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India as an emerging superpowerThe Republic of India is considered one of the emerging superpowers of the world.This potential is attributed to several indicators, the primary ones being its demographic trends and a rapidly expanding economy. In 2018 India became the world's fastest growing economy with an 8.4% GDP rate (mid year terms). The country must overcome many economic, social, and political problems before it can be considered a superpower. It is also not yet as influential on the international stage when compared to the United States and former Soviet Union.View of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. The Himalayas in the north and north-east protect the subcontinent from bitter continental cold, save the monsoon winds from escaping, and replenish the river watersheds and flat arable lands that have spawned the Indian civilization.The Metropolis of Mumbai as seen from above during night time. Mumbai is one of the most modern and cosmopolitan cities in IndiaIndia lies in the cultural region of Indian Ocean - a zone with unprecedented potential for growth in the scale of transoceanic commerce, with many Eurasian and increasingly Afro-Asian sea-trade routes passing through or close to Indian territorial waters. The subcontinent's land and water resources, though strained, are still sustaining its massive population.According to George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston of the British Empire:The central position of India, its magnificent resources, its teeming multitude of men, its great trading harbors, its reserve of military strength, supplying an army always in a high state of efficiency and capable of being hurled at a moment's notice upon any point either of Asia or Africa--all these are assets of precious value. On the West, India must exercise a predominant influence over the destinies of Persia and Afghanistan; on the north, it can veto any rival in Tibet; on the north-east . . . it can exert great pressure upon China, and it is one of the guardians of the autonomous existence of Siam. Possession of India gave the British Empire its global reach.Possible future advantage of locationEnergyIn the future, the world is expected to exit the "fossil fuel age", and perhaps the "nuclear energy age", and enter the "renewable-energy age" or even further into the "fusion power age", if and whenever these technologies become economically sustainable.Being a region in the sunny tropical belt, the Indian subcontinent could greatly benefit from a renewable energy trend, as it has the ideal combination of both - high solar insolation and a big consumer basedensity.For example, considering the costs of energy consumed for temperature control (a major factor influencing a region's energy intensity) and the fact that - cooling load requirements, unlike heating, are roughly in phase with the sun's intensity, cooling from the excessive solar radiation could make great energetic (and hence economic) sense in the subcontinent, whenever the required technology becomes competitively cheaper.India also has 25% of the world's thorium resourcesDemographic factorsThe increased Indian population has prompted the creation of high rise apartment blocks in numerous cities, including relatively minor cities like Gurgaon, where this apartment block was built.High populationIndia has the world's second largest population. The PGR for the country is 1.1. A very large number of India's population, about 50%, is below the age group of 24. This provides the nation with a large workforce for many decades, helping in its growth.Young populationDue to its high birth rate India has a young population compared to more developed nations. It has approximately 65% of its population below the age of 35. In addition, declining fertility is beginning to reduce the youth dependency rate which may produce a demographic dividend. In the coming decades, while some of the powerful nations will witness a decrease in workforce numbers, India is expected to have an increase. For example, while Europe is well past its demographic window, the United States entered its own in 1970 (lasting until 2015), China entered its own in 1990 (and will last until 2025), India entered its own in 2010 (and it will last until 2050).In the words of Indian Scholar Rejaul Karim Laskar, "when greying population will be seen inhibiting economic growth of major countries, India will be brimming with youthful energy".Regionally, South Asia is supposed to maintain the youngest demographic profile after Africa and the Middle East, with the window extending up to the 2070s.Global diasporaEditMore than 35 million Indians live across the globe.Under fair opportunities, they have become socio-economically successful— especially in the US where they are the highest earning ethnic demographic.Foreign language skillsThe importance of the English language in the 21st century is a topic of debate,nonetheless the growing pool of non-native English speakers makes it the best contender for "Global language" status.Incidentally, India has the world's largest English speaking/understanding population.It claims one of the largest workforce of engineers, doctors and other key professionals, all comfortable with English.It has the 2nd largest population of "fluent English" speakers, second only to the United States, with estimates