across a Continent, was no match.Popular opinion meant that Howe needed to garrison areas that he conquered, such as Trenton and Princeton, leaving small amounts of Hessian and British troops. Easy prey for Washington's counterattacks in the famous battles in those towns. Popular support meant Britain could ravage seaports but often got caught in the back woods be it in King's Mountain or the deadly CowPens, or the fields near Monmouth courthouse where they tried to flee to get to their ferry back to their seaport safety under the sniping of patriot bullets.The American people thought of themselves as such. They were for the most part people born in the United States or born in Ulster or Germany. Most outside the wealthier Americans had not visited Britain. They were angry about the Stamp Acts, Sugar Acts, Iron Acts. They were angry about restrictions on trade, angry about limits on Western expansion (read my child's future homestead and my economic growth), angry about taxes and angry about controls on harbors and ports. And heck by 1775, the British army was out and out attacking American seaports and hiring mercenaries to do the King's bidding. So much of the discussion,the cooperation between colonies, the drafting of plans, sometimes the meeting of rebel governments, happened in taverns. The British did not have representatives at these meetings. By the time they did, they needed muskets and bayonets to get in. (Shame of it is for the British, they had in the early colonial days, encouraged the taverns as a way of having militia meetings and fostering commerce.)I especially like the creative name of this one -- the Man Full of Trouble Tavern in Philadelphia.Taverns in the Middle States were of a mixed and cautious opinion in the lead up to war of course. But they played a role even in the 'swing' areas. Lest we forget the founding of the U.S. Marines which happened in, well you probably know what I'll say: A tavern. The Tun Tavern in Philadelphia.From "Oh Say Did You Know" by Fred DuBoseAn early brew house, the Tun Tavern served many Revolutionary War leaders with good bear and Red Hot Beef Steak prepared by Peggy Mullan, the wife of the tavern owner. On November 10, 1775 when the Continental Congress authorized a marine corps, Robert Mullan was appointed Chief Marine recruiter. The tavern served as the first recruiting station.Not only that, the Indian Queen also in Philadelphia was a fav spot of Thomas Jefferson when he was crafting the Declaration of Independence.It must have been a scene. But you can't eat oysters there in 2015. You can eat these delicious oysters here, at the City Tavern:from its website:and In 1774, as the breech with great Britain widened, politics were the dominant topic of conversation at City Tavern. In May, leading citizens held a meeting in the Long Room to shape Pennsylvania's response to the "intolerable acts." Three months later, as the delegates to the First Continental Congress began to arrive in Philadelphia, the Tavern was thrust center stage in the dispute with England From that time until the close of the century, City Tavern knew the patronage of the great and near-great of the American Revolution.When they decided the question and war came, the taverns had new roles. Helpful roles. As locations of battlefields, as important points on the map, as supply and information depots, as a place to get a fresh horse, and and as gathering places for armed men. The first to tackle the British were at Lexington, and that militia was organized here..It is often said that Britain was so powerful, it could have easily won, but that ignores some logistics. Britain was a naval power and its army at the time of the Revolution was a measly 45,000 spread around the world. The Pennsylvania militia alone could (on paper) get near that. Population was the American's power base. The British had more people, but the Americans were growing faster in population. That fact was lost on no one. Raising an army and sending them across the ocean is a very onerous task for a population. The British grew their army to four times the size with some drastic steps, including the drafting of prisoners and hiring of German mercenaries. But it still was not overwhelming considering the American population and the militias. Supporting an army for a sustained conflict by sea once you've recruited them is difficult. There were some terrible supply issues and to win the British needed on the ground support from the American people. They got some on the ground support, but never enough as London wanted or imagine.You've heard the talk about a third/a third and a third, that support and opposition to Independence was even, but that was a misquote of John Adams (he was talking about the French Revolution, years later). Resistance