October 10, 2014 Re: #14itb93431kmh Renovation And Expansion At The Auburn Avenue Re: Fill & Download for Free

A combination of infectiousness, transmission route and flight duration influences the risk for those cooped up on a plane with someone with a contagious disease.Low risk if it can be transmitted only through direct contact or through exchange of bodily fluids.Variable risk is if it's vector-borne and somehow (likely rare) the vector is also on the plane.Medium risk if the organism survives long enough on intermediate surfaces (fomites) to be successfully transmitted.High risk if transmission is air borne.While risk of catching a highly contagious airborne disease from someone on a plane does sound downright scary, modern airplanes have advanced air handling systems designed to minimize such risk (1, 2). Such systems exchange cabin air many times per hour, taking in fresh air from outside the plane as well as recirculating cabin air that has been passed through a HEPA filter (see figure and text below from 3, emphasis mine).'The aircraft cabin environmentDuring flight, the aircraft cabin is a ventilated, enclosed environment that exposes passengers to hypobaric hypoxia, dry humidity, and close proximity to fellow passengers. This space is regulated by an environmental system that controls pressurisation, temperature, ventilation, and air filtration on the aircraft. Although this system is wholly automated, the number of air-conditioning packs in operation, zone temperatures, and the mixture of fresh and re-circulated air delivered to the cabin can be manipulated by the flight deck.1 When parked at the terminal, fresh air is supplied to the aircraft by auxiliary power units. During flight, fresh air is supplied into the cabin from the engines where the air is heated, compressed, cooled, and passed into the cabin to be circulated by the ventilation system.3 The outside air is assumed to be sterile at typical cruising altitudes. Air circulation patterns aboard standard commercial aircraft are side-to-side (laminar) with air entering the cabin from overhead, circulating across the aircraft, and exiting the cabin near the floor (figure 1). Little front to back (longitudinal) airflow takes place.3–9 This air circulation pattern divides the air flow into sections within the cabin, thereby limiting the spread of airborne particles throughout the passenger cabin.Most commercial aircraft in service recirculate 50% of the air delivered to the passenger cabin for improved control of cabin circulation, humidity, and fuel efficiency.5–9 This recirculated air usually passes through high efficiency particulate air filters (HEPA) before delivery into the cabin. Normal airline cabin air exchange rates range from 15 to 20 air changes per hour compared with 12 air changes per hour for a typical office building.'Planes carry a reported >3 billion passengers annually. Though in-flight transmission of contagious diseases is an ever-present possibility, confirmed cases are confined to a handful for flu, measles, meningococcus, norovirus, SARS, shigella, cholera and TB (4).During the 2003 Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Wikipedia outbreak, investigations of 40 flights that carried SARS-infected passengers found evidence of on-board SARS transmission to only 37 passengers across just 5 flights. One 3 hour flight carrying 120 passengers from Hong Kong to Beijing on March 15, 2003 accounted for as many as 22 of these infections, suggesting a malfunctioning cabin filtration system may have played a role. The disease spread pattern also shows no rhyme of reason since the passengers sitting next to the index case remained uninfected (see below from 3).In 2014, a health care worker who took care of a confirmed Ebola case and was later diagnosed with it traveled across the US on two flights while believed to have been infectious from Dallas, Texas, to Cleveland, Ohio, on October 10, 2014 and back to Texas on October 13, 2014. No one on those two flights got infected with Ebola (see figure below from 5).In the US, the CDC uses Do Not Board lists and Public Health Border Lookout records to prevent travel within, to or from the US by someone with a contagious disease (6, 7).Bottom-line, contagion risk on a flight is not non-existent but it isn't panic-inducing either.Bibliography1. Edelson, Paul J. "Patterns of measles transmission among airplane travelers." Travel medicine and infectious disease 10.5-6 (2012): 230-235.2. Elmaghraby, Hossam A., Yi Wai Chiang, and Amir A. Aliabadi. "Ventilation strategies and air quality management in passenger aircraft cabins: A review of experimental approaches and numerical simulations." Science and Technology for the Built Environment 24.2 (2018): 160-175.3. Mangili, Alexandra, and Mark A. Gendreau. "Transmission of infectious diseases during commercial air travel." The Lancet 365.9463 (2005): 989-996. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9616/34635459e98def98f4109f54cdb3e4cf2380.pdf4. Weiss, Howard, et al. "The Airplane Cabin Microbiome." Microbial ecology (2018): 1-9. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00248-018-1191-3.pdf5. Regan, Joanna J., et al. "Public health response to commercial airline travel of a person with Ebola virus infection-United States, 2014." MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 64.3 (2015): 63-66. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/20ad/93f5bab85c17ba4b51fa2043fa664f92b567.pdf6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. "Control of Communicable Diseases. Final rule." Federal register 82.12 (2017): 6890. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2017-01-19/pdf/2017-00615.pdf7. Reiss, Dorit Rubinstein, and Y. Tony Yang. "CDC’s New Rule to Track and Quarantine Travellers." Journal of Travel Medicine 24 (2017): 70. https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2564&context=faculty_scholarshipThanks for the R2A, Jonathan Brill.

