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One can complete PhD within 2 years as per UGC in India if he is hard working with proper guidance from his able guide .So we have to understand first the procedure of doing PhD in IndiaPhD programmesIt's common for Indian universities to establish doctoral programmes within which their postgraduate students receive additional training and support as they carry out their research.At State Universities, these are often organised by local affiliated colleges (effectively operating as the university's graduate school). More specialised Institutions of National Importance may run a single doctoral programme within which all of their students work on related topics.PhD programmes often commence with a coursework phase. This provides any specialist subject knowledge and research skills a student needs in order to carry out their own independent research.The coursework component of your PhD will usually be completed in your first year (this may be shorter if you already have relevant qualifications and training at Masters level).After this you will prepare a synopsis of your project and be assigned an appropriate supervisor to guide your research.From this point on you will work more independently, carrying out research and collecting results upon which to construct your thesis.Programme lengthIn most cases you'll spend at least three years on your PhD. It's possible to study for longer, but some universities may set a maximum registration period for doctoral students -this is usually around five years, if so.Academic yearThe Indian academic year usually runs from May to July.As a PhD student you will normally complete coursework and other training within this teaching period. However, your research project will be ongoing.Assessment and examinationThe main criteria for the award of an Indian PhD is the quality of the doctoral thesis you produce at the end of your degree.You will first submit your thesis internally. This can be a more significant stage in India than elsewhere.Multiple faculty members will often be involved and these may request corrections and resubmissions before allowing a student to proceed to their external examination.Once your university is satisfied, your thesis will be orally examined by one or more external examiners. In India this is known as the 'Open Defence'.The title is appropriate as these examinations usually take place in a ceremonial setting and in front of an audience including your fellow students, faculty, family and friends.Don't be put off by the prospect of being examined 'live' in this way: The Open Defence is a well-deserved opportunity to take pride in your work and the expertise it has produced.Publication requirementsIn addition to completing your thesis itself, you may be expected to have produced a peer-reviewed publication before your doctorate can be awarded.This may seem daunting to a new or prospective student, but you'll soon find that you're already producing work of a high standard as part of researching your doctoral thesis.Your faculty will probably maintain a list of the journals it regards as being acceptable and your supervisor will be able to advise you on the preparation of your research for publication.After admission we have to submit research proposal .Research proposalsYour previous qualifications, RET score and interview performance will confirm you are suitably qualified and prepared for a place on an Indian PhD programme. Some universities may also wish to check the details for the topic you plan to explore with your PhD. If so, they will ask you to submit a research proposal.This may be a separate stage in your application, or it may be part of your interview process. Again, you should check your university's requirements.So if our research proposal is ready after two months then we can finish phd within two years with good guidance and sincerity.

One little-understood mystery? Ok:“The Bible is fine by itself—modern day believers don’t need to grab ideological hypotheses which masquerade as science, and force them to fit into the Biblical narrative.”A shocking revelation, right? :-)Anyway, I decided to write about how the human evolutionary origins theory is bogus and therefore unnecessary to be forced into what the Bible says about man’s origin.To start off, we aren't helping the atheist by trying to show that evolution theory is compatible with the Bible. If you say biodiversity is due to billions of years of evolution from the first living cells but God was responsible for setting up the guiding “laws”, the atheist only says back to you “Nope!”, “no need for God.” And what else would we expect? Afterall, the philosophy of academic science is based on methodological naturalism, which assumes that there are only natural causes to everything in the universe. It claims to make no truth claims yet proclaims that universal ancestry is a fact. Evolution theory just gives the nontheist an excuse to not believe in God. Period. It does nothing else for the person. It's also misleading more and more young people into seeing no need for a creator, though they don't realize this is actually a non sequitur. It's sad. Saying "God used evolution" does not help anyone, especially since they know the scientific community doesn't include God in their understanding of evolution (though of course individual scientists have their own personal beliefs about God). If a Divine Foot cannot be allowed into the door, how does mixing Genesis with evolution help those who already have such an a priori commitment?God expects His people to be truthful (Psalm 51:6). As part of our job, we're to tell proponents of goo-to-you evolution that their hypotheses are implausible. At worst, we remain silent and neutral, not meet them halfway by throwing God into their pot of soup. If they admit the implausibilities, great. If they refuse, great.Human evolutionI have a lot to say on this, but I’ve decided to let the evolutionary paleoanthropologists, paleontologists, etc., speak for themselves. I’ve included citations, and links (for instances where the document is available online) so there are no accusations of so-called “quote mining”.1) No fossil is buried with its birth certificate. That, and the scarcity of fossils, means that it is effectively impossible to link fossils into chains of cause and effect in any valid way... To take a line of fossils and claim that they represent a lineage is not a scientific hypothesis that can be tested, but an assertion that carries the same validity as a bedtime story—amusing, perhaps even instructive, but not scientific. (Henry Gee. In Search of Deep Time, p.116, Cornell University Press, Dec. 2000 Henry Gee - Wikiquote2) When we consider the remote past, before the origin of the actual species Homo sapiens, we are faced with a fragmentary and disconnected fossil record. Despite the excited and optimistic claims that have been made by some paleontologists, no fossil hominid species can be established as our direct ancestor. (Richard Lewontin, Human Diversity, p. 163, Scientific American Library 1995).3) Fossil evidence of human evolutionary history is fragmentary and open to various interpretations. (Henry Gee, ‘Return to the Planet of the Apes,’ Nature, Vol. 412, 12 July 2001, p. 131. Return to the planet of the apes4) Compared to