to British excess was very popular, armed revolution was more controversial but still had popular support. The American populace, with some exceptions, were won over by the idea of American Rights and eventually revolution by the time of 1775. Most states sent delegates to Philadelphia with instructions to vote for independence. Many movies and the musical 1776 distort the reality that most states (MA, RI, NH, CT, VA, GA, MD) had pro-independence majorities before Jefferson wrote a word. The debate in Congress was to try to get Middle States and the Carolinas to be unanimous. Some judges and towns had already declared independence or sent governors packing. Pennsylvania's western counties rose in a militia that numbered tens of thousands. Philadelphia also armed as of 1775.Loyalism had its proponents, especially in Middle States, Quakers, Scots, French Indian War Veterans with British land grants, merchants and among elites with British business or commissions, but never a full third across the Continent. In New England, planter Virginia, or in Scots-Irish enclaves, Loyalism would be hard to find support for King and Parliament at all.There was some indifference of course, some wait and see, but still mostly support for the Revolution. Americans ate up the pamphlet of Thomas Paine and pushed their colonies to declare independence and form state governments. They formed militias and took arms against British soldiers, whom they considered violators of their American rights. Before the declaration was signed. On June 10th, 1776 in a forgotten event those armed men, led by the Committee of Privates of Philadelphia mustered on the mall in front of what is now Independence Hall and surveyed the battalion of two thousand - they demanded the colony throw out its charter and allow pro-independence minded people to lead the provincial convention.By May 20th, a crowd of 4,000 appeared in the State House Yard in Philadelphia to demonstrate popular support for independence. William Hogeland describes this in his Declaration! (available on Google books:)Was the current government of Pennsylvania competent to the exigencies of affairs (as Congress had put it)? The crowd favoring independence, be created by a constitution, on advice of the city committee, the authority of the people, and the support of the Congress? The crowd said yesJust to put that in perspective, that's something like a crowd of 200,000 appearing in Philadelphia today with its current population. Leaders got the message. By June 24, 1776, a few days before the United States was born, the provincial of Pennsylvania declared independence."We the Deputies of the People of Pennsylvania, assembled in FULL PROVINCIAL CONFERENCE, for forming a Plan for executing the Resolve of Congress of the 15th of May last, " for suppressing all Authority in this Province derived from the Crown of Great-Britain: and for establishing a Government upon the Authority of the People only.This in a Middle State. So I do think that representations that America was divided in half are off. It wasn't. In New England and Virginia, the declarations already had been made. After that, those seeking reconcile with Britain felt the heat of popular opinion. John Dickinson didn't appear for the next vote in Continental Congress.There was no Gallup to take polls at that time, but it's pretty clear, Great Britain's approvals were not high.---Oh and as to the Americans fighting in the woods, Indian style, as old stories used to tell us (I must credit my history teacher for debunking it). When they fought the British, the men of Lexington lined up against them. For as long as they could...The British lined up and volleyed in a superior fashion and in that case, dispersed them.So, that stuff about the Americans always fighting in the trees like Indians while the Brits were so gentleman-like they fought in the open is not true. Though the works at Bunker Hill did help.and at Kings mountain, both sides fought in the woods.Some of the talk about "fighting in the woods" and the like might be reductionism and refer more to Saratoga - where this was critical because of the type of land, or King's Mountain,or Concord, where there was some crossfiring by troops that were parallel to the road the British were taking, which likely put them in the woods. However there was also a force in front and behind in a triangle, until the British could outrun them.)"The regulars soon reached a point in the road now referred to as the "Bloody Angle" where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly-wooded area.[84] At this place, the militia company from Woburn had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky, lightly-wooded field. Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road, catching the British in a crossfire, while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack. Some 500 yards (460 m) further along, the road took another sharp curve, this time to the right, and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides. In passing through these two sharp curves, the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded, and four colonial militia were also killed, including Captain Jonathan Wilson Bedford, Captain Nathan Wyman of Billerica, Lt. John Bacon of Natick, and Daniel Thompson of Woburn. The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot, a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain. Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear.[85]"Not surprisingly the nearest location to this part of the battle was, you guessed it, a tavern. Brook's House.But the reality is it's when the American army got more drilled and better adapted the modern fighting techniques that they had a chance. So some of the talk of Americans fighting like Indians or like guerrillas is the fantasy of the underdog story and some of it is based in a little reality here or there. The Americans did a) surprise b) fight while retreating to fight another day and c) attack supply lines, all of which might lead people to think it was some kind of guerrilla war. What they were not interested in doing is remaining in the woods and ceding the whole countryside to the British.Bayonets? British and their Hessian allies had plenty of bayonets. Ouch!But the reason there were always numbers to fight the British at these various engagement was that the popular tide was with the patriot cause.--I focus on popular opinion. That's what feeds an army. But I do acknowledge that you can't overlook the military side. Because a few different events - George Washington doesn't escape New York for instance, a loss at Saratoga, and the British would really change events and thus change the 'tavern talk,' and convince enough sunshine patriots to abandon the cause.I have no doubt that popular will would not sustain a fool's errand, if the entire war was like the Battle of Long Island, redcoats storming and Washington running. It wasn't. There were enough American victories at the right times to sustain the popular support, support critical for keeping militia ranks full, recruiting Continentals and raising money.It should be remembered that the British had a well-trained army, made some great moves, kept the fight going for a long time -- 6 years between Bunker Hill and Yorktown, nearly crushed Washington in the first encounter under his command, and controlled a lot of what we know call American territory throughout the war. With control of the sea lane they were able to send troops to any part of the Continent and force Washington to split up his army defending these attacks.To some degree, Britain lost the "battle in the taverns" long before, probably at the time of the first King George, but it took until 1775 to seal the deal. Colonies governed themselves for the most part. Massachusetts had already rebelled, expelled a governor and presented themselves to London as gentlemen and merchants running a colony. Larger New England absolutely considered itself independently governing and only part of the Empire for defense purposes, not for administration. South Carolina overthrew its English owners in 1719. Maryland was given to the Baron of Baltimore by Charles II. Pennsylvania was a charter colony and thus had assumed a control of its governance.Indeed, it could be called the "American Assertion" instead of the Revolution. In this way it might be different from India or Jamaica. There were already established governments with colonial assemblies in the colonies, and at the time of Revolution the people from the Assemblies were among the first to form state governments and committees of Public Safety, easily bypassing British rule. The colonies already had the militia system which mean Americans were armed and trained. By the time the King sent the troops over, it was like they were attacking a foreign country.

