September 10 11 12 13 - New Rochelle: Fill & Download for Free

Are you ready for a ride?If you do not like long answers, this one is definitely not for you. It is the longest I wrote on Quora so far.In total, I have managed to find 67 Treaties of Paris as well as two Peace Accords, eleven Conventions, five Protocols, one Charter, one Declaration and two Agreements - in total, 89 international agreements concluded in Paris (it seems that over the last decades the word “treaty” is out of fashion). My list is much fuller than anything you would find in an English or a French Wikipedia. I still might have missed a treaty or a convention. Any suggestions are therefore welcome.Treaty of Paris (1214) was signed on 24 October 1214 by Philip II August, the King of France, and Jeanne de Constantinople, Duchess of Flanders. It was the aftermath of the great battle of Bouvines, in which the French King managed to crush a united army of English, Germans and Flemish. Jeanne’s husband Ferrand was taken prisoner. The young woman (she was somewhere between 15 and 20 at the time) came to Paris to find King and signed a treaty. She agreed to demolish all fortresses in Flanders, give back all the property confiscated from the King’s supporters and appoint King-approved baillis (governors). In exchange, she would get her husband back. Flemish Estates (parliament) never ratified the Treaty. Jeanne’s husband spent 13 years in captivity.Treaty of Paris (1229) was signed on 12 April between Blanche of Castile, mother of the King Louis IX, and Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse. It marked the end of 20 years of crusades against the heretics in Southern France. Seeing his domains systematically looted, his people slaughtered, their houses burned, Raymond agreed to all the conditions. He agreed to join the fighting against the heretics, to destroy the walls of his capital, Toulouse, to marry his daughter to the King’s brother and to agree that after his death, all his land would be annexed to the Crown of France.Treaty of Paris (1259) was signed on 4 December between Louis IX of France (Saint Louis) and Henry III of England. After fifty years of military failures, the English Kings were still reluctant to recognise that they have lost almost all their domains in France. However, Henry, plagued by rebels at home, who received French assistance, agreed to back down. He renounced to everything save Gascony, part of Aquitaine, Ponthieu and Channel Islands and agreed to recognise the French King as his suzerain in his French domains.Treaty of Paris (1295) was signed on 23 October between Philip IV the Fair of France and the representatives of John Balliol, King of Scotland. It was a defensive alliance against England. The treaty started the Auld Alliance of Scotland and France that would continue until 1560. However, even after that date French residing in Scotland and Scots residing in France could automatically get dual citizenship (and many exiled Jacobites used the possibility in the 18th century). This disposition would only be revoked in 1906.We can see that in all four treaties signed in Paris in 13th century, France was the dominant party. So it was just natural that people came to Paris to bow to the French King.Raymond VII’s ratification of the Treaty of Paris (left). A WW1 propaganda poster (right).5. Treaty of Paris (1303). Signed between Philip IV the Fair of France and Edward I of England on 20 May, ended a nine-year war between two countries in a compromise way. The reason of this compromise was the great defeat inflicted on French knights by Flemish in the Battle of Golden Spurs in 1302. Gascony, seized by French, was returned to Edward, he recognised Philip as his suzerain, and two Kings decided to marry their kids. This measure of reconciliation would lead a very big war when the son of Edward’s son and Philip’s daughter will decide to claim the throne of France.6. Treaty of Paris (1310) between Henry VII of the Holy Roman Empire and Philip IV the Fair of France mediated by Pope was supposed to make them friends. It did not work.7. Treaty of Paris (1320) finally concluded the French-Flemish war.8. Treaty of Paris (1323), signed on 6 March, ended the war between the Count of Flanders and the Count of Holland. Louis of Flanders recognised the sovereignty of his rival over Zeeland.9. Treaty of Paris (1327), signed on 31 March, ended one more war between England and France. Badly beaten by the French, the English lost several provinces and had to pay a large war indemnity. 14-year-old Edward III, son of the French princess, did not appreciate this humiliation. Ten years later, he would start the Hundred Years’ War.10. Treaty of Paris (1355), signed on 5 January, ended the conflict between France and the County of Savoy. It involved a complicated exchange of lands between two countries. Besides, John the Good, King of France, renounced any claims to Geneva. He wanted his hands free for a big fight against the English invaders. The treaty allowed him to assemble a large force, that would be decisively defeated by the English next year.In 14th century, as we can see, it became a tradition that all treaties involving France should be signed in Paris. However, the 1323 treaty was an innovation because France was not a party to the treaty - and Paris still was chosen to sign it. However, because of the Hundred Years’ War, the tradition would be abandoned for almost a century and a half.When you are Edward I of England, conqueror of Scotland, Wales and Ireland, it is awfully humiliating to kneel to Philip of France for your French domains. But you have to do it. Edward III did not want to do it anymore.11. Treaty of Paris (1498). As Louis XII was preparing to invade Italy, Philip the Fair, Count of Flanders and son of the Emperor Maximilian, concluded a treaty with him (on 2 August), which meant he would not interfere with King Louis’s plans.12. Treaty of Paris (1515). On 24 March, Charles, the 15-year-old Count of Flanders, concluded alliance with Francis I, King of France. They agreed that he would later marry Francis’s daughter, the 4-year-old princess Renée. The marriage would never be concluded. Within four years, the young Count would become both the King of Spain and the Emperor of the Holy Empire, the strongest power in Europe. Charles and Francis would forever be enemies.13. Treaty of Paris (1600). Signed on 27 February 1600 between Charles-Emmanuel I of Savoy and Henry IV of France. The Duke of Savoy wanted to keep Saluzzo, a French possession he seized. Henry pressed him to sign the treaty. Back to Savoy, the Duke started a new war.14. Treaty of Paris (1623). France, Venice and Savoy signed an alliance against Spain. However, France did not fight Spain. Spain was struggling against a great Protestant alliance and Cardinal Richelieu feared to alienate French Catholics if he started fighting against His Catholic Majesty.15. Treaty of Paris (1626) was signed on 5 February between King Louis XIII and the Huguenots (Protestants) of the city of La Rochelle. They could preserve religious freedom but had to destroy two key forts and could not keep a war fleet. After this treaty, a new war erupted, leading to the capture of La Rochelle in 1628 and liquidation of the last Protestant enclave in France.16. Treaty of Paris (1634) was signed on 1 November between France, Sweden and Heilbronn League of Protestant princes in Germany. France promised them money and military assistance to fight Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. The treaty was never ratified because Swedish chancellor wanted better terms. A Franco-Swedish alliance would finally be signed at Compiègne a year later.17. Treaty of Paris (1635), signed on 25 February, established a Franco-Dutch alliance against Spain, both offensive and defensive. France entered the Thirty Years’ War.18. Treaty of Paris (1657) concluded by the Cardinal Mazarini and Oliver Cromwell meant an Anglo-French alliance against Spain. As a result, England conquered Dunkirk, later ceded to France.19. Treaty of Paris (1662) established a defensive Franco-Dutch alliance. During the Anglo-Dutch war of 1664–1667, France would also fight England.Siege of La Rochelle (left). Cardinal Richelieu and his cats (right).20. Treaty of Paris (1718), signed on 21 January between Philip of Orleans, Regent of France, and his brother-in-law Leopold, Duke of Lorraine and Bar, was just a landswap allowing for more contiguous borders of France and Lorraine (later in the century, Lorraine will become part of France).21. Treaty of Paris (1749), signed on 15 August, specified borders between France and Geneva.22. Treaty of Paris (1761) aka Third Family Compact, signed on 15 August, was an alliance between France and Spain, both ruled by Bourbon Kings. Spain honoured this treaty in 1761 and in 1779, entering wars with England to help France. It became obsolete during the French Revolution.23. Treaty of Paris (1763), signed on 10 February, ended the Seven Years’ War aka French and Indian War. France lost Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tobago and Senegal to Britain. It also lost Western Louisiana to Spain and Eastern Louisiana (lands between Mississippi and Thirteen Colonies) to Britain. Spain lost Florida to Britain.24–26. Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the American Revolutionary War. In fact, there were three separate treaties, signed on 3 September 1783 in Paris. The Thirteen Colonies became independent and received all the former territories of East Louisiana. France gained Saint Lucia, Tobago and Senegal. Spain gained Menorca and Florida.27. Treaty of Paris (1783), signed on 8 October, was the American-Dutch treaty of amity and commerce.28. Treaty of Paris (1784), signed on 20 March, ended the fourth Anglo-Dutch War. The Dutch surrendered the Indian city of Negapatnam to Britain and allowed British to sail in their seas (it would lead to the establishment of British colonies in Singapore and Australia).29. Treaty of Paris (1786), signed on 21 May, settled territorial disputes between France and Wurtemberg.Family Compact. Allegory (left). The General Peace. English cartoon, 1783 (right).30. Treaty of Paris (1796), signed on 15 May between France and Piedmont, resulted from the first campaign of the young Napoleon Bonaparte. France obtained Savoy and Nice - and the right of passage through the territory of Piedmont.31–32. Treaties of Paris (1796) were signed on 7 and 22 May respectively with Wurttemberg and Baden, German states that chose to make separate peace with France seeing Napoleon’s prowess.33. Treaty of Paris (1796) was signed on 5 November with the Duchy of Parma that agreed to let French armies in its territory and pay a huge war indemnity.34. Treaty of Paris (1801), signed on 24 August, was a Franco-Bavarian treaty of peace and alliance. Bavaria has lost some lands because of having fought against Napoleon; thanks to this treaty, it would get other lands.35. Treaty of Paris (1801), mediated by France and signed on 4 October, ended the Russian-Spanish war. It was a weird war: no shot was fired during two years. Finally, Spanish and Russian ambassador agreed to restore the traditional amity of two countries.36. Treaty of Paris (1802), signed on 20 May, regulated new borders of Wurttemberg.37. Treaty of Paris (1802), signed on 25 June by Talleyrand and Mehmed Said Galip Pasha, ended the French-Ottoman war after the failure of Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign. Interestingly, this treaty used three systems of dating: the French Revolutionary calendar, the Islamic calendar and the Gregorian calendar.38. Treaty of Paris (1802), signed on 26 December between France and Austria, also dealt with territorial changes. Duke of Tuscany, brother of the Austrian Emperor, gave his territory to Napoleon and received a newly created Duchy of Salzburg in exchange. France then transferred Tuscany to the Duke of Parma, close relative of the Spanish King, because France wanted to keep Parma. In exchange for Tuscany, Spain surrendered not only Parma but Louisiana as well, that Napoleon would sell to Thomas Jefferson.39. Treaty of Paris (1806), signed on 24 May by Talleyrand and the representatives of the Batavian Republic, sanctioned the transformation of the latter into the Kingdom of Holland under Napoleon’s brother Louis Bonaparte.40. Treaty of Paris (1806), signed on 12 July by Talleyrand and the representatives of sixteen German princes, established the Confederation of the Rhine that replaced the Holy Roman Empire. Curiously, one of these sixteen princely states still survives today. It is Liechtenstein.41. Treaty of Paris (1810), signed on 6 January and mediated by Russians, ended Franco-Swedish war of 1808–1809. Sweden accepted to become part of the Continental Blockade against Britain. Swedes would elect renowned Napoleonic marshal Bernadotte to be their next King, in hopes he would guarantee French support for a new war against Russia. Bernadotte would ally with Russia and turn against Napoleon.42. Treaty of Paris (1810), signed on 28 February between France and Bavaria, dealt with exchanges of territory. As a result, Bavaria would lose lots of land in one place and get lots of land in another place.43–45. Treaties of Paris (1810) signed between Bavaria and Wurttemberg, Baden and Hessen and Wurttemberg and Baden, regulated their borders.46. Treaty of Paris (1812), signed on 5 March, established Franco-Prussian alliance against Russia. Prussia was obliged to assist Napoleon in his invasion of Russia, giving him half of its army, provisions, munitions and horses and wagons to transport them. A quarter of Prussian officer corps (300 officers) resigned their commissions when hearing of this treaty: most of them would go to Russia to help defend it against Napoleon, including a young officer Carl von Clausewitz who would become a famous military writer.47. First Treaty of Paris (1814), signed on 30 May, ended the war between Napoleonic France and the Sixth Coalition. Napoleon was removed from throne and replaced with Louis XVIII Bourbon. In general, due to Czar Alexander’s patronage and to Talleyrand’s skill, the conditions were very lenient. France kept some of its conquests and did not pay any indemnity.48. Second Treaty of Paris (1815), signed on 20 November, definitely ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition. It was necessary because of Napoleon’s brief return to France (the Hundred Days). New terms were much harsher. France lost more land, had to pay 700 million francs in indemnities and was subjected to Allied occupation. It was also - why do I think of Donald Trump? - obliged to finance defensive fortification of its neighbours against itself. An additional article and an act signed on the same day had important consequences. The former was a declaration to stop the slave trade and the latter recognised neutrality of Switzerland.49. Treaty of Paris (1816) restored the Bonaire island to the Dutch after nine years of British administration.50. Treaty of Paris (1817), signed on 20 June by the representatives of European Big Five and Spain, gave the Empress Marie-Louise, Napoleon’s wife, three duchies in Italy - Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla to live peacefully with her lover.During Napoleon’s time, Paris was the capital of Europe. After 1815, France lost its leading role in European politics. That is why the next Treaty of Paris will be signed only four decades later.If you chop a piece too big, you may sometimes choke with it.51. Treaty of Paris (1856), signed on 30 March, ended the Crimean War between Russia and the alliance of Britain, France, Ottoman Empire and Sardinia. Russia lost South Bessarabia and its status of protector of Ottoman Christians (it was given to France). Both Russia and the Ottoman Empire were prohibited from keeping fortresses or war fleet in the Black Sea.52. Treaty of Paris (1857), signed on 4 March, ended the Anglo-Persian War. Iran had to abandon its plans to annex the city of Herat.53. Treaty of Paris (1857) between Prussia and Switzerland was mediated by France and signed on 26 May. The King of Prussia renounced to all claims to the Swiss city of Neuchâtel that belonged to Kings of Prussia since 1708.54–55. Treaties of Paris (1879) were signed on 14 and 21 August between Spain and respectively Peru and Bolivia, ending the war between these countries.56. Treaty of Paris (1898), signed on 10 December, ended the Spanish-American War. Cuba became independent. The Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico were annexed by the USA. Spain received