other sciences, the mythic element is greatest in paleoanthropology. Hypotheses and stories of human evolution frequently arise unprompted by data and contain a large measure of general preconceptions, and the data which do exist are often insufficient to falsify or even substantiate them. Many interpretations are possible. (Andrew Hill speaking in a review of Niles Eldredge and Ian Tattersall’s book ‘The Myth of Human Evolution’ in American Scientist, Vol. 72, No. 2, March-April 1984, p. 189 Review on JSTOR. A free registration was required to read the article).5) At the invitation-only meeting, researchers debated whether this species really was a major player—or no more than a paleoanthropologists’ construct. One researcher began her talk with “a call for a moment of silence for the death of H. Heidelbergensis.” (Michael Balter, ‘RIP for a Key Homo Species?’, Science, Vol. 345, 11 July 2014, p. 129. http://www.sciencemagazinedigital.org/sciencemagazine/11_july_2014_open/MobilePagedReplica.action?pm=1&folio=129#pg176) The study of the evolution of modern humans from hominid ancestors is very speculative. Much of our present understanding is based on very little evidence. (Michael Kent. Advanced Biology, p. 458, Oxford University Press (2000).7) I wanted to get a human soul into this apelike face, to indicate something about where he was headed. (artist John Gurche in reference to his work on Australopithecus afarensis, in the March 1996 issue of National Geographic. ‘The Dawn of Humans: Face-to-Face with Lucy’s Family’. National Geographic. Vol. 189 No. 3, p. 109, March 1996).8) I mean the stories, the narratives about change over time. How the dinosaurs became extinct, how the mammals evolved, where man came from. These seem to me to be little more than story-telling. And this is the result about cladistics because as it turns out, as it seems to me, all one can learn about the history of life is learned from systematics, from groupings one finds in nature. The rest of it is story-telling of one sort or another. We have access to the tips of a tree, the tree itself is a theory and people who pretened to know about the tree and to describe what went on with it, how the branches came off and the twigs came off are, I think, telling stories. (Colin Patterson, senior paleontologist at the British Museum of Natural History in London, In a BBC interview on March 4, 1982).9) Restricting analysis of fossils to specimens satisfying these criteria, patterns of dental development of gracile australopithecines and Homo habilis remain classified with African apes. Those of Homo erectus and Neanderthals are classified with humans, suggesting that patterns of growth evolved substantially in the Hominidae. (B. Holly Smith. ‘Patterns of dental development in Homo, Australopithecus, Pan, and Gorilla’. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Volume 94, Issue 3, July 1994. Patterns of dental development in Homo, Australopithecus, Pan, and Gorilla - Smith - 1994 - American Journal of Physical Anthropology - Wiley Online Library10) Gradualists and saltationists alike are completely incapable of giving a convincing explanation of the quasi-simultaneous emergence of a number of biological systems that distinguish human beings from the higher primates: bipedalism, with the concomitant modification of the pelvis, and, without a doubt, the cerebellum, a much more dexterous hand, with fingerprints conferring an especially fine tactile sense; the modifications of the pharynx which permits phonation; the modification of the central nervous system, notably at the level of the temporal lobes, permitting the specific recognition of speech. From the point of view of embryogenesis, these anatomical systems are completely different from one another. Each modification constitutes a gift, a bequest from a primate family to its descendants. It is astonishing that these gifts should have developed simultaneously. (Schutzenberger M-P., in ‘The Miracles of Darwinism: Interview with Marcel-Paul Schutzenberger’, Origins & Design, Vol. 17, No. 2, Spring 1996, pp.10-15 The Miracles of Darwinism11) Unfortunately, the vast majority of artist's conceptions are based more on imagination than on evidence. But a handful of expert natural-history artists begin with the fossil bones of a hominid and work from there…. Much of the reconstruction, however, is guesswork. Bones say nothing about the fleshy parts of the nose, lips, or ears. Artists must create something between an ape and a human being; the older the specimen is said to be, the more apelike they make it.... Hairiness is a matter of pure conjecture. (Boyce Rensberger. Science Digest, Vol. 89 No. 3, p. 44, April 1981).12) The problem, Harcourt-Smith and Hilton say, is that the reconstruction is actually based on a patchwork of bones from 3.2-million-year-old afarensis and 1.8-million-year-old Homo habilis. (‘Footprints to fill: Flat feet and doubts about makers of the Laetoli tracks’ By Kate Wong, Scientific American, August 1, 2005. Footprints to Fill13) [Regarding Lucy]: “The sacrum and the auricular region of the ilium are shattered into numerous small fragments, such that the original form is difficult to elucidate. Hence it is not surprising that the reconstructions by Lovejoy and Schmid show marked differences.” (M. Häusler and P. Schmid. ‘Comparison of the Pelves of Sts14 and AL288-1: Implications for Birth and Sexual Dimorphism in Australopithecines’. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 29 issue 4, pp. 363-383, Oct 1995).14) Everybody knows fossils are fickle; bones will sing any song you want to hear. (J. Shreeve, ‘Argument Over a Woman’, Discover, 11(8):58, 1990.) Creation & Evolution15) Two anthropologists published an article, in which they expressed their concern regarding the way fossils dealing with human evolution are kept by the discoverers from other paleoanthropologists, the meanwhile those same hominid fossils are given names and published in scientific journals without examination from others in the field. The title of their article wonders whether paleoanthropology should be regarded as science. (Ian Tattersall & Jeffrey H. Schwartz. ‘Is paleoanthropology science? Naming new fossils and control of access to them’. The Anatomical Record, Volume 269, Issue 6, Dec. 2002. Is paleoanthropology science? Naming new fossils and control of access to them - Tattersall - 2002 - The Anatomical Record - Wiley Online Library ).16) One would also see differences in the shape of the [Homo Erectus] skull, in the degree of protrusion of the face, the robustness of the brows and so on. These differences are probably no more pronounced than we see today between the separate geographical races of modern humans. Such biological variation arises when populations are geographically separated from each other for significant lengths of time. (Richard Leakey, The Making of Mankind, p. 62. New York: Dutton 1981. The making of mankind : Leakey, Richard E : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive17) Abstract— Nebraska Man was a fossil discovery that was regarded by several leading experts as important in understanding evolutionary history. The only evidence for this anthropod was a single tooth (which turned out to be a pig’s tooth). The discovery and controversy surrounding the Nebraska Man (Hesperopithecus haroldcookii hominoidea) fossil find and its importance in history are reviewed. Its supporters' writings reveal the critical role that preconceptions played in interpreting the limited evidence. Nebraska Man provides a valuable lesson on the importance of presumptions in interpreting evidence in the field of human origins. It also stresses the need for careful evaluation of the empirical evidence for new ideas, and the danger of going beyond what the facts warrant. (Bergman G., ‘The history of hesperopithecus: the human-ape link that turned out to be a pig.’ Riv Biol. 99(2):287-306, May-Aug 2006. The history of hesperopithecus: the human-ape link that turned out to be a pig.A new genus and species was invented (H. haroldcookii), based off of an isolated tooth. This “find” of an apeman ancestor to humans was actually published in Science in 1922 (Henry Fairfield Osborn, ‘Hesperopithecus, The First Anthropoid Primate Found In America’. Science, 05 May 1922: Vol. 55, Issue 1427, pp. 463-465. HESPEROPITHECUS,THE FIRST ANTHROPOID PRIMATE FOUND IN AMERICAabove: first page of the articleThe Illustrated London News subsequently reported the discovery, along with an artist's rendition of what Nebraska Man may have looked like:Part of the news report read: “Unlike Columbus, Hesperopithecus is believed to have reached America by land, travelling from Asia by a land bridge enjoying a warm climate.” (The Illustrated London News, 24 June 1922, pp. 942–3). A few years later, archaeologists went back to the site where Nebraska man’s tooth was discovered, and they unearthed other parts of the creature’s remains. It became clear that this wasn’t some kind of apeman, but an extinct pig. One of the promoters of Nebraska man, William Gregory, had to publish a retraction in Science: (‘Hesperopithecus apparently not an ape nor a man’. William K. Gregory. Science, 16 Dec 1927: Vol. 66, Issue 1720, pp. 579-581. HESPEROPITHECUS APPARENTLY NOT AN APE NOR A MAN). Sounds incredible that all this happened on the strength of a single tooth.18) In 1912, Charles Dawson and Smith Woodward found fossils of what was supposedly an apelike ancestor of man. It was a jawbone, a set of teeth, and some scraps of the cranium. They revealed their find at a Geological Society meeting, where the specimen was named Eoanthropus dawsoni (yes, the famous Piltdown Man). There was skepticism coming from some quarters, but the strongest opponent of E. dawsoni (Arthur Keith) finally conceded and agreed with the finders. It wasn’t until 1953 (41 years after the original acceptance in the Geological Society) that Piltdown was finally exposed. The mandible and teeth, which belonged to an orangutan but had been deliberately altered, were combined with a human cranium. Roger Lewin, who was a writer and News Editor for Science, wondered how the majority of scientists could not see that E. dawsoni was a fraud. Here’s an excerpt from his popular book:As a result, says Michael Hammond, a sociologist of science at the University of Toronto, the real story of it all has been somewhat obscured: “namely, what could have led so many eminent scientists to embrace such a forgery?” How is it that trained men, the greatest experts of their day, could look at a set of modern human bones–the cranial fragments–and "see" a clear simian signature in them; and "see" in an ape's jaw the unmistakable signs of humanity? The answers, inevitably, have to do with the scientists’ expectations and their effects on the interpretation of data. (Roger Lewin, ‘Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins’, p. 61, 1987 University of Chicago Press. Bones of ContentionThat last statement by Lewin is essentially what it comes down to: evolutionary paleoanthropologists want to see apemen links, so that is what they see. All the Australopithecines and other “preceding” ancient hominids on record are one species of ape or the other (extant or extinct), not apemen relatives and ancestors. Besides H. habilis and H. rudolfensis, all Homo fossils are only different forms of “anatomically modern humans” (aka H. sapiens), just as we have significant variety in H. sapiens extant today. H. habilis and H. rudolfensis have been suggested to actually belong with the pithecines —“A general problem in biology is how to incorporate information about evolutionary history and adaptation into taxonomy. The problem is exemplified in attempts to define our own genus, Homo. Here conventional criteria for allocating fossil species to Homo are reviewed and are found to be either inappropriate or inoperable. We present a revised definition, based on verifiable criteria, for Homo and conclude that two species, Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis, do not belong in the genus. The earliest taxon to satisfy the criteria is Homo ergaster, or early African Homo erectus, which currently appears in the fossil record at about 1.9 million years ago.” “A recent reassessment of cladistic and functional evidence concluded that there are few, if any, grounds for retaining H. habilis in Homo, and recommended that the material be transferred (or, for some, returned) to Australopithecus.” “Thus, H. habilis and H. rudolfensis (or Homo habilis sensu lato for those who do not subscribe to the taxonomic subdivision of “early Homo”) should be removed from Homo. The obvious taxonomic alternative, which is to transfer one or both of the taxa to one of the existing early hominin genera, is not without problems, but we recommend that, for the time being, both H. habilis and H. rudolfensis should be transferred to the genus Australopithecus.” (Bernard Wood, Mark Collard. ‘The Human Genus’. Science, Vol. 284 Issue 5411, pp. 65-71, 02 Apr 1999 The Human Genus ; Wood B, Collard M. ‘Defining the genus Homo’. Handbook of Paleoanthropology, 2015. defining_the_genus_homo*’*19) “Hominoid clavicle” from Sahabi is actually a fragment of cetacean rib. “Hominoid clavicle” from Sahabi is actually a fragment of cetacean rib - White - 1983 - American Journal of Physical Anthropology - Wiley Online LibraryImage taken from: New Scientist*’*20) Lucy's fossil remains match up remarkably well with the bones of a pygmy chimp. (Adrienne Zihlman. ‘Pygmy chimps, people, and the pundits’, New Scientist: Nov. 15 1984 Pg. 39 New Scientist21) Many recent discoveries have shown that at least some australopithecines really were more chimp-like than used to be thought, and the old idea that fossil hominins were just prototype versions of Homo is now very much dead. (‘Zihlman’s pygmy chimpanzee hypothesis’ By Darren Naish [paleozoologist]. Scientific American blog, October 20, 2012. Zihlman s pygmy chimpanzee hypothesis22) In a recent cover story on human pre-history, Time’s senior science editor, recalling his experience as a high school science teacher telling his students about early man, said, “Just about everything I taught them... was wrong.” (Thomas N. Headland, Current Anthropology, Vol. 38 No. 4, August/October 1997, p. 605 Revisionism in Ecological Anthropology23) We've got to have some ancestors. We'll pick those. Why? Because we know they have to be there, and these are the best candidates. (Gareth Nelson in an interview with the Wall Street Journal, December 9, 1986)24) The idea that one can go to the fossil record and expect to empirically recover an ancestor-descendant sequence, be it of species, genera, families, or whatever, has been, and continues to be, a pernicious illusion. (Gareth Nelson, “Presentation to the American Museum of Natural History” in David M. Williams & Malte C. Ebach, “The reform of palaeontology and the rise of biogeography—25 years after ‘ontogeny, phylogeny, palaeontology and the biogenetic law’ (Nelson, 1978),” Journal of Biogeography 31(5): 685-712. April 2004. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229458709_The_reform_of_palaeontology_and_the_rise_of_biogeography_-_25_Years_after_'ontogeny_phylogeny_paleontology_and_the_biogenetic_law'_Nelson_197825) We have all seen the canonical parade of apes, each one becoming more human. We know that, as a depiction of evolution, this line-up is tosh. Yet we cling to it.[my note: “tosh” is British talk, look up what it means](Henry Gee, ‘Craniums with Clout,’ Nature, vol. 478, p. 34, October 2011. craniums_with_clout.pdf*’*Now, some thoughts on the origin of organs and biological systemsHaeckel’s “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” has been firmly debunked, though many still hold on to some versions of this old belief (especially in the evo-devo community). In any case, a developing embryo is secure in the womb or the external egg while its anatomical structures gradually form. We can clearly see that DNA is ‘pre-programmed’ to direct development depending on the type of organism. Embryogenesis should be enough evidence for any person to see that these things are the preconceived ideas of a ‘Mind’; you can clearly see that it requires forethought and planning, as anatomical structures start out with scaffolds and support systems which prepare the construction processes that eventually lead to fully developed organs and organ systems. There’s a universe of a difference between embryogenesis vs building parts and systems from generation to generation. But if you propose that free-living organisms which once never had these systems somehow evolved them gradually, then you have to explain how this could’ve happened at least theoretically. Do you propose that a new organ was suddenly expressed in one generation? An organ which was absent in the parent(s)? Or did a biological system form piece by piece over many generations? Are you suggesting that there were populations of free-living organisms with partially developed tubes and organs? Partial skeletons improving from generation to generation? These are the questions which all the proposed explanations avoid.Some well-studied phenomena which defy evolutionary origins• The Nervous system invalidates evolution.• The Visual system invalidates evolution.• The Auditory system invalidates evolution.• The Olfactory system invalidates evolution.• The Gustatory system invalidates evolution• The Circulatory system invalidates evolution.• The Endocrine system invalidates evolution.• The Respiratory system invalidates evolution.• The Digestive system invalidates evolution.• The Urinary system invalidates evolution.• The Musculoskeletal system invalidates evolution.• The Male reproductive system invalidates evolution.• The Female reproductive system invalidates evolution.• Cellular differentiation invalidates evolution.• Oviparity invalidates evolution.• Complete metamorphosis invalidates evolution.• Pollination invalidates evolution.• Cetaceans invalidate evolution. (some people are convinced that a population of quadrupedal land mammals returned to the water, becoming whales and other marine mammals over several generations through evolution. Einstein once said: imagination is more important than knowledge, but I don’t think he had these wild evolutionary theories in mind when he said that).• Bird flight invalidates evolution.• Insect flight invalidates evolution.• Consciousness invalidates evolution (nontheistic/materialistic evolution makes no sense whatsoever just off of this one item).• Intellectual honesty—a valuable commodity but ever-increasing in scarcity—invalidates evolution.This all of course is granting the first cell(s) already existed miraculously.Someone asked the question here on Quora: How did evolution design the mechanism for breast feeding? The only actual attempt to answer the question came with some attached papers—which, as usual when trying to explain these sort of things, were filled with “unsubstantiated just-so stories.” Does anyone have a legitimate idea as to how such a system could be gradually constructed by evolution over many generations? Of course not. The following excerpt from one of the attached links (part of a Masters’ dissertation) sheds some light on the problem:2. THE ORIGIN OF LACTATION AND THE MAMMARY GLAND - The mammary gland as an organ could not have evolved at once in its complexity. In order for it to evolve, there had to be an underlying developmental pattern or function from which it was derived by cooption (Oftedal 2002a) and a selective advantage gained from its earliest function. There are numerous hypotheses about the original function of the mammary glands ancestor and the tissue from which it is derived. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and are often speculative because they cannot be supported with enough evidence although they still offer plausible scenarios (Blackburn 1991). The different hypotheses on the origin of lactation have been reviewed in great detail by Blackburn et al. (1989; 1991) and Oftedal (2002a) but only a selection will be discussed in this review.... Hypotheses … often speculative … cannot be supported with enough evidence...Yet microbes-to-man is peddled as a “fact”.There was a claim in there that the hypotheses still offer plausible scenarios, but there was nothing of the sort, just unrealistic use of imagination.Evolution as a theory for explaining the origin of biological systems is neither factual nor even realistic, so there’s no need to make it ‘fit’ with the Bible.When good people like Walter Uber say things like The story of Adam and Eve is historically, biologically, and physically impossible, a better response would be:“The story of abiogenesis and microbes-to-everything evolution is historically, biologically, and physically impossible.”Methodological naturalism is a sad way to look at the entire picture of things, even as a framework for science. It forces one to accept absurdities and reject obvious realities. It makes a person say things like “a cell only appears to be designed.”