National Football League (American Football)NFL StadiumsThe American football league seems to be at odds with taxpayers dollars and corporations. With recent developments and renovations, all it takes is for a NFL owner to raise his finger and say “New Stadium.” Do they use their personal money to build a stadium? No. Taxpayers dollars are paying for NEW stadiums which cost billions to make. Seeing the upward trend, I won’t be surprised if taxpayers are paying trillions by 2030.“The three newest pro football stadiums have cost $720 million (Lucas Oil Stadium, 2008), $1.15 billion (Cowboys Stadium, 2009) and $1.6 billion (MetLife Stadium, 2010).”It’s a big problem in the federal tax payer system. The thing is, it isn’t just the City of Arlington paying for the stadium. It’s Redskins Fans, Giants, Eagles, and everyone in the United States are paying. No more privately financed stadiums are being built, but stadiums with more luxury andNew Jersey Governor & Cowboys owner, Jerry JonesBox seats, sideline access, food ‘on the house’ and you get to see world class athletes all inclusive. All of this was for Governor Christie to see his favorite NFL team play in Texas.Chris Christie, as a governor he is prohibited from accepting “gifts” as a politician because it is considered ethically afoul. Wall Street Journal also spilled the news that all of this happened after Jerry Jones’ firm cut a lucrative deal with New Jersey.“Wall Street Journal reported that the NFL franchise, in partnership with the New York Yankees and investment fund Checketts Partners, all have a stake in Legends Hospitality, which won out in bidding to operate the observatory of the Port Authority controlled One World Trade Center when it opens later this year. Financial terms of that pact were never released to the public (2015).”What is even more not-so surprising is this deal will generate almost a billion dollars, $875,000,000.“A Port Authority spokeswoman, Erica Dumas, said the 15-year agreement with Legends to operated the WTC1 observatory would generate $875 million for the agency. However, Dumas declined to provide details of the agreement or say how many other firms bid on the contract.”This proves nonetheless that political leaders are willing to offer muni-bond or “taxpayer dollars” to fund the stadium to create jobs. Not only are they creating minus wage paying jobs, working in food services, concessions, selling beer, or working in security.Super Bowl Food Concession PricingYou paid $55 for parking, you paid $2,500 for a Super Bowl ticket, and NOW you have to spend $20-$25 if you want a decent meal to eat while watching a game? Insane…So while these stadiums are being built at a premium with our tax dollars, we’re funding a near $4,000,000,000 industry in building football stadiums. This is a widespread practice not only within the NFL, but across the board. We’re talking about MLB, NFL, NBA, MLS, NCAA, all being funded by tax dollars and no longer being privately financed by banking institutions.It wasn’t until 2015 that the NFL has decided to drop its tax-exempt status. Prior to doing so, the league was considered a Nonprofit 501(c)6 — and the commissioner Roger Goddel raked in $44,000,000 not putting his body on the line every Sunday in 2012. He didn’t pay taxes on top of that either, which makes you wonder, should the league have get-out-of-paying taxes card. The NFL has made numerous attempts to defend their claimEarlier this month, an NFL spokesman told The Washington Post that the league office “has always been a nonprofit because it does not engage in income-producing or profit-making activity.”This narrative fits the same category as all other fortune 500 companies who claim to build “jobs” for the economy at a minimal rate. Selling pizzas, selling beer, working security while getting paid close to the federal minimum wage. Maybe $9.25, or even $8.75, and this largely contributes to the wage gap. I’ll leave it at that to allow you to draw your own conclusion here.Highly suggest going over the sources posted to get better equipped with how 32 NFL owners along with a handful of other professional team owners find loopholes to increase profits. It’s an upward trend, and while profits aren’t being capped, employers are being paid at a stagnant rate.Port Authority awarded contract to Chris Christie friend and Cowboys owner Jerry JonesThe NFL is dropping its tax-exempt status. Why that ends up helping them out.In Stadium Building Spree, U.S. Taxpayers Lose $4 BillionAverage NFL ticket price 2015stadium worker Salaries

1. Dr Umar SaifAn Associate Professor of Science and Engineering at the Lahore University of Management Science (LUMS). Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has named him one of the top 35 innovators of the world (TR35). The list is compiled by MIT annually.Source: Our Future World Foundation2. Naila Alam and Yasmeen DurraniThese two Pakistani women have been honoured by the White House for their humanitarian work. The Honour of Hope Award recipients manage a philanthropic venture called ‘Express Care’ which focuses on providing daily essentials, such as food and medicine, to low income individuals. The organisation also helps with employment.3. Ayesha FarooqAyesha is Pakistan’s first ever female war-ready fighter pilot. The 26-year-old fighter, hailing from Bahawalpur, is one of the 19 women who have achieved the ranks of pilots in the Pakistan Air Force over the last decade – there are five other female fighter pilots