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In a world where leverage and risk dont exist, AOC’s statement makes perfect sense. But that’s not the world we live in. AOC’s statement is absolutely wrong to anyone who has even the simplest understanding of those concepts. Please see the following simplified story for a practical demonstration of these concepts:*Please keep in mind that in the story below the math is simplified, and I don’t really understand how to advance in the profession of law as I am not a lawyer. I am only citing law because it is a known skill with an expensive per hour rate. It is a simplified, but the concepts of business are sound*Let’s say I am a lawyer and you are a lawyer. We are both very skilled and capable. We consider starting a practice together, Me&YouLaw but we decide against it. Why don’t we partner up? Because we have a very different lifestyle. I’m single, No kids, and live in a studio apartment. You have 3 kids and a nice house. I can take a ton of risk because it is very easy for me to cover my monthly expenses. You don’t want to take risk because you have a family to feed and you want something stable.HOWEVER, we still want to work together. I like you and I know you are great at what you do. Heck, I’m pretty sure you are a better lawyer then I am!!! So, I start a practice called MeLaw (lots of risk). I hire you (leverage) and I agree to pay you 200,000 a year with benefits (great job with low risk). You are thrilled! You get to work with me and you get something stable. I’m thrilled too! I get to work with you and I am getting a smart capable employee. We shake hands and we open up shot and start taking on clients and cases.I make money on some clients, I lose money on others because they don’t generate much revenue (Lots of risk for me) and your yearly salary is expensive (low risk for you). I’m paying you 200k No matter how much time you spend working and No matter how much I am making.For the first year while I am getting clients, my practice makes 100k after material expenses. You are barely working because we don’t have a client network, so we have little work coming in. I’m hustling, making calls, doing advertising/marketing. I pay you 200k for the year. So you make 200k because that’s what I agreed to pay you, and I am out on my ass 100k! That’s right, I have to get a business loan from the bank to keep the business afloat, get installment loans and run up my credit card to pay my personal bills, borrow money from my family and friends, or do whatever else I can to keep myself and my tiny practice a float. Did you take 200k from me? Nope! I agreed to pay you that 200k, and if I pay you a dime less than that then shame on me!!!! At the end of year 1, You have made 200k, and I am 100k in debt.Now year 2, rolls around and I’m still gathering clients and trying to figure out how to make this thing work. You are working a lot more now! Last year you maybe worked 10 diligent hours a week, now it’s more like 30! We do a whole lot better this year and we make 250k after the other material expenses. I again pay you 200k, and this time I make the remaining 50k. We are 2 years in and you have made 400k total, and I am at -50k (Still in debt). Once again, you have not taken anything from me. We agreed upon a wage based on the skill set you offer.Now in the 3rd year, after working my ass off to establish the business (risk) and get my name out there publicly (more risk), business starts to roll in! Gone are the days where you work less than 40 hours, and now like most attorneys there are many weeks where you put in 6 days a week for 10 hours a day when you have big projects. We now establish good client relationships, and at the end of the year we make 1MM after material expenses! How much do you get (assuming No bonus was negotiated into your employment contact)? Well you make 200k! WHY? Because it is what you agreed to work for. You got the safe cushy job and the guaranteed salary, while I took on the risk. Now, my risk has paid off so that means I get paid off! I make the extra 800k. So at the end of the year 3, I have made a total of 750k, and you have made 600k. You are happy for me because you know how hard I have worked the past 3 years going after business a especially how grim things looked when I was in debt after year 2.Heading into year 4, I have a plan! I know we will maintain all of our clients from the year before (making 1mm) but I want to grow. I know I have a capable smart person in you, And I know you know how to get things done! So I go to you and I say, “Hey You, I want to pay you more! How does 300k this year sound?”, you say, “Well, I don’t know what to say! You’ve treated me so fairly to this point. You’ve paid me every cent you said you would and now you are offering me even more. I am thrilled!”. “Well, You, it does come with a catch. I want to hire 2 new attorneys out of law school and a receptionist/ assistant for the office. You will need to guide them when I am out marketing the business and doing my other duties that take me away from the office. How does that sound? If you do not want the extra money, I can keep you at you current pay in your current job function.” You respond, “No , I certainly will take the 50% increase to my pay and the extra responsibilities”. So I go off and hire 2 new attorneys at 100k a year , and a paralegal who will double as are assistant at 50k a year (lots of leverage & tons of risk). I sure hope the people that I Decided to Hire work out for us!This year business really goes great! I made great new hires!!! New attorneys can sometimes be hit and miss, but I nailed it! They are awesome! And the paralegal takes a ton of the old work You and I used to do off are are plates. You are freed up to concentrate on more important things, and I am freed up to concentrate more time not only on our cases, but further growing the business as a whole. I go after clients like crazy!!! You are in the office more then ever because more clients, and you can’t forget the mentorship / management responsibilities you need to fulfill to help the newbies. You ar When it’s all said and done in year 4, we make 1.5MM after other material expenses!!! So I pay you the 300k we agreed upon, I pay the newbies 250k total, and I myself make the remaining 950k. So at the end of year 4, in total you have made 900k and I have made 950k in this past year alone. But guess what, you are happy for me! I’ve paid you every cent that we have agreed upon, and you were eating gourmet dinners with your family while I was eaten ramen on my parents couch during years 1 and 2. You see how hard I have worked and the risk I have taken on over the past 4 years and you know I deserve what I made this year!Sadly, all good things must come to an end, and like so year 5 is when our once awesome relationship starts to erode. This year, I focus on growing the business more then ever. Why wouldn’t I! I have super capable you, and team of young hungry killers in the office ready to tackle any client I send their way. I am running commercials, I am Plasters on billboard with my face that say MeLaw and the office number underneath. I spend a lot of time a net working events, local conventions, and the country club. The country club is An awesome place to meet wealthy people who made need superior legal counsel. Heck, I even go on a few vacations with a few clients. I offer for You to come with me, but you can’t. You would love to, but I’m sending so many clients your way that you are trapped in the office!!! This year is our year! At the end of the year, we make 2.5MM even after all my commercials, ads, conventions, etc. To celebrate, I give everyone a 50% bonus! So, You make 450k (up from 300k), both 2nd year attorneys make 150k (up from 100k), and our awesome paralegal makes 75k (up from 50K). I pocket the remaining 1.675MM. NOW, this doesn’t sit well with you. You have made 1.375MM in all 5 years of hard work. This past year you didn’t take a vacation, you had nights at the office where you couldn’t tuck in your kids, you had more on your plate because of your mentoring responsibilities, meanwhile I just made more this past year then you did in the last 5 years and you notice that I was barely in the office! You think to yourself, “He barely practices law anymore, he spends more time at the country club, and shooting commercials being a damn salesman!!!” The more you think about it, the more furious you get!Wow, I can’t believe it! I am thrilled, I start making plans to hire 2 more attorneys right out of law school, another paralegal, and a full time receptionist / assistant, so the current paralegal doesn’t have to double as assistant and receptionist anymore. At this point, I feel like I can do No wrong, and even if I could, I’m freaking rich so I have money to play with!!! And my prime concern in all my strategic thinking is You! I want less work on your plate so you can take a damn vacation or two with me this year! What’s the point of me paying you the 500k plus I am planning on paying you this year (keep in mind you kindly agreed to 300k 2 years ago) if you don’t have the time to live a little! And that’s when it happens! You walk in and you tell me that you Quit. ‘What!? why?!’ I ask myself. And then I repeat those questions aloud to you. “You, buddy, you are the center peice to everything we are doing here. I’m planning everything we do around you. And your my friend. Don’t go!”You respond, “I’ve been very unhappy this past year, and it is hard for me to believe that you consider me a friend considering I’ve created millions of dollars of value for this firm, and you just TAKE (!!!!!) advantage of me”Now I must respond, “You, I am so sorry you feel this way. I had No idea you are so unhappy. I must say that you have happily agreed to every term I have given you. I have paid you everything, and many times more then what you have asked for. Please stay and let’s work something out”.You comeback, “I will stay if you make me an equal partner. We split whatever we make after expenses and paying our team 50/50. That will make me stay”.I reply, “You, please don’t take this the wrong way because I love you as both a Friend and an employee, but I asked you to partner with me long ago and you did not want to.””Times were different then and you know it” You say.I Shoot back, “You, you are right, they certainly were not the same as they are now. Back then we had No office, no idea what to do next, No clients, and we had No guaranteed next check… Oh wait, or should I say I had no next check. You had a next check coming No matter What. And it was coming from me. I would of lied, cheated, stolen, done whatever I needed to do so that I could pay you the wage we agreed upon. I didn’t know where my next Cent was going to come from, but you knew for sure your next cent would be coming from me! Not to mention the fact that While you were focusing on the law, I was becoming equal parts Lawyer and Entrepreneur. I need to learn how to find good office space, balance the books, pay the monthly bills, network, sell our services to potential customers, hire employees, and more. So I apologize if I haven’t been in the office this year but my skill set has evolved to the point that I am better at more strategic initiatives then I am at practicing law, but please remember that this fact has never kept me from making payroll each month. So I am sorry, but the partnership-SHIP sailed 5 years ago when I hired you and that ship isn’t pulling back into harbor anytime soon. Now, we can negotiate Possibly increasing your compensation or pulling back on your hours worked to keep you here, but It will not be as a Partner, but it will be as an employee.”You reply, “Then I have No future