a $20 million compensation.57. Treaty of Paris (1900), signed on 27 June between France and Spain, settled the borders of Río Muni, the future Equatorial Guinea, and Río de Oro (future Western Sahara).58. Treaty of Paris (1918), signed on 17 July, defined relations between France and Monaco, barring the possibility of German princes becoming Monégasque souverains.59. Treaty of Paris (1920), signed on 28 October between France, UK, Italy, Japan and Romania, recognised Romanian annexation of Bessarabia. USA refused to sign the treaty. Finally, the treaty never came into effect because Japan did not ratify it.60. General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy aka Briand-Kellogg Pact (1928). It was signed by most countries of the world. It should however be remarked that, as the war became illegal, signatories to the treaty started to invade other countries without declaring war.61–65. Paris Peace Treaties (1947) between Allies, on the one side, and Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Finland, on the other side, formally established peace between these countries. The five allies of Nazi Germany had to pay reparations and, in some cases, surrender parts of their territory.66. Treaty of Paris (1951), signed on 18 April by France, West Germany, Italy and Benelux countries, established the European Coal and Steel Community.67. Treaty of Paris (1952), signed on 27 May, established European Defence Community. It never came into effect because France failed to ratify it (other five signatories did).Since Napoleon III, Paris has become a place for all kinds of treaties and conventions. I think people started coming to Paris to sign something simply because they liked to come to Paris.Hawaii, Cuba and Philippines happy about US domination. An American cartoon, 1899 (left). An anti-Communist poster for European unity, 1951 (right).Ok. So these were the Treaties of Paris. Now comes an Appendix. As if 67 was not enough.Peace Accords:1 (68). Paris Peace Accords (1973) aka Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam, signed on 27 January by USA, North Vietnam, South Vietnam and Viet Cong, marked the end of active American involvement in Vietnam War.2 (69). Paris Peace Accords (1991), signed on 23 October, marked the end of the Vietnamese-Cambodian War.Lê Ðức Thọ and Kissinger in Paris. They were the main negotiators of the Paris Peace Accords of 1973. They were awarded Nobel Peace Prize but Lê Ðức Thọ declined it.Conventions:1 (70). Paris Convention (1858) united the Danube principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia into the United Provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia (later to become the Kingdom of Romania). The new country was to be an Ottoman vassal but to enjoy the guarantees of the Great Powers.2 (71). Paris Monetary Convention (1865) established the Latin Monetary Union, bringing currencies of France, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland to the same bimetallic (golden and silver) standard. Later, Greece also joined the Union. Other countries (Spain, Romania, Austria-Hungary, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Finland, Serbia, Bulgaria, Papal States) did not join but tried to conform their currencies to the LMU standard.3 (72). Metre Convention (1875) signed in Paris by representatives of 17 nations. The treaty set up an institute for the purpose of coordinating international metrology and for coordinating the development of the metric system. Ironically, United States were among the first 17 signatories.4 (73). Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883) is still in force. It was one of the first international conventions on intellectual property, covering patent applications and trademarks.5 (74). Paris Convention for the Protection of Birds Useful to Agriculture (1902) was the first international treaty on protection of birds.6 (75). Paris Convention (1904) concluded by France and Spain specified the border between the French and the Spanish zones in South Morocco.7 (76). Paris Convention of 1919 aka Convention Relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation decided that every country owns its airspace and demanded that all aircraft be registered in one country or another.8 (77). Paris Convention (1920) providing for the relations between Poland and the Free City of Gdansk, signed on 9 November.9 (78). Paris Convention on the Organisation of International Expositions (1928) established the Bureau International des Expositions.10 (79). Paris Convention on the Protection of Birds (1950) had a purpose to protect the birds in the wild state as well.11 (80). Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy (1960) regulated liabilities and compensations in the case of nuclear energy accidents.12 (81). Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR), signed in Paris on 22 September 1992.13 (82). International Convention Against Doping in Sport which was adopted at the General Conference of UNESCO in Paris on 19 October 2005 and empowered the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).Early aerial navigationProtocols:1–4 (83–86): Protocols of Paris (1941), signed on 27 and 28 May between Vichy France and Nazi Germany, granted Germany facilities in Syria, access to a railway in Tunisia and to ports in Tunisia and Senegal.5 (87): Protocol on the Termination of the Occupation Regime in the Federal Republic of Germany, signed on 21 October 1954 by West Germany, USA, UK and France, put the end to the occupation of West Germany.Charter:1 (88). Charter of Paris for a New Europe (1990), signed by a number of European countries, USA, Canada and Soviet Union, served as a basis for the establishment of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.Occupation zones of Germany (left). Soviet stamp dedicated to the Charter of Paris (right).Declaration:1 (89): Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, signed in February 2005, contains a number of commitments from different countries on making international aid more effective.Agreements:1 (90): Gruber - De Gasperi Agreement, signed on 5 September 1946 by Italy and Austria, granted the German-speaking population of the Province of Alto Adige/Südtirol the right to autonomy and preservation of their language, cultural identity and customs.2 (91): Paris Climate Agreement, signed on 12 December 2015, addresses the issues of global warming, with every country taking obligations to limit the temperature increase.This map indicates per capita responsibility for current anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphereEDIT: Yes, in case there are question, I did not include any Treaty of Versailles (or Trianon, St Germain, Sevres, Neuilly, Meaux) to the list. Environs of Paris deserve a separate answer.EDIT 2: Thank you, Jesus Rueda Rodriguez and Bob Gluck for adding two more conventions to my list.

The twentieth century was marked by genocides on an monstrous scale. One of the most terrible was the Holocaust wrought by Nazi Germany, which killed an estimated six million European Jews and almost as many other victims.During this dark time, the Catholic Church was shepherded by Pope Pius XII, who proved himself an untiring foe of the Nazis, determined to save as many Jewish lives as he could. Yet today Pius XII gets almost no credit for his actions before or during the war.Anti-Catholic author Dave Hunt writes, "The Vatican had no excuse for its Nazi partnership or for its continued commendation of Hitler on the one hand and its thunderous silence regarding the Jewish question on the other hand. . . . [The popes] continued in the alliance with Hitler until the end of the war, reaping hundreds of millions of dollars in payments from the Nazi government to the Vatican."[1]Jack Chick, infamous for his anti-Catholic comic books, tells us in Smokescreens, "When World War II ended, the Vatican had egg all over its face. Pope Pius XII, after building the Nazi war machine, saw Hitler losing his battle against Russia, and he immediately jumped to the other side when he saw the handwriting on the wall. . . . Pope Pius XII should have stood before the judges in Nuremberg. His war crimes were worthy of death."[2]One is tempted simply to dismiss these accusations, so wildly out of touch with reality, as the deluded ravings of persons with no sense of historical truth. This would underestimate the power of such erroneous charges to influence people: Many take these writers at their word.Stepping out of the nightmare fantasyland of Hunt and Chick and back into sunlight of the real world, we discover that, not only was Pius XII no friend of the Nazis, but that his opposition to them began years before the War, before he was elected to the papacy, when he was still Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, the Vatican Secretary of State.On April 28, 1935, four years before the War even started, Pacelli gave a speech that aroused the attention of the world press. Speaking to an audience of 250,000 pilgrims in Lourdes, France, the future Pius XII stated that the Nazis "are in reality only miserable plagiarists who dress up old errors with new tinsel. It does not make any difference whether they flock to the banners of social revolution, whether they are guided by a false concept of the world and of life, or whether they are possessed by the superstition of a race and blood cult."[3] It was talks like this, in addition to private remarks and numerous notes of protest that Pacelli sent to Berlin in his capacity as Vatican Secretary of State, that earned him a reputation as an enemy of the Nazi party.The Germans were likewise displeased with the reigning pontiff, Pius XI, who showed himself to be a unrelenting opponent of the new German "ideals"—even writing an entire encyclical, Mit Brennender Sorge (1937), to condemn them. When Pius XI died in 1939, the Nazis abhorred the prospect that Pacelli might be elected his successor.Dr. Joseph Lichten, a Polish Jew who served as a diplomat and later an official of the Jewish Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, writes: "Pacelli had obviously established his position clearly, for the Fascist governments of both Italy and Germany spoke out vigorously against the possibility of his election to succeed Pius XI in March of 1939, though the cardinal secretary of state had served as papal nuncio in Germany from 1917 to 1929. . . . The day after his election, the Berlin Morgenpost said: ‘The election of cardinal Pacelli is not accepted with favor in Germany because he was always opposed to Nazism and practically determined the policies of the Vatican under his predecessor.’ "[4]Former Israeli diplomat and now Orthodox Jewish Rabbi Pinchas Lapide states that Pius XI "had good reason to make Pacelli the architect of his anti-Nazi policy. Of the forty-four speeches which the Nuncio Pacelli had made on German soil between 1917 and 1929, at least forty contained attacks on Nazism or condemnations of Hitler’s doctrines. . . . Pacelli, who never met the Führer, called it ‘neo-Paganism.’ "[5]A few weeks after Pacelli was elected pope, the German Reich’s Chief Security Service issued a then-secret report on the new Pope. Rabbi Lapide provides an excerpt:"Pacelli has already made himself prominent by his attacks on National Socialism during his tenure as Cardinal Secretary of State, a fact which earned him the hearty approval of the Democratic States during the papal elections. . . . How much Pacelli is celebrated as an ally of the Democracies is especially emphasized in the French Press."[6]Unfortunately, joy in the election of a strong pope who would continue Pius XI’s defiance of the Nazis was darkened by the ominous political developments in Europe. War finally came on September 1, 1939, when German troops overran Poland. Two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany.Early in 1940, Hitler made an attempt to prevent the new Pope from maintaining the anti-Nazi stance he had taken before his election. He sent his underling, Joachim von Ribbentrop, to try to dissuade Pius XII from following his predecessor’s policies. "Von Ribbentrop, granted a formal audience on March 11, 1940, went into a lengthy harangue on the invincibility of the Third Reich, the inevitability of a Nazi victory, and the futility of papal alignment with the enemies of the Führer. Pius XII heard von Ribbentrop out politely and impassively. Then he opened an enormous ledger on his desk and, in his perfect German, began to recite a catalogue of the persecutions inflicted by the Third Reich in Poland, listing the date, place, and precise details of each crime. The audience was terminated; the Pope’s position was clearly unshakable."[7]The Pope secretly worked to save as many Jewish lives as possible from the Nazis, whose extermination campaign began its most intense phase only after the War had started. It is here that the anti-Catholics try to make their hay: Pius XII is charged either with cowardly silence or with outright support of the Nazi extermination of millions of Jews.Much of the impetus to smear the Vatican regarding World War II came, appropriately enough, from a work of fiction—a stage play called The Deputy, written after the War by a little-known German Protestant playwright named Rolf Hochhuth.The play appeared in 1963, and it painted a portrait of a pope too timid to speak out publicly against the Nazis. Ironically, even Hochhuth admitted that Pius XII was materially very active in support of the Jews. Historian Robert Graham explains: "Playwright Rolf Hochhuth criticized the Pontiff for his (alleged) silence, but even he admitted that, on the level of action, Pius XII generously aided the Jews to the best of his ability. Today, after a quarter-century of the arbitrary and one-sided presentation offered the public, the word ‘silence’ has taken on a much wider connotation. It stands also for ‘indifference,’ ‘apathy,’ ‘inaction,’ and, implicitly, for anti-Semitism."[8]Hochhuth’s fictional image of a silent (though active) pope has been transformed by the anti-Catholic rumor mill into the image of a silent and inactive pope—and by some even into an actively pro-Nazi monster. If there were any truth to the charge that Pius XII was silent, the silence would not have been out of moral cowardice in the face of the Nazis, but because the Pope was waging a subversive, clandestine war against them in an attempt to save Jews."The need to refrain from provocative public statements at such delicate moments was fully recognized in Jewish circles. It was in fact the basic rule of all those agencies in wartime Europe who keenly felt the duty to do all that was possible for the victims of Nazi atrocities and in particular for the Jews in proximate danger of deportation to ‘an unknown destination.’ "[9] The negative consequences of speaking out strongly were only too well known."In one tragic instance, the Archbishop of Utrecht was warned by the Nazis not to protest the deportation of Dutch Jews. He spoke out anyway and in retaliation the Catholic Jews of Holland were sent to their death. One of them was the Carmelite philosopher, Edith Stein."[10]While the armchair quarterbacks of anti-Catholic circles may have wished the Pope to issue, in Axis territory and during wartime, ringing, propagandistic statements against the Nazis, the Pope realized that such was not an option if he were actually to save Jewish lives rather than simply mug for the cameras.The desire to keep a low profile was expressed by the people Pius XII helped. A Jewish couple from Berlin who had been held in concentration camps but escaped to Spain with the help of Pius XII, stated: "None of us wanted the Pope to take an open stand. We were all fugitives, and fugitives do not wish to be pointed at. The Gestapo would have become more excited and would have intensified its inquisitions. If the Pope had protested, Rome would have become the center of attention. It was better that the Pope said nothing. We all shared this opinion at the time, and this is still our conviction today."