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Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash DumpAdult female skeleton found at Villa da Gafaria, Portugal (Discarded in the trash: Burials of African enslaved individuals in Valle da Gafaria, Lagos, Portugal (15th-17th centuries).In the early 15th century, Portuguese explorers like Henry the Navigator began sailing to Africa, bringing back both goods and enslaved people. A new archaeological study of more than 150 skeletons dumped in Lagos, Portugal, reveals that many of the enslaved Africans were not given proper burials and that several of them may even have been tied up at death.From the middle of the 15th century, Africa was coerced into a unique relationship with Europe that led to the devastation and depopulation of Africa, but contributed to the wealth and development of Europe. From then until the end of the 19th century, Europeans facilitated a trade for African captives.At first this trafficking only supplemented a trade in human beings that already existed within Europe, in which Europeans had enslaved each other.[1][1][1][1] Some enslaved Africans had also reached Europe, the Middle East and other parts of the world before the mid-15th century, as a result of a trade in human beings that had also long existed in Africa.[2][2][2][2] Many of these African captives crossed the Sahara and reached Europe and other destinations from North Africa, or were transported across the Indian Ocean.The Old Slave Market, Lagos, PortugalThe transatlantic slave trade began during the 15th century when Portugal, and subsequently other European kingdoms, were finally able to expand overseas and reach Africa. The Portuguese first began to kidnap people from the west coast of Africa and to take those they enslaved back to Europe.[3][3][3][3]Spanish records report that in mid-july, ‘English corsairs’ waylaid and captured the Portuguese slaver Sao Joao Bautista. She had below decks some 370 Angolans, who had been taken prisoner during Portugal’s bloody war of conquest in Luanda.[4][4][4][4]It is estimated that by the early 16th century as much as 10% of Lisbon's population was of African descent.[5][5][5][5] After the European discovery of the American continent, the demand for African labour gradually grew, as other sources of labour - both European and American - were found to be insufficient. By the mid-16th century, when sugar plantations introduced to Brazil required a cheap source of labour, the Portuguese settlers looked not to the native Indians but across the Atlantic to the slaves they could easily ship from Africa.[6][6][6][6] Slowly but surely, as larger boats carried bigger cargoes back to Europe and returned with ever-larger quantities of slaves, Africans became the labour force of choice.Elmina Castle, Elmina, Ghana (Elmina Castle and its Dark History of Enslavement, Torture, and Death)During the 15th century, the port of the Portuguese city of Lagos was a hub for slave ships from Africa. From here, human cargo was transshipped for transportation on to other locations in Portugal and Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal sent a trading expedition to Africa, to explore the little known continent, in 1441.[7][7][7][7] By 1444, a ‘cargo’ of 235 enslaved Africans had been brought to Lagos in Portugal.[8][8][8][8] The Portuguese were using enslaved Africans on sugar plantations in Madeira, a Portuguese island off the west coast of Africa, by 1460.[9][9][9][9] They built the first slave fort in 1481, on the coast of modern Ghana. This was Elmina Castle, the headquarters of the Portuguese slave traders.[10][10][10][10]In the early 17th century, Portugal was a major trader in enslaved Africans. At this time, it held the asiento, or contract, to supply the Spanish colonies with slaves.[11][11][11][11] This meant that as well as buying their own slaves, the Portuguese were buying slaves for Spanish owned plantations.This added to the overall number of slaves which Portuguese ships carried. Records show the total figure to be 4,650,000 enslaved Africans.[12][12][12][12]Recent rescue excavations by a Portuguese team at an underground car park in the town of Valle da Gafaria revealed a sinkhole, which incorporated a former burial site outside the medieval walls of the port city of Lagos, along the southwest coast of Portugal.[13][13][13][13] Used between the 15th and 17th centuries as a dumping ground, the site also offered up remains of imported ceramics, butchered animal bones, and a few African style ornaments. Interestingly, cultural items associated with some skeletons (beads, ivory and bone sculptures)[14][14][14][14], and intentional dental modifications suggested sub Saharan African origins for some of the individuals in the pit.[15][15][15][15]When the human skeletons were first analyzed, their shape and unique dental style suggested they may have been of African origin,[16][16][16][16] and a later genetic analysis confirmed ancestry with southern African, Bantu-speaking populations.[17][17][17][17] Due to the archaeological and historical information, it is likely that all of these people were enslaved.Deliberate dental modification in Bantu skeletal remains (Sofia Wasterlain | University of Coimbra, Coimbra | UC | Department of Life Sciences)Excavations in Valle da Gafaria (Lagos, Portugal), revealed two contiguous burial places outside the medieval city walls, dating from the 15 th–17th centuries AD: one was interpreted as a Lepersarium cemetery and the second as an urban discard deposit, where signs of violent, unceremonious burials suggested that these remains may belong to slaves captured in Africa by the Portuguese.[18][18][18][18] Various lines of evidence strongly suggest that the 158 individuals recovered include some of the first enslaved Africans to arrive at the city of Lagos during the 15th century as well as individuals arriving in subsequent shipments until the 17th century.[19][19][19][19]An AMS C14 investigation dated the beginning of the burials to the time between 1420 and 1480 – and thus around the same time as the first arrival of ships of African slaves in Lagos, according to historical references.[20][20][20][20]The first of these burial caches has been interpreted as a burial site attached to a Leprosarium which would have been traditionally situated outside urban limits. The eleven individuals recovered from this necropolis exhibited several pathological lesions both in the skull and postcranial skeleton.[21][21][21][21] The recovered individuals were buried directly in the soil, in positions and orientations discordant to the prevailing Christian rules.[22][22][22][22] Leprosy was diagnosable in two individuals and it is expected that people suffering from a range of diseases were also housed in a similar context.The Leprosarium site samples were less preserved but gave some probability of both African and European ancestry. The two discard deposit burials each gave African affinity signals, which were further refined toward modern West African or Bantu genotyped samples.[23][23][23][23] These data from distressed burials illustrate an African contribution to a low status stratum of Lagos society at a time when this port became a hub of the European trade in African slaves which formed a precursor to the transatlantic transfer of millions.Old Slave Market, Lagos Portugal (The Old Slave Market, Lagos, Portugal)The second comprised an urban discard deposit (UDD) where skeletal remains belonging to 158 individuals including males and females, adults and sub-adults, were retrieved.[24][24][24][24] These were distressed burials; the bodies were found together with urban and domestic garbage in a large pit with apparent disrespect for the canonical burial traditions. [25][25][25][25] It was possible to infer that these individuals were deposited in the trash dump area (both in the sinkhole and in its boundaries) and immediately covered with trash deposits. Many were deposited in atypical positions, suggesting a pronounced lack of care in inhumation. Also both direct and indirect cases of violence were recorded; for example, three cases of hand and/or feet binding.[26][26][26][26]The skeletal remains were meticulously removed before subsequent state-of-the-art anthropological and genetic analyses were conducted. Genetic analyses revealed an affinity to West African or Bantu-speaking (Central to Southern African) populations in some of the DNA samples, which is in agreement with what is expected from historical records, and with some of the archaeological elements that suggested African ancestry.[27][27][27][27]Researchers conclude that around one third of the skeletons were from under-18s and that only 3% were from people aged 30 or more.[28][28][28][28] Identification of African characteristics was based on the assessment of traits such as the shape and measurements of the eye orbits and nasal cavity, and the assessment of dental traits such as tooth filing common in African people in that time.Researchers from the University of Coimbra elaborated upon the bone data in order to understand how the 158 enslaved Africans came to be buried in a trash pit in Lagos.[29][29][29][29] Specifically, they investigated the position of each burial, whether or not the burial was made with care, and whether they could identify any evidence that the person’s body had been bound.Adult female from Valle da Gafaria whose positioning suggests she may have been tied up for burial (Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade)The Medieval Catholic concern with burial procedures meant that the church was crucial in handling deaths in Portugal. A body would be ferried to the church in a funeral procession, and a grave would be selected in close proximity to a religious building.