Interesting that you should ask. Just a week or so ago, I ran across a list of Trump’s accomplishments in just 24 months in office. Just to compare, I also looked up Joe Biden’s record of accomplishments made in 44 years of service.I’ll list Joe’s first…1960: “[O]ne of the best pass receivers I had in 16 years as a coach.” — E. John Walsh, football coach at Archmere Academy.1965: Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Delaware in Newark, with a double major in history and political science and a minor in English.1968: Graduated from Syracuse University College of Law with a law degree.1969: Admitted to the Delaware bar.1970-72: Served on New Castle County Council.1972-77: Single parent to two sons, commuting on Amtrak 75 minutes each way between his home in Wilmington, Delaware and Washington, D.C.Joe Biden: Senate accomplishments1973-2009: U.S. Senator from Delaware, initially focussing on consumer protection, environmental issues, government accountability, and arms control. In his 6 terms as a senator, Joe Biden sponsored or co-sponsored 348 pieces of legislation that became law.1981-97: Chairman or Ranking Member of the Senate Judiciary Committee for 17 years.1986: Introduced his Global Climate Protection Act, one of the first bills aimed at addressing climate change.1990s: Authored every major piece of crime legislation this decade, including the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.1992-1995: Strongly guided Balkans policy in the mid-1990s during the Bosnian War, producing a successful NATO peacekeeping effort.1994: Spearheaded the Violence Against Women Act, criminalizing violence against women and creating unprecedented resources for survivors of assault, which was followed by a 64% drop in domestic violence from 1993 to 2010.1997-2009: Chairman or Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for 12 years, leading legislation related to terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, post-Cold War Europe, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia.1997: Led the Senate to approve ratification of the Chemical Weapons Convention.1998: Led the Senate to approve NATO enlargement and passage of bills to streamline foreign affairs agencies and punish religious persecution overseas.1999: Co-sponsored the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on President Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront Milošević over Yugoslav actions in Kosovo.2000: Sponsored the Kids 2000 Act, establishing a public-private partnership to provide computer centers, teachers, Internet access, and technical training to young people, particularly low-income and at-risk youth.Joe Biden: Vice President accomplishments-2017: Vice President of the United States.2009: Implemented and oversaw the $840 billion stimulus package in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.2009: Chaired the Middle Class Working Families Task Force.2010: Fought for Congressional approval of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which inserted accountability into the financial sector and fortified the stability of the financial system.2011: Led negotiations between Congress and the White House in resolving federal spending levels for the rest of the year and avoiding a government shutdown. Negotiated with Mitch McConnell to agree on deficit-reducing Budget Control Act of 2011.2012: Headed the Gun Violence Task Force in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.2012: Negotiated a deal with Mitch McConnell that led to the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, averting a fiscal cliff and implementing the largest middle-class tax cut in history.2014: Co-chaired White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault.2014: Served as the Obama administration’s emissary to Eastern European governments like Poland, Lithuania, and Ukraine worried over Vladimir Putin’s ambitions in the region.Here’s Trumps list…..Economic Growth4.2 percent growth in the second quarter of 2018.For the first time in more than a decade, growth is projected to exceed 3 percent over the calendar year.Jobs4 million new jobs have been created since the election, and more than 3.5 million since Trump took office.More Americans are employed now than ever before in our history.Jobless claims at lowest level in nearly five decades.The economy has achieved the longest positive job-growth streak on record.Job openings are at an all-time high and outnumber job seekers for the first time on record.Unemployment claims at 50 year lowAfrican-American, Hispanic, and Asian-American unemployment rates have all recently reached record lows.African-American unemployment hit a record low of 5.9 percent in May 2018.Hispanic unemployment at 4.5 percent.Asian-American unemployment at record low of 2 percent.Women’s unemployment recently at lowest rate in nearly 65 years.Female unemployment dropped to 3.6 percent in May 2018, the lowest since October 1953.Youth unemployment recently reached its lowest level in more than 50 years.July 2018’s youth unemployment rate of 9.2 percent was the lowest since July 1966.Veterans’ unemployment recently hit its lowest level in nearly two decades.July 2018’s veterans’ unemployment rate of 3.0 percent matched the lowest rate since May 2001.Unemployment rate for Americans without a high school diploma recently reached a record low.Rate for disabled Americans recently hit a record low.Blue-collar jobs recently grew at the fastest rate in more than three decades.Poll found that 85 percent of blue-collar workers believe their lives are headed “in the right direction.”68 percent reported receiving a pay increase in the past year.Last year, job satisfaction among American workers hit its highest level since 2005.Nearly two-thirds of Americans rate now as a good time to find a quality job.Optimism about the availability of good jobs has grown by 25 percent.Added more than 400,000 manufacturing jobs since the election.Manufacturing employment is growing at its fastest pace in more than two decades.100,000 new jobs supporting the production & transport of oil & natural gas.American IncomeMedian household income rose to $61,372 in 2017, a post-recession high.Wages up in August by their fastest rate since June 2009.Paychecks rose by 3.3 percent between 2016 and 2017, the most in a decade.Council of Economic Advisers found that real wage compensation has grown by 1.4 percent over the past year.Some 3.9 million Americans off food stamps since the election.Median income for Hispanic-Americans rose by 3.7 percent and surpassed $50,000 for the first time ever in history.Home-ownership among Hispanics is at the highest rate in nearly a decade.Poverty rates for African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans have reached their lowest levels ever recorded.American OptimismSmall business optimism has hit historic highs.NFIB’s small business optimism index broke a 35 year-old record in August.SurveyMonkey/CNBC’s small business confidence survey for Q3 of 2018 matched its all-time high.Manufacturers are more confident than ever.95 percent of U.S. manufacturers are optimistic about the future, the highest ever.Consumer confidence is at an 18-year high.12 percent of Americans rate the economy as the most significant problem facing our country, the lowest level on record.Confidence in the economy is near a two-decade high, with 51 percent rating the economy as good or excellent.American BusinessInvestment is flooding back into the United States due to the tax cuts.Over $450 billion dollars has already poured back into the U.S., including more than $300 billion in the first quarter of 2018.Retail sales have surged. Commerce Department figures from August show that retail sales increased 0.5 percent in July 2018, an increase of 6.4 percent from July 2017.ISM’s index of manufacturing scored its highest reading in 14 years.Worker productivity is the highest it has been in more than three years.Steel and aluminum producers are re-opening.Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P 500, and NASDAQ have all notched record highs.Dow hit record highs 70 times in 2017 alone, the most ever recorded in one year.DeregulationAchieved massive deregulation at a rapid pace, completing 22 deregulatory actions to every one regulatory action during his first year in office.Signed legislation to roll back costly and harmful provisions of Dodd-Frank, providing relief to credit unions, and community and regional banks.Federal agencies achieved more than $8 billion in lifetime net regulatory cost savings.Rolled back Obama’s burdensome Waters of the U.S. rule.Used the Congressional Review Act to repeal regulations more times than in history.Tax CutsBiggest tax cuts and reforms in American history by signing the Tax Cuts and Jobs act into lawProvided more than $5.5 trillion in gross tax cuts, nearly 60 percent of which will go to families.Increased the exemption for the death tax to help save Family Farms & Small Business.Nearly doubled the standard deduction for individuals and families.Enabled vast majority of American families will be able to file their taxes on a single page by claiming the standard deduction.Doubled the child tax credit to help lessen the financial burden of raising a family.Lowered America’s corporate tax rate from the highest in the developed world to allow American businesses to compete and win.Small businesses can now deduct 20 percent of their business income.Cut dozens of special interest tax breaks and closed loopholes for the wealthy.9 in 10 American workers are expected see an increase in their paychecks thanks to the tax cuts, according to the Treasury Department.More than 6 million of American workers have received wage increases, bonuses, and increased benefits thanks to tax cuts.Over 100 utility companies have lowered electric, gas, or water rates thanks to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.Ernst & Young found 89 percent of companies planned to increase worker compensation thanks to the Trump tax cuts.Established opportunity zones to spur investment in left behind communities.Worker DevelopmentEstablished a National Council for the American Worker to develop a national strategy for training and retraining America’s workers for high-demand industries.Employers have signed Trump’s “Pledge to America’s Workers,” committing to train or retrain more than 4.2 million workers and students.Signed the first Perkins CTE reauthorization since 2006, authorizing more than $1 billion for states each year to fund vocational and career education programs.Executive order expanding apprenticeship opportunities for students and workers.Domestic InfrastructureProposed infrastructure plan would utilize $200 billion in Federal funds to spur at least $1.5 trillion in infrastructure investment across the country.Executive order expediting environmental reviews and approvals for high priority infrastructure projects.Federal agencies have signed the One Federal Decision Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) streamlining the federal permitting process for infrastructure projects.Rural prosperity task force and signed an executive order to help expand broadband access in rural areas.Health CareSigned an executive order to help minimize the financial burden felt by American households Signed legislation to improve the National Suicide Hotline.Signed the most comprehensive childhood cancer legislation ever into law, which will advance childhood cancer research and improve treatments.Signed Right-to-Try legislation, expanding health care options for terminally ill patients.Enacted changes to the Medicare 340B program, saving seniors an estimated $320 million on drugs in 2018 alone.FDA set a new record for generic drug approvals in 2017, saving consumers nearly $9 billion.Released a blueprint to drive down drug prices for American patients, leading multiple major drug companies to announce they will freeze or reverse price increases.Expanded short-term, limited-duration health plans.Let more employers to form Association Health Plans, enabling more small businesses to join together and affordably provide health insurance to their employees.Cut Obamacare’s burdensome individual mandate penalty.Signed legislation repealing Obamacare’s Independent Payment Advisory Board, also known as the “death panels.”USDA invested more than $1 billion in rural health care in 2017, improving access to health care for 2.5 million people in rural communities across 41 statesProposed Title X rule to help ensure taxpayers do not fund the abortion industry in violation of the law.Reinstated and expanded the Mexico City Policy to keep foreign aid from supporting the global abortion industry.HHS formed a new division over protecting the rights of conscience and religious freedom.Overturned Obama administration’s midnight regulation prohibiting states from defunding certain abortion facilities.Signed executive order to help ensure that religious organizations are not forced to choose between violating their religious beliefs by complying with Obamacare’s contraceptive mandate or shutting their doors.Combating OpioidsChaired meeting the 73rd General Session of the United Nations discussing the worldwide drug problem with international leaders.Initiative to Stop Opioid Abuse and Reduce Drug Supply and Demand, introducing new measures to keep dangerous drugs out of our communities.$6 billion in new funding to fight the opioid epidemic.DEA conducted a surge in April 2018 that arrested 28 medical professions and revoked 147 registrations for prescribing too many opioids.Brought the “Prescribed to Death” memorial to President’s Park near the White House, helping raise awareness about the human toll of the opioid crisis.Helped reduce high-dose opioid prescriptions by 16 percent in 2017.Opioid Summit on the administration-wide efforts to combat the opioid crisis.Launched a national public awareness campaign about the dangers of opioid addiction.Created a Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis which recommended a number of pathways to tackle the opioid crisis.Led two National Prescription Drug Take Back Days in 2017 and 2018, collecting a record number of expired and unneeded prescription drugs each time.$485 million targeted grants in FY 2017 to help areas hit hardest by the opioid crisis.Signed INTERDICT Act, strengthening efforts to detect and intercept synthetic opioids before they reach our communities.DOJ secured its first-ever indictments against Chinese fentanyl manufacturers.Joint Criminal Opioid Darknet Enforcement (J-CODE) team, aimed at disrupting online illicit opioid sales.Declared the opioid crisis a Nationwide Public Health Emergency in October 2017.Law and OrderMore U.S. Circuit Court judges confirmed in the first year in office than ever.Confirmed more than two dozen U. S. Circuit Court judges.Followed through on the promise to nominate judges to the Supreme Court who will adhere to the ConstitutionNominated and confirmed Justice Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court.Signed an executive order directing the Attorney General to develop a strategy to more effectively prosecute people who commit crimes against law enforcement officers.Launched an evaluation of grant programs to make sure they prioritize the protection and safety of law enforcement officers.Established a task force to reduce crime and restore public safety in communities across Signed an executive order to focus more federal resources on dismantling transnational criminal organizations such as drug cartels.Signed an executive order to focus more federal resources on dismantling transnational criminal organizations such as drug cartels.Violent crime decreased in 2017 according to FBI statistics.