[11]While the U.S., Great Britain, and other countries often refused to allow Jewish refugees to immigrate during the war, the Vatican was issuing tens of thousands of false documents to allow Jews to pass secretly as Christians so they could escape the Nazis. What is more, the financial aid Pius XII helped provide the Jews was very real. Lichten, Lapide, and other Jewish chroniclers record those funds as being in the millions of dollars—dollars even more valuable then than they are now.In late 1943, Mussolini, who had been at odds with the papacy all through his tenure, was removed from power by the Italians, but Hitler, fearing Italy would negotiate a separate peace with the Allies, invaded, took control, and set up Mussolini again as a puppet ruler. It was in this hour, when the Jews of Rome themselves were threatened—those whom the Pope had the most direct ability to help—that Pius XII really showed his mettle.Joseph Lichten records that on September 27, 1943, one of the Nazi commanders demanded of the Jewish community in Rome payment of one hundred pounds of gold within thirty-six hours or three hundred Jews would be taken prisoner. When the Jewish Community Council was only able to gather only seventy pounds of gold, they turned to the Vatican."In his memoirs, the then Chief Rabbi Zolli of Rome writes that he was sent to the Vatican, where arrangements had already been made to receive him as an ‘engineer’ called to survey a construction problem so that the Gestapo on watch at the Vatican would not bar his entry. He was met by the Vatican treasurer and secretary of state, who told him that the Holy Father himself had given orders for the deficit to be filled with gold vessels taken from the Treasury."[12]Pius XII also took a public stance concerning the Jews of Italy: "The Pope spoke out strongly in their defense with the first mass arrests of Jews in 1943, and L’Osservatore Romano carried an article protesting the internment of Jews and the confiscation of their property. The Fascist press came to call the Vatican paper ‘a mouthpiece of the Jews.’ "[13]Prior to the Nazi invasion, the Pope had been working hard to get Jews out of Italy by emigration; he now was forced to turn his attention to finding them hiding places. "The Pope sent out the order that religious buildings were to give refuge to Jews, even at the price of great personal sacrifice on the part of their occupants; he released monasteries and convents from the cloister rule forbidding entry into these religious houses to all but a few specified outsiders, so that they could be used as hiding places. Thousands of Jews—the figures run from 4,000 to 7,000—were hidden, fed, clothed, and bedded in the 180 known places of refuge in Vatican City, churches and basilicas, Church administrative buildings, and parish houses. Unknown numbers of Jews were sheltered in Castel Gandolfo, the site of the Pope’s summer residence, private homes, hospitals, and nursing institutions; and the Pope took personal responsibility for the care of the children of Jews deported from Italy."[14]Rabbi Lapide records that "in Rome we saw a list of 155 convents and monasteries—Italian, French, Spanish, English, American, and also German—mostly extraterritorial property of the Vatican . . . which sheltered throughout the German occupation some 5,000 Jews in Rome. No less than 3,000 Jews found refuge at one time at the Pope’s summer residence at Castel Gandolfo; sixty lived for nine months at the Jesuit Gregorian University, and half a dozen slept in the cellar of the Pontifical Bible Institute."[15]Notice in particular that the Pope was not merely allowing Jews to be hidden in different church buildings around Rome. He was hiding them in the Vatican itself and in his own summer home, Castel Gandolfo. His success in protecting Italian Jews against the Nazis was remarkable. Lichten records that after the War was over it was determined that only 8,000 Jews were taken from Italy by the Nazis[16] —far less than in other European countries. In June,1944, Pius XII sent a telegram to Admiral Miklos Horthy, the ruler of Hungary, and was able to halt the planned deportation of 800,000 Jews from that country.The Pope’s efforts did not go unrecognized by Jewish authorities, even during the War. The Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem, Isaac Herzog, sent the Pope a personal message of thanks on February 28, 1944, in which he said: "The people of Israel will never forget what His Holiness and his illustrious delegates, inspired by the eternal principles of religion which form the very foundations of true civilization, are doing for us unfortunate brothers and sisters in the most tragic hour of our history, which is living proof of divine Providence in this world."[17]Other Jewish leaders chimed in also. Rabbi Safran of Bucharest, Romania, sent a note of thanks to the papal nuncio on April 7, 1944: "It is not easy for us to find the right words to express the warmth and consolation we experienced because of the concern of the supreme pontiff, who offered a large sum to relieve the sufferings of deported Jews. . . . The Jews of Romania will never forget these facts of historic importance."[18]The Chief Rabbi of Rome, Israel Zolli, also made a statement of thanks: "What the Vatican did will be indelibly and eternally engraved in our hearts. . . . Priests and even high prelates did things that will forever be an honor to Catholicism."[19]After the war, Zolli became a Catholic and, to honor the Pope for what he had done for the Jews and the role he had played in Zolli’s conversion, took the name "Eugenio"—the Pope’s given name—as his own baptismal name. Zolli stressed that his conversion was for theological reasons, which was certainly true, but the fact that the Pope had worked so hard on behalf of the Jews no doubt played a role in inspiring him to look at the truths of Christianity.Lapide writes: "When Zolli accepted baptism in 1945 and adopted Pius’s Christian name of Eugene, most Roman Jews were convinced that his conversion was an act of gratitude for wartime succor to Jewish refugees and, repeated denials not withstanding, many are still of his opinion. Thus, Rabbi Barry Dov Schwartz wrote in the summer issue, 1964, of Conservative Judaism: ‘Many Jews were persuaded to convert after the war, as a sign of gratitude, to that institution which had saved their lives.’ "[20]In Three Popes and the Jews Lapide estimated the total number of Jews that had been spared as a result of Pius XII’s throwing the Church’s weight into the clandestine struggle to save them. After totaling the numbers of Jews saved in different areas and deducting the numbers saved by other causes, such as the praiseworthy efforts of some European Protestants, "The final number of Jewish lives in whose rescue the Catholic Church had been the instrument is thus at least 700,000 souls, but in all probability it is much closer to . . . 860,000."[21] This is a total larger than all other Jewish relief organizations in Europe, combined, were able to save. Lapide calculated that Pius XII and the Church he headed constituted the most successful Jewish aid organization in all of Europe during the war, dwarfing the Red Cross and all other aid societies.This fact continued to be recognized when Pius XII died in 1958. Lapide’s book records the eulogies of a number of Jewish leaders concerning the Pope, and far from agreeing with Jack Chick that he deserved death because of his "war crimes," Jewish leaders praised the man highly:[22]"We share the grief of the world over the death of His Holiness Pius XII. . . . During the ten years of Nazi terror, when our people passed through the horrors of martyrdom, the Pope raised his voice to condemn the persecutors and to commiserate with their victims" (Golda Meir, Israeli representative to the U.N. and future prime minister of Israel)."With special gratitude we remember all he has done for the persecuted Jews during one of the darkest periods in their entire history” (Nahum Goldmann, president of the World Jewish Congress)."More than anyone else, we have had the opportunity to appreciate the great kindness, filled with compassion and magnanimity, that the Pope displayed during the terrible years of persecution and terror" (Elio Toaff, Chief Rabbi of Rome, following Rabbi Zolli’s conversion).Finally, let us conclude with a quotation from Lapide’s record that was not given at the death of Pius XII, but was given after the War by the most well-known Jewish figure of this century, Albert Einstein: "Only the Catholic Church protested against the Hitlerian onslaught on liberty. Up till then I had not been interested in the Church, but today I feel a great admiration for the Church, which alone has had the courage to struggle for spiritual truth and moral liberty."[23]FOOTNOTES:[1] Dave Hunt, A Woman Rides the Beast (Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House, 1994), 284.[2] Jack Chick, Smokescreens (China, California: Chick Publications, 1983), 45.[3] Robert Graham, S.J., ed., Pius XII and the Holocaust (New Rochelle, New York: Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights, 1988), 106.[4] Joseph Lichten, "A Question of Moral Judgement: Pius XII and the Jews," in Graham, 107.[5] Pinchas E. Lapide, Three Popes and the Jews (New York: Hawthorn, 1967), 118.[6] Ibid., 121.[7] Lichten, 107.[8] Graham, 18.[9] Ibid., 19.[10] Lichten, 30.[11] Ibid., 99.[12] Ibid., 120.[13] Ibid., 125.[14] Ibid., 126.[15] Lapide, 133.[16] Lichten, 127.[17] Graham, 62.[18] Lichten, 130.[19] American Jewish Yearbook 1944-1945, 233.[20] Lapide, 133.[21] Ibid., 215.[22] Ibid., 227-228.[23] Ibid., 251."The [secular] sense of right and wrong is so delicate, so fitful, so easily puzzled, obscured, perverted, so subtle in its argumentative methods, so impressionable by education, so biased by pride and passion, so unsteady in its course, that in the struggle for existence amid the various exercises and triumphs of the human intellect, the sense is at once the highest of all teachers yet the least luminous."~ John Henry Newman, "Letter to the Duke of Norfolk", from the article on Morality by G. H. Joyce.The above article is the work of Jimmy Akin and I decided to copy it because it gives an accurate description of the Catholic Church's attitude towards the Nacis in Germany during the 1930s and 40s. I would just add to it that this was not the first time when the Jewish community turned to the Church for help and got help. The common notion, that the Church is responsible for the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe, or that there was anti-Semitism in the Church, prosecution, torture throughout history: these are nothing more but sheer lies. It is quiet sad for me to see that many people believe them without question, even Catholics. So I provide some more links for those who're interested in this topic:http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Greg10/g10jprot.htm,

I would imagine there are a lot of stories of the rebellions of captive Africans in the New World, but they wouldn't tell them. Here are a few notable revolts (and planned revolts):San Miguel de Gualdape (1526)Gaspar Yanga's Revolt (c. 1570) near the Mexican city of Veracruz; the group escaped to the highlands and built a free colonyGloucester County, Virginia Revolt (1663)There was a large-scale plan for rebellion in the Northern Neck region of Virginia. This plan called for the extermination of whites, but the plan was discovered, and the leaders arrested and executed. Afterwards, the Council placed a ban upon public funerals for dead slaves, and the House of Burgesses passed stricter laws for the prevention of insurrections. [McIlwaine, H. ed., Executive Journals, Council of the Colony of Virginia, I, pp. 85-87.] (1687)A Maryland slave, Sam, belonging to Richard Metcalfe was tried as the leader behind conspiracies aimed at rebellion. The only available details regarding this event are that he was convicted of having “several times endeavored to promote a Negro Insurrection in this Colony." For this crime against the state, he was severely beaten and forced to wear, for life, “a strong iron collar affixed about his neck” with the death penalty for its removal. [William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine, X p. 177.] (1688)In 1690, Mr. Isaac Morril of New Jersey came to Newbury, Massachusetts, and attempted to get the African and Indian slaves to flee to the French in Canada and then join the latter in an attack upon the English. One Black, a slave of Mr. Moody, as well as another Jersey person, George Major, were implicated, but their fate is not known. [William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine, X, p. 177] (1690)A slave named Mingoe, who had fled his master in Middlesex County, Virginia, gathered a large number of followers and ravaged plantations, particularly in Rappahannock County. These Negroes not only took cattle and hogs, but “two guns, a Carbyne & other things.” What became of this incident of rebellion in not recorded. [MS. Order Book, Middlesex County, 1680-1694, pp. 526-27.] (1691)On September 9, 1702, in Charles Town, “Capt. Wm. Davis and Capt Wilkinson informed the Commons House of Assembly of a Negro man of Mr. John Williamson’s who is now in Irons at his masters House for threatening that he with other negroes would Rise and Cutt off the Inhabitants of this Province.” [Salley, A. S. ed., Journals of the Commons House of Assembly of South Carolina for 1702, pp. 99.] (1702)A small group of slaves in Newton, Long Island, rebelled and killed seven whites. Four slaves, including an Indian and a woman, were executed, the men being hanged and the woman burned. [O’Callaghan, E. B. ed., Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York, V. p.39] (1708)A plan to rebel was discovered early in 1709 in Surry James City, and Isle of Wight Counties, Virginia, involving Indian and Black slaves. A special court of investigation was appointed by the Governor. On March 24, the court returned with the following results: “ye [the] Examination of Sevll [several] Negroes and Indian slaves concerned in a Late Dangerous Conspiracy, formed and carried on by great[e] numbers of ye said negroes and Indian slaves for making their Escape by force from ye Service of their masters, and for ye [the] Destroying and cutting off such of her Majesties Subjects as Should oppose their Design.” Most were punished and released, but the ringleaders, including William Edwards’s Scipio, Joseph Hohn Jackman’s Salvadore, and Tom Shaw, who belonged to Samuel Thompson, were held over for further orders. Peter who also belonged to Samuel Thompson, remained at large, outlawed, and he and Scipio were the initial conspirators, while Salvadore “has been a great promoter and Incourager in persuading of ‘em to ye probability of Effecting their designe and in promising of ‘em his Assistance therein.” Their fate is not recorded. [Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series 1710-June 1711 p. 238; Also see Herbert Aptheker, Negro Slave Revolts in the United Statesp.18] (1709)"The Conspiracy of The Negro’s in Surry County and Their Accomplices for Levying War in This her Majesty’s Colony was for happily Discovered when it was just upon the point of Execution That we Think it for The public Good of The Country to Recommend to You The Rewarding So Signal a Service. The person who gave The first information of The Negro’s Designs and Continued from time to time to Make Known Their Consultations, was one Will a Negro Belonging to Robert Ruffin of Surry County: and Tho[ugh] at his Earnest Desire his Discovery was as Carefully Concealed as Could be, yet in a short Time he Became for such Suspected That Several Negro’s Laid Wait for his Life, for That his Master Desiring he Might be Removed to a place of More Safety were accordingly Caused him to be Conveyed into The Northern Neck where he has Been and is Still Entertained and Since his Master has Lost The Benefit of his Labour and That we have Engaged he shall be paid, we not only propose That he may be Satisfyed for The fame; but That The Negro may have such a Reward for The Service he has Done, As may Encourage others to The Like fidelity if Ever any Such Occasion should again happen." [McIlwaine, H. R. ed., Journal of the House of Burgesses of Virginia 1659/60-1693. Richmond, Virginia] (1709)There was a plan for an insurrection in Surry County Virginia. A slave by the name of Will, who belonged to Robert Rufflin, betrayed the plan and was, rewarded his freedom for loyalty to his master and emancipated. [Hening, Virginia Statutes at Large, II, p. 204.] (1710)In South Carolina, there were a series of rebellious activities. According to the provincial legislature, the inhabitants were “in great fear and terror” by the activities of “several Negroes [who] keep out, armed, and robbing and plundering houses and plantations.” These rebels were led by a slave named Sebastian, and their activities were not in check until finally tracked down and killed by an Indian hunter. [Holland, Edwin Clifford. A refutation of the Calumnies circulated against the Southern and Western States, respecting the institution and existence of slavery among them, to which is added, a Minute and Particular Account of the Actual State ad Conditions of Their Negro Population. Together with Historical Notices of all the insurrections that have taken place since the settlement of the country.Reprinted 1969 by Negro Universities Press: A Division of Greenwood Publishing Corp., New York.] (1711)New York Slave Revolt of 1712A planned slave rebellion was betrayed and crushed in South Carolina. Among the principal leaders were recently imported Africans from Martinique. An entry in the House journal of the Colony dated May 11, 1715 provides the only evidence concerning this incident. “The House being informed by Capt. David Davis, that a negro man of his had been and was the chief instrument in discovering a dangerous plot & conspiracy designed among the Negroes in Goose Creek quarters, about two years ago for which he was promised a reward.”