A tech company that is in the United States or does business with the United States does absolutely have a legal obligation - as well as a moral and reputational one - to report, block or deny the use of their product by certain terrorist and criminal groups, once they are identified as such.In certain cases, depending on the nature of the business, they may be under an affirmative obligation to perform due diligence on their customers and users of their product to determine and identify whether or not they could potentially be in violation of government regulations (and in some cases may be able to apply for special licenses to transact with those customers); in others, they have a duty to report promptly when aware of a potential violation, or block and refrain from transacting.All US persons, whether located in the US or abroad, are required to comply with OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control, part of the US Treasury), which administers economic and trade sanctions for the US government, in line with US foreign policy objectives and national security mandates. Office of Foreign Assets ControlOFAC targets primarily narcotics trafficking, terrorism, and proliferators of weapons of mass destruction, and administers various sanction programs in place with respect to certain countries (such as Cuba, Iran or Iraq.) Under some sanctions programs, US persons may apply for a OFAC license to authorize them to engage in certain kinds of transactions, in some cases even with embargoed countries depending on the particulars of the relevant law. OFAC FAQs: General QuestionsOFAC can impose penalties including freezing and blocking assets, and substantial fines against U.S. citizens, permanent residents of the U.S. and U.S.-based businesses, including U.S. branches of foreign companies, who engage in business or financial transactions with any party included on OFAC's SDN List (Specially Designated Nationals), a list of (currently) over 15,000 names. The SDN list includes individuals, banks, businesses, vessels and other organizations that have been targeted and blocked by the U.S. government.OFAC has particular authority with respect to the following industries (due to the US Patriot Act, among other statutes and regulations):finance and bankingcredit bureausinsurancetravel and tourismNGO's and non-profitsimport/exportbusiness registration companies (include domain name registration services)Those industries typically have extensive OFAC compliance programs in place.The SDN list is not the only relevant "list": go to the OFAC site for more information. OFAC FAQs: Sanctions Lists and FilesThe US Department of Commerce also maintains certain lists in conjunction with "the programs that it administers (including the Denied Persons List and the Entity List). The Denied Persons List consists of individuals and companies that have been denied export and re-export privileges by BIS. The Entity List consists of foreign end users who pose an unacceptable risk of diverting U.S. exports and the technology they contain to alternate destinations for the development of weapons of mass destruction. Accordingly, U.S. exports to those entities may require a license. Authority for the Denied Persons List and the Entity List can be found in Title 15, Part 764, Supplement No. 2 and Title 15, Part 744, Supplement No.4 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, respectively." OFAC FAQs: Sanctions Lists and Files*FYI - "On October 10, 2014, OFAC upgraded Sanctions List Search to incorporate additional sanctions lists. The improved search tool employs fuzzy logic on its name search field to look for potential matches on the Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) List and on its Consolidated Sanctions List. This consolidated list includes the Non-SDN, Palestinian Legislative Council List "NS-PLC List," the Part 561 List, the Non-SDN Iran Sanctions Act List "NS-ISA List," the Foreign Sanctions Evaders List "FSE List," and the Sectoral Sanctions Identifications List "SSI List"). [10-10-2014]...Does OFAC have a web-based search engine for its sanctions lists?Yes, OFAC does maintain its own web-based search service. It can be accessed at the following URL: https://sdnsearch.ofac.treas.gov/. [10-10-2014]"OFAC FAQs: Sanctions Lists and Files

From: Universal Classic Monsters - WikipediaDark Universe was the term given by Universal Pictures to their planned cinematic universe, which was to be based on the classic Universal Monsters film franchise. The studio's first attempt at this universe was with the film Dracula Untold. Released on October 10, 2014, with Luke Evans in the eponymous role, the film was developed prior to plans for a shared universe of horror films. However, it was retooled to be a part of the franchise.Universal retconned Dracula Untold (2014) into its Dark Universe IP only after they’d started work on The Mummy (2017). I’ve glossed over some of the damning reviews over at Rotten Tomatoes and most of the reviewers have missed the point and the movie’s strengths.Rather than parrot the Underworld movies, Dracula Untold is the first big studio effort to internalize the lessons of GRRM, David Benioff and D.B. Weiss. It’s Dracula gone Game of Thrones with epic battles, palace intrigue and copious bloodshed.In their 1994 adaptation Bram Stoker’s Dracula, Francis Ford Coppola and screenwriter James V. Hart spent only 3 minutes of the film’s 128 minutes exploring the Medieval origins of Vlad Dracul, Son of the Dragon, Ruler of Wallachia.Dracula Untold devotes all 93 minutes of its duration to the injustice of Medieval Romania and Turkey and the tributes that the Turks used to demand from the hapless Christians. Boys age 15 and older were impelled to serve the Ottoman Empire as infantrymen.Taking cues from Braveheart (1995) and The Ten Commandments (1956) screenwriters Matt Sazama, Burk Sharpless and director Gary Cole historicize the horror staple and turn Dracula into a folk-hero who defended his people from the Ottoman Empire.Rather than gamble the Dark Universe on the star-power of Tom Cruise and Russell Crowe, Universal ought to have spent money on thoughtful re-inventions like Dracula Untold.Universal’s Dark Universe is not yet dead, just mispromoted. They could decide to revive the shingle with that Angelina Jolie or Gal Gadot-driven Bride of Frankenstein and a Dracula Untold 2 (featuring Charles Dance) and there’d be an audience ready to buy tickets. After all, it made $217 million on a production budget of $70 million.So it’s been 5 years, where’s the sequel?