but they have yet to take the final tests to qualify for combat.4. Faizan BuzdarAcknowledged by the US President Barack Obama, Buzdar’s startup ‘Convo’ has successfully launched a social network for global organisations. His innovation has led to five million dollars in funding from venture capitalists in the US, including Morgenthaler Ventures which has significant holdings in tech giants such as Apple.Buzdar is a graduate of Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute (GIKI) of Engineering Sciences and Technology.Source: Harvard University5. Professor Asim KhawajaHe is the first professor of Pakistani descent that has been hired by the prestigious Harvard University’s John F Kennedy School of Government. His research has received coverage from numerous media outlets including The Economist, New York Times, Washington Post, International Herald Tribune, Aljazeera, CNN and BBC.6. Dr Arjumand HashmiA Pakistani-born mayor of a town called Paris, in Texas, USA.What’s his claim to fame?He has successfully created a community and inculcated a pro-Pakistani image in the Southern state that has been a hotbed of anti-Pakistan sentiments, especially during the tenure of President George W Bush Jr. He is an accomplished cardiologist and continues to run his practice as well.7. Ali Moeen NawazishHe is most notably famous for setting a record of acing 23 subjects in the Cambridge O-Level examinations. He is also the recipient of Pride of Performance award and his contributions to the field of education are immense. He continues to work tirelessly and has founded an organisation called ‘StepUP Pakistan’, where they aim to train teachers and improve education in the impoverished areas of the country; a noble effort by an equally noble youngster.He truly deserves a standing ovation.8. Naiza KhanA visual artist and the recipient of the 2013 Prince Claus award. The Prince Claus award deliberates the honour to those individuals whose efforts have a positive impact in their respective societies. The fact that she is a Pakistani is indeed an honour for all of us.She has successfully managed to promote a positive image of Pakistan with her work for all in the world to see.9. Karamat AliKaramat is the Executive Director of The Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research (PILER). He is the recipient of South Asia Peace and Justice Award in India.Source: Vimeo10. Saba GulShe is the Founder and CEO of Popinjay, a social enterprise that empowers marginalised underprivileged girls in Pakistan with education and provides them with employment opportunities by selling their goods (embroidered handbags currently) to a high-end market.11. Syed Fahad AliThe Founder of the Aghaz School. This school is a non-political and independent organisation focusing on providing free education to underprivileged children living in the slums of Karachi. This is also a side project of the Pakistan Youth Forum.12. Mehak GulGul started playing chess at the early age of six. She is now 13-year-old and is creating a pro-Pakistan image by being an internationally acclaimed chess player.13. Rafiullah KakarAt 23 years of age and hailing from Balochistan, the young gentleman is the 2013 Rhodes Scholar for Pakistan. The Rhodes scholarship is awarded to one Pakistani annually to study at Oxford University, UK. Hailing from one of the most volatile regions in the world, securing such a prestigious scholarship is a testament to this gentleman’s dedication and sincerity. Indeed, he will go on to earn massive accolades globally and, in the process, create a better image of Pakistan on a global stage.I wish him the best of success in all his endeavours.14. Maria Toorpakai WazirMaria, born in South Waziristan, is a professional squash player who has won international acclaims for Pakistan. She is currently ranked 54th in the world rank. She is a prolific speaker against extremism in society and has spoken at events such as TedxTeen.Source:Dutchedu15. Faisal MirzaA recipient of the ECHO Awards in 2008; the ECHO Awards recognise the contribution of immigrants of ‘non-western’ descent on the basis of their talent in higher education. Mirza received a scholarship for a summer course at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he chose to study English and Public Policy.16. Namira SalimSalim is the first Pakistani to travel into space. She has officially been recognised as the ‘First Pakistani Astronaut’ by the government of Pakistan in 2006. She is also a peace activist and was conferred with Tamgha-e-Imtiaz in 2011.Source: CNN17. Ali RehanHe is the co-founder and CEO of Eyedeus Labs; a tech start-up by Pakistani students that developed a mobile application so innovative that it was even featured on CNN and other global media.Source: http://Calagary.edu18. Dr