ranging from 150 to 250 million speakers, and is expected to have the largest in coming decades. Indians are also learning Dutch, Italian, French, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, German, and Spanish.Political factorsThe Machinery of the world's largest democracy: Sansad Bhavan, the Parliament of IndiaThe BRICS leaders in 2016. Left to right: Temer, Modi, Xi, Putin and Zuma.Democratic republicanistIndia is the world's largest democratic republic, more than three times bigger than the next largest (the United States). It has so far been successful politically, especially considering its functionality despite its difficult ethnic composition.The fact that India is a democracy has improved its relations with other democratic nations and significantly improved its ties with the majority of the nations in the developed world.Candidacy for Security CouncilIndia has been pressing for permanent membership of the United NationsSecurity Council (as part of the G4 nations) but with a clause that it won't exercise its veto for the next 15 years.It has received backing from United States,France, Russia,and the United Kingdom. However, China's stand remains unclear.[Foreign relations:India has developed relationships with the world powers like the European Union,Japan, Russia, and the United States.It also developed relationships with the African Union (particularly South Africa), the Arab World, Southeast Asia, Israel and South American nations (particularly Brazil). In order to make the environment favourable for economic growth, India is investing on its relations with China.It has significantly boosted its image among Western nations and signed a civilian nuclear deal with the United States in March 2006. It is also working for better relationships with Pakistan.Role in international politicsHistorically, India was one of the founding members of Non-Aligned Movement, and had good relationships with Soviet Union and other parts of western world. It played regional roles in South Asian affairs, e.g. its use of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in the Bangladesh Liberation War and in Sri Lanka. It took a leading initiative to improve relations between African and Asian countries. India is an active member of the Commonwealth and the WTO. The evolving economic integration politics in the West and in Asia is influencing the Indian mood to slowly swing in favour of integration with global economy.Currently, India's political moves are being influenced by economic imperatives. New Delhi is also being observed to slowly, cautiously, and often hesitantly, step into the uncharted role of becoming one of the two major seats of political power in Asia,the other being at Beijing. Some enlightened thinkers from the subcontinent have also envisioned, over the long run, of a South Asian version of free trade zone and even a Union, where the South Asian nations relinquish all past animosities and move to make economic growth a pan subcontinental phenomenon.Multi polarity:A new and highly controversial geopolitical strategy, being debated in the West, is whether India should be trusted/helped to become an economically strong democratic citizen of the world and be used to balance the powerful but non-democratic forces, to insure a more stable world.Generally speaking it is discussed in the context of adopting a policy of offshore balancing on the part of the United States. A new American strategy towards India has been indicated in George W. Bush's recent visit to the subcontinent.Economic growthIndia's current economic growth (as the world's fastest-growing major economy as of 2015) has improved its standing on the world's political stage, even though it is still a developing country, but one that is showing strong development. Many nations are moving to forge better relationships with India.The Mumbai Pune Expressway, part of a series of modern high-traffic roads in IndiaEconomic factorsPrime Minister Narendra Modi at the launch of Make in IndiaBooming economyThe economy of India is currently the world's third largest in terms of real GDP(PPP) after the United States of America and the People's Republic of China. According to the World Bank India overtook China to become the fastest-growing major economy in the world as of 201 Its record growth was in the third quarter of 2003, when it grew higher than any other emerging economy at 10.4%.Estimates by the IMF show that in 2011 (see List of countries by future GDP estimates (PPP)), India became the third largest economy in the world, overtaking the Japanese economy and the Fifth largest economy by GDP (Nominal). India has grown at 7.5% in 2015.Primary sectorIndia, growing at 9% per year, is the world's second largest producer of food next to China. Food processing accounts for USD 69.4 billion as gross income.Secondary sectorIndia is still relatively a small player in manufacturing when compared to many world leaders. Some new trends suggest an improvement in future, since the manufacturing sector is growing at 11-12%.NIT, BITS Pilani, IIM, IISc, TIFR and AIIMS are among the world's best.EnergyTo reduce the energy crisis, India is presently constructing ~ 9 civilian nuclear power reactors and several hydro-powerstations. On 25 January 2007, Russian president Vladimir Putin offered to build 4 more reactors on a visit to India and India is expected to clinch this deal