here. Goodbye”. You slam the the door as you storm out of my office and begin packing your things. I am sad. I have lost an employee I have invested much in forsure and possibly a friend.I could stop there but let’s keep going. Now we roll into year 6. Now our story splits into two to follow both Me and You.ME: I have a huge hole to fill and I must do it fast! These young attorneys are semi-capable but they need a master to look to for guidance. I pull back significantly on my golf at the country club and networking to lead the existing troops and hire and train the new troops that I mentioned at the end of year 5. Meanwhile, I am looking for a replacement for You. And I know that your replacement won’t come cheap! I find the best most capable attorneys in the county who haven’t already went into business for themselves. I interview many applicants. I can’t find the right one! This is a big hire for me. Not big, HUGE actually! And then I find the attorney I’m looking for. She is actually more experienced then you are with 15 plus years, interviews great, she’s got great leadership skills too so she can lead the newbies. I want her to join our firm bad. Then the price negotiations begin. “The position you are filling had a base salary of 300k last year, and because we did excellent there was an additional bonus involved”, I say. “Well, she says. I understand what the position was paid last year, but I think you are a growing law firm that perfectly matches what I bring to the table (DAMN, SHES GOOD I THINK TO MYSELF!!!). So, I believe my value to your firm would be more like 450k, plus a compensation bonus based on us meeting certain revenue objectives plus a further bonus. Also, I want to make it clear that I will be out of the office early 2 days a week to pick up my kids from school (DAMN, SHES REALLY REALLY GOOD!!! I think again).” We haggle over her bonus for a bit, but eventually we settle. 400k to her plus a bonus structure she could be very happy about. Awesome! I’m glad to have her on board and she gets to work right away. After all the time it took to hire her, and the other employees, we make 2.5MM, the same a last year. After I pay out her Bonus, your replacement makes 700k total, which is what I would of happily paid you to stay and had you decided to stay and negotiate. She is thrilled about it!!! After I pay the rest of the team (7 people in total, 4 employees, 2 paralegals, and a receptionist), I make less than 1 MM. That’s less then I made the last 2 years, despite the fact that I spent way less time on the golf course this year. Oh well I think! After losing a huge peice of the puzzle and cutting back on marketing, this was not as bad a year as the numbers would reflect. We hired new associates, replaced our biggest puzzle piece that went missing, and we will be ready to revamp the marketing campaign next year after this past year was spend on investment. So is business! Not to mention a million bucks isn’t too bad!Now to You: After you pack up your desk and leave, you take a much needed vacation. After the 2 week vacation, you come back and take some much needed time off. Heck, you deserve it, it feels like you haven’t had an off day in the last 2 years! Finally, after you get your much needed rest, you start looking for a job. However, many of the local firms aren’t hiring. “Oh well” you think, the lucky firm that gets you will be incredibly lucky! Finally, you get an interview with a local prestigious firm. You sit down with one of the partners at the firm and the first question he Excitedly asks you is, “So, I see on your resume that you were the head counsel at MeLaw. That firm is growing like a weed! Why would you ever leave!?” You mutter something about needing a change of scenery and your body language begs that the interviewer drop it and move on. However, you handle the rest of the interview amazingly! You have an answer for every question and you actually hit it off with the interviewer. The next day you get brought in for a follow up meeting and they give you a job offer! AWESOME! But when they say the figure your heart sinks, 250k, plus benefits that aren’t as good as MeLaw and a bonus structure that doesn’t look very promising either. “I’m sorry, but I made 450k last year and I truthfully think I was tremendously underpaid for the value I delivered in that position, what can you really do for me!” They increase their offer, but tell you that 450k just isn’t something they can do for you until you demonstrate your value to the firm over the next couple of years. You politely decline the offer, move on to the next interview until you hear more of the same. Finally, after hearing too many offers in the $200–325k range to count, you have had enough! You decide to go into business for yourself. Heck, you have made 1.35MM the last three years. But that was before taxes. You really only made half that. And you spent plenty on your kids going to Private schools and your awesome house to show off what a high powered attorney you are. Don’t forget the BMW Sedan for you and Lexus SUV for your spouse. Oh, can’t forget the membership at the country club you’ve had for the last 5 years even though you didn’t get to use it the last 2 years because you were so busy at work! Wait a second, you don’t have very much money to start a business! And your 3 kids are older now and have college coming up… SHOOT! You can’t start a business now! Too much risk!Now, you have a decision to make. Start your own business in the face of adversity, go work for less than your worth, or crawl back to MeLaw and beg. You couldn’t live with begging to Me. You just couldn’t. So you take a position you have been offered at about 300k inclusive of bonus. But you aren’t a top level employee anymore, like you were before. And with that being said your bonus isn’t any wear near as generous. We know you are a great attorney and you still bring a ton of benefit to your firm but because the facts above, you feel that you have definitely taken a step backwards. At the end of the year, you’ve made 300k, 150k less than last year and at least 200k less then what you would of made at MeLaw. You’re frustrated as you reflect on the events of the last year. You think to yourself, “If only YOU hadn’t taken advantage of me, I would be far better off right now”MORAL OF THE STORY: It’s so easy to not take any of the risk when things are bad and/or uncertain, and it’s also easy to be mad about being leveraged when things are good or easy. People who utilize leverage and therefore take on risk are not ‘taking money’ from those that they leverage to work toward their strategic initiatives. They are taking on risk, and when they succeed in managing that risk and leveraging people correctly to get more out of them than they otherwise could, their income potential is multiplied beyond what it could possibly be if they operated purely as an individual.EDIT #1: Thanks for the 100 upvotes and many of the kind comments. They are appreciated! I really enjoy writing about economics and business concepts!I strongly recommend you check out the comments where I have some spirited debate going on. In these comments, I get to go further in depth when some of the “plot holes” in my story were pointed out.PLEASE NOTE: Many of people have taken my answer to mean that I think the rich should not be taxed. People read into it that, “AOC wants high taxes on the rich, Chance says AOC was in crazy town when she made this statement, therefore Chance must think that the rich shouldn’t be taxed” This answer had nothing to do with tax policies. AOC made a comment about the rich ‘taking’. I made an answer demonstrating that someone could become rich without ‘taking’ through risk and leverage. Furthermore, I contend that people who become rich often do it by giving. Giving a great product to their customers, and giving their employees a stable pay check at an agreed upon wage (Obviously this is not always true, there are Martin Shkrelli’s out there). That’s really all there is to it. My idea on tax policies on the rich is an answer for another day.

Q. It is a good idea to say I want to go to medical school on my application to an engineering school (I want to be a chemical engineer)?Will the fact that I won’t want to say in the chemical engineering field be a “con” on my application? I plan to apply to some big name schools, including Harvard, Stanford, and Columbia.A. Some schools offer Engineering Pre-med curriculum and keep students on track of the needed prerequisites, MCAT, EC’s etc for successful application (for example the University of Arizona.)Columbia University also has a robust engineering pre-med program. Harvard has strong premed advising office. So does Stanford. Although neither geared towards engineering/premed aspirants.The question is: Why do you want a Chemical Engineering Degree and how useful will it be to you in the long run? Second, knowing engineering grade deflation, are you willing to have your GPA suffer and possibly self deselect from pursuing a medical career?For most people, getting accepted to medical school is the ultimate goal. This often requires stellar GPA and decent MCAT scores.A high engineering GPA is difficult to achieve. Although medical school admission committees make an allowance for the difficulty of the major, a low GPA despite best effort will jeopardize any hope of acceptance to medical school.Most people cannot do both. It’s either engineering/no med school or medical school and a more lenient major (perhaps humanities).Engineering to Medicine: The Road Less TraveledPosted by Jonathan Haughton onJanuary 12th, 2014Making the CommitmentGetting an MD isn’t like obtaining other advanced degrees such as a PhD, MS or MBA. You cannot study part time or get it paid for by a company. It is a full-time affair for which you must be completely committed for at least four more years after your undergrad (and probably more for residency/fellowship training). Medical school isn’t cheap either, so you must be prepared to take on (or add to your undergrad) debt.How to Do itYour undergraduate engineering classes (usually) will not cover all of the general course requirements for medical school. This means you’ll have to carefully plan your coursework in order to satisfy the engineering and pre-med curricula as well as any general education classes your school requires. It is not easy but definitely do-able and working with an advisor to develop a multi-year plan will help. Pre-med requirements can vary between schools but will at least include physics I/II, chemistry I/II, organic chemistry I/II, biology I/II and an English or literature class. For those beginning to think about medicine after already completing two or more years of their undergraduate degree, taking an extra year to finish all the coursework and prep is not uncommon. This extra time can also be used to study for the dreaded MCAT.The MCAT is the medical school equivalent of the SAT or ACT you took in high school. It must be taken before you can apply, so this usually means the summer before your senior year. There’s a myriad of references, guides and avenues of support for this ranging from free practice tests to intensive classroom courses. Contrary to popular belief, this test is not about rote memorization. Almost all groups of questions are accompanied by a passage. So if you have a very basic understanding of the scientific principles and equations but excellent problem solving, you will do great. The key words here are understanding and problem solving. Memorizing the equations is pointless, they will give them to you on the test, spend your time understanding each equation’s components. This is a great opportunity for engineering students to show off their