Naweed I SyedDr Syed is a globally acclaimed scientist of Pakistani origin and head of the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy at the University of Calgary’s Hotchkiss Brain Institute in Canada. He is the first scientist to ‘connect brain cells to a silicon chip’. This is indeed a great honour for Pakistan.Connecting brain cells to electronic chips opens up the potential to take artificial intelligence computing to the next stage and Dr Syed plays a leading role in this quest.19. Sabia AbbatAbbat, originally from the Hazara division, is the winner of the National Cycling Championship. She is an emerging talent and her skills have been recognised nationally. She hopes to foster change and represent Pakistan in the South Asian games next year. She is an inspiration to all the young women out there who want to pursue their goals and, in the process, bring about positive change in the society.20. Sarmad TariqTariq has been an inspiration for people with physical disabilities. He is a motivational speaker and a corporate evangelist. He represented Pakistan in the ING New York City Marathon in 2005 and finished with a medal. Sarmad hopes to bring about positive change in the attitude of Pakistanis all over with his life coaching talks on various platforms.Source: Newsline21. Rosheen KhanKhan is Pakistan’s first female master scuba diver and the only Nitrox diving instructor in Pakistan. She aims to introduce positive social changes with her efforts.22. Parveen SaeedSaeed, the owner of Khana Ghar, started her business to provide hot meals for three rupees to low income individuals. It has become a lifeline for hundreds of poor men and women who are unable to make ends meet.The motivated people of Pakistan achieved what the government failed to deliver. This is precisely why I keep on insisting that it is crucial to look at Pakistan beyond how the media portrays it. The civil society in Pakistan is working tirelessly to enrich the lives of Pakistanis and improve society. With such people in our midst, the only way Project Pakistan can fail is if we let it.Hats off to Ms Parveen Saeed for such an honourable venture.23. Sameen ShahidShahid is a recipient of the OFID scholarship of 2009 to study at Harvard University’s John F Kennedy School of Government. The Public Administration degree that she pursues can help redefine the values and customs of governance for the Pakistan of the future.24. Mir Zafar AliAli is an Oscar winner movie visual effects curator. He has given life to characters such as Venom in Spider Man 3 as well as several other Hollywood flicks such as X-Men, The Mummy. He won an Oscar for Best Visual Effects in 2007 for the movie The Golden Compass.Source: Business Insider25. Waqas AliAli is an entrepreneur and founder of an online shoe store called Hometown Shoes, where they sell locally manufactured leather shoes and accessories.26. Bilal MasoodMaqsood is a student of Crossing Border Global Studies in Denmark and is also a certified trainer of the School of Leadership (SOL), Karachi. He has represented Pakistan as its youth ambassador on various platforms and is keen to bring about positive social change.This is not the end of the trail. There are countless other Pakistanis working either as individuals or in teams that are bringing a positive image of Pakistan into the lime light and are laying the framework for positive social chance.Pakistani civil society continues to unite during events of mass gravity. For example, recall how the civil society formed human chains to protest against the church bombings in Peshawar.AgricultureIn 2013, a Pakistani firm invented a new formula to make fertilizers that cannot be converted into bomb-making materials. The firm, Fatima Fertilizer, had succeeded in making non-lethal alternatives to ammonium nitrate, a key ingredient in the fertilizers it makes. Fertilizers with ammonium nitrate, however, can easily be converted into bomb-making ingredients. This invention was praised by the Pentagon. “Such a long-term solution would be a true scientific breakthrough,” US Army Lieutenant General Michael Barbero, the head of the Pentagon’s Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization, said in a statement. After this invention, CNN reported that the United States and Pakistan reached an agreement to jointly make fertilizers with non-explosive materials. But diplomatic sources told Dawn that an agreement could only be reached after the new material is tested. The sources said that US experts would soon visit Pakistan for testing the new material with experts from the Fatima Group, Pakistan’s major fertilizer manufacturer.BiologyDr. Naweed Syed, a specialist in the field of biomedical engineering and member of the medicine faculty at the University