$137 million in grants through the COPS Hiring Program to preserve jobs, increase community policing capacities, and support crime prevention efforts.Enhanced and updated the Project Safe Neighborhoods to help reduce violent crime.Signed legislation making it easier to target websites that enable sex trafficking and strengthened penalties for people who promote or facilitate prostitution.Created an interagency task force working around the clock to prosecute traffickers, protect victims, and prevent human trafficking.Conducted Operation Cross Country XI to combat human trafficking, rescuing 84 children and arresting 120 human traffickers.Encouraged federal prosecutors to use the death penalty when possible in the fight against the trafficking of deadly drugs.New rule effectively banning bump stock sales in the United States.Border Security and ImmigrationSecured $1.6 billion for border wall construction in the March 2018 omnibus bill.Construction of a 14-mile section of border wall began near San Diego.Worked to protect American communities from the threat posed by the vile MS-13 gang.ICE’s Homeland Security Investigations division arrested 796 MS-13 members and associates in FY 2017, an 83 percent increase from the prior year.Justice worked with partners in Central America to secure criminal charges against more than 4,000 MS-13 members.Border Patrol agents arrested 228 illegal aliens affiliated with MS-13 in FY 2017.Fighting to stop the scourge of illegal drugs at our border.ICE HSI seized more than 980,000 pounds of narcotics in FY 2017, including 2,370 pounds of fentanyl and 6,967 pounds of heroin.ICE HSI dedicated nearly 630,000 investigative hours towards halting the illegal import of fentanyl.ICE HSI made 11,691 narcotics-related arrests in FY 2017.Stop Opioid Abuse and Reduce Drug Supply and Demand introduced new measures to keep dangerous drugs out the United States.Signed the INTERDICT Act into law, enhancing efforts to detect and intercept synthetic opioids.DOJ secured its first-ever indictments against Chinese fentanyl manufacturers.DOJ launched their Joint Criminal Opioid Darknet Enforcement (J-CODE) team, aimed at disrupting online illicit opioid sales.Released an immigration framework that includes the resources required to secure our borders and close legal loopholes, and repeatedly called on Congress to fix our broken immigration laws.Authorized the deployment of the National Guard to help secure the border.Enhanced vetting of individuals entering the U.S. from countries that don’t meet security standards, helping to ensure individuals who pose a threat to our country are identified before they enter.These procedures were upheld in a June 2018 Supreme Court hearing.ICE removed over 226,000 illegal aliens from the United States in 2017.ICE rescued or identified over 500 human trafficking victims and over 900 child exploitation victims in 2017 alone.In 2017, ICE Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) arrested more than 127,000 aliens with criminal convictions or charges, responsible forOver 76,000 with dangerous drug offenses.More than 48,000 with assault offenses.More than 11,000 with weapons offenses.More than 5,000 with sexual assault offenses.More than 2,000 with kidnapping offenses.Over 1,800 with homicide offenses.Created the Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement (VOICE) Office in order to support the victims and families affected by illegal alien crime.More than doubled the number of counties participating in the 287(g) program, which allows jails to detain criminal aliens until they are transferred to ICE custody.TradeNegotiating and renegotiating better trade deals, achieving free, fair, and reciprocal trade for the United States.Agreed to work with the European Union towards zero tariffs, zero non-tariff barriers, and zero subsides.Deal with the European Union to increase U.S. energy exports to Europe.Litigated multiple WTO disputes targeting unfair trade practices and upholding our right to enact fair trade laws.Finalized a revised trade agreement with South Korea, which includes provisions to increase American automobile exports.Negotiated an historic U.S.-Mexico-Canada Trade Agreement to replace NAFTA.Agreement to begin trade negotiations for a U.S.-Japan trade agreement.Secured $250 billion in new trade and investment deals in China and $12 billion in Vietnam.Established a Trade and Investment Working Group with the United Kingdom, laying the groundwork for post-Brexit trade.Enacted steel and aluminum tariffs to protect our vital steel and aluminum producers and strengthen our national security.Conducted 82 anti-dumping and countervailing duty investigations in 2017 alone.Confronting China’s unfair trade practices after years of Washington looking the other way.25 percent tariff on $50 billion of goods imported from China and later imposed an additional 10% tariff on $200 billion of Chinese goods.Conducted an investigation into Chinese forced technology transfers, unfair licensing practices, and intellectual property theft.Imposed safeguard tariffs to protect domestic washing machines and solar products manufacturers hurt by China’s trade policiesWithdrew from the job-killing Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).Secured access to new markets for America’s farmers.Recent deal with Mexico included new improvements enabling food and agriculture to trade more fairly.Recent agreement with the E.U. will reduce barriers and increase trade of American soybeans to Europe.Won a WTO dispute regarding Indonesia’s unfair restriction of U.S. agricultural exports.Defended American Tuna fisherman and packagers before the WTOOpened up Argentina to American pork experts for the first time in a quarter-centuryAmerican beef exports have returned to china for the first time in more than a decadeOK’d up to $12 billion in aid for farmers affected by unfair trade retaliation.EnergyPresidential Memorandum to clear roadblocks to construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline.Presidential Memorandum declaring that the Dakota Access Pipeline serves the national interest and initiating the process to complete construction.Opened up the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge to energy exploration.Coal exports up over 60 percent in 2017.Rolled back the “stream protection rule” to prevent it from harming America’s coal industry.Cancelled Obama’s anti-coal Clean Power Plan and proposed the Affordable Clean Energy Rule as a replacement.Withdrew from the job-killing Paris climate agreement, which would have cost the U.S. nearly $3 trillion and led to 6.5 million fewer industrial sector jobs by 2040.U.S. oil production has achieved its highest level in American historyUnited States is now the largest crude oil producer in the world.U.S. has become a net natural gas exporter for the first time in six decades.Action to expedite the identification and extraction of critical minerals that are vital to the nation’s security and economic prosperity.Took action to reform National Ambient Air Quality Standards, benefitting American manufacturers.Rescinded Obama’s hydraulic fracturing rule, which was expected to cost the industry $32 million per year.Proposed an expansion of offshore drilling as part of an all-of-the above energy strategyHeld a lease sale for offshore oil and gas leases in the Gulf of Mexico in August 2018.Got EU to increase its imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the United States.Issued permits for the New Burgos Pipeline that will cross the U.S.