problem solving skills!So you’ve finished the courses and taken the test, what now? The application process is started about a year before your planned enrollment date. So, if your graduating in 2014, you would apply in the summer or early fall of 2013. Thankfully, there is a standard application for all schools called the AMCAS, but plan on getting secondary applications specific to each school and working on them into the fall. Then save up some money and pray for interviews.Where Engineering Falls ShortThese days medical schools are looking more and more at extracurricular activities in addition to metrics like MCAT score and GPA. This included things like research, volunteering, shadowing and other jobs. Engineering coursework doesn’t always provide enough time for all of this stuff, but if you pick carefully, the right extracurricular can give you an excellent experience with a smaller time commitment. Academic research can be a volunteer or paid experience, and when done during the academic year, can mesh well with your class schedule since research labs are typically close to classroom buildings so you can go there before, after or in-between classes.The extra pre-med courses have also been known to give engineers some trouble. For many, it is tough adjusting to biology type classes, as they are much more memorization based and less analytical in nature. There is no easy solution for this. Figure out what works for you (flashcards, re-writing notes, etc.). This is also the stuff more likely to be seen on the MCAT, so pay extra special attention to the material.When it comes to the interview, some claim engineers don’t fare as well. Anyone in engineering has heard the stereotype that engineers aren’t the most social of people. While that’s an outdated view of the field, it can be used to your advantage during an interview or application essay. By having an outgoing personality and being animated, lively, witty and generally sociable, you defy the stereotype and make yourself look that much better the to the admissions board or interviewer.All that being said, medical schools look very highly upon engineering applicants. They understand that to be a legitimate applicant, the engineering student has given it their 110%, as evidenced by their ability to succeed in such a demanding major in addition to coursework and extracurricular activities. A career in medicine will be time consuming, stressful and at times you will doubt your ability, but in the end extremely rewarding and well worth it. So, it’s just like a degree in engineering!SummaryThe problem solving skills and engineering mindset so thoroughly developed during your undergraduate degree can prove to be an incredibly useful tool for solving medical cases. The human being is an isolated system, and once that system is defined, you can apply your knowledge of that system to create a solution, just like any engineering question. The rational and systematic route of thinking honed during any study of engineering is ideal for a career in medicine.About the authorChris Bobba received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering for the University of Rhode Island in 2013. He is currently an MD/PhD student at the Ohio State University pursuing his PhD in Biomedical Engineering. Current research interests include the intersection of organ conditioning/regeneration techniques and surgical/transplant medicine.University of Arizona College of EngineeringAcademic Focus AreasUA chemical engineering is one of only a few approved College of Engineering pre-med programs. The three academic focus areas prepare students for careers in a broad range of industries.Environmental is focused on increasing environmental safety in industry and reducing emissions and contaminants in the environment.Biomedical centers around modernizing disease diagnostics and treatment.Pre-medical prepares students to succeed in medical schoolResearch OpportunitiesUA chemical engineers are finding better ways to protect and repair the environment, improve the human condition, and ensure sustainability. And chemical engineering students tend to make the most of studying at a Tier-1 research institution. In fact, more than 90 percent of chemical engineering undergraduates are estimated to be involved in research at some point during their time at the University.Researchers are advancing processes, technologies and understanding in the following areas, for example:Algae-based biofuelsWater treatment and reuseClean semiconductor manufacturingDesalinationSolar energyDrug deliveryCancer detection and treatmentClimate changeOutside the ClassroomNot only is undergraduate research a mainstay of UA chemical engineering, but also many students do internships. Additionally, clubs and organizations play an important role in students’ personal and professional development, strengthening leadership, teamwork and communication skills.The honor society Omega Chi Epsilon promotes creativity, entrepreneurship, professionalism and camaraderie among chemical engineering students. The American Institute of Chemical Engineers hosts social events and provides opportunities for mentoring, tutoring and professional networking. And, in the UA Home Brew club, students put chemical engineering skills to the task with craft brewing techniques.Career PathsUA chemical engineering is known for getting students where they want to go, whether it is a prestigious medical or graduate school somewhere in the world or a career in any number of industries – manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, design and construction, pulp and paper, petrochemicals, food processing, specialty chemicals, polymers, biotechnology, or environmental health and safety.Columbia University Premedical CurriculumPREMEDMedical, dental, and other health professional schools prefer that undergraduates complete a four-year program of study toward the bachelor's degree. All health professional schools require prerequisite course work, but they do not prefer one type of major or scholarly concentration. Students with all types of engineering backgrounds are highly valued.It is important to note, however, that each medical school in the United States and Canada individually determines its own entrance requirements, including prerequisite coursework and/or competencies. Each medical school also sets its own rules regarding acceptable courses or course equivalents. It is therefore essential that students plan early and confirm the premedical requirements for those schools to which they intend to apply. The Engineering curriculum covers many of the prerequisite courses required by medical schools, however, in addition to completing the mathematics, chemistry, and physics courses required by the First Year– Sophomore Program, most schools ask for a full year of organic chemistry, a full year of biology, a full year of English, a semester of statistics, and a semester of biochemistry. Advanced Placement credit is accepted in fulfillment of these requirements by some schools but not all. Students are responsible for monitoring the requirements of each school to which they intend to apply. Generally, students with Advanced Placement credit are strongly advised to take further courses in the field in which they have received such credit.In addition to medical school requirements, all medical schools currently require applicants to sit for the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT). A new format of this exam was introduced in the spring of 2015, for which recommended minimum preparation is:One year of general chemistry and general chemistry labOne year of organic chemistry and organic chemistry labOne year of introductory biology and biology labOne year of general physics and physics labOne semester of introductory psychologyAs you prepare for this path, you should consult regularly with both your assigned adviser and one of the premedical advisers in the James H. Christine Turk Berick Center for Student Advising. These individuals will help to guide you in your course selection and planning, and introduce you to extracurricular and research opportunities related to your interests in health and medicine. Preprofessional Advising maintains an online list of many different clinical volunteer and research opportunities across New York City and beyond. Exploration of the career and sustained interactions with patients is viewed by many medical schools as essential preparation and therefore students are strongly encouraged to spend time volunteering/working in clinical and research environments before applying to medical school.Students must apply for admission to health professional schools more than one year in advance of the entry date. Students who are interested in going directly on to health professional schools following graduation should complete all prerequisite courses required for the MCAT by the end of the junior year. It is entirely acceptable (and most common) for students to take time between undergraduate and health professional school and thus delay application to these schools for one or more years. Students planning to apply to medical or dental school should be evaluated by the Premedical Advisory Committee prior to application. A Premedical Advisory Committee application is made available each year in December. For more information regarding this process and other premedical-related questions, please consult with a premedical adviser in the Berick Center for Student Advising or peruse their websiteFAQ for Preprofessional AdvisingMaking the Cut: The Real Pre-med Requirements (Harvard University Crimson)The story of droves of students entering college expecting to be pre-med, but later switching tracks—whether because of the rigor or the draw of other disciplines—is a familiar one. However, at Harvard unique factors play into this whittling down of aspiring doctors.by LIBBY R. COLEMAN Sep 26, 2013Students file one-by-one into the green seats of Science Center B’s lecture hall. They sit down, pulling out laptops or legal pads, sometimes problem sets to complete in class. A constant hum of gum chewing, chair-shifting, and text notifications is amplified against the walls.The room has yet to quiet down when Life Sciences 1a, Harvard’s 448-person introduction to chemistry, molecular biology and cell biology, begins with an unwelcome announcement.There will be a “little quiz” in section. Students in the packed lecture hall respond to the news with a loud groan.