of Calgary, became the first scientist who managed to "connect brain cells to a silicon chip". The discovery is a major step in the research of integrating computers with human brains to help people control artificial limbs, monitor people's vital signs, correct memory loss or impaired vision.Dr Samir Iqbal, an associate professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Texas at Arlington, developed a novel cancer cell detection method that improves early diagnosis through a tool that tracks cellular behavior in real time using nanotextured walls that mimic layers of body tissue.ChemistryDevelopment of the world's first workable plastic magnet at room temperature by organic chemist and polymer scientist Naveed Zaidi.PhysicsStandard model of Electroweak Interaction.Discovery of electroweak interaction by Abdus Salam, along with two Americans Sheldon Lee Glashow and Steven Weinberg. The discovery led them to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics.Abdus Salam who along with Steven Weinberg independently predicted the existence of a subatomic particle now called the Higgs boson, Named after a British physicist who theorized that it endowed other particles with mass.The development of the Standard Model of particle physics by Sheldon Glashow's discovery in 1960 of a way to combine the electromagnetic and weak interactions. In 1967 Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam incorporated the Higgs mechanism into Glashow's electroweak theory, giving it its modern form.Development of the SMB probe to detect heavy water leaks in nuclear power plants by Sultan Bashiruddin MahmoodIn 2015 Pakistani researchers developed a solar powered mobile phone network. The network according to them is useful for instances when regular services are disrupted such as earthquakes and floods.Abdullah Soomro invented Flashpack, a power bank that is able to charge fully in just 14 minutes.MedicineSchematic representation of an implanted Ommaya reservoir.The Ommaya reservoir - a system for the delivery of drugs (e.g. chemotherapy) into the cerebrospinal fluid for treatment of patients with brain tumours - was developed by Ayub K. Ommaya, a Pakistani neurosurgeon.A non-invasive technology for monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) - developed by Faisal Kashif.Two medical devices - a pleuroperitoneal shunt and a special endotracheal tube to supply oxygen during fiberoptic bronchoscopy in awake patients - were invented by Sayed Amjad Hussain, a Pakistani American doctor from Peshawar, Pakistan. His work made him an inductee into the Medical Mission Hall of Fame.A non-kink catheter mount was designed by a Pakistani doctor A. K. Jamil. He also developed a simple device for teaching controlled ventilation (A device through which young doctors can be trained on artificial ventilation of the lungs without Operation theater and patient)ComputingThe boot sector of an infected floppy.A boot sector computer virus dubbed (c)Brain, one of the first computer viruses in history, was created in 1986 by the Farooq Alvi Brothers in Lahore, Pakistan, reportedly to deter unauthorized copying of the software they had written.A Software simulation based on blast forensics designed by Pakistani computer scientist, Zeeshan-ul-Hassan Usmani, that can reduce deaths by 12 per cent and injuries by seven per cent on average just by changing the way a crowd of people stand near an expected suicide bomber.MusicThe Sagar Veena, a string instrument designed for use in classical music, was developed entirely in Pakistan over the last 40 years at the Sanjannagar Institute in Lahore by Raza Kazim.EconomicsThe Human Development Index was devised by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people centered policies".Other technologyA team headed by Professor Sohail Khan, a Pakistani researcher at Loughborough University designed a clever lavatory that transforms human waste into biological charcoal and minerals. These can then be used as fuel or a form of conditioner for soil. It also produces clean water. The invention can lead to community-led total sanitation in the developing world. The challenge was set by Microsoft founder Bill Gates who wanted to improve sanitation for the poor and combat open defacation in countries where water supply and sewage pipe infrastructure is not widely available.See alsoCategory:Pakistani inventorsScience and technology in PakistanList of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization covers the Bronze Age culture that flourished from 3300–1300 BCE in what is now PakistanList of Indian inventions and discoveries covers inventions made in the Indian subcontinent between the decline of the IVC and the formation of PakistanList of Pakistani inventions and discoveries - Wikipedia