of strategical importance.Recently it also made a civilian nuclear energy deal with the US and EU.In recent years, India joined China to launch a vigorous campaign to acquire oil fields around the world and now has stake in several oil fields (in the Middle East and Russia).Mass transit system:India is in the process of developing modern mass rapid transit systems to replace its existing system which is seen as inadequate to cater to present and future urban requirements. A modern metro rail system is already in place in the cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Kochi, Gurgaon, Jaipur and Lucknow . Work is in progress or would be commencing shortly for developing similar mass transit system in cities of NOIDA, Nagpur, Indore, Kanpur and Ahmedabad. Indore is leading the track by implementing world class GPS enabled, low floor buses in a Rapid Transport System. With growth in economy and technology, India is welcoming modernisation. The Indian rail network traverses the length and breadth of the country, covering a total length of 63,140 km (39,200 miles). It is one of the largest and busiest rail networks in the world, transporting over 9 billion passengers and over 350 million tonnes of freight annually.Its operations covers twenty-seven states and three Union territories and also links the neighbouring countries of Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. However, other public transport systems, such as buses are often not up to the standards followed in developed countries. India is heading towards implementation of high-speed rail in tneentry.TourismIndia, with its diverse and fascinating history, arts, music, culture, spiritual & social models has witnessed the growth of a booming tourism industry.India is a historic place with a diverse history of over five millennia. About 3.9 million tourists travelled to India in 2005, each spending approximately $1,470 per person, higher than that of France (the leading tourist destination in the world). Foreign visitors in 2005 spent more than US $15.4 billion annually in India.Many travellers find the cultural diversity an enriching experience, despite the hassles inefficiency, pollution and overcrowding.Monuments like the Taj Mahal are among the many attractions of this land.As of 2006, Conde Nast Traveller ranked India the 4th most preferred travel destination.The Planning Commission expects 5.8 million tourists travelling to India by 2010. The World Travel and Tourism Council believes India's tourism industry will grow at 10% per annum in the next decade, making it lead the world in terms of growth. Tourism contributes 6% of India's GDP and employed 40 million people, making it an important factor in India's economic growth. More than 8 million foreign tourists arrived in the year 2015 against 7.68 million in 2014 recording a growth of 4.4 percent over 2014.Medical tourism in India:Indian Metros have emerged as the leading destination of medical tourism. Last year, an estimated 150,000 foreigners visited India for medical procedures, and the number is increasing at the rate of about 15 percent a year.Military factorsSoldiers from the Grenadier Regiment during 2015 Moscow Victory Day ParadeAgni-II ballistic missile.Total strengthThe Indian Armed Forces, India's main defence organisation, consists of two main branches: the core Military of India and the Indian Paramilitary Forces. The Military of India maintains the second largest active duty force in the world after China,while the Indian Paramilitary Forces, over a million strong, is the second largest paramilitary force in the world. Combined, the total armed forces of India are 2,414,700 strong, the world's third largest defence force.ArmyThe Army of India, as the Indian army was called under British rule before 1947, played a crucial role in checking the advance of Imperial Japan into South Asia during World War II. It also played a leading role in the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. Today, the Indian Army is the world's largest army in total numbers of armed personnel.Air forceThe Indian Air Force is the fourth largest air force in the world.India recently inducted its second indigenously manufactured combat aircraft. India is also developing the fifth generation stealth aircraft.NavyThe Indian Navy is the world's fifth largest navy.It is considered to have blue-water capabilities with sophisticated missile-capable warships, aircraft carrier, minesweepers, advanced submarines and the latest aircraft in its inventory, along with a significant use of state of the art technology that is indigenously manufactured.It operates one aircraft carrier and also plans to induct the INS Vikrant by 2020 followed by a larger INS Vishal.Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDPIndia started the IGMDP to be a self-reliant nation in missile development. The IGMDP program includes five missiles like the Prithvi and Agni of ballistic missiles, surface to air missiles Trishul and Akash and also the anti tank Nag missile. Prithvi and Agni missiles are inducted into the armed forces and form the basis of Indian nuclear second strike capability. Trishul missile is declared a technology demonstrator. The Akash (Sky) is in service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force. While Nag and Helina missiles are undergoing user trials. Recently, a new weapons system, the beyond visual range air-to-air Astra missile was added to the project. Also India has fielded many modern missiles like the anti ballistic missiles like the AAD and PAD along with submarine launched ballistic missiles for its Arihant class of nuclear ballistic submarines. The expertise in developing these missiles has helped Indian scientists to contribute to joint weapon development programs like the Brahmos and Barak-II. India is also developing long range cruise missiles similar to the Tomahawk class of missiles called Nirbhay. There are reports of India developing an intercontinental ballistic missile beyond the range of ten thousand kilometers.India is self-reliant in missile technology.Nuclear weaponsIndia has possessed nuclear weapons since 1974, when it did the Pokharan I nuclear tests, and the means to deliver them over long distances. However, India is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (on grounds of security concerns and that India condemns the NPT as discriminatory).Arms import:India is currently world's largest arms importer, spending an estimated US$16.97 billion in 2004. India has made military technology deals with the Russian Federation, the U.S., Israel and the EU.Current major roles:The Indian Armed Forces plays a crucial role in anti-terrorist activities and maintaining law and order in the disputed Kashmir region. India has also participated in several United Nations peace-keeping missions, currently being the largest contributor to UN peace keeping force and is the second-largest contributor to the United Nations Democracy Fundbehind the USA.Cultural factor::HistoryIndia is one of two ancient civilizations, dating back to at least 5,000 years, which have stood the test of time and survived against all odds. Indians invented the numbering system (introduced into the West by Arabic mathematicians, Arabic numerals), the concept of zero, logic, geometry, basic algebra, calculus, probability, astronomy etc.India has a long history of cultural dialogue with many regions of the world, especially within Asia, where its cultural influence has spread through the philosophy of religions like Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism, etc. - particularly in East and Southeast Asia. Many religions with origins outside the Indian subcontinent - Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Bahá'í Faith - have found followers in India. Indian culture has spread to foreign lands through wandering traders, philosophers, migration and not through conquest. According to Chinese ambassador to the United States, Hu Shih:India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her border. - Hu ShihCinemaIndia's film industry produces more feature films than any other.In a year, it sold 3.6 billion tickets, more than any other film industry in the world (In comparison, Hollywood sold 2.6 billion tickets).The cinemas play a major role in spreading Indian culture worldwide. Indian cinema transcended its boundaries from the days of film Awara, a great hit in Russia. Bollywood films are seen in central and west Asia.Indian films have also found audience in eastern societies.India's film industry is now becoming increasingly popular in Western society, with Bollywood festivals occurring numerous cities and Bollywood dance groups performing in New Year's Eve celebrations, treatment which other non-English film industries generally do not receive.Golden templeUnity in diversity of world viewIndia has a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-religious society living together. The subcontinent's long and diverse history has given it a unique eclectic culture. It is often associated with spirituality. Thanks to its history of both indigenous and foreign influences - like the ancient Indian religions (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainismand Sikhism) and the ancient Middle East Asian schools of thought (Abrahamic - Islam, Christianity, Judaism etc.) - the current Indian civilizational psyche is evolving into a complex mix of them - sometimes a superposition of religious philosophies with acceptance of the conflicting cosmologies, sometimes striking a middle ground, and sometimes taking the practical attitude - popular with the young - of "filtering the common best, and leaving the rest", thus leading to the creation of many syncretic mix of faiths (such as Sai Baba of Shirdi). Since Independence, India has regained its more progressive schools of thought, like - democracy, secularism, rule of law, esteem for human rights, rational deductive reasoning, development of Science and Technology, etc. - are making slow but steady inroads into the collective modern Indian psyche. India's diversity forces it to evolve strong foundations of tolerance and pluralism, or face breakup. The Indian public is now also accepting modern western influences in their society and media - and what is emerging is a confluence of its past local culture with the new western culture ("Social Globalisation"). For some futuristic social thinkers, the miscegenation of diverse ancient culture with modernity, spirituality with science/technology, Eastern with Western world-view is potentially making India a social laboratory for the evolution of futuristic global-unity consciousness.No doubt India is gonna be a superpower by 2050 only and in 200 years …——.—>— —