[30][30][30][30] Elites and nobles were usually buried in an area protected by walls, while more marginal people were located outside.[31][31][31][31] Those who were further stigmatized by disease, condemned, or otherwise considered not to be deserving of care would be placed far outside sacred spaces.Enslaved occupants of Early Modern Portugal would not necessarily have been prevented from a proper burial. Many were baptized on arrival to Portugal and therefore had a right to a Christian funeral if the slave owner decided to do so.[32][32][32][32] However, due to the poor conditions aboard the ships, many people arrived so weakened that they died without baptizm. In such cases, as their humanity was not recognized, the corpses were treated as animal remains: summarily buried in any free field or dumped in the garbage.[33][33][33][33]African Slave TradeMore than half seemed to have been buried without care. Many of the skeletons were found in uncommon burial positions indicating that the slaves had their limbs tied to their necks or in other cases both hands tied to their backs.[34][34][34][34] In other cases the hands were placed in strand position in the front. These positions provide a detailed and disturbing glimpse into the early period of the European African slave trade.Moreover, six individuals (four females, one male, and one non‐adult individual) showed evidence of having been tied at the time of death and/or burial.[35][35][35][35] This suggestion that several people had been tied up has intrigued other scholars, although it is unclear from the published research whether the bound limbs were related to the people’s enslaved status or to a more functional method of disposing of bodies.Biological anthropologist Tim Thompson at Teesside University praised the “sound research” but stated “it is difficult to truly assess the examples of tied individuals because there are so few, and no figures are presented.” He suggests that comparing “the anatomical positioning with examples from modern mass graves would allow for deeper analysis. There are many examples of binding and blindfolding in these modern mass violence settings, along with disrespectful deposition of bodies.”[36][36][36][36]Archaeologists and scientists anticipate future publications on Valle da Gafaria and it's skeletal collection, as the site is an incredibly disturbing one, and one that clearly illustrates the pervasive mistreatment of enslaved people by the architects of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. In particular, this skeletal collection is indicative of the high mortality associated with slave ships and the Middle Passage.[37][37][37][37] The findings have the potential to contribute to the comprehension of both ancient and modern forced slavery contexts. Not only are there few cemeteries of enslaved people in the world, but also, Lagos is the oldest sample to be discovered and comprehensively examined in decades.[38][38][38][38]Skeletons found in a Portuguese mass grave belonged to African slavesFootnotes[1] The Arrival of European Traders[1] The Arrival of European Traders[1] The Arrival of European Traders[1] The Arrival of European Traders[2] Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade[2] Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade[2] Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade[2] Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade[3] The European slave trade: the destruction of Africa by Portugal[3] The European slave trade: the destruction of Africa by Portugal[3] The European slave trade: the destruction of Africa by Portugal[3] The European slave trade: the destruction of Africa by Portugal[4] Portuguese Slave Raiders in Africa: The old Luso-African kingdom of Angola - written by - Nehesy; edited by Rasta Livewire[4] Portuguese Slave Raiders in Africa: The old Luso-African kingdom of Angola - written by - Nehesy; edited by Rasta Livewire[4] Portuguese Slave Raiders in Africa: The old Luso-African kingdom of Angola - written by - Nehesy; edited by Rasta Livewire[4] Portuguese Slave Raiders in Africa: The old Luso-African kingdom of Angola - written by - Nehesy; edited by Rasta Livewire[5] Portugal confronts its slave trade past[5] Portugal confronts its slave trade past[5] Portugal confronts its slave trade past[5] Portugal confronts its slave trade past[6] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.historyextra.com/period/the-origins-of-slavery/amp/[6] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.historyextra.com/period/the-origins-of-slavery/amp/[6] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.historyextra.com/period/the-origins-of-slavery/amp/[6] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.historyextra.com/period/the-origins-of-slavery/amp/[7] Prince Henry the Navigator: The Man Who Led Portuguese Exploration[7] Prince Henry the Navigator: The Man Who Led Portuguese Exploration[7] Prince Henry the Navigator: The Man Who Led Portuguese Exploration[7] Prince Henry the Navigator: The Man Who Led Portuguese Exploration[8] Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery[8] Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery[8] Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery[8] Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery[9] madeira sugar cane - Google Search[9] madeira sugar cane - Google Search[9] madeira sugar cane - Google Search[9] madeira sugar cane - Google Search[10] Inside Ghana's Elmina Castle is a haunting reminder of its grim past[10] Inside Ghana's Elmina Castle is a haunting reminder of its grim past[10] Inside Ghana's Elmina Castle is a haunting reminder of its grim past[10] Inside Ghana's Elmina Castle is a haunting reminder of its grim past[11] Asiento de negros | Spanish history[11] Asiento de negros | Spanish history[11] Asiento de negros | Spanish history[11] Asiento de negros | Spanish history[12] British Involvement in the Transatlantic Slave Trade[12] British Involvement in the Transatlantic Slave Trade[12] British Involvement in the Transatlantic Slave Trade[12] British Involvement in the Transatlantic Slave Trade[13] Skeletons found in a Portuguese mass grave belonged to African slaves[13] Skeletons found in a Portuguese mass grave belonged to African slaves[13] Skeletons found in a Portuguese mass grave belonged to African slaves[13] Skeletons found in a Portuguese mass grave belonged to African slaves[14] http://Neves M., Almeida M. & Ferreira M. História de um arrabalde durante os séculos XV e XVI: o “poço dos negros” em Lagos (Algarve, Portugal) e o seu contributo para o estudo dos escravos em Portugal. in A Herança do Infante 29–46 (2011). [14] http://Neves M., Almeida M. & Ferreira M. História de um arrabalde durante os séculos XV e XVI: o “poço dos negros” em Lagos (Algarve, Portugal) e o seu contributo para o estudo dos escravos em Portugal. in A Herança do Infante 29–46 (2011). [14] http://Neves M., Almeida M. & Ferreira M. História de um arrabalde durante os séculos XV e XVI: o “poço dos negros” em Lagos (Algarve, Portugal) e o seu contributo para o estudo dos escravos em Portugal. in A Herança do Infante 29–46 (2011). [14] http://Neves M., Almeida M. & Ferreira M. História de um arrabalde durante os séculos XV e XVI: o “poço dos negros” em Lagos (Algarve, Portugal) e o seu contributo para o estudo dos escravos em Portugal. in A Herança do Infante 29–46 (2011). [15] http://Neves M., Almeida M. & Ferreira M. Separados na vida e na morte: retrato do tratamento mortuário dado aos escravos africanos na cidade moderna de Lagos. XELB Rev. 10, 547–560 (2010). [15] http://Neves M., Almeida M. & Ferreira M. Separados na vida e na morte: retrato do tratamento mortuário dado aos escravos africanos na cidade moderna de Lagos. XELB Rev. 10, 547–560 (2010). [15] http://Neves M., Almeida M. & Ferreira M. Separados na vida e na morte: retrato do tratamento mortuário dado aos escravos africanos na cidade moderna de Lagos. XELB Rev. 10, 547–560 (2010). [15] http://Neves M., Almeida M. & Ferreira M. Separados na vida e na morte: retrato do tratamento mortuário dado aos escravos africanos na cidade moderna de Lagos. XELB Rev. 10, 547–560 (2010). [16] Antropologia Portuguesa vol. 32/33[16] Antropologia Portuguesa vol. 32/33[16] Antropologia Portuguesa vol. 32/33[16] Antropologia Portuguesa vol. 32/33[17] Dispersals and genetic adaptation of Bantu-speaking populations in Africa and North America[17] Dispersals and genetic adaptation of Bantu-speaking populations in Africa and North America[17] Dispersals and genetic adaptation of Bantu-speaking populations in Africa and North America[17] Dispersals and genetic adaptation of Bantu-speaking populations in Africa and North America[18] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade[18] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade[18] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade[18] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade[19] Lagos leprosarium (Portugal): Evidences of disease | Request PDF[19] Lagos leprosarium (Portugal): Evidences of disease | Request PDF[19] Lagos leprosarium (Portugal): Evidences of disease | Request PDF[19] Lagos leprosarium (Portugal): Evidences of disease | Request PDF[20] A Journey Back in Time | L.I.S.A. SCIENCE PORTAL GERDA HENKEL FOUNDATION[20] A Journey Back in Time | L.I.S.A. SCIENCE PORTAL GERDA HENKEL FOUNDATION[20] A Journey Back in Time | L.I.S.A. SCIENCE PORTAL GERDA HENKEL FOUNDATION[20] A Journey Back in Time | L.I.S.A. SCIENCE PORTAL GERDA HENKEL FOUNDATION[21] http://Ferreira M. T., Neves M. J. & Wasterlain S. N. Lagos leprosarium (Portugal): evidences of disease. J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 2298–2307 (2013). [21] http://Ferreira M. T., Neves M. J. & Wasterlain S. N. Lagos leprosarium (Portugal): evidences of disease. J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 2298–2307 (2013). [21] http://Ferreira M. T., Neves M. J. & Wasterlain S. N. Lagos leprosarium (Portugal): evidences of disease. J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 2298–2307 (2013). [21] http://Ferreira M. T., Neves M. J. & Wasterlain S. N. Lagos leprosarium (Portugal): evidences of disease. J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 2298–2307 (2013). [22] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/publication/257155203_Lagos_leprosarium_Portugal_Evidences_of_disease/amp[22] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/publication/257155203_Lagos_leprosarium_Portugal_Evidences_of_disease/amp[22] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/publication/257155203_Lagos_leprosarium_Portugal_Evidences_of_disease/amp[22] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/publication/257155203_Lagos_leprosarium_Portugal_Evidences_of_disease/amp[23] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade[23] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade[23] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade[23] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade[24] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade[24] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade[24] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade[24] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade[25] Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash Dump[25] Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash Dump[25] Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash Dump[25] Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash Dump[26] http://Neves M., Almeida M. & Ferreira M. Separados na vida e na morte: retrato do tratamento mortuário dado aos escravos africanos na cidade moderna de Lagos. XELB Rev. 10, 547–560 (2010). [26] http://Neves M., Almeida M. & Ferreira M. Separados na vida e na morte: retrato do tratamento mortuário dado aos escravos africanos na cidade moderna de Lagos. XELB Rev. 10, 547–560 (2010). [26] http://Neves M., Almeida M. & Ferreira M. Separados na vida e na morte: retrato do tratamento mortuário dado aos escravos africanos na cidade moderna de Lagos. XELB Rev. 10, 547–560 (2010). [26] http://Neves M., Almeida M. & Ferreira M. Separados na vida e na morte: retrato do tratamento mortuário dado aos escravos africanos na cidade moderna de Lagos. XELB Rev. 10, 547–560 (2010). [27] Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash Dump[27] Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash Dump[27] Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash Dump[27] Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash Dump[28] Skeletons found in a Portuguese mass grave belonged to African slaves[28] Skeletons found in a Portuguese mass grave belonged to African slaves[28] Skeletons found in a Portuguese mass grave belonged to African slaves[28] Skeletons found in a Portuguese mass grave belonged to African slaves[29] Discarded in the trash: Burials of African enslaved individuals in Valle da Gafaria, Lagos, Portugal (15th-17th centuries)[29] Discarded in the trash: Burials of African enslaved individuals in Valle da Gafaria, Lagos, Portugal (15th-17th centuries)[29] Discarded in the trash: Burials of African enslaved individuals in Valle da Gafaria, Lagos, Portugal (15th-17th centuries)[29] Discarded in the trash: Burials of African enslaved individuals in Valle da Gafaria, Lagos, Portugal (15th-17th centuries)[30] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.helsinki.fi/collegium/journal/volumes/volume_18/Death%2520and%2520Dying%2520in%2520Medieval%2520and%2520Early%2520Modern%2520Europe.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwju1b6P96_hAhVKOK0KHRQ-A6YQFjASegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw3ayiQ2L_LVjBUBAdN-LpxY[30] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.helsinki.fi/collegium/journal/volumes/volume_18/Death%2520and%2520Dying%2520in%2520Medieval%2520and%2520Early%2520Modern%2520Europe.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwju1b6P96_hAhVKOK0KHRQ-A6YQFjASegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw3ayiQ2L_LVjBUBAdN-LpxY[30] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.helsinki.fi/collegium/journal/volumes/volume_18/Death%2520and%2520Dying%2520in%2520Medieval%2520and%2520Early%2520Modern%2520Europe.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwju1b6P96_hAhVKOK0KHRQ-A6YQFjASegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw3ayiQ2L_LVjBUBAdN-LpxY[30] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.helsinki.fi/collegium/journal/volumes/volume_18/Death%2520and%2520Dying%2520in%2520Medieval%2520and%2520Early%2520Modern%2520Europe.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwju1b6P96_hAhVKOK0KHRQ-A6YQFjASegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw3ayiQ2L_LVjBUBAdN-LpxY[31] Interpreting Rock-Cut Grave Cemeteries: The Early Medieval Necropolis and Enclosure of São Gens, Portugal[31] Interpreting Rock-Cut Grave Cemeteries: The Early Medieval Necropolis and Enclosure of São Gens, Portugal[31] Interpreting Rock-Cut Grave Cemeteries: The Early Medieval Necropolis and Enclosure of São Gens, Portugal[31] Interpreting Rock-Cut Grave Cemeteries: The Early Medieval Necropolis and Enclosure of São Gens, Portugal[32] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php%3Fid%3D42397&ved=2ahUKEwjG6NaTzK3hAhURQ6wKHTRoA68QFjAKegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw0fsD5aPcmGveryjgokabPA[32] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php%3Fid%3D42397&ved=2ahUKEwjG6NaTzK3hAhURQ6wKHTRoA68QFjAKegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw0fsD5aPcmGveryjgokabPA[32] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php%3Fid%3D42397&ved=2ahUKEwjG6NaTzK3hAhURQ6wKHTRoA68QFjAKegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw0fsD5aPcmGveryjgokabPA[32] 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African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade | Scinapse | Academic search engine for paper[34] Genetic Evidence of African Slavery at the Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade | Scinapse | Academic search engine for paper[35] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/publication/331280961_Discarded_in_the_trash_burials_of_African_enslaved_individuals_in_Valle_da_Gafaria_Lagos_Portugal_15th-17th_centuries/amp[35] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/publication/331280961_Discarded_in_the_trash_burials_of_African_enslaved_individuals_in_Valle_da_Gafaria_Lagos_Portugal_15th-17th_centuries/amp[35] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/publication/331280961_Discarded_in_the_trash_burials_of_African_enslaved_individuals_in_Valle_da_Gafaria_Lagos_Portugal_15th-17th_centuries/amp[35] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/publication/331280961_Discarded_in_the_trash_burials_of_African_enslaved_individuals_in_Valle_da_Gafaria_Lagos_Portugal_15th-17th_centuries/amp[36] Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash Dump[36] Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash Dump[36] Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash Dump[36] Archaeologists Find Bound Bodies Of Enslaved Africans In Portuguese Trash Dump[37] Slave Ships and the Middle Passage[37] Slave Ships and the Middle Passage[37] Slave Ships and the Middle Passage[37] Slave Ships and the Middle Passage[38] Buried at a rubbish dump, centuries-old bodies of tied enslaved Africans found in Portugal - Face2Face Africa[38] Buried at a rubbish dump, centuries-old bodies of tied enslaved Africans found in Portugal - Face2Face Africa[38] Buried at a rubbish dump, centuries-old bodies of tied enslaved Africans found in Portugal - Face2Face Africa[38] Buried at a rubbish dump, centuries-old bodies of tied enslaved Africans found in Portugal - Face2Face Africa

There are literally hundreds of free SEO tools out there, so we want to focus on only the best and most useful to add to your toolbox.1. Bing Webmaster ToolsWhile Google Webmaster Tools gets all the glory, folks forget that Bing Webmaster offers a full suite of website and search analytics. Especially useful are keyword reports, keyword research, and crawling data.2. Data StudioIf you need to merge data from different sources (say Search Console and Google Analytics), visualize, and share it - this is Google Data Studio's comfort zone. For an idea of all the SEO tasks and dashboards that you can build for free, check out these Google Data Studio Resources from Lee Hurst.3. Enhanced Google Analytics AnnotationsHow do you know if your dip in traffic (or rise) is associated with a Google Algorithm update, or perhaps a major holiday? This is a highly-recommended Google Chrome plugin that overlays additional data on top of your analytics, so you can easily send screenshots to clients showing exactly how outside forces impacted traffic.4. Google AnalyticsThe big kahuna, and the most widely-used web analytics package on earth. For being free, Google Analytics is surprisingly robust and plays well with other Google products, including Optimize, Search Console, and Data Studio. Some folks have privacy concerns with GA — though Google swears they don't use this data for search rankings.5. Search ConsoleProbably the most useful free SEO tool on this entire list, it's hard to imagine doing modern SEO without access to the data inside Google's Search Console. This is the most reliable location for information on how Google crawls and ranks your site, and is one of the only places where you can get reliable keyword data.6. Keyword HeroDid somebody say (not provided)? Keyword Hero works to solve the problem