“Don’t you want to know how things are going?” molecular and cellular biology professor Robert A. Lue calls back. The class responds with a resounding “No!”Lue reasons, “It’s important to diagnose how everyone’s doing.” He tailors his word choice to the make-up of the class. Diagnosis is a familiar concept to these students, many of whom are interested in attending medical school.Often taken as the first of many pre-med required classes, LS1a introduces Harvard freshmen to the academic life of a pre-med. While many of the students in the lecture hall believe that they will go to medical school, between one and two thirds of them will end up dropping the program.The story of droves of students entering college expecting to be pre-med, but later switching tracks—whether because of the rigor or the draw of other disciplines—is a familiar one. However, at Harvard unique factors play into this whittling down of aspiring doctors.Although Harvard offers a robust pre-med advising program in the Houses, many pre-meds struggle freshman year, when they say that advising is less structured. Later on, a variety of factors—from alternate disciplines and academic communities that are perhaps less grade-obsessed or more diverse, to more lucrative careers that require less up-front time investment—draw students away from the path towards medical school.Learning The RopesThe Office of Career Services estimates that a quarter of the incoming class each year is “exploring medicine.” This data is based on annual attendance at Opening Days events aimed at students considering pre-med and pre-health careers.However, popular wisdom among Peer Advising Fellows says that the proportion is closer to 50 percent. “Half of them are pre-med, or more,” says Khin-Kyemon Aung ’14, who is a PAF and president emeritus of the Harvard Pre-medical Society.OCS estimates that, ultimately, 17 percent of a given class will apply to medical school.As is the case at most of its peer institutions, Harvard does not offer a pre-med concentration, secondary, or citation. Rather, the school suggests that students take a particular set of classes before taking the MCAT or applying to medical school.Currently, most medical schools require students to take one year of biology, one year of general chemistry, one year of organic chemistry, one year of general physics, and one year of English. On top of these requirements, medical schools expect applicants to have leadership experience and strong extracurriculars.These requirements offer some framework, but the open-endedness can leave students unsure of how to navigate their courses or envision what it means to be a strong candidate for medical school.“They would like to come in here and have us just hand them a checklist,” says Robin Mount, Director of Career, Research, and International Opportunities at OCS. “But there isn’t the checklist for life.”While all undergraduates benefit from advising, freshman pre-meds seem to be particularly in need of guidance. Myths abound regarding both Harvard’s pre-med track and the medical school application process.Though OCS advises that there is no correct pre-med mold, Aung has noticed that many pre-meds spend freshman year trying to live up to what they believe pre-meds should do.“You’re asking: ‘What should I be doing?’” Aung says. “Everyone’s very eager and enthusiastic and it’s great, but it also leads to individuals really wanting to follow the set path.”Christian Ramirez ’15 entered Harvard expecting to be pre-med after spending time on his parents’ farm in rural Ecuador. He came face-to-face with the lack of health care in the region, which sparked the idea that he might want to later work for Doctors Without Borders.So, falling in step with his fellow pre-meds, Ramirez enrolled in LS1a his freshman fall. Ramirez’s freshman advisor, with whom he had little contact, quickly approved his course selection.“My freshman advisor really didn’t do much, to be completely honest. I don’t even remember his name,” Ramirez says. “He told me to take things that I already knew I had to take as a pre-med.”In hindsight, Ramirez realizes that he should have instead taken the alternative course, Life and Physical Sciences A, a more foundational class that also fulfills pre-med requirements.However, Ramirez explains that “people are coming into this with the idea that they’re too good for LPS A.”After his freshman fall, Ramirez decided to quit the pre-med track when he realized he no longer wanted to be a doctor. On top of disliking LS1a, Ramirez also discovered a passion for studying classics. In making his decision, he did not reach out to Harvard’s pre-med advising network.Although pre-med advising for freshmen exists in the form of OCS drop-in hours, pre-med events, and freshman advising (albeit without mandatory scheduled check-ins), the system requires students to be proactive about seeking advice.“As a freshman, I had no idea what to do,” says Katie C. Gamble ’15, a social studies concentrator, Peer Advising Fellow, and former pre-med. She wears a sweatshirt after staying up late to finish a paper for a social studies course. “You definitely have to do some work to get access to the advising,” she says. “It’s great and it’s there but you have to know what you’re doing to get to it.”Without a highly structured advising system, freshmen are more likely to worry that, for example, a bad grade in one class spells disaster for their medical school application. Their preconceptions about the model pre-med student are more likely to inform their decisions about classes, extracurriculars, and whether to be pre-med at all.Kruti B. Vora ’17 volunteered at Newton-Wellesley Hospital the summer after ninth grade. She loved it and the experience inspired her to pursue a career in medicine.However, two weeks into the school year, Vora says that she is still unsure how pre-med advising works.“I don’t know too much yet about pre-med advisors and who I’m supposed to talk to specifically about pre-med advising,” Vora says. “I saw some things at the Activities Fair that would pair me with hospitals and volunteer activities.”One such group is the Harvard Pre-medical Society, whose purpose is to be “a student-run organization at Harvard College committed to providing educational support and volunteer opportunities for the campus pre-medical community.”Grace ’15, who was granted anonymity by The Crimson because she did not want her comments to affect medical school applications, decided to be pre-med sophomore year. She has noticed that Harvard’s peer pre-med advising cannot fill in all of the gaps left by an incomplete freshman advising system. “The Pre-med Society has to use their own people and they have juniors and seniors who mentor freshmen, but seniors and juniors haven’t applied to medical school, so it’s really just a shot in the dark,” Grace says.Grace believes that if she had entered her freshman year as a pre-med, she would have dropped out. “I would have done all those things I think you’re supposed to do and wouldn’t have done the things I’m interested in like theater because I would have thought, ‘No, I have to do the pre-med stuff to get into medical school,’” Grace says.Harvard’s pre-med advising is led by the OCS’s two pre-medical advisors, Oona B. Ceder ’90 and Sirinya Matchacheep. Students say that meeting with Ceder and Matchacheep can be remarkably helpful. But the two of them are responsible for all pre-med students at the College, not just freshmen, which means that younger students sometimes take a backseat to those who are currently applying to medical school.“If you want an appointment with them, it’s often backed up for weeks,” Aung says.The choice to have less structured freshman pre-med advising stems from Harvard’s philosophy that students should keep their options open freshman year, as well as its commitment to providing a liberal arts education.“If we had pre-med advisors—this is the way everything is at Harvard—we’d have people saying where are the pre-law, where are the engineering advisors?” Mount says.Once in the House system, students are each assigned a pre-med tutor, which results in more individualized guidance and support than freshman year. “Harvard’s pre-med advising within the House system is incredibly strong compared to other schools,” says Joshua H. St. Louis ’09, who is now in his last year of Tufts’ MD/PhD program. The House advising system offers assistance including mock interviews, personal statements, and advice on application deadlines.However, many freshmen drop out of pre-med before they are even given access to the strong Harvard House advising network. At the cost of encouraging greater exploration, pre-meds are left largely on their own freshman year to grapple with the realities of being pre-med.A Lack of CommunityMany of those who have remained on the pre-med track find that there is a lack of community and pride among pre-meds. These students explain that strongly identifying as pre-med will lead peers to judge them as cut-throat, intense, and grade-obsessed. Therefore, they often socialize outside of the pre-med community, prioritizing their concentration or their extracurriculars.“You want to express your passion for medicine, but you don’t want to be a stereotypical pre-medder,” says Anna ’16, a pre-med who was granted anonymity by The Crimson because she did not want her comments to affect medical school applications. “It creates a very anti-intellectual community.”For Grace, being identified as pre-med takes on the form of an insult. “People are like, ‘Do you do social studies?’ And I’m like, ‘Oh my gosh I wish, thank you for thinking that. I wish I was that cool,’” Grace says. “It’s kind of a badge of shame to be called a pre-med.”Because of the negative connotations surrounding the pre-med personality, many students on the track to medical school actively seek out the company of non-pre-meds. St. Louis says that as an undergraduate, he “found [pre-meds] to be super stressed out and always wearied.” He remembers working with a friend in Cabot Science Library on Friday afternoons alongside a table of pre-meds, sobbing and breaking down as they worked frantically up until the 5 p.m. problem set deadline.St. Louis ultimately decided to distance himself from the pre-med community: Of his four roommates at Harvard, only one other was pre-med. Because his concentration—Organismic and Evolutionary Biology—and his roommate’s—Mind, Brain, and Behavior—were not the quintessential pre-med concentrations like Molecular and Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, they didn’t have much contact with pre-meds outside the required curriculum.St. Louis says that many of his friends who were devoted to helping people wound up falling off of the pre-med track, whereas those who stuck with it were largely driven by money or parental pressures. “I felt like most of them weren’t really going into medicine for the same reasons that I was,” St. Louis says, referring to his peers who continued on the pre-med track.Hillary ’13, who was granted anonymity because she did not want her comments to affect medical school applications, also expressed discomfort with the motivations of her fellow pre-meds. “You’ve got everyone trying to get A’s in a class where they give out like five to ten percent A’s and the rest B’s and a few Cs,” Hillary says. Although she stayed with the pre-med program, this mindset meant that she “didn’t want to be around pre-meds 24/7.”Although Hillary originally declared MCB as her concentration, she later switched to History and Science, which she says has fewer pre-med students. “I wanted to experience other people, and experience other concentrations,” Hillary explains.For some pre-meds, the fragmented nature of Harvard’s pre-med community causes them to rethink their intent to apply to medical school. “I think I’ve realized, if I really don’t like the pre-med culture, then med school is really just a bunch of pre-meds. That’s all there is...It makes me re-evaluate if that’s a culture I want to be in for the next however many years,” Grace says.For Grace, this lack of camaraderie might be endemic to a program in which few students are fully engaged in their coursework. “I think every concentration has one or two requirements people aren’t thrilled about but have to do. But pretty much every pre-med class, people aren’t excited about.”A For Application“One could argue pre-med students do obsess on the specificities of the grade,” Lue says, referring to his LS1a students. “Because pre-med students are worried about their ability to get into medical school, there may be a little bit more focus on that.”Harvard’s advising staff emphasize that one or two bad grades will not sink a medical school application. According to OCS’s medical school admissions data, Harvard pre-med applicants with a 3.50 GPA or higher had a 93 percent acceptance rate to medical schools in 2012.Ceder says that she sees “many students who come in with a couple of B minuses or a C+ or even a B