Breaking down of ethnic and racial identities to form a separate ‘military ethnicity’, distinct from the civilian populace and largely free of racial tensions.While the US military has long been a proponent of how the Marine Corp., US army and other branches of the military are relatively free of racism compared to say, the police branches for e.g., this is far from true. And even a cursory reading of the answers here on Quora and observing of interactions between serving or past US service members and their more liberal counterparts are pretty revealing that racial tensions are far from absent in the US military barracks. Whether or not they are less compared to say the NYPD for e.g. is another matter.A Disturbing Case Reveals Why It's So Hard To Spot Neo-Nazis In The US MilitaryThe unsettling connection between the military and white supremacyMarine Veteran Trains White Supremacists in Military TacticsNeo-Nazis Infiltrate the U.S. Military in New PBS Doc | The Takeaway | WNYC StudiosInside a Neo-Nazi Group With Members Tied to the U.S. MilitaryCongressman wants answers on extremist activity in the militaryOne in four troops sees white nationalism in the ranksGuardsman's Case Shows How Hard It Is to Spot Neo-Nazis in US MilitaryHow common is white nationalism in the military? One congressman is urging an investigation into the issueAnd so on.The Pakistani military too was once plagued by similar ethnic and racial tensions. To the point that when the civil war emerged with the Bengal, the Bengali officers and troops had to be furloughed and removed from service to prevent acts of sabotage, crippling a significant number of squadrons and submarines from full operational effectiveness.The racial tensions back then were somewhat enhanced by the fact that Pakistan military regiments were based on caste and ethnicity by the British when forming the Indian colonial army. So you would have Baloch regiments, Jutt Regiments, Sikh Regiments and so on where you could find yourself surrounded by others just like you within your combat units.The logic behind this was quite simple: It was to ensure bravery. Troops were recruited from the same localities and villages to form regiments and everyone knew each other’s families and where their homes were and what their background was. This was helpful in forming unit cohesion as troops could bond and fraternize faster. But it also meant that if anyone displayed cowardice during combat, word would get back to their villages. And in the martial, honor driven society that existed back then, it would have been better to die in the battlefield than walk in shame in your village where everyone would know you as a coward.This was why British Colonial armies typically resisted integrated combat units due to their belief it would reduce their valor in combat, reduce fraternization and would go against their military ethos. Which is why the Pakistan army kept the system in place for a long time, only altering it significantly after the 71 ethnic civil war.The US Marine Corp. in particular famously claim that their ‘integration’ methodologies are designed to brutalize new recruits to the point that they form unit cohesion regardless of their racial, ethnic and class background. Something which, if the above news sources amount to anything, is clearly not true. In fact, the US military has even evolved a special number of ‘champagne units’ where the white, upper middle class service personnel can safely serve out their terms of service before pursuing political careers with veteran backgrounds. Frontline combat units and lower ranks may serve as opportunities to escape poverty but in no way are they free of the racial tensions that permeate the rest of US society.Of course, calling out the racial elements of the US military has always been in tricky in America where calling out the military is a taboo and if your criticism is deemed directed at individual serving personnel, you can find yourself isolated even faster. The US military’s racism is something that’s only considered tolerable when directed at hapless Arab and Afghan civilians in occupied territories but clearly, some want their cake and want to eat it too: to tolerate racism at those in the occupied regions but believe that its impossible for that same racism to reflect inwards upon their own society and military units.So how does the Pakistan army side step this? Given that they also suffered from immense racial undertones and ethnic infighting?Quite simple: They formed an ethnicity of their own. A military ethnicity.An extract from Dune on how the Sardaukar troops are formed is quite illuminating in this regard:"Salusa Secundus!" the Baron barked. "What has this to do with the Emperor'sprison planet?""A man who survives Salusa Secundus starts out being tougher than mostothers," Hawat said. "When you add the very best of military training --""Nonsense! By your argument, I could recruit from among the Fremen after the way they've been oppressed by my nephew."Hawat spoke in a mild voice: "Don't you oppress any of your troops?""Well . . . I . . . but --""Oppression is a relative thing," Hawat said. "Your fighting men are muchbetter off than those around them, heh? They see unpleasant alternative to being soldiers of the Baron, heh?"The Baron fell silent, eyes unfocused. The possibilities -- had Rabbanunwittingly given House Harkonnen its ultimate weapon?Presently he said: "How could you be sure of the