-Mexico border.Foreign PolicyMoved the U.S. Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem.Withdrew from Iran deal and immediately began the process of re-imposing sanctions that had been lifted or waived.Treasury has issued sanctions targeting Iranian activities and entities, including the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods ForceSince enacting sanctions, Iran’s crude exports have fallen off, the value of Iran’s currency has plummeted, and international companies have pulled out of the country.All nuclear-related sanctions will be back in full force by early November 2018.Historic summit with North Korean President Kim Jong-Un, bringing beginnings of peace and denuclearization to the Korean Peninsula.The two leaders have exchanged letters and high-level officials from both sides have met resulting in tremendous progress.North Korea has halted nuclear and missile tests.Negotiated the return of the remains of missing-in-action soldiers from the Korean War.Imposed strong sanctions on Venezuelan dictator Nicholas Maduro and his inner circle.Executive order preventing those in the U.S. from carrying out certain transactions with the Venezuelan regime, including prohibiting the purchase of the regime’s debt.Responded to the use of chemical weapons by the Syrian regime.Rolled out sanctions targeting individuals and entities tied to Syria’s chemical weapons program.Directed strikes in April 2017 against a Syrian airfield used in a chemical weapons attack on innocent civilians.Joined allies in launching airstrikes in April 2018 against targets associated with Syria’s chemical weapons use.New Cuba policy that enhanced compliance with U.S. law and held the Cuban regime accountable for political oppression and human rights abuses.Treasury and State are working to channel economic activity away from the Cuban regime, particularly the military.Changed the rules of engagement, empowering commanders to take the fight to ISIS.ISIS has lost virtually all of its territory, more than half of which has been lost under Trump.ISIS’ self-proclaimed capital city, Raqqah, was liberated in October 2017.All Iraqi territory had been liberated from ISIS.More than a dozen American hostages have been freed from captivity all of the world.Action to combat Russia’s malign activities, including their efforts to undermine the sanctity of United States elections.Expelled dozens of Russian intelligence officers from the United States and ordered the closure of the Russian consulate in Seattle, WA.Banned the use of Kaspersky Labs software on government computers, due to the company’s ties to Russian intelligence.Imposed sanctions against five Russian entities and three individuals for enabling Russia’s military and intelligence units to increase Russia’s offensive cyber capabilities.Sanctions against seven Russian oligarchs, and 12 companies they own or control, who profit from Russia’s destabilizing activities.Sanctioned 100 targets in response to Russia’s occupation of Crimea and aggression in Eastern Ukraine.Enhanced support for Ukraine’s Armed Forces to help Ukraine better defend itself.Helped win U.S. bid for the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.Helped win U.S.-Mexico-Canada’s united bid for 2026 World Cup.DefenseExecutive order keeping the detention facilities at U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay open.$700 billion in military funding for FY 2018 and $716 billion for FY 2019.Largest military pay raise in nearly a decade.Ordered a Nuclear Posture Review to ensure America’s nuclear forces are up to date and serve as a credible deterrent.Released America’s first fully articulated cyber strategy in 15 years.New strategy on national biodefense, which better prepares the nation to defend against biological threats.Administration has announced that it will use whatever means necessary to protect American citizens and servicemen from unjust prosecution by the International Criminal Court.Released an America first National Security Strategy.Put in motion the launch of a Space Force as a new branch of the military and relaunched the National Space Council.Encouraged North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies to increase defense spending to their agree-upon levels.In 2017 alone, there was an increase of more than 4.8 percent in defense spending amongst NATO allies.Every member state has increased defense spending.Eight NATO allies will reach the 2 percent benchmark by the end of 2018 and 15 allies are on trade to do so by 2024.NATO allies spent over $42 billion dollars more on defense since 2016.Executive order to help military spouses find employment as their families deploy domestically and abroad.Veterans affairsSigned the VA Accountability Act and expanded VA telehealth services, walk-in-clinics, and same-day urgent primary and mental health care.Delivered more appeals decisions – 81,000 – to veterans in a single year than ever before.Strengthened protections for individuals who come forward and identify programs occurring within the VA.Signed legislation that provided $86.5 billion in funding for the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the largest dollar amount in history for the VA.VA MISSION Act, enacting sweeping reform to the VA system that:Consolidated and strengthened VA community care programs.Funding for the Veterans Choice program.Expanded eligibility for the Family Caregivers Program.Gave veterans more access to walk-in care.Strengthened the VA’s ability to recruit and retain quality healthcare professionals.Enabled the VA to modernize its assets and infrastructure.Signed the VA Choice and Quality Employment Act in 2017, which authorized $2.1 billion in addition funds for the Veterans Choice Program.Worked to shift veterans’ electronic medical records to the same system used by the Department of Defense, a decades old priority.Issued an executive order requiring the Secretaries of Defense, Homeland Security, and Veterans Affairs to submit a joint plan to provide veterans access to access to mental health treatment as they transition to civilian life.Increased transparency and accountability at the VA by launching an online “Access and Quality Tool,” providing veterans with access to wait time and quality of care data.Signed legislation to modernize the claims and appeal process at the VA.Harry W. Colmery Veterans Educational Assistance Act, providing enhanced educational benefits to veterans, service members, and their family members.Lifted a 15-year limit on veterans’ access to their educational benefits.Created a White House VA Hotline to help veterans and principally staffed it with veterans and direct family members of veterans.VA employees are being held accountable for poor performance, with more than 4,000 VA employees removed, demoted, and suspended so far.Signed the Veterans Treatment Court Improvement Act, increasing the number of VA employees that can assist justice-involved veterans.