[The House Journal of the Colony dated May 11, 1715.] (1715)Enslaved Africans of Charleston, South Carolina, rose up against their masters and attacked the white people in their homes and on the streets. The rebels were organized and killed a man named Benjamin Cattle, a white woman, and a Negro boy. A force was raised and they were pursued, and 23 of them were captured, six convicted, three executed, and three escaped. [Joshua Coffin, Account of some of the Principal Slave Insurrections. New York: Published by the American Anti-Slavery Society, 1860 p. 11] (1720)A serious plot was discovered in South Carolina in 1720. A contemporary account of this conspiracy reads: “I am now to acquaint you that very lately we have had a very wicked and barbarous plots of the designe of the negroes rising with a designe to destroy all the white people in the country and then to take the town [Charles Town] in full body but it pleased God it was discovered and many of then taken prisoners and some burnt some hang’d and some banish’d.” [MS. Public Records of South Carolina, VIII, pp. 24-27; Headlam, C. Calendar of State Papers, March 1720 to December 1721, p. 57.] (1720)Samba Rebellion (1731)Numerous whites were killed in Georgia by enslaved Africans making their way from South Carolina to St. Augustine, Florida [Flander, Ralph Betts. Plantation Slavery in Georgia. Chapel Hill, 1933, 2.] (1738)Several enslaved Africans broke out of a jail in Prince George’s County, Maryland, joined other enslaved Africans and proceeded to wage a small-scale guerrilla war. The Council of the Colony asked the magistrates to instruct the sheriff to put down the revolt. [Brackett, J. R. The Negro in Maryland, p. 76, citing Council records May 5, 1738.] (1738)Stono Rebellion (1739)New York Slave Insurrection of 17411791 Mina conspiracyPointe Coupée conspiracy (1794)Gabriel's conspiracy (1800)Igbo Landing slave escape (1803)Chatham Manor Rebellion (1805)1811 German Coast Uprising, (1811)George Boxley Rebellion (1815)Denmark Vesey's conspiracy (1822)Nat Turner's slave rebellion (1831)Black Seminole Slave Rebellion (1835–1838)Amistad seizure (1839)Creole case (1841) (the most successful in US history)1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee NationJohn Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (1859)And more, see: Slave Insurrections in the United States: An Overview .My thought is that they likely don't talk about them because to be frank they want to portray Africans as weak. I think they mistaken civility for timidity. To add to the list above, consider the following:- Blacks as household servants poisoned their captors.- Blacks created widespread arson, burning down buildings. Many of the early fire stations were created as a result.- Ship insurrections. Chronology of Shipboard Slave Revolts (source: African Insurrections on Board Slave Ships):1509 Nau Fiels de Deus (Portugal). Unsuccessful. 14-15.1532 Misericordia (Portugal) Capt. Estevao Carreiro. Between Sao Tome Island and Elmina. All but three crew members killed. Successful-freedom achieved. Source: Vogt. Portuguese Rule 58; Vogt. Sao Tome-Principe, 461.1571 (Spain?) West Indies. The enslaved Africans "slit the throats of the crew: Successful freedom achieved. Source: De la Ronciere, 4:82.1641 (Netherlands). Attempted slave revolt on board slave ship. Source: Van den Boogaart and Emmer, 366.1642 (Netherlands). Van den Boogaart and Emmer, 366.1651 (England). On the Gambia River a slave revolt took place and all enslaved Africans and crew were killed. This revolt was successful. Recognizing the ship was lost, the captain committed suicide by blowing up the ship with all aboard. Source: Ligon, 57; Limbaugh and Rediker, 128-29.1654 (England). Capt. Thomas Hiway. Middle Passage, 40 enslaved Africans killed; the revolt was unsuccessful. Source: Paige, 106.1678 (France). Capt Ducasse. Middle Passage. All enslaved African killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Clarence Munford, American Crucible: Black Enslavement, White Capitalism and Imperial Globalization. Trenton, NJ: African World Press, 2009. 2:342.1681 (England) Capt. Branfill. Cape Coast. Source: PRO, T 70, 19:49.1683 Trompeuse (France) Capt. Jean Hamlin. West Indies. 3 enslaved Africans killed, slave revolt unsuccessful. Source: Fortescue 11:519-21: TST CD, 21557.1685 Expedition (London, England) Capts. John Lambert and Hasting. Middle Passage. Unsuccessful. Source: PRO T 70, 12:15: TST CD, 9844.1685 John Sarah (England). Gambia Unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 11:57, 61.1685 Charlton (England) Capts. Paine and Browse. Whydah [Bight of Benin] 8 crewmen killed Successful. Source: PRO, T 70, 11:22, 102, 103.1685 Koninck Salomon (Netherlands) Capt. Wllem Jansen Goes. 1 enslaved African killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Johannes Postma. Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge: New York, 1990, 166, 314, 379.1686 [Sep.] Ann (England) Capt. Jobson Cambia. Source crewmen killed revolt unsuccessful. Revolt successful achieved freedom. Source: PRO, T 70, 11:60; TST CD 21027.1686 [Sept.] Benjamin. Middle Passage. 1 crewman killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO. T 70, 12:163.1686 [Sept.] Charlton (England) Capt Latton Accra [Gold Coast]. All crewmen killed and freedom was achieved. Source: David Eltis, Rise of African Slavery in the Americas,Cambridge, University Press, 2000, 226.1687 Lomax (England) Middle Passage. Several enslaved Africans killed. The revolt was unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 12:130.1889 (England). Capt. Osey. Successful-freedom? Source: PRO, T 70, 12:33.1689 (France). Bijagos Island [Sierra Leone]. No one killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Brue, 106.1690-1700: (Netherlands). At least 1 enslaved African killed; slave revolt unsuccessful. Source: Bosman, 365.1690-1700: (Netherlands). African coast? 20 enslaved Africans killed; revoltunsuccessful. Source: Willem Bosman, A New and Accurate description of the coast of Guinea, divided into the Gold, the Slave and Ivor. New York 365-66.1691 Charles (England). Gambia [Senegambia]. 17 enslaved Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 11:69.1693 Friedrich Wilhelm Emden, Branderburg). Capt. Jean le Sage. Between Whydah and Sao Tome Island. About 20 enslaved Africans killed in two revolts. Unsuccessful. Source: A. Jones, Brandenburg-Prussia" 288-89; A. Jones, Brandenburg Sources, 180-97; TST CD, 21950.1693 Brine [England]. Gambia [Senegambia]. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Eltis, Rise of African Slavery, 229; TST CD, 9706.1695 (France). Jakin [Bight of Benin]. "A number" of enslaved Africans killed; some Africans seized a longboat and escaped. Unsuccessful and successful and freedom for some. Source: Munford, 2:344.1696 Adventure (London, England) Capts. Edwards and Stephen Dupont. Middle Passage. 28 enslaved Africans and 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Dow, 79-84; TST CD, 20173.1698 Kobenhavns Bors (Denmark). Middle Passage? Many Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Westergaard, 146; Highfield, 19.1699 Albion-Frigate (London, England). Capts. Edwards and Stephen DuPont. Middle Passage. 28 Africans and 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: George Francis Dow,Slave Ships and Slaving. Salem, 1927, 83.79-84; TST CD. 20173.1699 Dragon (Topsham, England). (London, England). Capt. Henry Taylor. Gambia 7 Africans and 2 crewmen killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Tattersfield, 282-84.1699 Cothrington (England). Capt. Brewer? Cambia River. Revolt successful— freedom? Source: PRO, T 70, vol. 1434.1699 Rachel (Netherlands). 12 Africans and 1 crewman killed. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166.1699? Late 17th century: (France). 25 African killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Gueye, 61.1700 Marie Anne (France). Cape Mesurado. I crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Clarence Munford, White Capitalism and imperial globalization. Trenton NJ: African World Press, 2005 2:343.1700 Aug. on board slave ship revolt. Capt. James Barbot. Source: Elizabeth Donnan, (ed)Documents Illustrative of the Slave Trade to America (Washington, 1930-5, I ; hereafter referred to as D.S.T., I, 463.1701 Don Carlos (London, England). Capt. William Esterson. Middle Passage.1701 Anna (Netherlands). Bijagos Islands [Sierra Leone]. Capt. Henry Hooper. Cape Coast [Gold Coast]. 36 Africans killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 2:4- 5, 5:45, 18:20, 26:24.1702 Tyger/Tiger (England). Capt. Ralph Ash. Cape Coast Castle. About 40 Africans and 6 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 1463:30-31.1702 (Netherlands) Whydah [Bight of Benin). Source: Munford, 2:344.1703 Urban (England). Capt. Bornisher/Bannister and Edward Bolnd. Middle Passage? 23 Africans and 2 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 13:21; TST CD, 21139.1703 Martha (London, England). Capt. Richard Marsh. Middle Passage. 2 African killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 13:23, 31; TST CD, 14988l.1703 London (Bristol, England). Capt. Harris. Between Cape Coast Castle and Accra. 30 Africans and 3 crewmen killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, 70, 1463:66.1703 Zon/Son (Netherlands). Capts. Jacob Cortse Visser and Samuel Bleeker. African Coast. 36 Africans killed. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 317, 378, 381; Postma, "Mortality," 248, "Dutch Participation," 208.1703 Aug. The Typer. Capt Ralph Ash. On board slave revolt. Source: D. S. T., I, 463.1704 Postillion (England). Capt. John Tozor. Gambia River. 31 Africans killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 14:66-6i7, 74, and vol. 14141703-4 Mairmaid (London, England). Capt. Roger Carnaby. Source: TST CD, 21165.1704 Badine (La Rochelle, France). Capt. Defroudas. Source" TST CD. 33901.1704 Dorothy (England). Middle Passage. Unsuccessful. Source: Colin Palmer, Human Cargoes, 55.1704 Eagle (London). Capt. William Snelgrave Sr. Old Calabar River [Bight of Biafra]. 2 Africans and no crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: William Snelgrave, A New Account of Some parts of Guinea and the Slave Trade, (London, 1734) 164-68.1705 Malbrough/Marlborough (England). Capts. Lawrence Prince and William Freake. Cape Coast [Gold Coast). 30-40 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 14:109; TST CD. 21180.1706 (England). Capt. Richard Willis. Whydah [Bight of Benin] Unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 5:27.1706 (La Rochelle, France). Middle Passage. Unsuccessful. Source: Munford, 2:344.1707 Pindar (London, England). Capt. John Taylor. Cape Coast. Unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 5:33, 26:18; TST CD, 9755l1707 Sherbrow (England). Capt. William Gill. Middle passage. 3 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 8:30, 31.1708 Mary (England). Capt. Henry Hooper. Cape Coast. 36 African killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 2:4-5, 5:45, 18:20, 26:24.1708 Dorothy (England). Capt. Thomas Ashby. Middle Passage. Unsuccessful. Source PRO, T 70, 8:35.1708 Whidah Merchant (England), Capt. Owen. Source: TST CD, 20905.1709 Fridericus Quartus (Nenmark). Capt. Phief. Slave Coast [Bight of Benin]. 1 African killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Rask, 75-76; TST CD, 35158.1710-11Joseph (London, England). Capt. Thomas Ashby. Middle Passage. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 2:4-5, :45, 18:20, 26:24.1713 Victorious Anne (England). Cape Coast [Gold Coast). All but 7 crewmen killed. The ship was blown up in the insurrection; revolt successful—freedom? Source: PRO, T 70, 5:90.1714 Affirquain (Saint-Malo, France). Capt Yacinte Lodoye. Middle Passage. 10 African killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Jean Mettas, Repertoire des Expeditions Negriere Françaises on XVllle Siècle. 2 vols (Paris, 1978-1984) 2:683; here after Mettas.1714 Duke of Cambridge (England). 80 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Palmer, "Slave Trade," 33.1715 (South Carolina). Barra [Senegambia] revolt successful. Source: T 70, 6:2.1715 Feb. 15. Societe (Nantes, France). Capt. Joseph Cavarau. Sao Tome [Bight ofBiafra). 14 Africans and crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: 1:35.1715 June 2. Affriquain (Nantes, France). Capt. Rene Budan. Jakin [Bight of Benin] 10- 11 African and 3 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:31-32.1715 July 30. Prudent (Nantes, France). Capt. Alexis Gamolt. Jakin (Bight of Benin. 39 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:39.1715 Dec. Gracieuse (Nantes, France). Capt. Jean-Bernard Cazalis. St. Thomas West Indies. 10 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source Mettas, 1:39-40.1715 Sonnesteyn (Netherlands). Capt. Hans Pronk. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 317, 380.1716 June. Selby/Sylvia (Dartmouth, England) Capt. John Vennard/Vernard. Gambia River . Unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:126-29.1728 Aurore (La Rochelle, France). Capt. Bonfils; revolt unsuccessful. 32 Africans killed. Source: Mettas, 2:242.1728/29 Amitie (Nantes, France). Capt. Pierre Ricard; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:130.1729 Clare (England). Capt. Murrell/Morrell/Murrel/Murel/Morrell. Cape Coast Castle (Gold Coast). Revolt successful, freedom achieved. Fog's Weekly Journal, Aug. 2, Sep. 6, 1729, Feb. 28, and June 20, 1730: Weekly Journal; the British Gazetteer, Aug. 2, Sept. 6, 1729, Feb. 28, June 20, 1730; Boston Weekly News-Letter, Sep. 18-25, 1729; Pennsylvania Gazette, Oct. 9-16, Jan. 6-13, 1730.1729 Apr. Industry (Liverpool, England). Capt. James Williamson. Middle Passage. 1 African killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Weekly Journal; or, The British Gazetteer, July 5, 1729.1729 Apr. Restoration (Liverpool, England) Capt. Boogs. Guinea Coast. All crewmen killed; revolt successful freedom achieved. Fog's Weekly Journal, Aug 2, Sept 6, 1729; Weekly Journal: or, The British Gazetteer, Sept. 6 1729; Pennsylvania Gazette, Jan. 6-13, 1730.1729 May 26. Annibal (Lorient, France). Capt. Ch. De Kerguenel. Gambia River. 50 Africans and 4 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful, but freedom for some. I African took a lifeboat and several jumped into the river, but it is unknown whether any gained their freedom. Source: Mettas, 2:580-81; Hall, 87-91. See also subsequent rebellion on the same voyage, July 13 1729.1729 July 13. Annibal. (Lorient, France). Capt. Ch de Kerguenel. Caye St. Louis, St. Domingue, West Indies. Revolt unsuccessful? Source: Mettas, 2:580-81; Hall, 87-91. See also earlier rebellion on the same voyage, July 13, 1729.1729 Katherine (Boston, Mass). Capt. William Atkinson. Guinea Coast. Revolt unsuccessful—freedom for some. May have been an escape attempt. Source: Halasz, 8.1729 Ann (Liverpool, England). Capt. Cadden. Guinea Coast. Revolt unsuccessful—freedom for some? Fog's Weekly Journal, Aug. 2, 1729.1729 Jan. 1. Neptune (Nantes, France). Capt. Pierre Cadou, Between Principe and Sao Thome [Bight of Fiafra). 3 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:136.1729 Jan. 19. Angelique (La Rochelle, France). Capt. Louis Herault. Whydah [Bight of Benin]. 2 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Soure: Mettas, 2:244.1729 Apr. 16. Aimable Renotte (Nantes, Franxe). Capt. Jean-Baptiste de Coueteus. African Coast. 