or a B+ and they’re concerned that this is now going to keep them out of medical school.” Medical schools, she says, are more interested in “the passion vocation piece”—commitment to a sport, for example—than simply straight A’s.But pre-med students are not just concerned about getting into a medical school: They want to get into the best medical schools.As a result, students often choose concentrations and courses based on what will do the most to boost their GPA. “When you’re choosing Gen Ed, you’re choosing them to get A’s. Generally people will be like, ‘I just need the A for medical school,’” says Sasha ’14, who was granted anonymity by The Crimson because she did not want her comments to affect medical school applications.In the lab component for some of her pre-med courses, Hillary encountered lab partners who were driven almost entirely by their medical school aspirations. “If you didn’t do the one extra question on the lab report, you were a bad lab partner and would bring down the whole group and then the whole group wouldn’t get an A and then everybody would be upset,” Hillary says.One consequence of this obsession with good grades is a less intellectually diverse pre-med community. “I think they’re discouraging people who could potentially bring something new to the table in terms of scientific innovation,” Ramirez says.If Not Med School…Harvard students are also pulled away from the pre-med track by the appeal of more lucrative jobs, such as finance or consulting, which hire straight out of college. These career paths offer the dual incentive of high compensation and immediate reward. Students are looking at earning between $50,000 and $100,000 the year after graduation, rather than paying tuition for four years of medical school, followed by a residency of up to seven years.Gamble, who was pre-med until the end of her freshman year, says that the delayed benefits of medical careers played into her decision to pursue an alternate path. In high school, she worked with a reconstructive surgeon. While learning the ropes, Gamble encountered a 35-year-old resident with two children, which “really threw [her] off,” Gamble says. She had trouble imagining herself trying to raise a family while still training for her profession.She is now aiming to get a job in consulting after graduation. “It’s something I discovered that I really, really like a lot,” Gamble says. “I know I obviously want to do something I love, but I also want to make a fair wage.”“I realized that kind of career timeline didn’t align with what I want in a career,” Ramirez says, echoing Gamble. “Time for me is really important, and I don’t want to wait until I’m forty.”For those students who decide to delay applying to medical school—whether to take a break from academics, or to help finance their medical school tuition—the timeline to becoming a doctor is even longer. As a result, many Harvard students decide to get consulting or finance jobs because of the compensation, with the full intent of later applying to medical school.In addition, these companies often don’t have any structured requirements for their entry-level positions. “I know people with no business experience who started consulting after graduating,” says Jen Q. Y. Zhu ’14, who decided to stop being pre-med with one requirement left.Pre-med students have to weigh the cost—in both time and money—of pursuing a medical career against the attractiveness of other careers that can promise larger paychecks immediately.Is it Worth It?Clearly, not all pre-meds who enter Harvard expecting to be pre-med will graduate and go to medical school. According to Ceder, one of the OCS advisors, students must ask themselves, “Do I need the MD to do what I want to do?”For many, the answer is no. Some have become disillusioned, others discouraged, the path to medical school looking less attractive than they had first imagined.This shift away from the pre-med track is already apparent for some at 2:30 p.m., when Robert A. Lue’s LS1a lecture is about to go overtime. A few students quickly pack up their bags and climb over their peers to head elswehere. Most, however, stay to hear the professor’s final thoughts. After all, the concepts might appear on a future exam.After a few moments, Lue wraps up and Science Center B becomes fully alive again. Students huddle afterwards. Some talk about pre-labs. Others admit that they “weren’t paying attention the whole first half.”Most ReadRecord 39,494 Apply to Harvard College Class of 2021Univ. Subcomittee Considers Mimicking Housing at Yale

The upcoming features of Apple areDark ModeBeautiful new lookA new Dark Mode option gives iOS and apps a beautiful dark color scheme. Perfect for low-light environments, Dark Mode is easier on your eyes and won’t disturb people around you.Turn on manuallyTap the new button in Control Center to quickly turn Dark Mode on and off, such as when you enter a dark room or theater.ScheduledHave Dark Mode turn on and off at a certain time or based on sunrise and sunset, which is great when you’re outside at night or using your iPhone before you go to bed.WallpapersNew wallpapers optimized for Dark Mode automatically change as you switch between light and dark.System integrationDark Mode is beautifully integrated throughout iOS, from built-in apps and settings to system-level views.Works with your favorite appsAn API lets third‑party developers implement Dark Mode in their apps.PhotosAll-new Photos tabThe all-new Photos tab lets you browse your photo library with different levels of curation, so it’s easy to find, relive, and share your photos and videos. You can view everything in All Photos, focus on your unique photos in Days, relive your significant moments in Months, or rediscover your highlights in Years.Auto-playing Live Photos and videosThroughout the Photos tab, muted Live Photos and videos begin playing as you scroll, bringing your photo library to life.Smart photo previewsIn Days, Months, and Years, photo previews are larger to help you distinguish between shots. Photos uses intelligence to find the best part of your photo in photo previews, which means you get to see the uncropped version of your photo when you tap to view it.Contextual transitionsAnimations and transitions keep your place in the Photos tab, so you can switch between views — like Days and All Photos — without losing your place.Removes similar shots and clutterDuplicate photos, screenshots, whiteboard photos, documents, and receipts are identified and hidden, so you see only your best shots.Significant eventsMonths presents your photos by events, so you can rediscover the moments that matter most.Event titlesThe Photos tab displays the name of the location, holiday, or concert performer to provide helpful context for your significant events.On this DayYears is contextual, so it shows you photos taken on or around today’s date in past years.Birthday modeIf you have birthdays assigned to people in your People album, the Photos tab will highlight your photos of them on their birthday.Zoom in and zoom outView your library in All Photos however you’d like. Zoom in for a closer look, or zoom out to quickly scan through your library and see all your shots at once.Screen recordings smart albumAll your new screen recordings are now in one place.Search enhancementsYou can combine multiple search terms — like “beach” and “selfies” — without tapping each word in search.Music for MemoriesSoundtracks for Memory movies are selected based on what you listen to in the Apple Music app.Extended Live Photos playbackWhen you press and hold to play a Live Photo, Photos will automatically extend the video when you have Live Photos taken within 1.5 seconds of each other.Preview intensityAs you apply an edit, each adjustment displays its intensity, so you can see at a glance which effects have been increased or decreased.Individually review each effectTap each effect icon to see what your photo looked like before and after the effect was applied.Filter controlControl the intensity of any filter, like Vivid or Noir, to fine-tune your look.Enhance controlEnhance now lets you control the intensity of your automatic adjustments. As you increase or decrease Enhance, you’ll see other adjustments — including Exposure, Brilliance, Highlights, Shadows, Contrast, Brightness, Black Point, Saturation, and Vibrance — intelligently change with it.Video editing supportAdjustments, filters, and crop support video editing, so you can rotate, increase exposure, or even apply filters to your videos. Video editing supports all video formats captured on iPhone, including video in 4K at 60 fps and slo-mo in 1080p at 240 fps.Nondestructive video editsVideo edits are now nondestructive, so you can remove an effect like a filter or undo a trim to return to your original video.VibranceBoost muted colors to make your photo richer without affecting skin tones and saturated colors.White BalanceBalance the warmth of an image by adjusting temperature (blue to yellow) and tint (green to magenta).SharpenChange photos by making edges crisper and better defined.DefinitionIncrease image clarity by adjusting the definition slider.Noise reductionReduce or eliminate noise such as graininess or speckles in photos.VignetteAdd shading to the edges of your photo to highlight a powerful moment using Strength, Radius, and Falloff.Updates to auto adjustmentsStraighten, crop, and adjust the perspective of your photos automatically.Pinch-to-zoom supportYou can pinch to zoom while editing to review your changes on a specific area of your photo.Image Capture APIThe Image Capture API lets you import photos directly into an app when a camera is connected to your iOS device.*CameraAdjust Portrait Lighting intensityVirtually adjust the position and intensity of your studio lighting. Increase the intensity of each Portrait Lighting effect — moving the light closer to your subject — to smooth skin, sharpen eyes, and brighten facial features. Or decrease the intensity of the light — moving it away from your subject — for a subtle, refined look.High-Key MonoA new Portrait Lighting effect, High-Key Light Mono, creates a beautiful, classic look with a monochromatic subject on a white background.Updates to Portrait Segmentation APIThe Portrait Segmentation API now supports skin, hair, and teeth segmentation, so developers can create new effects for Portrait mode photos.Privacy and SecurityApp location permissionsControl the location data that you pass to apps with new, fine-grained controls. You can choose to grant an app access to your location once or anytime you use it.App location transparencyReceive notifications when an app is using your location in the background, so you can decide whether to update your permission.Wi-Fi and Bluetooth location privacy enhancementsAPI changes and new controls help prevent apps from accessing your location without your consent while you’re using Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.Location controls for shared photosNow you can control whether you share your location when you share a photo.Sign in with AppleSign in with Apple IDSign in to apps and websites quickly and easily using the Apple ID you already have. No filling out forms or creating new passwords. Just tap “Sign in with Apple,” use Face ID or Touch ID, and you’re all set.Respect for your privacyApple will never track or profile you when you sign in with Apple. The most information you’ll have to share with an app or website is your name and email address.Hide My EmailNot sure you want to share your email address with a particular app? You’re in control. You can choose to share or hide your email address. You can also choose to have Apple create a unique email address for you that forwards to your real address.Built-in securitySign in with Apple requires your Apple ID to be protected with two-factor authentication. That way access to the accounts in your favorite apps is protected as well — automatically.Works everywhereSign in with Apple works on all your Apple devices as well as the web and apps on Android or Windows. No matter where you need to sign in to your favorite app, you can use Sign in with Apple.HomeKitHomeKit Secure VideoHomeKit‑enabled cameras can now add support to detect and record specific activity like people, animals, or vehicles. These recordings are stored securely in iCloud. And new privacy settings allow you to control when your cameras stream and record.HomeKit-enabled routersEnabled routers bring an extra layer of security to your smart home. Use the Home app to control which services your HomeKit accessories can communicate with in your network and on the internet.