of missing keyword data with lots of advanced math and machine learning. It's not a perfect system, but for those struggling to match keywords with conversion and other on-site metrics, the data can be a valuable step in the right direction. Pricing is free up to 2000 sessions/month.7. MozCastThe brainchild of Dr. Pete and the original Google SERP tracker, MozCast is the go-to algorithm tracker whenever there's a big update, or not. Also useful are the SERP tracking features showing the prominence of such features as ads and knowledge panels.8. Beam Us UpIf you need a free, desktop crawler, you can't do better than Beam Us Up. While it doesn't have as many features as Screaming Frog, it does offer 100 percent free crawling with no limits. Windows only.9. Link Redirect TraceA free Chrome extension, lots of SEOs recommend Link Redirect Trace as the "all-in-one redirect path analyzer." The extension reveals information about HTTP headers, rel-canonicals, robots.txt, and basic link metrics from LinkResearchTools. The "Save Screenshot" feature is super useful too.10. Redirect PathSimilar to Link Redirect Trace, Redirect Path is a nifty tool from the good folks at Ayima that shows redirect paths and header information for every URL you visit. Gotta admit, I've used this extension for years and it's almost "always-on" in my browser.11. Screaming FrogAside from having one of the best Twitter accounts of any SEO tool maker, Screaming Frog is the most popular desktop-based crawler available today. Many people don't realize that there's a free version that allows for up to 500 URLs per crawl. While not as fully functional as the paid version, it's great for small projects and smaller site audits.12. Screaming Frog Log File AnalyzerMost folks in the SEO space are familiar with Screaming Frog, but many don't realize that the Frog also offers a standalone free/paid Log File Analyzer tool. The free version is very robust, though limited to 1000 lines.13. SEOlyzerSEOlyzer is a log analysis tool recommended by Aleyda Solis in her very excellent SEO podcast Crawling Mondays. SEOlyzer is a terrific log analysis tool with some cool features like real-time analysis and page categorization.14. XenuGotta be honest, although Xenu has been on every "free SEO tool" list since the dawn of, no way did I think it would make this one. This Windows-based desktop crawler has been virtually unchanged over the past 10 years. That said, a lot of folks still love and use it for basic site auditing, looking for broken links, etc. Heck, I'm leaving here for sentimental reasons. Check it out.15. Answer The PublicIt's hard not to love Answer The Public. The interface has an almost "Cards Against Humanity" rebel vibe to it. Regardless, if you want to generate a massive list of questions from any keyword set, this is your go-to tool.16. Keyword ExplorerIf you're not familiar with Moz's amazing keyword research tool, you should give it a try. 500 million keyword suggestions, all the most accurate volume ranges in the industry. You also get Moz's famous Keyword Difficulty Score along with CTR data. Moz's free community account gives you access to 10 queries a month, with each query literally giving you up to 1000 keyword suggestions along with SERP analysis.17. Keyword PlannerGoogle's own Keyword Planner was built for folks who buy Google ads, but it still delivers a ton of information useful for SEO keyword planning. It uses Google's own data and has useful functions like country filtering. Be careful with metrics like competition (this is meant for paid placements) and volume — which is known to be confusing.18. Keyword Sh****rYes, it's called Keyword Sh****r. It pains me to write this. That said, it says what it does and does what it says. Type in a keyword and it, um, poops out a poop-ton of keywords.19. Keyword SurferWe used to recommend Keywords Everywhere (still a great tool) but they no longer offer a free version. As an alternative, the most popular community-based recommendation—that's still free—is Keyword Surfer. This Chrome extension gives you keyword search volume in Google search results. We're also a fan of WMS Everywhere, a Chrome extension that gives you search volume, cost-per-click, and keyword suggestions.20. UbersuggestSometimes I make fun of Neil Patel because he does SEO in his pajamas. I'm probably jealous because I don't even own pajamas. Regardless, Neil took over Ubersuggest not long ago and gave it a major overall. If you haven't tried it in a while, it now goes way beyond keyword suggestions and offers a lot of extended SEO capabilities such as basic link metrics and top competitor pages.21. Disavow ToolGoogle makes the Disavow Tool hard to find because most site owners usually don't need to use it. But when you do, it can be useful for getting penalties removed and some SEOs swear by it for fighting off negative SEO. If you choose to use this tool, be careful and check with this guide on disavowing the right links.22. Link ExplorerLink Explorer is arguably the largest, highest-accuracy link index and the most accurate DA and backlink checker in the SEO world today, boasting 35 trillion links. The free account access gives you 10 queries and 50 rows of data per query every month, plus adds basic link metrics to the MozBar as you browse the web.23. Link MinerLink Miner is a free Chrome extension developed by Jon Cooper, one of the masters of link building. Use it to quickly find broken links on each page, as well as see basic link metrics as you search Google. Simple, easy, and useful.24. DetailedDetailed is a unique type of free link research engine, developed by the marketing genius Glen Allsopp (you can find him in the comments below). Detailed focuses on what's driving links to some of the most popular niches on the web, without the extra fluff that can make reverse engineering success a sometimes time-consuming process. Oh, he's got a killer newsletter too.25. Backlink CheckerMany people don't realize that Ahrefs offers a free backlink checker, but they do, and it's pretty good. It does have a number limitations compared to their full-fledged paid tool. For example, you're limited to 100 links, and you can't search by prefix or folder, but it's handy for those quick link checks, or if you're doing SEO on a tight budget.26. Google My BusinessBasically, this is the #1, must-have tool for Local SEO — especially if you live in a market served by Google. It allows you to claim your business, manage listing information, and respond to reviews — among other things. Claiming your business profile forms the foundation of most other local SEO activities, so it's an essential step.27. Google Review Link GeneratorThe Google Review Link Generator by Whitespark solves a simple problem - how do you give your customers a URL to leave a Google review for your business? Reviews drive rankings, but Google doesn't easily provide this. This generator makes it easy.28. Local Search Results CheckerOne of the hardest parts of Local SEO is figuring out rankings from any location — especially when Google stubbornly wants to serve results from the location you're in. BrightLocal solves this with a quick local ranking tool that can virtually drop you into any location on earth to check actual local rankings.29. Moz Local Online Presence ToolHow consistent are your business information and local citations across the internet? Moz Local lets you quickly check how your business shows up across the web in the major data aggregators that Google and others use to rank local search results. Very handy to understand your strengths and weaknesses.30. Mobile-First Index CheckerMobile versions of websites often differ significantly from their desktop versions. Because Google has switched to mobile-first indexing, it's important that major elements (links, structured data, etc.) match on both versions. A number of tools will check this for you, but Zeo's is probably the most complete.31. Mobile SERP TestIt's amazing how mobile search results can vary by both location AND device. MobileMoxie's mobile SERP test lets you compare devices side-by-side for any location, down to specific addresses.32. Mobile-Friendly TestThe gold standard for determining if your page meets Google's mobile-friendly requirements. If your page passes the test, then Google counts it as mobile-friendly, which is a bonafide (albeit small) ranking factor. If your page isn't mobile-friendly, it will give you specific areas to address.33. Chrome DevToolsThe sheer number of SEO tasks you can perform—for free—with Chrome DevTools is simply staggering. From JavaScript auditing to speed to On-Page SEO, some of the best features are hidden away but totally awesome. Need some specific ways to use it for SEO? Check out these resources here, here, and here.34. Marketing MinerMarketing Miner has a low profile in the United States, but it's one of the best-kept secrets of Eastern Europe. If you need to pull a lot of SERP data, rankings, tool reports, or competitive analysis, Marketing Miner does the heavy lifting for you and loads it all into convenient reports. Check out this list of miners for possible ideas. It's a paid tool, but the free version allows to perform a number of tasks.35. MozBarOne of the original SEO toolbars, the MozBar has seen significant upgrades over the years. Log in with a free Moz account and get link metrics as you browse the web, perform on-page analysis, and SERP analysis. The free version is super-useful by itself, while Pro users get additional functionality like advanced keyword suggestions.36. SEMrushLike Moz, SEMrush offers a full suite of all-in-one SEO tools, and they have a free account option that works well if you only work with a single website, or only need a quick peek at top-level data. The free account level