33 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:136.1730 May. William. (Boston, Mass). Capt. Peter Jump. Anomanu [Gold Coast]. The press reported that the captain and all the crew were "murther'd by the Negro's they had on Board," but a letter written from Cape Coast Castle suggests there were 3 survivors. Revolt successful and freedom achieved. Source: PRO, T 70, 7:164-65; Pennsylvania Gazette, Nov. 19-26, Dec. 22-29, 1730: Read's Weekly Journal: or, British-Gazetteer, Jan. 23, 1731; London Evening Post, Jan. 19-21, 1731.1730 June 6. Little George (Newport, RI). Capt. George Scott, Middle Passage. At least 1 African and 3 crewmen were killed. Revolt successful and freedom achieved. Some accounts suggest the Africans were re-enslaved by other Africans on shore. Source: Boston Weekly News-Letter. Apr. 22-29, Apr. 29-May 6, 1731; New York Gazette, May 3-10, 1731:Pennsylvania Gazette, May 6-13, 1731; Elizabeth Donnan, Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, vol. III, 119-121, 207.1730 July 20. Hare. (Liverpool, England). Capt. J. Sacheverel. Cape Coast (Gold Coast. 14 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Universal Spectator, and Weekly Journal, Jan. 16, 1731.1730 Dec. 7. (Glasgow, Scotland). Anomabu [Gold Coast]. Most crewmen killed; revolt successful. Boston Weekly News-Letter, Sept. 2-9m 1731.1730 Antonia (Liverpool, England). Capt. Hugh Crawford. Successful. Source: TST CD, 94504.1730 Charming Lydia (London, England). Capt. Peter Poey. Source: TST CD, 767361731 Katherine (England). 2 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: D. Richardson, “Ship Board Revolts,” 74.1731 Leusden (Netherlands). Capt. Bruiyn Harnensz; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 315, 379.1731 Capt. George Scott of Rhode Island was returning from Guinea with a cargo of enslaved African when they rose up in rebellion. Source: News Letter, May 1731. The account was signed by George Scott. The first notice of this incident appeared in the News Letter, April 29, 173l; Joshua Coffin, An Account of some of the Principal Slave Insurrection, (New York, 1860), 14.1731 William (Massachusetts). Capt Jump was surprised by Africans on board the ship in an uprising off the Coast of Africa. All his crew killed except 3; revolt successful. Source:Read’s Weekly Journal and British Gazetteer, January 28, 17311732 Apr. 7. (Newport, RI). Capt. Perkins. Guinea Coast. Several African and 1 crewman killed. 22 Africans escaped in boats but were apparently recaptured. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Rhode Island Gazette, Oct 25, 1732; Boston Weekly News-Letter, Oct. 19-27, Oct. 27-Nov. 2, 1732; Weekly Rehearsal, Oct. 30, 1732; Pennsylvania Gazette, Nov. 2-9, 1732; South Carolina Gazette, Dec. 2-9, 1732.1732 Concorde (Vannes, France). Guinea Coast. 196 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Harms, 403.1732 Parfaite (La Rochelle, France). Capt Elie Seignette. Grand Popo [Bight of Benin]. I crewman killed; revolt successful. Source: Mettas, 2:246.1732 (Bristol, RI). All crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Source: Rhode Island Gazette, Oct. 25, 1732; Boston Weekly News-Letter, Oct. 27-Nov. 2-9, 1732; South Carolina and Gazette, Dec. 2-9, 1732.1732-3Vryheyt/Vreyheid (Netherlands). Capt Jan Pietsz Gewelt. Source: Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 319, 379; Postma, “Mortalitiy,” 248.1732 Don Carlos. Capt. James Barbot, Jr. 28 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: News Letter, Sept. 7, 1732; South Carolina Gazette, Nov. 18, 1732.1732 Capt. John Major of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, while on the coast of Guinea lost his life along with all of his crew. Revolt successful, freedom achieved. Source: News Letter, Sept. 7, 1732; South Carolina Gazette, Nov. 18, 1732; Coffin, “Principal Slave Insurrections,” p. 15.1733 Feb. (England). Capt. Williams. Joar [Senegambia]. A “great part” of the crew killed. Revolt successful. Source: Moore, 156.1733 Feb. (Portugal). Oncha. Most of the crewmen were killed; revolt successful. Africans held the ship for 5 days before being recaptured after a 24 hour engagement with English vessel. Source: Boston Weekly News-Letter. Apr. 17-19. 1733.1733 Capt. Moore [first name not known] was attacked at midnight by a group of Africans with firearms. During the fighting the ship went ashore and the Africans escaped after killing most of the crew. Source: Weekly Rehearsal, Sept 10, 1733; also in News Letter, Set 6, “Extract of a letter from Capt. Moore, who sail’d from this Port for Guinea the beginning of last Winter, dated at St. Jago, one of the Cape de Verde Islands, July 20, 1733].1733 Sept. 10. Saint Domingue (Nantes, France). Capt. Gosmant. African Coast. 3 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:165.1733 Sept. 13. Diane. (Ile de Borbon, France). Capt. Dhermitte. Madagasar. 5 Africans and 1 crewman. Unsuccessful. Mettas, 2:223.1733 Riane (Ile ede Bourbon, France). Dhermitte. Capt. Guillaume. Thomas. Whydah [Bight of Benin]; revolt unsuccessful. Mettas 1:164, 2:591-92.1733 Renommee (Nantes, France). Capt. Jean Guestieau. Jakin [Bight of Benin]. Several enslaved Africans killed. Unsuccessful. Mettas 1:165, 2:591-92.1734 Aventurier (Nantes, France). J. Shaghnessy. Whydah [Bight of Benin]. At least 40 enslaved Africans and 5 crewmen killed. Unsuccessful. Meettas, 1:166-67.1734 Juba (Bristol, England). Capt. Christopher All [Bight of Benin] 4 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Read’s Weekly Journal; or British- Gazeetter, Nov. 9, 1734.1734 Bordeaux, France. Middle Passage. Some crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Source: Pluchon, 187-88.1735 Princess Caroline [England]. Middle Passage. Source: McGowan, “Origins of Slave Rebellions,” 84.1735 De Hoop (Netherlands). Capt. Huybrecht Eversen. Source: Postma. Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 330, 383.1735 Dolphin (London, England). African coast. All enslaved Africans and crewmen killed. The Africans apparently committed suicide by breaking into the powder magazine and blowing up the ship with all aboard. Successful? Source: Coffin, 14; Brawley, 43.1735/35 Badine (Lorient, France). Capt. J. Bart. 6 crewmen killed. Unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:183.1737 Phenix (Nantes, France). Capt. Joseph Negre. Little Popo [Bight of Benin]. 1 crewman killed. Unsuccessful. Mettas, 1:183.1737 Mary (England). Capt. John Dunning. Middle Passage. 1 African killed. Unsuccessful. Source: PRO, C 103, vol. 130, Apr. 20, 1737; Behrendt, letter.1737 Phenix (Le Havre, France). Capt. Martin Foache. African Coast. 20 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Mettas. 2:410.1737 Lively (Liverpool, England) Guinea Coast. 12 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Wadsworth and Mann, 228-29.1737 March 16. Prince of Orange. Capt. Japhet Bird. On board slave insurrection. Source: Coffin, “Principal Slave Insurrection,” p. 15.1738 Galatee (La Rochelle, France) Capt. Jean Robin. Cape Sainte Apolonnied [Gold Coast]. Several Africans and 4 crewmen killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Mettas, 2:257.1738 Henriette (Lorient, France). Capt. Richard de Lamarre. Whydah. 42 Africans unaccounted for and 1 crewman killed. While some Africans were killed or drowned, others may have escape to shore; revolt unsuccessful. Mettas, 2:599-600.1738 Affriguain (Nantes, France). Capt. Nicolas Foure. Banana Islands [Sierra Leone]. 11 Africans and 2 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Mettas, 1:205-6; Source Stein.French Slave Trade, 105-6-; Mousnier, 35-44.1738/39 Jeune Christophe (Nantes, France). Capt. Anentoine Bucoudray. Guinea Coast. Up to 50 Africans freed themselves. Revolt successful? Mettas, 1:202.1739 Gloire (Loroemt. France). Capt. Roquet. Middle Passage. 22 Africans and 7 crewmen. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:601.1739 Princess Carolina (Charleston, SC) Capt. John Fumcan. Middle Passage. 3 crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Source: Boston Weekly News-Letter, Nov. 15-22, 1739.1740 Nereide (Nantes, France). Capt. Luc Moyen. Middle Passage. 5 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:221.1740 Expedition (London, England). Capt. James/John Bruce. Gambia [Senegambia]. Many Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Benezet, 126-29.1741 Marie (Lorient, France). Capt Bigot de La Cante. Dissau [Sierra Leone]. 24 Africans killed. Some Africans escaped in a dinghy but were recaptured or killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:604-5.1741 Afrikaanse Galey [Netherlands]. Cape P. de Veyle; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Postma,Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 321, 387.1742 Grand Chasseur [Saint-Malo, France]. Capt. Julien Auffray Du Gue Lambert. Middle Passage. 40 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:i704.1742 Saint Helene (Nantes, France). Capt. Germain Blanchard [Bight of Benin]. Some Africans and 2 crewmen killed; revolt successful and freedom for some. Source Mettas 1:260 2:608.1742 Badine [Nantes, France]. Capt. Martin Lissarague. Epe [Bight of Benin]. 7 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:261.1742 Mary [London, England]. Capt. Nathaniel Roberts? Gambia River [Senegambia]. All but 2 crewmen killed; revolt successful and freedom for some. South Carolina Gazette, Oct. 24; Boston Gazette, Dec. 20, 1743; Boston New Letter. Dec. 22, 1743.1742 Jolly Batchelor. [Sierra Leone]. Africans on shore attacked the ship and freed the Africans in the hold. Revolt successful. Source: Elizabeth Donnan, Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, vol. III.1742 Maure (Nantes, France). Capt. Georges Richard. Whydah [Bight of Benin]. 17 Africans killed and 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful Source: 1:268.1743 Notre-Dame de Bonne Garde (Nantes, France) Capt. Etienne Fessard, Middle Passage. 9-11 Africans and 3 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:266-67.1743 Pere de Famille. (Nantes, France). B. Guyot. Middle Passage. Some Africans and 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas 1:266-67.1743 Jeannette (Nantes, France). Capt. Julien Hiron. Epe [Bight of Benin]. 2 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:280.1744 Jan-June. Mercure (Nantes, France). Capt. Yves Armes. Whday [Bight of Benin]. Unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:290.1744 Oct.6. Duc de Gretagne [Bordeaux, France]. Capt. Chevalier de la Bretonniere. Annobon Island {Bight of Biafra]. 4 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas 2:22.1745 Favorite (Lorient, France). Capt. Trublet. Middle Passage. 6-7 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:611-12.1747 (Rhodes, Island). Capt. Bear/Beers? Cape Coast Castle [Gold Coast]. All but 2 crewmen killed; revolt successful. Source: Boston Weekly News-Letter, May 7, 1747; Pennsylvania Gazette, May 21, 1747.1748 Scipio (Liverpool, England). Capt. James Steward. African Coast. Revolt successful—ship blown up. Lloyd’s List, Jan. 5, 1747; TST CD, 90227.1748 Thomas and Ellinor (Liverpool, England). Capt. Thomas Rawlinson; revolt successful. Source: TST CD, 90233.1749 Jan. Polly (New York, NY). Capt. William Johnson, West Indies [intra-American slave transport]. All crewmen killed; revolt successful. Africans recaptured and jailed.Pennsylvania Gazette, Jan. 31, 1749, July 27, 1749.1749 May 14. Auguste (Saint-Malo, France). Capt. Noel Pinou des Praires. Melinda [West Central Africa]. 7 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:710-11.1749 May 17. Prince d’Orange (Nantes, France). Capt. Jaques Broban. (Sao Tome Island Bight of Biafra). 36 Africans and 3 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: 2:287.1749 July 20. Noe (La Rochelle, France). Capt. Thomas Palmier. Fernando Po Islands (Bight of Biafra), 63 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: 2:287.1749 Sept. Lamb (England). Capt. Timothy Anyon. Middle Passage. 14 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Lloyd’s List. Dec. 12, 1749; TST CD, 90226.1749 Brownlow (England). Capt. Richard Jackson. 3-4 Africans and 1 crewman killed. Unsuccessful. Source: Newton, 22; TST CD, 90226.1749 Cheval Marin (Nantes, France). Capt. Bernard Desas. Unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:304.1750 Mar. Willingmind (England). Capt. Appleton. Sherbro River [Sierra Leone]. Revolt successful. Source: Lloyd’s List. Mar. 26, 1750.1750 Apr.14. Ann (Liverpool, England). Capt Benjamin Clark. Cape Lopez (Bight of Biafra). At least 3 crewmen killed; revolt successful—freedom achieved. Source: Pennsylvania Gazette, Aug. 9, 1750; Boston Post-Boys, Aug. 13, 1750; Lloyd’s List, Aug. 28, 1750;Maryland Gazette, Nov. 14, 1750: TST CD, 17243.1750 May 8. King David (Bristol, England). Capt. Edmund Holland. Near Guadeloupe, West Indies. 15-17 crewmen killed; revolt successful. Africans recaptured by a ship sent in pursuit. Boston News-Letter, June 21. Sept. t, 1i750; Boston Post-Boy, June 24, 1750;Pennsylvania Gazette, July 5, 1750; Lloyd’s List, July 13, 1750 Maryland Gazette, Nov. 14, 1750; TST CD, 17243.1750 May 15, Diligente (Nantes, France) Capt. Charles Le Breton. Revolt unsuccessful. Mettas, 1:324-25.1750 June 20. Louise Marguerite (Nantes, France). Capt Etienne Fessard. Whydah [Bight of Benin]. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:328.1750 Sept. 17. Samuel-Marie (Dunquerque, Frane). Capt. J. B. Maginel. Cerbera River [Sierra Leone]. 13 Africans and 4 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:149-50.1750 Oct. 5-10. Wolf (New York, NY). Capt. Gurnay Wall. Near Anomabu [Gold Coast]. 1 African killed; revolt unsuccessful. A group of Africans escaped escaped aboard a yawl were soon recaptured. Source: Wax, “Philadelphia Surgeon,” 465-68, 484-86.1750 Nov. 7. Jamaica Packet (Bristol, England). Capt. George Merrick. Several crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:334.1750 Nov. 11. Henriette (Nantes, France). Capt. Antoine Rouille. Whydah [Bight of Benin]. 14 Africans and 1 crewman killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:334.1750 Dec. 1. Sultane (La Rochelle, France). Capt. Avrillon. Goree Island [Senegambia] 230 Africans and 7 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Pruneau de Pommegorge, 113-17; Searing, 147-48; Mettas. 2:295.1750 Esperance (Saint-Malo, France). Capt. Ph. Hamon Du Courchamp. Some Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: 2:712-13.1750 [France]. African Coast. All but 2 crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Source: E. Martin, 24.1750 Jan.16. Hector (Nantes, France). Capt. Jean Honoraty. Goree Island (Senegambia). 3 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:342-43.1750 Cerf (Nantes, France). Capt. Luc Lory. African Coast; revolt successful. Source: Mettas, 1:319.1750 May 28. (Liverpool, England). On board slave revolt. Source: D. S. T., 485.1751 Parfaire (Saint-Malo, France), Capt. Pierre Harson. Guinea Coast. 3 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source. Mettas 2:716-17.1751 Oct. 12. Sirene (Nantes, France). Sept. Jacques Souchay. African Coast. 199 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:349.1751 Nov. 7. Sauveur (Saint-Malo, France). Capt. Joseph Gardon Du Bournay. African Coast. 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:715.1751 Grenadier (Netherlands). Capt. Jan van Kerkhoven. African Coast. No one killed. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166; TST CD, 10621.1751 Middelburgs Welvaren (Netherlands). Capt Jacob Gerritsen. Guinea Coast. 213 Africans and no crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 167-68, 337, 383.1752 Feb-May. Heureux (Nantes, France) Capt. Toby Clarc. Principe Island [Bight of Biafra]. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas 1:348.1752 Oct. 14. Marlborough (Bristol, England). Capt. Robert Codd. African Coast. 100 Africans and at least 27 crewmen killed. One report suggest “upwards of a hundred” enslaved African were drowned in a dispute between Bonny and Gold Coast Africans arising from the revolt. Revolt successful. Source: Lloyd’s List, Feb. 6, 1753; Feliz Farley’s Bristol Journal, Feb. 3-10, 1753, Mar. 24-31, 1753; Maryland Gazette, May 10, 1753.1752 Nov. Addlington (England). Capt. John Perkins. Bassa [Windward Coast]. 19 Africans and 5 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Newton 66, 69-70.1752 Adventure. (England). Capt. Belson. Sierra Leone. Revolt successful. Source: Rathbone, 17.1752 Benjamin (London, England). African Coast. 1 African killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Clarkson 311.1753 Mar. 14. Saint Philippe (Nantes, France). Capt. Guillaume Denis Hamon. Middle Passage. 