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Every region of India has produced some legends - Gujaratis have the two greatest political icons, Bongs have the best social icons, Telugus have great RBI governors, Mallus have great civil service administers etc. Here are the modern day legends of Tamilnadu (7th biggest state of India). I'm answering this question because, recently one person questioned me "Did Tamils contribute anything to India?"Scientists/Mathematicians:C. V. Raman (Physics Nobel 1930)Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (Physics Nobel 1983) -- US Citizen since 1953.Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (Chemistry Nobel 2009) -- Dual citizen of US & UK.Srinivasa Ramanujan (one of the greatest Mathematical geniuses whose life was cut short at 32).A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (pioneer in both space and nuclear science. Most loved politician/President of India.)M. S. Swaminathan (father of Indian green revolution). Along with his boss Chidambaram Subramaniam he ended the famines of India.Rajagopala Chidambaram (key Nuclear scientist behind both the Pokhran missions).SportsViswanathan Anand (current World Chess Champion)Dhanraj Pillay (Indian field hockey captain who led the team to victories in Asia Cup and Asian games).Vijay Amritraj One of the best Tennis players from India.Politicians/AdministratorsC. Rajagopalachari - the most under-recognized freedom fighter now. He was the first Indian to be the Governor General of India. He was the first recipient of Bharat Ratna - India's highest civilian honor. (Incidentally, the first 3 recipients of the award were Tamils).Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan - India's second president and greatly recognized around the world for his philosophical ideas. Was knighted and got the Bharat Ratna. His birthday is celebrated as teachers day. Even Nixon had a picture of him in his table. Did Richard Nixon admire Jawaharlal Nehru?T. N. Seshan - An icon of Indian democracy who made the election commission (the core of democracy) into an independent body that doesn't kow-tows the politician. (Seshan is also claimed by Kerala as he was born in Palakkad).K. Kamaraj - Iconic leader who introduced the Midday meal scheme.Arts & MusicM. S. Subbulakshmi (Bharat Ratna recipient and best singer India had ever produced).A. R. Rahman (Couple of Oscars and Grammys and a major youth icon).Ilaiyaraaja (arguably the best musician from TN ever).Sivaji Ganesan and Kamal Haasan (two of the best actors from the south).R. K. Narayan - Malgudi days !!(Anand is from Mayiladuthurai, Ramanjuam, Swaminathan from Kumbakonam, Raman/Chandra from Trichi and Venkataraman from Cuddalore).

Tl;dr - It is a matter of money and national priorities. We are still a young nation who is trying to stabilize herself. When you compare India with other developing nations (and not Europe/US) you can see that our research progress is not terrible.1. India does have a research culture. Indians have won Nobel in every category - Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Economics, Literature (and Peace*). Apart from Nobel folks, there are plenty of top scientists like Ashoke Sen - India's million-dollar scientist - a noted figure in String theory, Raj Reddy - Turing award winner for his AI research, Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao - one of the world's top living mathematicians. See the full List of Indian scientists - Just because we don't know, doesn't mean they don't exist ;-)Few years ago, I worked as a summer research fellow at the Advanced Physics Lab at the IISc and have come across some really focused researchers. They really were committed to what they were doing. Thus, I dispute the fact that India doesn't have a research culture, although I do agree that we don't really work to our full potential.2. It really comes to the money. When theoretical physics was mainly limited to pen, paper and theorems, India produced physicists by the busload - SN Bose, JC Bose, CV Raman, Chandrasekar, SS Bhatnagar, Mahalanobis, etc. Now, it is a big game with huge facilities needed to back up the claims. Without the billions of dollars and national resources that was put into Manhattan project, Apollo 11, ARPANET and CERN, a big chunk of western research ideas might not have come to fruition.The West can afford to sink in the billions and take the risk, because they have already built their economic base 100 years ago. At this stage of our national development we neither have the resources nor the urgency (WW-II, Coldwar) to engage in massive research projects.This is parallel to India's progress in field hockey before modern shoes and artificial turf was in place. Once technology took over, we found it hard to compete, as we didn't have the resources to invest.3. It really comes to national priorities. For instance, in its first 100 years of existence the USA didn't set the science world on fire. While England, France and Germany were busy building research, Americans were more content in building the nation. The first major achievement came in the 1870s when the newly immigrated Scottish guy, invented the telephone. Suddenly, it sparked a rush in applied sciences in the US.In the 40 years since Graham Bell's innovation came, there were the Wright Brothers, Thomas Edison and others. After mastering applied sciences that directly mattered to their national growth, America started entering the theoretical sciences in the early 20th century and got a big push from the Jewish immigrants running from antisemitism of Europe. Science and technology in the United States.4. You can see the same pattern everywhere now. Except for USA, Europe and to some extent Japan that have all had 200+ years of stability, no one else - LatAm, Asia, Africa - is setting the research world on fire. Everyone is still in the process of stabilization. For instance, although China is now spending massive amounts on science, it still has not produced a homegrown Nobel laureate in the sciences (there are 8 Nobel laureates of Chinese descent based in the US though). But, it is just a matter of time before they start hitting the international science big.Our nation is still 65 years young and our national priorities are still not in theoretical research. We want to first focus on the engineering/applied sciences to build the nation before attacking the harder problems. Thus, solving P=NP? is less important to us than building the next Infy that will employ 200,000 more tech professionals to build our middle class.5. Regarding applied sciences/engineering, our progress has been good so far. We built a homegrown nuclear program that built FBTRs, built up the most cost efficient space agency, built IRBMs despite all the sanctions and used US help to build a big green revolution. We are even exploring the moon now - Chandrayaan-2. We are now building our own cars and host research labs of top tech companies.In terms of ancient history (Aryabatta, Bhaskaracharya, Baudhayana), recent history (CV Raman, SN Bose, Ramunujam, Homi Bhaba, Rajeev Motwani, Vikaram Sarabhai, MS Swaminathan), and present (CR Rao, CNR Rao, Ashoke Sen), Indians have done big achievements in science and our culture has historically supported research quest (eg. Upanishads and Aranyakas).So, it is a matter of time before India starts hitting big in research. Maybe it will take 2 more decades by which time we would not be fighting poverty or illiteracy anymore. At that point we might produce more of Ashoke Sens.

From India.These are few personalities who make us Indians very proud:Bhagat singhHis legacy prompted youth in India to continue fighting for independence2. Sardar Vallabhbhai PatelHe was a social leader who played a leading role in the country's struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation3. A. P. J. Abdul KalamHe thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.4. Homi Jehangir BhabhaHe is known as "father of the Indian nuclear programme".4. Dhyan ChandHe was an Indian field hockey player, who is considered as one the greatest field hockey players of all time.5. Neerja BhanotShe was shot and killed while saving hundreds of passengers on board Pan Am Flight 73, which was hijacked by terrorists on 5 September 1986.6. M. S. SwaminathanHe is known as "Indian Father of Green Revolution" for his leadership and success in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat in India.7. Captain Vikram BatraHe was an officer of the Indian Army, posthumously awarded with the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest and prestigious award for valour. He led one of the toughest operations in mountain warfare in Indian history.They are lots of others military soldiers who fought and sacrificed there lives for Mother India.8.Swami VivekanandaHe was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world and is credited with raising interfaith awareness and his birthday is celebrated as National youth day.9.Kailash SatyarthiHe founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan in 1980 and has acted to protect the rights of more than 83,000 children from 144 countries.The list is endless who made us Indians proud in various fields.