gives you access to one "project" which includes basic site auditing, as well as limited keyword and domain reporting.37. SEO MinionSEO Minion is a very popular Chrome extension that goes beyond most SEO toolbars. Some of the quick functions it performs include analyzing on-page SEO, check broken links, Hreflang checks, a SERP preview tool, and a nifty Google search location simulator. Definitely worth trying out.38. SEOquakeOut of all the SEO toolbars available on the market, SEOquake is probably the most powerful, and comes with a plethora of configuration options — so you can configure it to adjust to your SEO needs. Aside from offering a boatload of data for every URL you visit, you can also perform basic on-page audits, compare domains, and export your data.39. Sheets for MarketersSheets for Marketers isn't a tool per se, but a website that contains over 100+ free templates to perform a huge number of tasks using Google Sheets. Find powerful free sheets for everything including competitive analysis, site audits, scraping, keyword research, and more. This is a website for your bookmarks.40. Small SEO ToolsSmall SEO Tools is a favorite among old-time SEO. It comprises a collection of over 100 original SEO tools. Each tool performs a very specific task, hence the name "small". What's great about this collection is that in addition to more traditional toolsets like backlink and keyword research, you'll find an abundance of hard-to-find and very specific tools such as proxy tools, pdf tools, and even JSON tools.41. VarvyVarvy offers a suite of free website audit tools from the folks at Internet Marketing Ninjas. Most of the checks are of the on-page type concerning crawling and best practices. Varvy also offers separate stand-alone tools for page speed and mobile SEO. Overall, this is a good quick tool to start an SEO audit and to perform basic checklist tasks in a hurry.42. Natural Language API DemoWhile there is some debate over how actionable Google's Natural Language API is for SEO, there is no denying it's a cool tool with lots of advanced analysis. The free demo allows you to analyze the text of a single page at a time and lets you see how a search engine would view entities, sentiment analysis, syntax, and categorization.43. Rich Results TestDid you implement review rating stars in your JSON-LD, and want to see if your markup is valid for Google's Rich Results? Getting a passing grade doesn't mean your page will automatically display rich results in the SERPs, but think of it as the cost of admission (the cost being free, of course.)44. Structured Data Testing ToolBookmark, bookmark, bookmark this page. Google's Structured Data Testing tool is essential for not only troubleshooting your own structured data but performing competitive analysis on your competitor's structured data as well. Pro Tip: You can edit the code within the tool to troubleshoot and arrive at valid code.45. Tag ManagerOn the surface, Google Tag Manager serves a simple purpose of allowing you to inject "tags" (such as Google Analytics) into your HTML. Beyond that, advanced users can leverage Tag Manager for a host of SEO functions. While Google recommends against using Tag Manager to insert important elements like structured data, it remains useful for a ton of SEO-related activities.46. View Rendered SourceThis simple JavaScript auditing tool does one thing, and it does it very well. View Rendered Source is a free Chrome plugin that allows you to easily see the fully rendered DOM of any URL, and compare it to the original HTML. Great for JavaScript auditing and troubleshooting.47. BuzzSumoAs an SEO research tool, BuzzSumo is awesome. Its Chrome extension is one of the few tools available that deliver reliable social share count estimates for any piece of content. You don't get as much data with a free account, but you still get access to top content and trending data. One of our favorite tools.48. HunterHunter is a popular email search tool, and definitely the most popular free email finder. Use it to find the email address associated with any company or individual, and verify any email address you already have. 50 free queries/month before paid plans kick in.49. SimilarWebSimilarWeb is like competitor analysis on steroids. You can research your competitor's traffic, top pages, engagement, marketing channels, and more. The free offering is limited to five results per metric, but it's often enough to grab a quick data point.50. WappalyzerThere are lots of tools that help you analyze what technology stacks a website runs on, but Wappalyzer is an SEO favorite. It's 100 percent free (unless you want advanced reporting) and will instantly tell you what technology a site is using. For example, are they using Yoast or All In One SEO Pack?51. Wayback MachineGotta be honest, I personally use the Wayback Machine 2–3 times a week. It's perfect for uncovering historical data. You can even find a trove of historical robots.txt files archived. There are a ton of other SEO uses for Wayback Machine you may find useful. 100 percent free.52. Bulk Domain Availability CheckerTo be honest, I hadn't heard of this tool before, but several SEOs who regularly purchase domains praised it highly. It seems particularly popular with the black hat/PBN group, but the tool itself has white hat SEO legitimacy as well. Simply input up to 20,000 domains at a time, and it will quickly tell you if they are available. Beats the heck out of typing them in one at a time using Godaddy.53. CloudflareThere are so many good things to say about Cloudflare, it's difficult to know what to include here. Aside from a free CDN to speed up your site, it also allows for easy DNS management, and 100 percent free DDoS protection. You can run on a paid plan forever, but if you're ready to upgrade, the pro features are super cool and amazingly affordable.54. GTmetrixGTmetrix is one of many webpage speed performance tests that SEOs love to use. It provides familiar reports such as PageSpeed, YSlow, and Waterfalls, as well as automatically visualizing historic data for each page it analyses.55. LighthouseLighthouse is Google's open-source speed performance tool. It's also the most up-to-date, especially in terms of analyzing the performance of mobile pages and PWAs. Google not only recommends using Lighthouse to evaluate your page performance, but there is also speculation they use very similar evaluations in their ranking algorithms.56. Page Speed InsightsPage Speed Insights is another Google tool built on top of Lighthouse, with one key added metric: Field Data. Field Data uses metrics collected by the Chrome User Experience Report so you can see how your page performs with real users across the globe. Not every page has data, but it's super useful when it does.57. SpeedMonitor.io - Website Speed MonitoringIf manually logging into a speed tool to check your performance each day isn't your thing, consider SpeedMonitor.io - Website Speed Monitoring. It uses Lighthouse data to gauge performance, then tracks it over time and stores the results — all for free. You can even add competitor tracking and on-demand audits.58. WebpageTestWebpage test is another performance tool similar to GTMetrix. It breaks down performance into easy-to-understand grades, along with some of the most detailed performance reports found anywhere.59. Rank MathThe "new" kid on the Wordpress SEO plugin block, RankMath is quickly earning a cult following among certain SEO pros. It's fully functional and comes with some cool features like built-in redirection, which means needing to install fewer plugins or pay for upgrades. Worth checking out.60. Yoast SEOYoast is the "name" in Wordpress SEO. The most trusted name, the most installed (30 million sites) and often, the most innovative. With the help of our friend Jono Alderson, they've created some amazing advances in the delivery of structured data. I personally use Yoast on most of my Wordpress sites, and they are obviously highly recommended.

“Why did Jesus deviate from his usual peace and love approach but use extreme force to redress a balance in the temple? Was Jesus erratic? ”Another other than me said it better. Exerts from their Book “Desire of Ages” & the chapter devoted to Christ’s first cleansing of the Temple.From links embeded in my blog TenBookBucketList the pdf ebook Desire of Ages & the MP3 Desire of Ages.http://www.thedesireofages.com/The_Desire_of_Ages_text/DA.pdfDesire of Ages - EllenWhiteAudio.orgThe observance of the Passover began with the birth of the Hebrew nation. On the last night of their bondage in Egypt, when there appeared no token of deliverance, God commanded them to prepare for an immediate release. He had warned Pharaoh of the final judgment on the Egyptians, and He directed the Hebrews to gather their families within their own dwellings. Having sprinkled the doorposts with the blood of the slain lamb, they were to eat the lamb, roasted, with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. "And thus shall ye eat it," He said, "with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye shall eat it in haste: it is the Lord's passover." Exodus 12:11. At midnight all the first-born of the Egyptians were slain. Then the king sent to Israel the message, "Rise up, and get you forth from among my people; . . . and go, serve the Lord, as ye have said." Exodus 12:31. The Hebrews went out from Egypt an independent nation. The Lord had commanded that the Passover should be yearly kept. "It shall come to pass," He said, "when your children shall say unto you, What mean ye by this service? that ye shall say, It is the sacrifice of the Lord's passover, who passed over the houses of the children of Israel in Egypt, when He smote the Egyptians." Thus from generation to generation the story of this