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:374-75.1753 Marechal de Sare (La Rochelle, France). Capt. Midy. Whydah [Bight of Benin], 47 Africans and 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:298 -99.1753 Aug. 5. Patientia [Denmark]. Capt. Ole Eriksen. Between Elmina and Cape Coast (Gold Coast), 3 crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Source: Nerregard, Danish Settlement, 89-90; Norregard, “Slaveoproet,” 23-44.1753 Two Friends (Rhodes, Island). Capt. Abraham Hammett/Hamlet/Hamblet. Cape Coast [Gold Coast]. The slave traders “lost the best of what they had.” Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mason, 339; Jensen, 491;. Donnan 3:144, 4:310; TST CD, 36156.1753/54 York (London, England). Capt. William Mercier. TST CD, 25021.1754 May 12. Levrette (Nantes, France). Capt. Julien Marchais. 2 days out from Principe Island. 4 Africans and 15 crewmen killed. Successful-recaptured. Source: Mettas, 1:380-81, 382; Eltis, Rise of African Slavery, 233.1754 Sept. Swallow (Lancaster, England). Capt. Robert Dobson. Gambia. 22 Africans and 5 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 30:81; TST CD, 24016.1754 Nov.17. Finette (Nantes, France). Capt. Michel Bange. Bissau (Sierra Leone). 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:395-96.1755 Jubilee (England). Capt. Smith Anomabu (Gold Coast). All but 4 crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Source: Sylvanus Urban, (ed.) Gentleman’s Magazine, XXIV, 1754).1755 July 20. Saint Joseph (Saint Malo, France). Capt. Fr. Josselin Loisement. Guinea Coast. 3 crewmen killed; revolt successful. Source: 2:725-26.1755 Sept. 7. Printemps (La Rochelle, France). Capt. Jean Elie Giraudeau. I crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:303.1755 Oct. 11. Jeune Mars (Nantes, France). Capt. Jean Laurent Robert. Middle Passage. 3 crewmen killed revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:411.1755 Belle Judith (Nantes, France). Source: Pluchon, 187.1755 Charming Jenny / Charming Elizabeth (London, England. Capt. John Allman. Revolt successful; Africans recaptured? Source: TST CD, 27240.1756 July 6. (England) Capt. Stirling. Gambia River [Senegambia]. 3 crewmen killed; revolt successful. Source: PRO, T 70, 30:163, 166; PRO, T 70, vol. 1694, letter dated July 24, 1756, and Sept. 16, 1756.1756 July. Jane (New York, NY). Capt. Alexander Hope. Middle Passage. 1 African and 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Pennsylvania Gazette, Sept 30, 1756; Williams, 480: TST CD, 25030.1756 Philadelphia (Netherlands). Capt. Jan Menkerveld. African Coast. No one killed. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 339, 385.1756 Vliegende Faam (Netherlands). Capt. Pieeter de Mor. African Coast. 11 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful—freedom for some. 22 of the African on board were reported missing following the revolt. Source: Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 344, 385.1756/57 Penelope (Liverpool, England). Capt. William Wiatt. Source: TST CD 90490.1756/57 Thomas (Liverpool, England). Capt John Whiteside. Revolt successful; Africans recaptured? Source: TST CD, 90660.1757 Feb. Black Prince (England). Capt. Peter Bostock. Gambia River [Senegambia]. Revolt unsuccessful, but freedom for some. Source: PRO, T i70, 30:179-80: PRO, T 70, vol. 1694, letter dated Feb. 14, 1757.1757 Drie Gezusters (Netherlands). Capt. Maartin Stam. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 325, 386.1757 Philadelphia (Netherlands). Capt. Jan Menkenveld. African Cast. No one killed. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade. 166. 339, 385.1757/58 Mears (Liverpool, England). Capt. Chris Berrill. Source: TST CD, 90556.1758 Jan 14. Two Sisters (Bristol, England). Capt. Robert Cowie. African Coast. 3 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: D. Richardson, Bristol, 3:111.1758 Jan/Feb, Rainbow (Liverpool, England). Capt. Joseph Harrison. Middle Passage. 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Williams, 488-89.1758/59 William (Liverpool, England). Capt. Blackburn Wilcock. Source: TST CD 90587.1759 Jan. 12. Perfect (Liverpool, England). Capt. William Potter. Mana [Sierra Leone]. At least 5 crewmen killed. Revolt successful. At least some Africans were recaptured on shore by local Africans. Source: Williams, 492-93, 666; E. Martin, 106; TST CD, 90744; Edmund B. D’Auvergne, Human Livestock. (London, 1933), p. 73.1759 Sept. Rebecca (England). Capt. Ross. Gambia (Senegambia) 2 revolts; unsuccessful. Source: PRO T 70, 30:315, 321.1759 Midelburgs Welvaren (Netherlands). African Coast. No one killed. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166.1759 Shark (Liverpool, England). Capt. James Lowe. Source TST CD 90727.1759/60 Nanny (Liverpool, England). Capt. James McDougall. Source TST CD, 90741.1760 Oct. 12. Ross (England). Capt. Lear. Gambia River (Senegambia). Revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 30:386.1761 June. Agnes (New York, NY). Capt. Nicholls. Guinea Coast. 40 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: New York Gazette, June 15, 1761; Boston News-Letter, June 25, Aug. 20, 1761; TST CD, 25327.1761 Nov. Mary (Lancaster, England). Capt. Samuel Sands. Gambia River; revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 30:436. See also another revolt on the same voyage, Dec. 1761.1761 Mary (Lancaster, England). Capt. Samuel Sands. Gambia River Most cremen killed; revolt successful. Source: PRO, T 70, 30:436; Meseyside Maritime Museum Transatlantic Slave Trade Exhibit: Lloyd’s Evening Post and British Chronicle, Jan. 4-6, 1762; Lloyd’s List, Jan. 5, 1762; Elder, 53, 55, 175; also earlier rebellion on same ship Nov. 1761.1761 Thomas (Massachusetts). Capt. Capt. Day. African Coast. 1 African killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Boston News-Letter, Sept. 24, 1761; New York Gazette, Sept. 28, 1761.1762 Oct. 25. Phoenix (London, England). Capt. William Macgachan. Middle Passage. 50 Africans and no crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Pennsylvania Gazette, Nov. 11, 1762; New York Gazette, Nov. 15, 1762; Boston News-Letter and New England Chronicle, Nov. 18, 1762; Newport Mercury, Nov. 22, 1762 Lloyd’s Evening Post and British Chronicle, Dec. 29-31, 1762; Lloyd’s List, Dec. 31, 1762; Annual Register, 1762, 117-18.1762 Nov. (Newport, Rhode Island). Capt George Frost. Gabon River [Bight of Biafra]. 30 Africans and 2 crewmen killed; revolt successful; African recaptured. Source: NewportMercury, June 6, 1763; Providence Gazette and Country Journal, June 11, 1763; New YorkGazette, June 13, 1763; Pennsylvania Gazette, June 16, 1763.1762 Dove (Liverpool, England). Capt. Brown. Gambia River [Senegambia]. Some Africans and 2 crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Source: PRO, T 70, 31:32; Lloyd’s List, Apr. 1, 1763.1762 Vr. Johanna Cores (Netherlands). Capt. Willem de Molder. African Coast. 24 Africans killed. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 345, 385.1762 Pearl (Liverpool, England). Capt. Pollet. At least 20 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Clarkson, 206-8.1763 Jan. 20. Nossa Seuhoa de Agoa de Lupe e Bom Jesuz dos Navegantes (Portugal). Source: Joseph Miller, Way of Death, 410.1763 Feb. 22. Black Prince (Bristol, England). Capt. William Miller. Cape Coast [Gold Coast]. No one killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Journal of an Intended Voyage, entry dated Feb. 22, 1763; rebellion on the same slave ship Mar. 4, 1963.1763 Feb. Ann (London, England). Capt. David Adam. Pittagarry [Gold Coast]. Revolt successful. Source: PRO, T 70, vol. 1263, entry 179.1763 Feb. (Liverpool, England). African Coast. Revolt successful. Source: Newport Mercury, June 6, 1763; Providence Gazette and Country Journal, June 11, 1763; New York Gazette, June 13, 1763; Philadelphia Gazette, June 16, 1763.1763 Mar.4. Black Prince (Bristol, England). Capt. William Miller. Middle Passage. No one killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Journal of an Intended Voyage, entry dated Mar. 4, 1763; earlier rebellion on the same voyage, Feb. 22, 1763.1763 Frere et la Souer (Dunquerque, France). Capt. Du Colombier. African Coast. 2 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:151.1763 Dec. 4. Africa (Amsterdam, Netherlands). Gold Coast. At least 1 crewman killed; revolt successful. Source: Mettas, 1:436.1763/64 Croissant (Nantes, France). Capt. Devigues. African Coast. 14 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:428.1763/64 Entreprenant (Nantes, France). Capt Lecerf. Little Popo [Bight of Benin]. Some Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:428.1764 Feb. 17. Fontelle (Saint-Malo, France). Capt. J. Esturmy. Loango [Central Africa]. 3 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: 2:727-28.1764 Mar. (England). Barbados, West Indies. 2 Africans and all but 4 crewmen killed; revolt successful. After 10 days in control of the vessel and attempts by two ships to recapture the Africans were recaptured with the aid of a third vessel. Source: Newport Mercury, May 21, 1764; Pennsylvania Gazette, May 31, 1764.1764 Apr.24. Phoenix (Nantes, France). Capt. Joseph Mary. Bissau [Sierra Leone]. 2-4 Africans killed and 1 crewman killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:440-41.1764 May. Gallem (England). Capts. Pye and Mackey. West Indies. Revolt successful. Source:Lloyd’s List, June 5, 1764; TST CD 24557.1764 May. Hope (New London, CT). Capt George Taggart. Middle Passage. 7-8 Africans and 1-2 crewmen killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: New York Gazette, Aug. 13, 1764, Mar. 11, 1765 Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary; Aug 16, 1764; Pennsylvania Gazette, Aug. 16, 1764, Mar. 21, 1765; New London Gazette, Aug. 17, 1764; Newport Mercury, Aug. 20, 1764, Apr. 8, 1765; Boston Post-Boy and Advertiser, Aug. 20, 1764, Mar. 4, Apr. 1, 1765;Massachusetts Gazette and Boston News-Letter, Aug. 30, 1764, Mar. 7, Mar.28, 1765; D’Auvergne, Human Livestock, 73.1764 Aug. (England) Gambia River [Senegambia]. Revolt successful. Source: Daniel Littlefield,Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina. Baton Rouge, Louisiana University, 1981, 21.1764 Nov, 5. Comte d’Azemar (Nantes, France). Capt. Mathurin David. African Coast. 1 African killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:439-40. Earlier revolt on same voyage, Nov. 5, 1764.1764 Dec. Coueda (Nantes, France). Capt. Jean Honnoraty. Middle Passage. 51 Africans and crewman killed. Source: Mettas, 1:441-42.1764 Dec. 27. Jolly Prince (Bristol, England). Capt. Patrick Halloran. Windward Coast [Liberia]. All crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Lloyd’s List, June 21, 1765.1764 (Bristol, Rhode Island). [Sierra Leone]. All but one crewman killed. Revolt successful. Source: Boston Post-Boy and Advertiser, Aug. 19, 1765; Massachusetts Gazette and Boston News-Letter, Aug. 22, 1765.1764 Eenigheid (Netherlands). Capt. Daniel Pruynelaar. African Cast. No one killed. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade 166, 345, 386.1764 Johnson (Liverpool, England). Capt. Robinson. [Central Africa]. “Capt. Robinson, the Doctor and his Mates, together with 17 of the Crew, were poisoned by the Negroes.” Revolt unsuccessful. Lloyd’s List, Jan. 29, 1765; TST CD, 91052.1764 Sisters (Liverpool England). Capt. Richard Jackson. African Coast. 2 Africans killed. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 345, 386.1764 Vr. Johanna Cores (Netherlands). Capt. Jan Sap. African Coast. 2 Africans killed. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 345, 3861764 In June, the sloop Adventure, based in Rhode Island or New London, was overthrown by Africans while trading for Africans at Sierra Leone. Revolt successful; freedom achieved. Source: Gazette Jan. 5, 1764; Feb. 5, 1764; News Letter, Sept. 20, and Oct. 25, 1764.1764 Captain of a New London brig from Connecticut lost his life in a slave uprising at Goree; revolt successful. Source: Extraordinary, August 16, 1764.1764 Aug. [England] Gambia River. Revolt successful—freedom. Source: Littlefield, 21.1764/65 Galam (Liverpool, England). Capts. John Hill and Sherland. Revolt successful; Africans recaptured. Source: TST CD, 92309.1764/65 Haast u Langzaam (Netherlands). Capt. Jan Menkenveld. Source: TST CD. 10659.1765 Aug. 28. Sally (Providence, Rhode Island). Capt. Esek Hopkins. Middle Passage. 10 Africans and no crewmen killed. Revolt unsuccessful. John Carter Brown Library, Brown Family business Records, box 536, folder 9; box 643, folder 7 (entries dated Aug. 28, Sept. 19, Oct 14, 1765: Rhode Island State Archives, Moses Brown Papers, series 2, folder 5; Newport Mercury, Nov. 18, 1765; Boston Post-Boy and Advertiser, Nov. 25, 1765;Massachusetts Gazette, Nov. 28, 1765.1765 Oct. 1. Othello (Newport, Rhode Island). Capt. Thomas Rogers. Desirade Island, Guadeloupe, West Indies. 1 African killed. 13 Africans jumped overboard and swam for shore; 1 of these was killed, 3 others wounded. Revolt unsuccessful—freedom for some. Rhode Island State Archives, Petitions to the Rhode Island General Assembly, vol. 12, doc. 14; Pennsylvania Gazette, Nov. 14, 1765; Newport Mercury, Nov. 18, Nov. 25, 1765; Boston Post-Boy and Advertiser, Nov. 25, 1765; Massachusetts Gazette, Nov. 28, 1765.1765 Mary (England). Capt. Dvis. Gambia River. All but 2 crewmen killed; revolt successful. Source: Lloyd’s List. Feb. 14, 1766; TST CD, 25384.1765/66 Adelaide de Puisegor (Nantes, France). Capt. Massey de Breban. Angola. Revolt successful. Multiple revolts may have occurred during the voyage. Source: Mettas, 1:4641766 Henriette (Nantes, France). Capt. Durocher Sorin. African coast. All but 4 crewmen killed. Successful; freedom for some. In spite of the assistance of three nearby vessels, a group of Africans succeeded in taking the ship dingy and rowing for land; some were recaptured, some apparently escaped. Source: Mettas, 1:458, 473.1766 Feb. (British North America). Capt. Jones. Bermuda (intra-American slave transport). 3 crewmen killed. Revolt successful—recaptured. Source: New York Gazette, May 12, 1766; Virginia Gazette, May 23, 1766.1766 June. (Virginia). Capt. Watson Gambia River. All crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Source: New York Gazette, Aug. 18, 1766; New London Gazette, Aug. 22, 1766;Massachusetts Gazette and Boston News Letter, Aug 28, 1766.1766 Jeune Catherine (Nantes, France). Capt. G. Duval. Several Africans killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:473.1766 Debut (La Rochelle, France). Capt Th. Latouche. Loango [Central Africa]. 8 Africans and 1 crewman killed, the latter apparently on another French ship coming to the aid of the Debut. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:309.1767 Badine (Nantes, France). Capt. J. J. Poisson. Angola. 14 Africans and 2 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:486.1767 Industry. (Liverpool, England). Capt. John Erskine. Denby River [Sierra Leone]. Revolt successful; freedom achieved. Source: Lloyd’s List, July 17, 1767: TST CD, 91098.1767 Marie (Nantes, France). Capt. J. Cheneau. Some Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:487-88.1767/69 Tryal (Liverpool, England). Capt. Price. West Indies. 14 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Clarkson, 202-4.1768 Jan. Saint-Pierre (Nantes, France). Capt. J. Olivier. Biafra Coast. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:494-95.1768 July 19. Saint Nicolas (France). Capt. Balai de l’Isle. Windward Coast. 43 Africans and 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:46.1768 Marie Anne (Nantes, France). Capt. Henry Lemarie Delasalle. Gabon River [Bight of Biafra] 3 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:511.1768 Esther (London, England). Capt. Robert Dann. Source: TST CD 77953.1768 Africa (Bristol, England). Capt. John Morgan. New Calabar River [Bight of Biafra]. 3 Africans and no crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Clarkson, 221-22, 224; TST CD, 17661.1768/69 Jenny (Liverpool, England). Capt. Richard Webster. TST CD, 91474.1769 Jan. 11. Nancy (Liverpool, England). Capt. Roger Williams. New Calabar [Bight of Biafra] 6 Africans killed; revolt successful. Source: Williams, 549; Clarkson, 199.1769 Sept. 27. Concorde (Nantes, France). Capt. Carre. Scassery (Sierra Leone) 2 crewmen killed. Revolt successful for some 3 of the 48 Africans were later recaptured. Source: Mettas, 1:516-17, 519, 2:792.1769 Roy Morba (Nantes, France). Capt. Adrien Doutrau. Middle Passage. Unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:518-19.1769 Dec. 3. Delight (Liverpool, England). Capt. William Milroy. Little Cape Mount [Windward Coast]. 