loyalty of such recruits?""I would take them in small groups, not larger than platoon strength," Hawatsaid. "I'd remove them from their oppressive situation and isolate them with atraining cadre of people who understood their background, preferably people who had preceded them from the same oppressive situation. Then I'd fill them with the mystique that their planet had really been a secret training ground to produce just such superior beings as themselves. And all the while, I'd show them what such superior beings could earn: rich living, beautiful women, finemansions . . . whatever they desired."The Baron began to nod. "The way the Sardaukar live at home.""The recruits come to believe in time that such a place as Salusa Secundusis justified because it produced them -- the elite. The commonest Sardaukartrooper lives a life, in many respects, as exalted as that of any member of aGreat House."- Dune, Frank Herbert.The military’s reformulation of their internal unit cohesion began in earnest in 1971 (after the 1971 ethnic civil war) when the state began its first wave of destruction aimed at local ethnic identities to prevent future insurrections against the center from ethnic and regional elites.Madarassahs fueled by Gulf money began preaching an orthodox version of uniform Islam to weigh heavily upon local ethnic cultures till the point that they broke and Islam came to replace both cultural and ethnic identities.The military also moved away from it’s Punjabi centric roots and began discarding cultural and military tradition ethos that were deemed too ‘ethnic’ and began embracing a kind of nationalist-ideological-religious triumvirate identity that left barely any traces of it’s Punjabi centrism as recruitment spiked in the outer provinces and religious zeal began to replace cultural bravado in the military.Simultaneously, linguistics was also made uniform by ensuring that incoming cadets were heavily immersed in the state languages of Urdu and English, and local ethnic languages were barred from official use.At the same time, recruits are heavily indoctrinated with the holy trinity of Urdu-Islam-Pakistan that forms the ideological basis of Pakistani nationalism. And they are also told from the get go that the Pakistan military is the vanguard, the ONLY, vanguard that upholds the spirit of Pakistani nationalism.But indoctrination is only part of the game. The USSR and other communist nations also indoctrinated their troops but could never remove racial tensions from the barracks or prevent emergence of ethnic separatist tendencies within the barracks.The second part of the separation is the redistribution of generous economic resources among serving members of the military to contrast their economic situation with that of the general countryside.The Pakistan military has launched around 4 coups in the existence of the country and existed as a powerful political force throughout our history. During this time, the military has become a powerful economic player in it’s own right and with a separate military economy that it runs with generous subsidies and tax breaks from the civil government under the guise of welfare. Land plots, houses, cars, fuel subsidies, exemptions from tolls and taxes, pensions, post service hiring, you name it.The separation of serving military officers from the rest of the populace in separate housing colonies that are gated communities further exacerbates the economic disparity between serving and ex-military communities and civilian communities.While the US military has its own generous welfare schemes for veterans and several Generals take cushy jobs in think tanks after their retirement (or pursue presidential campaigns), if adjusted for per capita income, it is no where near close to what the Pakistan military has.Just compare the Veterans Affairs department and its provision of healthcare for veterans in the US to the Pakistani medical system for military communities. Long lines and queues are systemic to the US system with veterans committing suicide long before they can meet their first therapist or struggling with crippling disabilities and health complications after exposure to IEDs and deadly toxins in the battlefield.The Pakistani run Combined Military hospitals are almost 1st world in terms of health care by comparison and the SPD hospital is considered the best public sector hospital in the country, easily rivaling private hospitals like Shifa.Pakistani ex service members are not recipients for welfare but integrated into the military economy which provides far more economic benefits than any welfare system could.They are encouraged to fraternize with each other rather than with the civilian populace and several of their gated communities have become self contained communities with their own cinemas, shopping halls, golf courses and what not so that they don’t even need to inter mix with civilian commercial areas except where they zoom past them in their cars to get to their offices.This careful separation of civilian and military populations through indoctrination to change mindsets, cantonments to create physical barriers, economic disparity to create contrast and slow erosion of ethnic and linguistic identity in the military do much to erode ethnic and racial identities within the military and set up the military itself as a separate ethnicity, distinct from the natural ones found in the Pakistani