wonderful deliverance was to be repeated. {DA 76.1}The Passover was followed by the seven days' feast of unleavened bread. On the second day of the feast, the first fruits of the year's harvest, a sheaf of barley, was presented before the Lord. All the ceremonies of the feast were types of the work of Christ. The deliverance of Israel from Egypt was an object lesson of redemption, which the Passover was intended to keep in memory. The slain lamb, the unleavened bread, the sheaf of first fruits, represented the Saviour. {DA 77.1}With most of the people in the days of Christ, the observance of this feast had degenerated into formalism. But what was its significance to the Son of God! {DA 77.2}For the first time the child Jesus looked upon the temple. He saw the white-robed priests performing their solemn ministry. He beheld the bleeding victim upon the altar of sacrifice. With the worshipers He bowed in prayer, while the cloud of incense ascended before God. He witnessed the impressive rites of the paschal service. Day by day He saw their meaning more clearly. Every act seemed to be bound up with His own life. New impulses were awakening within Him. Silent and absorbed, He seemed to be studying out a great problem. The mystery of His mission was opening to the Saviour. {DA 78.1}Mary often remonstrated with Jesus, and urged Him to conform to the usages of the rabbis. But He could not be persuaded to change His habits of contemplating the works of God and seeking to alleviate the suffering of men or even of dumb animals. When the priests and teachers required Mary's aid in controlling Jesus, she was greatly troubled; but peace came to her heart as He presented the statements of Scripture upholding His practices. {DA 90.2}At times she wavered between Jesus and His brothers, who did not believe that He was the Sent of God; but evidence was abundant that His was a divine character. She saw Him sacrificing Himself for the good of others. His presence brought a purer atmosphere into the home, and His life was as leaven working amid the elements of society. Harmless and undefiled, He walked among the thoughtless, the rude, the uncourteous; amid the unjust publicans, the reckless prodigals, the unrighteous Samaritans, the heathen soldiers, the rough peasants, and the mixed multitude. He spoke a word of sympathy here and a word there, as He saw men weary, yet compelled to bear heavy burdens. He shared their burdens, and repeated to them the lessons He had learned from nature, of the love, the kindness, the goodness of God. {DA 90.3} ......At His visit to the temple in His boyhood, as the mystery of His lifework opened before Him, Christ had said to Mary, "Wist ye not that I must be about My Father's business?" Luke 2:49. These words struck the keynote of His whole life and ministry. Everything was held in abeyance to His work, the great work of redemption which He had come into the world to accomplish. Now He repeated the lesson. There was danger that Mary would regard her relationship to Jesus as giving her a special claim upon Him, and the right, in some degree, to direct Him in His mission. For thirty years He had been to her a loving and obedient son, and His love was unchanged; but He must now go about His Father's work. As Son of the Most High, and Saviour of the world, no earthly ties must hold Him from His mission, or influence His conduct. He must stand free to do the will of God. This lesson is also for us. The claims of God are paramount even to the ties of human relationship. No earthly attraction should turn our feet from the path in which He bids us walk. {DA 146.2}The only hope of redemption for our fallen race is in Christ; Mary could find salvation only through the Lamb of God. In herself she possessed no merit. Her connection with Jesus placed her in no different spiritual relation to Him from that of any other human soul. This is indicated in the Saviour's words. He makes clear the distinction between His relation to her as the Son of man and as the Son of God. The tie of kinship between them in no way placed her on an equality with Him. {DA 147.1}The words, "Mine hour is not yet come," point to the fact that every act of Christ's life on earth was in fulfillment of the plan that had existed from the days of eternity. Before He came to earth, the plan lay out before Him, perfect in all its details. But as He walked among men, He was guided, step by step, by the Father's will. He did not hesitate to act at the appointed time. With the same submission He waited until the time had come. {DA 147.2} .........Chap. 16 - In His Temple"After this He went down to Capernaum, He, and His mother, and His brethren, and His disciples: and they continued there not many days. And the Jews' Passover was at hand, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem." {DA 154.1}In this journey, Jesus joined one of the large companies that were making their way to the capital. He had not yet publicly announced His mission, and He mingled unnoticed with the throng. Upon these occasions, the coming of the Messiah, to which such prominence had been given by the ministry of John, was often the theme of conversation. The hope of national greatness was dwelt upon with kindling enthusiasm. Jesus knew that this hope was to be disappointed, for it was founded on a misinterpretation of the Scriptures. With deep earnestness He explained the prophecies, and tried to arouse the people to a closer study of God's word. {DA 154.2}The Jewish leaders had instructed the people that at Jerusalem they were to be taught to worship God. Here during the Passover week large numbers assembled, coming from all parts of Palestine, and even from distant lands. The temple courts were filled with a promiscuous throng. Many were unable to bring with them the sacrifices that were to be offered up as typifying the one great Sacrifice. For the convenience of these, animals were bought and sold in the outer court of the temple. Here all classes of people assembled to purchase their offerings. Here all foreign money was exchanged for the coin of the sanctuary. {DA 154.3}Every Jew was required to pay yearly a half shekel as "a ransom for his soul;" and the money thus collected was used for the support of the temple. Exodus 30:12-16. Besides this, large sums were brought as freewill offerings, to be deposited in the temple treasury. And it was required that all foreign coin should be changed for a coin called the temple shekel, which was accepted for the service of the sanctuary. The money changing gave opportunity for fraud and extortion, and it had grown into a disgraceful traffic, which was a source of revenue to the priests. {DA 155.1}The dealers demanded exorbitant prices for the animals sold, and they shared their profits with the priests and rulers, who thus enriched themselves at the expense of the people. The worshipers had been taught to believe that if they did not offer sacrifice, the blessing of God would not rest on their children or their lands. Thus a high price for the animals could be secured; for after coming so far, the people would not return to their homes without performing the act of devotion for which they had come. {DA 155.2}A great number of sacrifices were offered at the time of the Passover, and the sales at the temple were very large. The consequent confusion indicated a noisy cattle market rather than the sacred temple of God. There could be heard sharp bargaining, the lowing of cattle, the bleating of sheep, the cooing of doves, mingled with the chinking of coin and angry disputation. So great was the confusion that the worshipers were disturbed, and the words addressed to the Most High were drowned in the uproar that invaded the temple. The Jews were exceedingly proud of their piety. They rejoiced over their temple, and regarded a word spoken in its disfavor as blasphemy; they were very rigorous in the performance of ceremonies connected with it; but the love of money had overruled their scruples. They were scarcely aware how far they had wandered from the original purpose of the service instituted by God Himself. {DA 155.3}When the Lord descended upon Mount Sinai, the place was consecrated by His presence. Moses was commanded to put bounds around the mount and sanctify it, and the word of the Lord was heard in warning: "Take heed to yourselves, that ye go not up into the mount, or touch the border of it: whosoever toucheth the mount shall be surely put to death: there shall not an hand touch it, but he shall surely be stoned, or shot through; whether it be beast or man, it shall not live." Exodus 19:12, 13. Thus was taught the lesson that wherever God manifests His presence, the place is holy. The precincts of God's temple should have been regarded as sacred. But in the strife for gain, all this was lost sight of. {DA 155.4}The priests and rulers were called to be the representatives of God to the nation; they should have corrected the abuses of the temple court. They should have given to the people an example of integrity and compassion. Instead of studying their own profit, they should have considered the situation and needs of the worshipers, and should have been ready to assist those who were not able to buy the required sacrifices. But this they did not do. Avarice had hardened their hearts. {DA 156.1}There came to this feast those who were suffering, those who were in want and distress. The blind, the lame, the deaf, were there. Some were brought on beds. Many came who were too poor to purchase the humblest offering for the Lord, too poor even to buy food with which to satisfy their own hunger. These were greatly distressed by the statements of the priests. The priests boasted of their piety; they claimed to be the guardians of the people; but they were without sympathy