18-30 Africans and 9 crewmen killed. Successful. The Africans were overcome after a 4-hour battle with a nearby ship in which the Africans killed 1 member of the pursuing ship’s crew. Virginia Gazette (PD), May 24, 1770; New York Journal, or General Advertiser, June 7, June 21; TST CD. 91564.1769 True Blue (Liverpool, England). Capt Joshua Hutton. Bight of Benin. 4 crewmen killed; revolt successful. Source: Clarkson, 204, 221; Joseph Inikori, “Measuring,” 67; TST C. 91088.1769 Zanggodin (Netherlands). Capt. Jan van Sprang. African coast. 21 Africans who went ashore were recaptured by local Africans. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Postman, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 347, 386.1769/70 Saint-Nicolas (Bordeaux, France). Capt. Dellouan. Goree Island [Senegambia]. 40 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. 40 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:50.1769/70 Unity (Liverpool, England). Capt. Robert Norris. Source: TST CD, 91567.1770 Jan. Union (Nantes, France). Capt. J. L. Ruellau. Windward Coast. 1 African killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:517.1770 Apr. 19. Brocanteur (Saint-Malo, France). Capt. Basmeule de Liesse. Gabon River [Bight of Biafra]. 19 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:747.1770 Duke of Bridgewater (Liverpool, England). Cap. Thomas Adamson. African Coast. Revolt Successful. Source: TST CD, 91671; Inikori, “Measuring,” 68.1770 Guinese Vriendsclap (Netherlands). Capt. Jan Grim. 5 Africans killed; revolt successful. Ship recaptured with the aid of a Dutch warship. Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 168, 329, 383.1770/71 African Queen (Liverpool, England). Capt. Thomas North. Kissey River [Sierra Leone]; 10 crewmen killed. Revolt successful—freedom for most. Source: TST CD, 91687.1770/71 True Blue (Liverpool, England). Capts. Richard Griffith and William Goad. Source: TST CD, 91643.1771 Saint Rene (Saint-Malo, France) Capt. Chateau-briand, sieur du Plessis. Middle Passage. Some Africans and 1 crewman killed. Unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:750-51.1771 Dec. 30. Cupidon (Nantes, France). Capt. Jean Arnout. African coast. 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:546.1771 July. Pacifique (La Havre, France). Capt. J. P. Bonfils. Guinea Coast. 4 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:441.1771 Necessaire (Rochefort, France). Capt. Badiaux. Quila [Sierra Leone]. Some Africans and all but 4 crewmen killed. Africans who would not participate were killed by the insurrectionists. Revolt successful—freedom for all except 2 who were recaptured. Source: Mettas, 2;318-19.1771 Intelligente (La Rochelle, France). Capt. Fr. Hubert. 18 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:315-16.1771 Two Brothers (Liverpool, England). Capt. Hugh Glenn. Source: TST CD, 91735.1771 (France) Middle Passage. Some Africans and all crewmen killed. Revolt successful. The ship was found drifting with only 9 Africans alive on board. Source: Virginia Gazette(PD), April, 18, 1771.1771 (France) Middle Passage/West Indies. 300 Africans and all but six crewmen killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Pluchon, 188.1771 Warwick Castle (London, England). 3 revolts. All unsuccessful. Source: Clarkson, 214-16.1771 Mar. Exeter (London, England). Capt. Savory. Camaranco [Sierra Leone]. All but 1 crewman killed. Successful for most. About 20 Africans recaptured. Source:Pennsylvania Gazette, June 25, 1772; Virginia Gazette (PD), July 16, 1772, Aug. 27, 1772.1772 Oct. (Liverpool, England). Middle Passage. All but 1 crewman killed. Successful. Africans recaptured after a 4-hour battle with a nearby ship. Source: PennsylvaniaGazette, Dec. 9, 1772; Virginia Gazette (PD). Dec. 24, 1772.1772 (Martinique/France). Middle Passage. All crewmen killed; revolt successful. PennsylvaniaGazette, Dec. 9, 1772; Virginia Gazette (PD), Dec. 24, 1772.1772 Nov. (New York, NY). West Indies. All crewmen killed. Successful. Source: Virginia Gazette (PD), Nov. 26, 1772.1772/73 Robert (Liverpool, England). Capt. Ireland Grace. Source: TST CD, 91815.1773 Jan. 24. New Britannia (England). Capt. Stephen Deane. Gambia River [Senegambia]. 222 Africans and 13 crewmen killed. The Africans broke into the powder magazine and, when defeat seemed imminent, blew up the ship, killing all aboard. Unsuccessful/successful? Source: Gentleman’s Magazine, Oct. 1773; Virginia Gazette, Dec. 23, 1773, Jan. 6, 1774; Searing, 156; Joseph Inikori, “Measuring,” 69.1773 Jeune Louis (La Rochelle, France). Capt. David Saint Pe. Cape Mount [Liberia]. Unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:317-18.1773 Bristol (England). Bonny [Bight of Biafra). Most of the crew killed, a few left alive to navigate the vessel. Successful. Source: Deschamps, 128.1773 Industry (London, England). Capt. Gogart. Middle Passage. All but 2 crewmen killed. Successful. Source: Joseph Inikori, “Measuring,” 69; TST CD. 24700.1773 (France) Guinea Coast. About 200 Africans and most of the crewmen killed. Revolt successful. All on board were killed when the mate decided to blow up the ship.Virginia Gazette (PD), June 17 1773; Virginia Gazette (WR), June 17, 1774.1774 July, Aimable Claire (Nantes, France). Capt. Thomas Butler. 2 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:572.1774 Aug. John (New York) Capt. Daniel Darby. Isles de Los [Sierra Leone] “A number of Africans and 1 crewman killed; revolt successful. Pennsylvania Gazette, Nov. 16, 1774:Massachusetts Gazette and Boston News-Letter, Dec. 1774; TST CD, 25091.1774 Diane (Nantes, France). Capt. Jean Arnoult. Corisco Island [Bight of Biafra]. Successful—freedom achieved. Source: 1:576-77; Stein, French Slave Trade. 104-5.1774 Oct. (France) Senegal? [Senegambia]. All crewmen killed. The Africans spared the lives of a white woman and a passenger on board. Successful. All but 3 Africans were later killed then the ship foundered. Virginia Gazette (DH), Jan. 7, 1775.1774 Nov. King Herod (British, North America) Capt. Steel. Benin [Bight of Benin]. Unsuccessful Virginia Gazette (DH), Feb 25, 1775.1774 Sally II (England) African Coast. Successful. Source: Elder, 175.1774 Zanggodin (Netherlands). Capt. J. H. Hof. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 347, 384.1774/75 Lively (Liverpool, England). Capts. Thomas Beynon and Davies. Source: TST CD, 91716.1774/76 Tryal (Liverpool, England). Capt. William Postlethwaite. Source: TST CD, 925681775 Mar. 10-11. Esperance (France). Off the coast of Zanzibar (East Africa). No crewmen killed; revolts unsuccessful. Source: Scarr. 33.1775 Mar. 15. Brune (Honfleur, France). Capt. Louis Thibault Caillot. Off Goree Island [Senegambia]. 3 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:185-86.1775 June. Senegal. All but 4 Africans and all crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Africans broke into the powder magazine and when defeat seemed imminent, blew up the ship, killing all aboard. Virginia Gazette (DH), July 1, 1775.1775 Armina Elizabeth (Netherlands). Capts. A. de Boer and R. Barendse, 11 Africans and 11 crewmen killed. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 322, 382.1775 Christiansborg (Denmark). Capt. Johan Franten Ferent. 85 Africans died on the voyage, but the number killed in the revolt is not fully known. Revolt unsuccessful. Svalesen, 223; Green-Pedersen, Source: TST CD, 35185.1775 Geertruya Christina (Netherlands). Capt. John. Noordhock. Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166, 327, 385.1775/76 Falstaff (Liverpool, England). Capt. Roger Leatham. Source: TST CD, 92527.1775-77 Polly (London, England). Capt. John Reilly. TST CD, 77165.1775/77 Pacifique (Le Havre, France). Mayumba [Central Africa] Revolt occurred on a shallop transporting Africans to the ship before they were boarded. Revolt successful. Source: 2:459-60.1776 June. True Briton (Liverpool, England). Capt. James/John Dawson. Bonny [Bight of Biafra]. 1 crewman killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Williams, 560; TST CD, 92566.1776 Nov./Dec.8. Thames (Rhode Island). Capt. Peleg Clark, Cape Coast [Gold Coast]. 33 Africans killed. Revolt unsuccessful; freedom for some. Source: Newport Historical Society Peleg Clarke Letters, letter book 76, letters dated Dec. 1, 1776, Dec. 15 1776; Dec. 27, 1776; Jan. 8, 1777 “Protest,” Accounts.”1776 Phoenix (Bristol, Rhode Island), Capt. Charles Taylor. Cape Coast [Gold Coast]. 1 crewman killed; revolt successful. Newport Historical Society, Peleg Clarke Letters, letter book 76, letter dated May 6, 1776; Source: D. Richardson, Bristol, 4:67.1776 Comte d’Estaing (France). Capt. Cesar Gasqui. West Indies? M. Robinson, 142-43.1776 Jan. 21. Biefaisnt (Nantes, France). Capt. Luc Joly. Melimba (Central Africa). 6 crewmen killed. Successful—freedom for most. Source: Mettas, 1:603-4; Stein, French Slave trade, 88.1776 July. The Phoenix. Capt. Peleg Clark. On board slave revolt. Source: D. S. T., III, 318.1776 Dec. 8. Capt. Bell. On board slave revolt. Source: D.S.T. III 323.1777 June 6. Amphitrite (Nantes, France) Capt. Jean Guyot. Bonny (Bight of Benin). 5 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:610-11.1777 Aug. 14. Juliet (England). Capt. King. Cape Coast Castle [Gold Coast]. 2 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, T 70, 1468:4.1779 (London, England). Revolt 1: Gold Coast. 5 Africans and no crewmen killed. Unsuccessful. Revolt 2: Gold Coast. 42 Africans and 1 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Revolt 3: Middle Passage. No Africans or crew killed. Unsuccessful. Source: Clarkson 314.1779 (England). Unsuccessful. Source: Piersen, 150-51.1780 May 14. Saint-Antonine d’Almas (Portugal. Capt. Joseph Caetane Rodriguez. Between the Zambezi River and Mauritus (East Africa). Unsuccessful. Source: Asgraly, 179-80; Alpers, 4.1780 Vigilantie (Netherlands). Capt. Claas Boswijk. Revolt 1: Middle Passage? Unsuccessful. Revolt 2: Middle Passage? Unsuccessful. Revolt 3: Marowin River, French Guiana. 21 Africans killed. Successful. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166-67, 344, 382.1781 (Liverpool, England) Bonny River [Bight of Biafra]. No one killed. Unsuccessful. Source: Clarkson, 315.1782 Jan. 28. Fleury (Nantes, France). Capt. Joachim Gillard. Middle Passage. 1 crewman killed. Unsuccessful. Source: 1:622-23.1783 May 3. Wasp (England). Capt. Richard Bowen. African Coast. 13 Africans killed. Unsuccessful. Felix Farley’s Bristol Journal, Sept 13, 1783: Universal Daily Register, July 1, 1785; Durnford and East. 1:130-31; M. Robinson, 9:144, 155, see also rebellion on the same voyage, May 22, 1783.1783 Cato (England). Universal Daily Register, July 1, 1785.1783 Oiseay (France). Ganachaud. Middle Passage. Unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:636.1783/84 Bonne Societe (La Rochelle England). Capt. Gabriel David. Unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:346.1783/84 Feb.-June Jeune Aimee (Nantes, France). Capt. Lazare Perrotiy. Mayumba (Central Africa). 7 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:638-30.1784 May 27. Creole (La Rchelle, France). Capt. Crassous. Ceylon. Unsuccessful. Source: Deveau, 266.1784 Christiansborg (Denmark). Capt. Cook. Source: TST CD, 35028.1784/85 (Newport, Rhode Island). Middle Passage. Many Africans and all crewmen killed. Successful-recaptured. Providence Gazette and Country Journal, Jan. 29, 1785; London’s New York Packer, Feb. 14, 1785.1785 May 23. Alexandre (Honfleur, France). Gabon River (Bight of Benin). Unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:193,1785 Oct. 18. Neptunis (Netherlands). Mouri [Gold Coast]. 200-500 Africans and 17 crewmen killed. Successful. The ship was blown up either by Africans in a suicide attempt or by cannon from a nearby vessel attempting to recapture them. Source: Postma, Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 166-67; Paiewonsky, 21-23; Curtin, African Remembered, 133.1785 (England). Gold Coast. All crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Africans recaptured on shore by soldiers and local Africans. Paiewonsky, 23.1785 Kammerherre Schack (Denmark). Source: Highfield, 19.1785 May 3. Bristol vessel. Source: J.C.N., I, 19.1786 Mar. 2. Reverseau (La Rochelle, France). Capt. J. Gargeau. Senegal. 1 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:362.1786 Aug. 10. Ville de Basle (La Rochelle, Frane). Capt. Villeneau. Porto Novo [Bight of Benin), 36 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:362.1786 Oct. 9. Christiansborg (Denmark). Capt. Jens Jensen Berg. Middle Passage. 34 Africans and 2 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Paiewonsky, 20, 28; Hansen, 132-37.1786 Viigilant (England). Capt. Duncan. Anomabu [Gold Coast] 2 crewmen killed; revolt successful. Source: Joseph Inikori, “Measuring,” 71.1786/87 Roy d’Ambris (Le Havre, France). Capt. Guillaume Constantin Multiple revolts may have occurred on this voyage; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:501.1786/87 Hudibras (Liverpool, England). Capt. Jenkin Evans. Source: TST CD, 818901787 Jan. Alexandre (Honfleur, France). Capt. Charles Herbli Gabon (Bight of Biafra). Some crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:199-200.1787 July-Oct. Breton (Lorient, France). Capt. Guesdon. Mozambique (East Africa). Some Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:92-93, 621.1787 Oct. Ruby (Bristol, England). Capt. Joseph William. Bimbe (Bight of Biafra). Some Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Dow, 173-77.1787 Nov. 26. Tigre (France). Capt. Mathuri Bregeon. Madagascar [East Africa]. 15 Africans and 2 crewmen killed. Revolt successful—recaptured. Source: Asgarallly, 180-181.1787 Flore (Honfleur, France). Capt. Giffard. Gabon River (Bight of Biafra). 1 African and 3 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Mettas, 2:197-98, 2020-3.1787 Avanture (Bordeaux, France). Capt. Banberique. Successful—freedom. New Lloyd’s List, Sep. 28, 1787.1788 Jan. 23. Licorne (Bordeaux, France). Capt. Brugevin. Between Mozambique and Cape of Good Hope (South East Africa). Revolt successful. Source: New Lloyd’s List, Sep. 28, 1787.1788 Jan. Franc Macon (Le Havre, France). Capt. Le Grand. Gabon River (Bight of Biafra). 5-6 Africans killed; revolt successful. Source: New Lloyd’s List, Jnly 4, 1788; Source: 2:510-11, 512.1788 Mar. 14. Epanronidas (Flushing, Netherlands), Capt Isaac Din Baas. Capt. Sierra Leone (Sierra Leone). All but 2 crewmen killed; revolt successful. Source: New Lloyd’s List, May 13, 1788.1788 Oct. 1. Antoinette (Honfleur, France). Capt. J. P. Varnier. Middle Passage. 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Mettas, 2:204.1788 Dec. 26. Augustine (Nantes, France). Capt. La Gree. Mayumba (Central Africa). 2 crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Source: Mettas, 1:710, 2:800.1788 Dec. 31. Georgette (Nantes, France). Capt. Le Breton. Middle Passage. Revolt unsuccessful. Mettas, 1:712.1788 Aimable Louise (France) Gambia River [Senegambia] Successful. Deveau 263-64.1788 Claire B. Williams (Denmark) Rokel Estuary (Sierra Leone). Successful revolt; freedom achieved. Source: Wadstrom, 2:79; Butt-Thompson, 44-45; Rathbone, 19: Rashid, 138.1788 Golden Age (Liverpool, England) Bonny River (Bight of Biafra). 5 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Clarkson, 319-20.1788/89 Veronique (Nantes, France). Capt. Mauguen. Loango (Central Africa). Successful. Mettas, 1:714.1789 Felicity (Salem, MA). Capt. William Fairfield. Middle Passage. 3 Africans and 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Bentley, 123; Fairfield.1789 Mar. Mercer (Liverpool, England). Capt. John Bellis. Middle Passage. Successful. Africans recaptured with the aid of another ship. Lloyd’s April 7, 1789; TST CD, 82688.1789 Nov.14. Phoenix (Nantes, France). Capt. J. Fr. Dupuis. Middle Passage. 14 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 1:729.1789 Bons Freres (Nantes, France). Capt. P. Foucher. Angola. (Central Africa). 3 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Mettas, 1:7281790 Auguste (Honfleur, France). Capt. Valentin. Revolt 1; Gabon River? (Bight of Biafra). No Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Mettas, 2:210-11.1790 Nov. 9. Jeremie (Le Havre, France). Capt. Pierre Girette. Isles de Los (Sierra Leone). 2 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: 2:532-33.1790 Dec. Pearl (Bristol, England). Capt. William Blake. Old Calabar (Bight of Biafra). 