*HomePod and AirPlay 2-enabled speakers in scenes and automationsAccess songs, playlists, and radio stations with Apple Music.*Refreshed Home app accessory controlsThere are more robust accessory controls in the Home app.Siri shortcutsSiri shortcuts can now be added to automations.MapsNew mapRebuilt from the ground up, the brand-new map features significantly improved and more realistic details for roads, beaches, parks, buildings, and more.Look AroundExplore where you’re going before you get there with an immersive 3D experience that gives you a 360-degree view of a place. And enjoy smooth and seamless transitions as you navigate your way around.CollectionsBuild collections of your favorite and soon-to-be-favorite locations and share them with friends and family.FavoritesWhether it’s home, work, the gym, or your kid’s school, create a list of places you visit often for quick, one-tap navigation.Junction ViewJunction View helps drivers in China eliminate wrong turns and directional misses by lining them up in the correct lane before they need to turn or enter an elevated road.Share ETAShare your estimated time of arrival with family, friends, and coworkers. Your ETA even updates should a significant delay occur.Customer feedbackA redesigned customer feedback experience makes submitting incorrect addresses, business locations, or operating hours that much easier.Improved Siri guidanceMore natural language enhances the navigation experience. So instead of saying “in 1,000 feet turn left,” Siri says “turn left at the next traffic light.” Improved navigation also guides you closer to your end-point destination, which is especially important for large venues.Real-time transitSee live departure times, the current location of the bus or train on your route, and a more detailed schedule when viewing transit stops.Flight statusUp-to-the-moment information about your flight terminals, gate locations, departure times, and more is now available.Place cardsPlace cards are more helpful and easier to use, with dynamically updated information for things like Today at Apple sessions at Apple Store locations.MapKitUpdates include vector overlays, point-of-interest filtering, camera zoom and pan limits, and support for Dark Mode.Improved CarPlay experienceCarPlay provides easier route planning, search, and navigation, as well as Junction View in China. Favorites and Collections features are also available in CarPlay.SiriImproved voice with neural TTSSiri sounds more natural than ever, particularly while speaking longer phrases, with a voice that is generated entirely by software.Siri intelligenceSiri offers personalized suggestions in Apple Podcasts, Safari, and Maps. Siri can even detect reminders in messages and events in third-party apps.SiriKit for AudioSiri can now play music, podcasts, audiobooks, and radio with third-party apps.RadioAsk Siri to tune in to your favorite radio station.Indian English voiceSiri has a new Indian English voice.ShortcutsConversational shortcutsShortcuts are even more powerful, enabling you to interact with your apps in a conversational way.Built-in Shortcuts appThe Shortcuts app is now built in and home for all your shortcuts.Suggested automationsGet started with the Shortcuts app by adding a personalized daily routine to help streamline your day.AutomationsSet up triggers to run any shortcut automatically.HomePodPersonalized experienceSiri can now learn and recognize the voices of family members using HomePod, so everyone has a personalized experience.HandoffHand off music, podcasts, and phone calls to HomePod so you can continue listening when you get home.AirPodsAnnounce Messages with SiriSiri can read incoming notifications from your messaging apps to your second‑generation AirPods when you can’t reach for your phone.Audio SharingPair two sets of AirPods to one iPhone and enjoy the same song or movie along with a friend.Memoji and MessagesShare name and photoAutomatically share your name and photo when you start a conversation or when the other person responds in a message. Decide whether you share with everyone, just your contacts, or not at all. You can even choose to use an Animoji, image, or monogram for your photo.Memoji stickersAutomatically generate sticker packs based on your Memoji and Animoji characters that allow you to express a range of emotions in Messages.Improved searchSearch in Messages makes it easier to find what you’re looking for. Even before you type a character, you can see recent messages, people, photos, links, and locations you might be looking for. When you type in a search, Messages categorizes the results and highlights matching terms.Improved details paneThe details pane organizes links, locations, and attachments that have been shared in the conversation so they’re easy to find at a glance.Improved Memoji customizationMakeup lets you customize blush and eyeshadow and includes editing tools that make it easy to get just the right look. Customize your teeth with braces and add piercings to your nose, eyebrows, eyelids, and around your mouth. There are also 30 new hairstyles, over 15 new pieces of headwear, and more earrings and glasses.New AnimojiThree new Animoji characters — mouse, octopus, and cow — give you more options to express yourself.Animoji hardware supportAll devices with an A9 chip or later support Memoji and Animoji sticker packs.KeyboardQuickPathThe QuickType keyboard now includes QuickPath, so you can swipe your finger from one letter to the next to enter a word without removing your finger from the keyboard.Swipe or tap to typeYou can swipe or tap to type interchangeably, so you can choose what’s most convenient even if you’re mid‑sentence.Alternate word optionsAlternate word options appear in the predictive bar, so you can quickly choose a different option.QuickPath language supportSupport for English, Simplified Chinese, Spanish, German, French, Italian, and Portuguese is now included.Automatic language selection in DictationDictation automatically detects which language a user is speaking. The language will be chosen from the keyboard languages enabled on the device, up to a maximum of four.RemindersAll‑new designThe redesigned Reminders app features more powerful and intelligent ways to create, organize, and keep track of your reminders.New quick toolbarWith the new quick toolbar just above the keyboard, it’s easier than ever to add dates, times, locations, flags, or even helpful attachments to reminders. All without having to go to another screen.Enhanced Siri intelligenceNow you can type longer, more descriptive sentences. Reminders will automatically understand and provide relevant suggestions.Siri suggested remindersWhen you’re chatting with someone in Messages, Siri recognizes possible reminders and makes suggestions for you to create them.AttachmentsAdd photos, document scans, and even web links to your reminders to make them more informative and useful.Subtasks and grouped listsNow there are even more useful ways to organize your reminders. Just drag and drop to add subtasks under a single reminder. You can also group multiple lists together.Smart listsKeep track of your upcoming reminders with smart lists that automatically organize and display them. See only your reminders scheduled for today, reminders flagged as important, or all your reminders across every list in one place.Messages integrationTag someone in a reminder and the next time you’re chatting with that person in Messages, a reminder will surface right then and there.Customize list appearanceCustomize the appearance of your personal or shared iCloud lists, choosing from 12 beautiful colors and 60 expressive symbols.CarPlayCarPlay DashboardAn all-new view gives you a single place to keep track of maps, audio controls, and smart Siri suggestions.Calendar appA redesigned Calendar app gives you a quick view of the day while you’re on the go. Just tap to get directions or dial in to a meeting.Home screen redesignThe CarPlay Home screen is refreshed with a modern look that features rounded corners, new table views, and a redesigned status bar.Apple Music redesignA redesigned Apple Music app makes it easier to discover new music and old favorites.Album art in Now PlayingAutomakers can choose to showcase album art so it’s easier to find the perfect song, album, or playlist for your drive.Bluetooth album artiOS supports the AVRCP 1.6 standard, which includes album art when connected to a supported car kit or speaker.Apple Maps updatesApple Maps always appears on the dashboard, even when different points of interest pop up.Junction View in Apple MapsApple Maps in CarPlay features a more detailed view of intersections.Smaller Siri screenSiri takes up only part of the screen, so you can keep an eye on things like directions while still making requests.Adjustable screen sizeAutomakers can develop CarPlay systems that change the size of the display dynamically.Second video stream supportAutomakers can develop CarPlay systems that show information in a second screen, such as in a cluster or HUD.Irregular screen size supportAutomakers can develop CarPlay systems that display edge to edge in nonrectangular screens.Hey Siri supportAutomakers can develop CarPlay systems that can perform “Hey Siri” requests with native microphones.Do Not Disturb While DrivingYou can enable Do Not Disturb While Driving in CarPlay so notifications won’t come through.Light modeAn alternative, easy-on-the-eyes light view for CarPlay.SettingsNow there’s a place to change display and Do Not Disturb settings.Independent app viewsAn app open on iPhone doesn’t affect what is open on the CarPlay screen, so passengers can pick a song on the device while the driver can keep looking at Maps.PerformanceFaster app launchApps launch up to 2x faster in iOS 13.Faster Face ID unlockUnlocking iPhone X, iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR is up to 30 percent faster.Smaller app downloadsApps from the App Store will be packaged in a new way that makes them up to 50 percent smaller.Smaller app updatesApp updates will be up to 60 percent smaller on average.Augmented RealitySupport for Motion CaptureMotion Capture lets developers integrate people’s movement into their apps.People OcclusionAR content appears naturally in front of or behind people, enabling more immersive AR experiences and fun green screen‑style applications.AccessibilityVoice ControlIntroducing a new way to control your iOS devices, entirely with your voice.Accurate dictationVoice Control uses the Siri speech recognition engine to give you the latest advances in machine learning for audio‑to‑text transcription.Add custom wordsWhether you’re writing a biology report, filling out a legal document, or emailing about a favorite topic, you can add custom words to ensure that Voice Control recognizes the words you commonly use.On‑device processingAll audio processing