or compassion. The poor, the sick, the dying, made their vain plea for favor. Their suffering awakened no pity in the hearts of the priests. {DA 157.1}As Jesus came into the temple, He took in the whole scene. He saw the unfair transactions. He saw the distress of the poor, who thought that without shedding of blood there would be no forgiveness for their sins. He saw the outer court of His temple converted into a place of unholy traffic. The sacred enclosure had become one vast exchange. {DA 157.2}Christ saw that something must be done. Numerous ceremonies were enjoined upon the people without the proper instruction as to their import. The worshipers offered their sacrifices without understanding that they were typical of the only perfect Sacrifice. And among them, unrecognized and unhonored, stood the One symbolized by all their service. He had given directions in regard to the offerings. He understood their symbolical value, and He saw that they were now perverted and misunderstood. Spiritual worship was fast disappearing. No link bound the priests and rulers to their God. Christ's work was to establish an altogether different worship. {DA 157.3}With searching glance, Christ takes in the scene before Him as He stands upon the steps of the temple court. With prophetic eye He looks into futurity, and sees not only years, but centuries and ages. He sees how priests and rulers will turn the needy from their right, and forbid that the gospel shall be preached to the poor. He sees how the love of God will be concealed from sinners, and men will make merchandise of His grace. As He beholds the scene, indignation, authority, and power are expressed in His countenance. The attention of the people is attracted to Him. The eyes of those engaged in their unholy traffic are riveted upon His face. They cannot withdraw their gaze. They feel that this Man reads their inmost thoughts, and discovers their hidden motives. Some attempt to conceal their faces, as if their evil deeds were written upon their countenances, to be scanned by those searching eyes. {DA 157.4}The confusion is hushed. The sound of traffic and bargaining has ceased. The silence becomes painful. A sense of awe overpowers the assembly. It is as if they were arraigned before the tribunal of God to answer for their deeds. Looking upon Christ, they behold divinity flash through the garb of humanity. The Majesty of heaven stands as the Judge will stand at the last day,--not now encircled with the glory that will then attend Him, but with the same power to read the soul. His eye sweeps over the multitude, taking in every individual. His form seems to rise above them in commanding dignity, and a divine light illuminates His countenance. He speaks, and His clear, ringing voice--the same that upon Mount Sinai proclaimed the law that priests and rulers are transgressing--is heard echoing through the arches of the temple: "Take these things hence; make not My Father's house an house of merchandise." {DA 158.1}Slowly descending the steps, and raising the scourge of cords gathered up on entering the enclosure, He bids the bargaining company depart from the precincts of the temple. With a zeal and severity He has never before manifested, He overthrows the tables of the money-changers. The coin falls, ringing sharply upon the marble pavement. None presume to question His authority. None dare stop to gather up their ill-gotten gain. Jesus does not smite them with the whip of cords, but in His hand that simple scourge seems terrible as a flaming sword. Officers of the temple, speculating priests, brokers and cattle traders, with their sheep and oxen, rush from the place, with the one thought of escaping from the condemnation of His presence. {DA 158.2}A panic sweeps over the multitude, who feel the overshadowing of His divinity. Cries of terror escape from hundreds of blanched lips. Even the disciples tremble. They are awestruck by the words and manner of Jesus, so unlike His usual demeanor. They remember that it is written of Him, "The zeal of Thine house hath eaten Me up." Psalm 69:9. Soon the tumultuous throng with their merchandise are far removed from the temple of the Lord. The courts are free from unholy traffic, and a deep silence and solemnity settles upon the scene of confusion. The presence of the Lord, that of old sanctified the mount, has now made sacred the temple reared in His honor. {DA 158.3}In the cleansing of the temple, Jesus was announcing His mission as the Messiah, and entering upon His work. That temple, erected for the abode of the divine Presence, was designed to be an object lesson for Israel and for the world. From eternal ages it was God's purpose that every created being, from the bright and holy seraph to man, should be a temple for the indwelling of the Creator. Because of sin, humanity ceased to be a temple for God. Darkened and defiled by evil, the heart of man no longer revealed the glory of the Divine One. But by the incarnation of the Son of God, the purpose of Heaven is fulfilled. God dwells in humanity, and through saving grace the heart of man becomes again His temple. God designed that the temple at Jerusalem should be a continual witness to the high destiny open to every soul. But the Jews had not understood the significance of the building they regarded with so much pride. They did not yield themselves as holy temples for the Divine Spirit. The courts of the temple at Jerusalem, filled with the tumult of unholy traffic, represented all too truly the temple of the heart, defiled by the presence of sensual passion and unholy thoughts. In cleansing the temple from the world's buyers and sellers, Jesus announced His mission to cleanse the heart from the defilement of sin,--from the earthly desires, the selfish lusts, the evil habits, that corrupt the soul. "The Lord, whom ye seek, shall suddenly come to His temple, even the Messenger of the covenant, whom ye delight in: behold, He shall come, saith the Lord of hosts. But who may abide the day of His coming? and who shall stand when He appeareth? for He is like a refiner's fire, and like fullers' soap: and He shall sit as a refiner and purifier of silver: and He shall purify the sons of Levi, and purge them as gold and silver." Malachi 3:1-3. {DA 161.1}"Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you? If any man defile the temple of God, him shall God destroy; for the temple of God is holy, which temple ye are." 1 Corinthians 3:16, 17. No man can of himself cast out the evil throng that have taken possession of the heart. Only Christ can cleanse the soul temple. But He will not force an entrance. He comes not into the heart as to the temple of old; but He says, "Behold, I stand at the door, and knock: if any man hear My voice, and open the door, I will come in to him." Revelation 3:20. He will come, not for one day merely; for He says, "I will dwell in them, and walk in them; . . . and they shall be My people." "He will subdue our iniquities; and Thou wilt cast all their sins into the depths of the sea." 2 Corinthians 6:16; Micah 7:19. His presence will cleanse and sanctify the soul, so that it may be a holy temple unto the Lord, and "an habitation of God through the Spirit." Ephesians 2:21, 22. {DA 161.2}Overpowered with terror, the priests and rulers had fled from the temple court, and from the searching glance that read their hearts. In their flight they met others on their way to the temple, and bade them turn back, telling them what they had seen and heard. Christ looked upon the fleeing men with yearning pity for their fear, and their ignorance of what constituted true worship. In this scene He saw symbolized the dispersion of the whole Jewish nation for their wickedness and impenitence. {DA 162.1}And why did the priests flee from the temple? Why did they not stand their ground? He who commanded them to go was a carpenter's son, a poor Galilean, without earthly rank or power. Why did they not resist Him? Why did they leave the gain so ill acquired, and flee at the command of One whose outward appearance was so humble? {DA 162.2}Christ spoke with the authority of a king, and in His appearance, and in the tones of His voice, there was that which they had no power to resist. At the word of command they realized, as they had never realized before, their true position as hypocrites and robbers. When divinity flashed through humanity, not only did they see indignation on Christ's countenance; they realized the import of His words. They felt as if before the throne of the eternal Judge, with their sentence passed on them for time and for eternity. For a time they were convinced that Christ was a prophet; and many believed Him to be the Messiah. The Holy Spirit flashed into their minds the utterances of the prophets concerning Christ. Would they yield to this conviction? {DA 162.3}Repent they would not. They knew that Christ's sympathy for the poor had been aroused. They knew that they had been guilty of extortion in their dealings with the people. Because Christ discerned their thoughts they hated Him. His public rebuke was humiliating to their pride, and they were jealous of His growing influence with the people. They determined to challenge Him as to the power by which He had driven them forth, and who gave Him this power. {DA 162.4}Slowly and thoughtfully, but with hate in their hearts, they returned to the temple. But what a change had taken place during their absence! When they fled, the poor remained behind; and these were now looking to Jesus, whose countenance expressed His love and sympathy. With tears in His eyes, He said to the trembling ones around Him: Fear not; I will deliver thee, and thou shalt glorify Me. For this cause came I into the world. {DA 162.5}The people pressed into Christ's presence with urgent, pitiful