3 Africans killed revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO C 107, vol. 12, letter dated Jan. 11, 1791.1790 Antoinette (Honfleur, France). Capt. Andre Barthelemy de Haussy de La Verpillere. 3Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mettas, 2:209-10.1790 (France). Sierra Leone. Some Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Wadstrom, 2:86-87.1790 (Nantes, France) Bonny (Bight of Biafra). 100 Africans shot or drowned. 2 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Childers, 57-59.1790/91 Vulture (Liverpool, England). Capt Samuel Glough. TST CD, 82982.1791 Jan. Albion (Bristol, England). Capt. John Robinson Wade. Cape Mount (windward Coast) Liberia. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: D. Richardson, Bristol, 4:160.1791 May 16. Favourite (Bristol, England). Capt. John Fithenry. African coast. 32 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: D. Richardson, Bristol, 4:184.1791 Dec. 8. Friendship (English). Capt. Thomas Brown. I crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Behrendt, “Crew Mortality,” 133.1791 Coureur (Bordeaux, France). Capt. J. J. Ducros. Gambia. All but 9 crewmen killed. Some Africans jumped overboard when the ship caught fire and freed themselves. Revolt unsuccessful—freedom for some. Mettas, 2:121.1791 Victorieux (Honfleur, France). Capt. Armand Dunepveu. 3 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Mettas, 2:214.1792 Aug. 27. Mermaid (Bristol, England). Capts. James Mulling and Edward Tayor. African Coast. 19 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: D. Richardson, Bristol, 4:219.1792 Calvados (Portugal (Indian Ocean). 50 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Lloyd’s List, Feb. 19, 1793.1792 Christopher (Liverpool, England). Capt. Charles Molyneux. TST CD, 8035; Lloyd’s List, Dec. 28, 1792.1792 Sally (Providence, Rhode Island). Jeremiah Taber. African coast. All but 2 crewmen killed. Successful—freedom—ship destroyed. Providence Gazette and Country Journal, Oct. 20, 1792.1792/93 Eagle (England). Capts. Patrick Campbell and David McElheran. TST CD, 81097: Lloyd’s List, Mar. 22, 1793.1792/93 Governor Parry (Liverpool, England). Capt. John Powell. TST CD, 81646.1792/93 Peggy (Bordeaux, France). Capt. P. Nazereau. African Coast. 3 African killed; revolt unsuccessful. Mettas, 2:127-28.1792-94 Alice (Liverpool, England). Capt. Bryan Smith. TST CD, 80190.1792-94 Lumbie, Capt. Richard Rogers. TST CD, 98852.1793 May. Cadiz Dispatch (London, England). Capt. Baldy. 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Lloyd’s List, Sep. 13, 1793; Durnford and East, 7:186-94.1793 Sep 23. Pearl (New York, NY). Capt. Howard. Matacong Island (Sierra Leone). 2 Africans and 1 crewman killed. Revolt successful. Africans recaptured with the aid of an English ship. Source: Mouser, 93-94; Hamm, 398.1793 Nancy (Providence, RI). Capt. Joseph B. Cook. Middle Passage. 4 Africans and no crewmen killed. Unsuccessful. Source: Salem Gazette, Jan 28, 1794; General Advertiser, Feb 11, 1794; Sharafi, 71-100.1793 (Boston, MA) Sierra Leone. Several Africans and 7 crewmen killed. 3 of the crewmen killed were on another vessel that had come to the ship’s aid. Revolt successful. Africans recaptured with the aid of another ship. Those who got ashore were retaken by local Africans. Source: Wadstrom, 2:87.1793 (United States). Sierra Leone. Some Africans and 1 crewman killed. Revolt successful. Africans recaptured with the aid of an English ship. This may be the Sep. 23, 1793, revolt on the Pearl. Source: Wadstrom, 2:86.1793 The Charleston. Capt Joseph Hawkins. On board slave revolt. Source: Joseph Hawkins, A History of a Voyage to the Coast of Africa. (Philadelphia, 1797), 145-9.1794 Jan. 14. Sandown (London, England). Capt. Samuel Gamble. Isles de Los (Sierra Leone). 8 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful—freedom for some. Mouser, 97.1794 Mar. Venus (New York, NY). Capt. Hammond. Sierra Leone. 9 Africans killed; revolt successful. After a daylong battle with a nearby ship, the Africans reached land but were apparently recaptured by local Africans. Mouser, 99.1794 Apr. Charleston (Charleston (Charleston, SC). Capt. J. Connelly. Niger River Dealt (Bight of Biafra). Revolt occurred on a shallop transporting Africans to the ship before they were boarded. 1 African and no crewmen killed. Revolt unsuccessful—freedom for 1. Source: Hawkins, 140-49.1794 Jemmy/Jemmie/Jimmy (Liverpool, England). Capt. Richard Pearson. Middle Passage. 4 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Mouser, 114; TST CD, 82007; Lloyd’s List. Aug. 5, 1794.1795 Nov. Liberty (Providence, RI). Capt. Abijah Potter. Between Goree Island and Sierra Leone. 1-2 Africans and 2 crewmen killed. Unsuccessful. Rhode Island Historical Society, log of the Dolphin, MS 828; Rhode Island State Archives, Moses Brown Papers, series 2, folder 6.1795 Ann (Liverpool), England). Capt. John Mills. TST CD, 80246; Lloyd’s List, Apr. 7, 1795.1795 (Boston, MA). Goree Island [Senegambia]. 4 crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Africans recaptured with the aid of another vessel after a 7 hour battle. Source: Donnan, 3:99-101.1796 June 10. Mary (Providence, Rhode Island). Capt. Nathan Sterry. Cape Coast Castle (Gold Coast). 4 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Donnan, 3:374-75; Coughtry 151.1796 June. Isabella (Bristol, England). Capt. Thomas Given. Angola (Central Africa). Successful.Lloyd’s List, June 21, 1796; Powell, 306.1796 June. William (Liverpool, England). Capt. Bent. Angola (Central Africa). Revolt successful. Lloyd’s List, June 21, 1796; Powell, 306.1796 Espera Dinheiro (Portugal). Source: Joseph Miller, Way of Death, 410.1796 Bell (Liverpool, England). Capt. David Thompson. TST CD, 80472; Lloyd’s List, June 7, 1796.1797 Ann (England) Capt. Muir. Middle Passage. Revolt successful. Lloyd’s List, July 7, 1797.1797 Sept. 2. Thomas (Liverpool, England). Capt. Peter McQuay. Middle Passage. Several Africans and many crewmen killed. Revolt successful. After about 50 days the Africans were recaptured by a ship sent in pursuit of them. Source: Lloyd’s List, Dec. 15, 1797; C. Robinson, 1:322-23; William, 592-93; Brooke, 236-37; TST CD, 83783.1797 Nov. 7. Ascension (Rhode Island). Capt. Samuel Chase. Mozambique (East Africa). No crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Newport Historical Society, Box 43A, folder 26, “Slaves, 1731-1820,” Letter dated Dec. 11, 1797.1797 June. Capt. Thomas Clarke. Source: D.S.T. III, 101.1797 June. The Cadiz Dispatch. On board slave revolt. J.C.N., I, 22.1797 Sept. The Thomas. On board slave revolt. Source: D’Auvergne Human Livestock, 73.1798 Diana (Liverpool, England). Capt. Robert Hume, Windward Coast. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Behrendt, letter; TST CD, 81015.1799 Aug. 2. Trelawney (England). Cat. James Lake. Cabinda (Central Africa). Revolt successful. Africans recaptured with the aid of a nearby ship after a 90-minute battle. Source: C. Robinson, 4:184-88; TST CD, 81015.1799 April. The Thomas. On board slave revolt. Source: J.C.N., I, 22.1799 Lightning (Liverpool, England). Joseph Miller, Way of Death, 410.1799/1800 Willy Tom Robin (Liverpool, England). Capt. Edward Kain, TST CD, 84072.1800 Flying Fish (Providence, Rhode Island). Capt. Nathaniel Packard. West Indies. 10-15 Africans and 4-5 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Providence Gazette, Aug. 2, 1800; Newport Mercury, Aug. 5, 1800; Coughtry, 151, 158.1801 June 24. Lucy (England). Capt. John Olderman. 1 crewman killed. Source: Behrendt, Captains, 137; TST CD, 82404.1801/02 Doris (France). Capt. Liard. Zanzibar (East Africa). 110 Africans and 1 crewman killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Garneray, 155-69.1804 Dec. 27. Tryal (Spain). Capt. Benito Cereno. Chilean Coast. (Intra-American African transport). 16 Africans and 25 crewmen killed. 9 of the African killed were executed in Concepcion. Chile. Mar. 2, 1805. Revolt successful African recaptured with aid of a nearby ship. Delano, 318-53.1804 Anne (England). Capt. Bicknell. African Coast. Unsuccessful. C. Robinson, 5:92-93.1806 July Bolton (Liverpool, England). Capt. Patrick Burleigh. Bonny River (Bight of Biafra). About 12 Africans killed when the ship blew up. Successful—most recaptured. Source: Crow, 98-99; TST CD, 80609.1806 Oct. 4. Nancy (Rhode Island). Joshua Viall. Middle Passage. 4 Africans killed. Multiple revolts occurred. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Dow, 271-72; Donnan, 3:395-96, 400-401.1806 Eleanor (Charleston, SC). Capt. Davidson. TST CD, 25504.1806 Jane (Liverpool, England). Capt. John McGinnis. Congo River (Central Africa). All but 4 crewmen killed. Successful. Royal Gazette and Bahamas Advertiser, April 25, 1806; Inikori, “Measuring,” 74.1807 Independence (Charleston, SC). Capt. Churchill. Loango (Central Africa). Revolt unsuccessful. Brevard, 3:522-25; Treadway, 2:i707-12.1807 Aug. 1. The Nancy. Capt. Joseph Viale. Source: J.C.N., I, 22.1807/08 Hibernia (Liverpool, England). Capt. Thomas Pratt. TST CD, 81835.1808 Leander (Charleston, SC). Middle Passage. All crewmen killed. Successful—recaptured. Ship found drifting some 250 miles off the South Carolina coast with only 56 Africans on board. Bee, 260-62; Federal Cases, vol. 9 (1895), 275-76.1808 May 20. Carolline (United States). Capt. Richard Willing. Middle Passage, 21 Africans and 3 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. P. Drake, 44-45; Dow, Slave ships and Slaving,207.1810 Zargozano (Spain). Capt. Juan Norbeto Dolz. TST CD. 7551.1811 Amelia/Agent (Charleston, SC). Capts. Alexander Campbell and Joze Carlos de Almeida. TST CD. 7659.1812 Apr. Feliz Eugenia (Portugal). Joseph Miller, Way of Death, 410.1813 Jan. Aguia do Douro (Portugal). Joseph Miller, Way of Death, 410.1814/15 Belle (Bordeaux, France). Capt. Brian. Daget, Repertoire, 1-6.1819 Aug. Sao Pedro Aguia (Portugal). Joseph Miller, Way of Death, 4101819 Sept. (Portugal). Joseph Miller, Way of Death, 410.1819 Amitie (Bordeaux, France). Capt. Louis Christiaens. 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Daget, Repertoire, 61.1819 Rodeur (Le Havre, France). Capt. Boucher. Middle Passage. Some Africans killed. Source:Niles’ Weekly Register, Apr. 21, 1821, 118; Rawley, 293; Dage, Repertoire, 88-90; De d’état actuel de la traite des noirs, 89.1820 Mar. Industrie (Nantes, France). Bay of Saint-Suzanne. Reunion Island (East Africa) Successful. Source: Lacroix, 205; Daget, Repertoire, 133.1820 Ceres (Nantes, France). Capt. Pierre Jean Lemerle. Zimbie (Bight of Biafra). 1 crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Daget, Repertoire, 116-18.1823 (Brazil). Middle Passage. All crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Reis, 61; Mattoso, 40.1824/25 Eleonore (Nantes, France). Capt. Mourailleur. TST CD, 2817.1826 Sept. 17. (Bourbon, KY). Ohio River (domestic U.S. slave trade). 5 Africans and 5 crewmen killed. The 4 Africans killed were executed Nov. 29 in Kentucky. Revolt successful—freedom for some. The Africans sank the boat and made their way to Indiana, but all but a few were eventually recaptured. Source: Breckinridge County Archives, Circuit Court, book 7, pp. 182-83, 194, 207-8, 219; Kentucky Reporter, Sep. 25, Oct. 2, Oct. 9, 1826; Western Luminary, Sep. 27, Oct. 4, Oct. 11, Nov. 1, 1826; Genius of Universal Emancipation, Oct. 14, Oct. 21, Dec. 16, 1826; Niles’ Weekly Register, Oct. 14, Nov. 18, 1826; Connecticut Courant, Oct. 16, 1826.1825 Jan. Deux Soeurs (Martinique/France). Capt. Henri Mornet. Sierra Leone. 6-8 crewmen killed. Successful. Africans recaptured with the aid of another vessel; the ship was taken to Sierra Leone, where the Africans were freed. Royal Gazette and Sierra Leone Advertiser, Apr. 9, 1825, Genius of Universal Emancipation and Baltimore Courier, Sept. 24, 1825; Niles’ Weekly Register, Oct. 1, 1825; Irish University Press, vol. 10, Class A, 9-10.1826 Apr. 25. Decatur (Boston, MA). Capt. Walter Galloway, between South Carolina and Bermuda (domestic U.S. slave trade). 1 African and 2 crewmen killed. The African killed, William Bowser, was convicted of killing the captain and executed in New York on De. 15. Successful—freedom for most. Though the recaptured Decatur was taken into New York, all but 1 of the Africans inexplicably escaped. Source: New York Evening Post, May 18, May 20, May 23, May 26, Dec. 14, Dec. 15, 1826; Niles’ Weekly Register, May 20, 1826; National Gazette and Literary Register, May 20, 1826; Christian Inquirer, Dec. 23, 1826; Genius of Universal Emancipation, Jan. 2, Jan. 8, Jan. 20, Feb.24, Mar. 31, 1827.1827 Augusta (France). All crewmen killed; revolt successful. McGowan, “Origins,” 83, 88-89.1827 Gloria (Brazil). Capt. Ruiz. African coast. 40 Africans “killed and wounded;” no crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: P. Drake, 891828 Intrepido (Cuba?) Middle Passage? Some Africans killed in two revolts. Unsuccessful. Buxton, 149.1829 Dec. 17. Lafayette (United States). Capt. Bisset. 3 days out from Norfolk, VA (domestic U.S. slave trade). No Africans or crewmen killed. Unsuccessful. New York Evening Post, Dec. 29, 1829; Genius of Universal Emancipation, Jan. 1, 1830; Richmond Enquirer, Jan. 5, Jan. 28, 1830; Niles’ Weekly Register, Jan. 9, 1830.1829 (United States). Ohio River (domestic U.S. slave trade). 1 crewman killed. Unsuccessful. 4 Africans were later executed in Kentucky. Niles’ Weekly Register, Dec. 26, 1829;Richmond Enquirer, Jan. 28, 1830.1829 L’Estrella. Capt. Theodore Canot. On board slave revolt. Source: Brantz Mayer,Adventures of an African Slaver, (New York, 1928) 264-5.1831 Mar. 13. Virginie (Nantes, France). Capt. Aubin Sherbro (Sierra Leone). 11 crewmen killed; revolt successful. Daget, Repertoire, 537-38.1831 May. Venus (Matanzas, Cuba). Capt. Theophilus Conneau. Middle Passage. 6 Africans and crewmen killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Conneau, 202-10.1839 July 2. Amistad (Cuba). Capt. Ramon Ferrer. American coast. 2 Africans and 2 crewmen killed. Revolt successful. Africans recaptured with the aid of a U.S. warship. U.S. Supreme Court found that these Africans were illegally enslaved, and they were freed and return back to Africa. Source: Coffin, Principal Slave Insurrection 33.1841 Creole (United States). Capt. Robert Ensor. U.S. Coast (domestic U.S. slave trade). 1 African and 1 crewman killed; revolt successful. Source: M. Robinson, 9:111-84.1843 Apr. 12. Progresso (Brazil). Off Fogo, Mozambique (East Africa). Successful—freedom for the Africans. Ship was captured by anti-slave trade cruiser, and the Africans freed. Source: P. Hill, 19-22.1844 Sept. Kentucky (New York, NY). Capt. Manuel Pinto da Fonseca. Inhambane (East Africa). 53 Africans killed. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, F) 84, 563; 172-89; Senate Executive Documents, 28-3031 (1847), 4:71-77; House Executive Documents, 61- 30-2 (Mar. 2, 1849), 148, 220-21; Irish University Press, vol. 29, Class A, 513-23; Conrad. 39-42.1846 Andonovi (Bahia, Brazil). Capt. Antonio Lopez Guimaraes. Middle Passage. 60 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Irish University Press, vol. 35, Class B, 270.1847 (Baltimore, MD). Middle Passage. Revolt successful. African recaptured with the aid of another vessel after a long period adrift. Lacroix, 206.1847 Curioso (Brazil/Portugal?). 67 Africans killed or wounded. I crewman killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Forbes, 97-98.1850 Feb. 2. Aventuera/Ventura (Brazil). Capt. Joao Moreira da Camara. Middle Passage. 5 Africans killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: Irish University Press, vol. 38, Class A. 176, 245-46.1853 (Matanzas, Cuba). Capt Antonio Capo. Middle Passage. 200 Africans killed in two revolts. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO FO 84, 905:115; Irish University Press, vol. 40, Class B, 644, 658.1858 April. Regina Coeli (France). Capt. Simon. Cape Palmas (Windward Coast). 250 Africans and 11 crewmen killed. The Africans were apparently killed as they attempted to swim ashore. Revolt successful. Eltis suggest that the Africans escaped in the Monrovia area.London Times, June 18, 1858; New York Times, June 21, 1858; Class A Correspondence, 225, 245; Eltis, Rise of African Slavery, 232.1859 (Cardnas, Cuba). Middle Passage. Revolt unsuccessful. Source: Irish University Press, vol. 46, Class A, 14; Ibid., Class B, 166; Irish University Press, vol. 50, Class B, 137.1865 Aug. (Cuba?) Middle Passage. 6-7 Africans and 3 crewmen killed; revolt unsuccessful. Source: PRO, FO 84, 1241: 196; Irish University Press, vol. 50. Class B, 137.