for Voice Control happens on your device, ensuring that your personal data is kept private.Rich text editingThanks to rich text editing commands, you don’t have to rehearse before you speak. Making corrections is quick and easy. You can replace phrases by name. Try saying, “Replace I’m almost there with I just arrived.” Fine-grained editing also makes it simple to select text. Try saying, “Move up two lines. Select previous word. Capitalize that.”Word and emoji suggestionsIf you need to correct a word, simply ask and you’ll be presented with a list of suggested replacements.Seamless transitions from dictation to commandsVoice Control understands contextual cues, so you can seamlessly transition between text dictation and commands. For example, say “Happy Birthday. Tap send.” in Messages, and Voice Control sends “Happy Birthday” — just as you intended. You can also say “Delete that,” and Voice Control knows to delete what you just typed.Comprehensive navigationYou can rely entirely on your voice to navigate an app. Comprehensive navigation is provided by navigation commands, names of accessibility labels, numbers, grids, voice gestures, and recorded commands.Navigation commandsNavigation commands give you quick ways to open apps, search the web, press the Home button, and more.NamesYou can easily navigate by telling Voice Control to select the name of an accessibility label for buttons, links, and more.NumbersSay “show numbers” to see numbers appear next to all clickable items onscreen. Use this to quickly navigate complex or unfamiliar apps. Numbers automatically appear in menus and whenever you need to disambiguate between items with same name. Just say a number to click it.GridsSaying “show grid” superimposes a grid on your screen and allows you to precisely do things like tap, zoom, drag, and more.Gesture with your voiceUse your voice to perform gestures, such as tap, swipe, pinch, zoom, press the Home button, and more.Recorded commandsYou can record multistep gestures for apps on your iOS device. So if you love to send messages with fireworks, you can record the gestures to do this and use the recording to quickly send messages with fireworks.Attention AwarenessWith Attention Awareness, Voice Control goes to sleep when you turn your head away from the TrueDepth camera on an iPhone. It doesn’t activate until you look back at the screen — so you can talk to a friend nearby without affecting your device.App StoreApple ArcadeA game subscription service with over 100 amazing new games, all with no ads or additional purchases. A single subscription allows you to download and play any Apple Arcade game from the App Store, and games will be added regularly. You can play Apple Arcade games across iPhone, iPad, Mac, and Apple TV, and every game is playable offline.Support for Arabic and HebrewThe App Store now supports Arabic and Hebrew languages across stories, collections and lists, product pages, and search.Option to download large apps over cellularYou can choose to download apps and games over your cellular connection.BatteryOptimized battery chargingA new option helps slow the rate of battery aging by reducing the time your iPhone spends fully charged. iPhone uses on-device machine learning to understand your daily charging routine so it can wait to finish charging past 80 percent until you need to use it.BooksReading goalsRead a book or listen to an audiobook for five minutes while in line for coffee, on your commute, or before bed to achieve your Daily Reading Goal. Build streaks to celebrate your achievements and share books you’ve finished with the Books Read this Year collection.Business ChatBusiness Chat suggestionsWhen you call supported businesses, iOS offers to start a Business Chat instead, so you can interact with a business from a text instead of waiting on hold.CalendarAdd attachments to eventsiOS 13 supports adding attachments to events in Calendar.ChinaAdjustable handwriting keyboard heightGive yourself more space to write in the handwriting keyboard by pulling up on the tab.Typing predictions for CantoneseNew predictions for Cangjie, Stroke, Sucheng, and Handwriting keyboards bring more relevant character and emoji predictions for Cantonese users.ContactsNew relationship labelsHundreds of new, more specific relationship labels in Contacts help users manage their growing contact lists.Create MemojiCreate a Memoji for yourself and your other contacts right inside Contacts.Do Not Disturb While DrivingTransit detectionDo Not Disturb While Driving does not turn on when you’re using public transit.EnterpriseData separation for Bring Your Own DeviceA new form of management called User Enrollment, built specifically for Bring Your Own Device, maintains user privacy while keeping corporate data protected.Modern authentication for device enrollmentDeliver custom content during Automated Device Enrollment to enhance security and show users tailored information.Managed Apple IDs for businessCreate and manage Apple IDs used by employees, giving them access to services like iCloud Notes.Single sign‑on extensionAPIs for identity providers and app developers enable users to seamlessly log in to apps and websites using the security of Face ID and Touch ID.FilesRich metadataColumn View displays a rich set of metadata, so you can see the details for each file as you browse.Downloads folderA new downloads folder gives you a central place to access your web downloads and attachments from Safari and Mail.External drive supportAccess files on a USB drive, SD card, or hard drive.iCloud Drive folder sharingShare folders with friends, family, and colleagues in iCloud Drive. You can even give them access for adding their own files.*Local storageCreate folders on the local drive and add your favorite files.Zip and unzipSelect files and zip them for easy sharing via email. Tap a zip file to expand it into a folder and access the files.File serversConnect to a file server at work or a home PC using SMB from Files.Keyboard shortcutsA host of new keyboard shortcuts make navigating Files even easier.Search suggestionsSearch suggestions make it simple to find what you’re looking for. Just tap the suggestion to quickly filter your results.Document ScannerCreate digital copies of physical documents and put them directly in the location where you want to store them.Find MyTwo apps in oneFind My iPhone and Find My Friends are now combined in a single, easy-to-use app to help you locate the people and devices that are important to you.Find offline devicesLocate a missing device even if it’s not connected to Wi‑Fi or cellular using crowd‑sourced location. When you mark your device as missing and another Apple user’s device is nearby, it can detect your device’s Bluetooth signal and report its location to you. It’s completely anonymous and encrypted end‑to‑end, so everyone’s privacy is protected.FontsCustom fontsYou can now install custom fonts and use them in your favorite apps.Manage fontsEasily see and manage the fonts you’ve installed right in Settings.App StoreFonts will be available from the App Store, making it easy to find and install them.Game ControllersPlayStation 4 controller supportUse your PlayStation 4 game controller with iPhone.Xbox Wireless Controller with BluetoothConnect your Xbox Wireless Controller with Bluetooth to iPhone.HealthCycle trackingTrack important data about your menstrual cycle. Log your period, including flow level, symptoms like cramps and headaches, and whether or not you experienced spotting. And log key fertility metrics, including basal body temperature and ovulation test results.Period predictionView a prediction for when your period is likely to begin and end each cycle for the next three cycles.Fertile window predictionView a prediction for when your fertile window is likely to begin and end each cycle for the next three cycles.Period notificationsReceive notifications to remind you to log your period and to let you know when your next period is approaching.Fertile window notificationReceive a notification when your fertile window is approaching.Cycle historyView your entire cycle history with glanceable views of each cycle’s logged period, symptoms, fertile window, and length.Cycle statisticsView the date of your last menstrual period, your typical period length, your period length variation, your typical cycle length, and your cycle length variation.Cycle visualizationScroll through the daily log to see your period, noted symptoms, and fertile window at a glance — in the past and future.New Summary viewA new Summary view dynamically presents the information that matters to you most, including alerts, recent entries from your favorites, highlights, and new features to enable.HighlightsUsing data from apps and devices you use most, you can see automatically generated charts and graphics including comparison bar charts and line graphs.Search and browseFind what you need more easily with a new categorization of data types and improved search of all health data.Interactive charts and filtersView historical data by hour, day, week, month, or year and filter with overlays including historical average, daily average, latest, range, and alerts.EducationLearn more about your menstrual cycle and hearing health.New profile pageTrack your personal health in a profile that includes medical ID, organ donation status, health records accounts, and connected apps and devices.Environmental audio levelView notifications and the environmental audio levels from the Noise app on Apple Watch, with the decibel levels categorized in two ranges — OK or Loud.Headphone audio levelView audio levels from headphones you use, with the decibel levels categorized in two ranges — OK or Loud.AudiogramsTrack audiograms from hearing tests.Oral HealthUse the new Oral Health data type to track your toothbrushing time.Activity TrendsGet a view of your long‑term progress with key activity metrics, comparing the last 90 days with the last 365 days. If you’re starting to trend down, you’ll get personalized coaching to get back on track. See trend data for active calories, exercise minutes, stand hours, stand minutes, distance, flights climbed, workout walk pace, workout run pace, and cardio fitness level measured by VO2 max.IndiaIndian English Siri voicesiOS 13 introduces all‑new and more natural Indian English male and female Siri voices.Enhanced language setupWhen you set up a new device, iOS 13 presents enhanced options if it detects that you may speak more than one language. It offers to add relevant languages to your keyboard, dictation languages, and preferred languages.Support for all Indian languagesiOS 13 now supports all 22 official Indian languages, with the addition of 15 new Indian language keyboards: Assamese, Bodo, Dogri, Kashmiri (Arabic, Devanagari), Konkani (Devanagari), Manipuri (Bangla, Meetei Mayek), Maithili, Nepali, Sanskrit, Santali (Devanagari, Ol Chiki), and Sindhi (Devanagari, Arabic).Hindi and English bilingual keyboardA bilingual Hindi (Latin) and English keyboard is supported, including typing predictions.Typing prediction for HindiThe Hindi (Devanagari) keyboard includes typing predictions that suggest the next word as you type and learn from your typing over time.New Indian language system fontsFour new system fonts for Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, and Odia help deliver greater clarity and ease when reading in apps like Safari, typing in Messages and Mail, or swiping through Contacts.New Indian language document fontsThere are 30 new document fonts for Assamese, Bangla, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.Video downloads optimized for congestionVideo streaming apps like Hotstar and Netflix can optimize the time of day to download your content, helping to