appeals: Master, bless me. His ear heard every cry. With pity exceeding that of a tender mother He bent over the suffering little ones. All received attention. Everyone was healed of whatever disease he had. The dumb opened their lips in praise; the blind beheld the face of their Restorer. The hearts of the sufferers were made glad. {DA 163.1}As the priests and temple officials witnessed this great work, what a revelation to them were the sounds that fell on their ears! The people were relating the story of the pain they had suffered, of their disappointed hopes, of painful days and sleepless nights. When the last spark of hope seemed to be dead, Christ had healed them. The burden was so heavy, one said; but I have found a helper. He is the Christ of God, and I will devote my life to His service. Parents said to their children, He has saved your life; lift up your voice and praise Him. The voices of children and youth, fathers and mothers, friends and spectators, blended in thanksgiving and praise. Hope and gladness filled their hearts. Peace came to their minds. They were restored soul and body, and they returned home, proclaiming everywhere the matchless love of Jesus. {DA 163.2}At the crucifixion of Christ, those who had thus been healed did not join with the rabble throng in crying, "Crucify Him, crucify Him." Their sympathies were with Jesus; for they had felt His great sympathy and wonderful power. They knew Him to be their Saviour; for He had given them health of body and soul. They listened to the preaching of the apostles, and the entrance of God's word into their hearts gave them understanding. They became agents of God's mercy, and instruments of His salvation. {DA 163.3}The crowd that had fled from the temple court after a time slowly drifted back. They had partially recovered from the panic that had seized them, but their faces expressed irresolution and timidity. They looked with amazement on the works of Jesus, and were convicted that in Him the prophecies concerning the Messiah were fulfilled. The sin of the desecration of the temple rested, in a great degree, upon the priests. It was by their arrangement that the court had been turned into a market place. The people were comparatively innocent. They were impressed by the divine authority of Jesus; but with them the influence of the priests and rulers was paramount. They regarded Christ's mission as an innovation, and questioned His right to interfere with what was permitted by the authorities of the temple. They were offended because the traffic had been interrupted, and they stifled the convictions of the Holy Spirit. {DA 163.4}Above all others the priests and rulers should have seen in Jesus the anointed of the Lord; for in their hands were the sacred scrolls that described His mission, and they knew that the cleansing of the temple was a manifestation of more than human power. Much as they hated Jesus, they could not free themselves from the thought that He might be a prophet sent by God to restore the sanctity of the temple. With a deference born of this fear, they went to Him with the inquiry, "What sign showest Thou unto us, seeing that Thou doest these things?" {DA 164.1}Jesus had shown them a sign. In flashing light into their hearts, and in doing before them the works which the Messiah was to do, He had given convincing evidence of His character. Now when they asked for a sign, He answered them by a parable, showing that He read their malice, and saw to what lengths it would lead them. "Destroy this temple," He said, "and in three days I will raise it up." {DA 164.2}In these words His meaning was twofold. He referred not only to the destruction of the Jewish temple and worship, but to His own death,--the destruction of the temple of His body. This the Jews were already plotting. As the priests and rulers returned to the temple, they had proposed to kill Jesus, and thus rid themselves of the troubler. Yet when He set before them their purpose, they did not understand Him. They took His words as applying only to the temple at Jerusalem, and with indignation exclaimed, "Forty and six years was this temple in building, and wilt Thou rear it up in three days?" Now they felt that Jesus had justified their unbelief, and they were confirmed in their rejection of Him. {DA 164.3}Christ did not design that His words should be understood by the unbelieving Jews, nor even by His disciples at this time. He knew that they would be misconstrued by His enemies, and would be turned against Him. At His trial they would be brought as an accusation, and on Calvary they would be flung at Him as a taunt. But to explain them now would give His disciples a knowledge of His sufferings, and bring upon them sorrow which as yet they were not able to bear. And an explanation would prematurely disclose to the Jews the result of their prejudice and unbelief. Already they had entered upon a path which they would steadily pursue until He should be led as a lamb to the slaughter. {DA 164.4}It was for the sake of those who should believe on Him that these words of Christ were spoken. He knew that they would be repeated. Being spoken at the Passover, they would come to the ears of thousands, and be carried to all parts of the world. After He had risen from the dead, their meaning would be made plain. To many they would be conclusive evidence of His divinity. {DA 165.1}Because of their spiritual darkness, even the disciples of Jesus often failed of comprehending His lessons. But many of these lessons were made plain to them by subsequent events. When He walked no more with them, His words were a stay to their hearts. {DA 165.2}As referring to the temple at Jerusalem, the Saviour's words, "Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up," had a deeper meaning than the hearers perceived. Christ was the foundation and life of the temple. Its services were typical of the sacrifice of the Son of God. The priesthood was established to represent the mediatorial character and work of Christ. The entire plan of sacrificial worship was a foreshadowing of the Saviour's death to redeem the world. There would be no efficacy in these offerings when the great event toward which they had pointed for ages was consummated. {DA 165.3}Since the whole ritual economy was symbolical of Christ, it had no value apart from Him. When the Jews sealed their rejection of Christ by delivering Him to death, they rejected all that gave significance to the temple and its services. Its sacredness had departed. It was doomed to destruction. From that day sacrificial offerings and the service connected with them were meaningless. Like the offering of Cain, they did not express faith in the Saviour. In putting Christ to death, the Jews virtually destroyed their temple. When Christ was crucified, the inner veil of the temple was rent in twain from top to bottom, signifying that the great final sacrifice had been made, and that the system of sacrificial offerings was forever at an end. {DA 165.4}"In three days I will raise it up." In the Saviour's death the powers of darkness seemed to prevail, and they exulted in their victory. But from the rent sepulcher of Joseph, Jesus came forth a conqueror. "Having spoiled principalities and powers, He made a show of them openly, triumphing over them." Colossians 2:15. By virtue of His death and resurrection He became the minister of the "true tabernacle, which the Lord pitched, and not man." Hebrews 8:2. Men reared the Jewish tabernacle; men builded the Jewish temple; but the sanctuary above, of which the earthly was a type, was built by no human architect. "Behold the Man whose name is The Branch; . . . He shall build the temple of the Lord; and He shall bear the glory, and shall sit and rule upon His throne; and He shall be a priest upon His throne." Zechariah 6:12, 13. {DA 165.5}The sacrificial service that had pointed to Christ passed away; but the eyes of men were turned to the true sacrifice for the sins of the world. The earthly priesthood ceased; but we look to Jesus, the minister of the new covenant, and "to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things than that of Abel." "The way into the holiest of all was not yet made manifest, while as the first tabernacle was yet standing: . . . but Christ being come an high priest of good things to come, by a greater and more perfect tabernacle, not made with hands, . . . by His own blood He entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption for us." Hebrews 12:24; 9:8-12. {DA 166.1}"Wherefore He is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by Him, seeing He ever liveth to make intercession for them." Hebrews 7:25. Though the ministration was to be removed from the earthly to the heavenly temple; though the sanctuary and our great high priest would be invisible to human sight, yet the disciples were to suffer no loss thereby. They would realize no break in their communion, and no diminution of power because of the Saviour's absence. While Jesus ministers in the sanctuary above, He is still by His Spirit the minister of the church on earth. He is withdrawn from the eye of sense, but His parting promise is fulfilled, "Lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world." Matthew 28:20. While He delegates His power to inferior ministers, His energizing presence is still with His church. {DA 166.2}"Seeing then that we have a great high priest, . . . Jesus, the Son of God, let us hold fast our profession. For we have not an high priest which cannot be touched with the feeling of our infirmities; but was in all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin. Let us therefore come boldly unto the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy, and find grace to help in time of need." Hebrews 4:14-16. {DA 166.3}