avoid congested networks and peak cellular data prices.Languages38 new keyboard languagesiOS 13 includes 38 new keyboard languages for Albanian, Assamese, Bodo, Burmese, Cantonese, Dhivehi, Dogri, Faroese, Kashmiri (Arabic, Devanagari), Kazakh, Khmer, Konkani, Kurdish (Arabic, Latin), Kyrgyz, Lao, Malay (Arabic), Manipuri (Bangla, Meetei Mayek), Maithili, Maltese, Mongolian, Nepali, Pashto, Sanskrit, Santali (Devanagari, Ol Chiki), Sindhi (Arabic, Devanagari), Sinhala, Tajik, Tongan, Turkmen, Uyghur, and Uzbek (Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin).Typing prediction languagesNext-word predictions are now available on the Swedish, Dutch, Vietnamese, Cantonese, Hindi (Devanagari), Hindi (Latin), and Najdi Arabic keyboards. The keyboard learns as you type over time and predicts the word or emoji you’re most likely to use.DictionariesA Thai and English bilingual dictionary and a Vietnamese and English bilingual dictionary are now available.Separate emoji and globe keysMultilingual users can switch languages with greater ease, with dedicated keys for switching between languages and selecting emoji.Language selection per appUse third‑party apps in a different language from your system language.Braille tablesiOS 13 includes support for over 50 new international braille tables.MailMulticolored flagsChoose from a variety of colors when you flag an email message. Colored flags are synced via iCloud to Mail on all your Apple devices, and they can be changed or removed at any time.Block senderHave all email from a specified sender blocked and move the messages directly to the Trash. Blocking a sender works across all your Apple devices.Extended Reply menuIn addition to reply, reply all, forward, and print, the Reply menu adds convenient access to notify me of replies, mark as unread, move to junk, move to different mailbox, and flag options, as well as the new Mute Thread option.Mute ThreadEasily mute notifications from an overly active email thread across all your Apple devices.New format barA convenient new format bar appears above the keyboard when you type text, providing comprehensive formatting and attachment options including the ability to scan, insert a photo or video, add attachments, and insert drawings.Desktop‑class text formattingA new menu adds comprehensive text formatting tools that let you compose professional‑looking email. Formatting includes new font style, size, and color selections, strikethrough, alignment, numbered and bulleted lists, and indenting and outdenting options.Updated photo selectorThe new photo selector occupies the lower portion of the screen so you can see your email while choosing the photo.Updated address autocompleteWhen adding a recipient to an email, Mail lists email address choices under each recipient.MusicTime‑synced lyricsTurn on lyrics to follow along with your favorite music as it plays. Each line appears in step with the music, so you always know where you are and what’s coming next. Scroll and tap any line to jump to your favorite verse. Beautiful animations make following along with your favorite songs fun.Up NextWith one tap, see the queue of songs playing next and the playlist, album, or station it’s playing from. You’ll always know what song is coming up, and you can change the order easily.NotesGallery viewNow you can see your notes as visual thumbnails, making it easier than ever to quickly find the note you’re looking for. It’s especially great for notes with images, sketches, or Apple Pencil handwriting.Shared foldersCollaborate on folders with other people by giving them access to a folder’s contents where they can add their own notes, attachments, or subfolders.More powerful searchSearch can visually recognize images inside your notes and can help you find specific text in the items you’ve scanned, like receipts or bills. In addition, you’ll receive single‑tap search suggestions.New checklist optionsQuickly reorder checklist items using drag and drop, swipe to indent them, or move checked items to the bottom of the list automatically. If you’ve completed the checklist and want to use it again, you can tap to uncheck all the items and start over.Folders and notes managementOrganize your notes by creating folders and subfolders and select your preferred sorting option for each of your folders.View‑only collaborationShare notes and entire folders as view only so you’re the only one who can make changes.PhoneSilence unknown callersA new setting protects users from unknown and spam callers. When the setting is turned on, iOS uses Siri intelligence to allow calls to ring your phone from numbers in Contacts, Mail, and Messages. All other calls are automatically sent to voicemail.Carrier‑verified CallsA checkmark is displayed next to calls in the recents list when they are verified by the carrier, so you can be sure that a calling number is accurate and has not been spoofed. Supports the STIR and SHAKEN standards.Reality ComposerNew iOS 13 app for creating AR experiencesThe new Reality Composer app for iOS developers lets you quickly and easily prototype and produce augmented reality experiences with no previous 3D experience.SafariUpdated start pageAn updated start page design includes favorites, frequently visited, and most recently visited websites so you can quickly get to the site you want. Siri suggestions surface relevant websites in your browsing history, frequently visited sites, links sent to you in Messages, and more.Download ManagerCheck the status of a file you’re downloading, access downloaded files quickly, and drag and drop them into a file or email you’re working on. You can even download files in the background while you get work done.Photo upload resizeChoose to resize your photo to small, medium, large, or actual size before you upload it.Website View menuThe new View menu in the Smart Search field gives you quick access to text size controls, Reader view, and per‑site settings.Per‑site settingsChoose to enable camera, microphone, and location access depending on the website you’re visiting. You can also decide whether to view a website in its desktop or mobile version, use Reader view, and enable content blockers on a per‑site basis.Page zoomQuickly zoom in and out on a website’s text.Save open tabs as bookmarksSave a set of open tabs to Bookmarks so you can quickly reopen them later.Jump to open tab from Smart Search fieldIf you start to type the address of a website that’s already open, Safari directs you to the open tab.Expanded email sharing optionsNew options let you email a web page as a link, as a PDF, or in Reader view from the share sheet.Weak password warningsIf you try to use a weak password when signing up for a new website account, Safari warns you.iCloud end‑to‑end encryptionYour Safari history and open tabs that have synced with iCloud are now protected with end‑to‑end encryption.Screen TimeCombined app limitsCreate combined limits with a combination of app categories, specific apps, or websites.Usage dataUsage data now spans 30 days so you can compare the previous week’s Screen Time numbers.Communication limitsControl who your children can communicate with — and who can communicate with them — throughout the day and during downtime.*Contact list for childrenParents can use Screen Time to manage the contacts that appear on their children’s devices.*One more minuteWhen a Screen Time limit is met, you can tap “one more minute,” giving you time to quickly save your work or log out of a game.SettingsLow Data ModeLow Data Mode helps reduce your data usage over your cellular network or specific Wi-Fi networks you select. When enabled, a number of automatic updates are paused unless manually selected. For example, Photos pauses syncing photos with iCloud; the App Store pauses automatic video playback, automatic updates and automatic downloads; Music pauses automatic downloads and optimizes music streaming for low bandwidth; Podcasts pauses automatic downloads and limits feed updates; FaceTime optimizes video for low bandwidth. Apps are prevented from using network data when working in the background and a developer API lets apps build in further optimizations to use less network data.Share SheetSmarter share sheetThe most popular way to quickly share content is smarter and faster.One‑tap suggestionsWhen you share a photo or document, receive a suggestion about who you might want to share it with and which app you may want to use, so you can share with just a tap.Sharing rowEasily see how many people around you are available for AirDrop. Apps are even intelligently sorted based on the content you’re sharing.New actionsYou can customize options for the content you’re sharing, like removing the Live Photo action or location information from a picture you’re sending to a friend.StocksMore publications in Apple NewsMore business news publications have been added to the Apple News feed within Stocks, which is available for users in the U.S., UK, and Australia.Apple News+ contentFor Apple News+ subscribers, relevant business content from Apple News+ publications appears directly in the Stocks app for users in the U.S., UK, and Australia.System ExperienceControl CenterYou can now select Wi‑Fi networks and Bluetooth accessories right from Control Center.Redesigned volume controlThe redesigned volume control appears in the upper‑left corner, so it doesn’t interfere with your content.Content previewPreview email messages, web links, and more simply by pressing and holding to see a hint of the content.Quick actionsPress and hold an app icon to quickly perform actions specific to the app.Dolby Atmos playbackEnjoy a thrilling surround sound experience from content with Dolby Atmos, Dolby Digital, or Dolby Digital Plus soundtracks.Enhanced QR code scanningA new QR code scanner, accessible from Control Center, offers improved QR code performance, a flashlight option, and enhanced privacy.Full‑page markupCapture a screenshot of an entire web page, iWork document, email, or map and mark it up.Text EditingScroll bar scrubbingInstantly navigate long documents, web pages, and conversations by dragging the scroll bar.Cursor navigationMoving the cursor is even faster and more precise — just pick it up and drag it to where you want. It will automatically snap to lines and between words.Text selectionSelect text just by tapping and swiping. For quick sentence and paragraph selection, triple‑ or quadruple‑tap.Intelligent selectionDouble‑tap to quickly select addresses, phone numbers, email addresses, and more.Cut, copy, and paste gesturesNew gestures make cut, copy, and paste a snap. Pinch up with three fingers to quickly copy, pinch up with three fingers two times to cut, and pinch down with three fingers to paste.Undo and redo gesturesUndo with a simple three-finger swipe to the left or redo by swiping three fingers to the right.MultiselectQuickly select email messages, files, and folders by tapping with two fingers and dragging.Voice MemosPinch to zoomEdit your recordings with more precision with pinch to zoom on the waveform.Wi-FiWPA3 Wi-Fi supportiOS supports the latest standard from Wi‑Fi Alliance to provide you with a more secure browsing experience.Automatic personal hotspotAutomatically connect to your nearby iPhone personal hotspot when there’s no internet connection available.Persistent personal hotspotRemain connected to your nearby iPhone personal hotspot even when your device sleeps, so you can receive incoming messages and push notifications.Family sharing hotspotYour family’s devices can automatically connect to your nearby iPhone personal hotspot when there’s no internet connection available.Popular Wi-Fi networksYour iPhone determines which Wi-Fi networks at your location are being used and notifies you if one is available.