cultural landscape. Even small things like dress, appearance, marriages among the children of service members and so on contribute to this.The economic disparity between serving military members and their civilian counterparts also help reinforce in-unit cohesion and military fraternization: stay loyal to the corp and loyal to your superiors or you can eat dirt with the rest of the civies.And lastly, the intense and potent mixture of religious orthodoxy, ideological indoctrination and almost fanatical nationalism go to a degree that you just wont see in the US military.The religious element in particular. The US military for the most part is a secular organization despite adopting certain religious icons here and there in military traditions.Not so in the Pakistani military where religion forms the underpinning of both the nationalist sentiment and ideological basis of our foundation as a nation state. Religious conservatism and zeal are encouraged, upheld and nurtured among the lower ranks and officer corp to instill within them the loyalty and military ethos needed for the army to function.The controlled radicalization has a topsy turvy history.During the Afghan Jihad against the USSR, officers of the once somewhat secular, aristocratic, British inspired military first began growing long beards, adopting religious lexicon in official communications and intermixing with religious conservative elements in civil society. Such behavior was condoned and encouraged as it strengthened the ideological basis of Pakistan (which separated from India as a separate homeland for the Muslims of South Asia).Then 9/11 happened and several lower ranking officers were involved in terror plots against their military superiors over resentment for cooperating with the US and anger over US invasions in Iraq and bombings in Libya etc. The military high command now became watchful of the ‘long beards’ and more intensely devoted officers and placed them on watch lists or retired them early.But by 2019, a careful balance has been struck where religious zeal and fanaticism has become channeled through state apparatus, giving it a more formalized and structured outlet that has carefully maintained and tuned by higher officials. This has been made easier by the break between the US and Pakistan and the placing of Pakistan in the Chinese-Russian bucket as the dissonance that once existed between a Muslim military that cooperated with a US that was bombing Muslim countries no longer exists.I should also mention at this point that Pakistan also doesn’t have a history of chattel based, racial slavery so that also helps us avoid several racial tension traps that exist in US society but find no parallel in Pakistan.So does this mean that overall the Pakistani Army is superior to the US army in general?Nope.The military’s tactics and strategic planning are woefully outdated. Training and thinking are orthodox and unimaginative. An overt reliance on nuclear weaponry, diplomacy and covert operations has heavily skewed their focus. As well as the distractions of maintaining and expanding the military economy.But the military’s post 1971 efforts to destroy racial tensions within the ranks has been far more successful in Pakistan than the US. The Pakistani military was crippled in 1971 when Bengali officers had to be sidelined during the civil war as ethnic tensions ran amok and crippled operations. To prevent this from happening, the military fraternity project was slowly put in place through a combination of adhoc and deliberate moves that took place over nearly 3–4 decades. Resulting in the largely racism free military of today.Baloch officers did not have to be removed from service during the Baloch insurrection. Pashtun officers did not have to be removed during the North Western military operations. And Sindhi officers were not removed during the Karachi operations.Similarly, Punjabi officers were quick to fall against their own during the South Punjab operations.In fact, military recruitment from separatist hit Balochistan accelerated and Baloch officers were inducted into the military at record high rates even as the disaffection of Baloch civilians increased. Quetta (Balochistan’s capital city) has some of the highest ISSB acceptance rates today (ISSB is the military selection board).So does this mean that the US military can learn something from the Pakistani military over how to tackle their growing racial and white supremacist problem?Wellllllllllllllllllllllll…….Lets just say that the Pakistani method would radically alter what the US military looks like today.It would be a US military that could launch a coup any time and maintains several economic firms of its own that hire retired or serving military officials while receiving generous subsidies, tax breaks and soft loans from the government to cover losses. These US military led firms would be involved in running everything from large petro chemical and banking firms to bakeries and gas stations. US military service members would be largely tax free, exempt from tolls, their kids would receive discounts in private schools.They would have their own military run health care system that would rival private health care. Their per capita economic status would be higher than the average American and rather than receiving welfare, they would be re-employed after service as managers in economic firms run by the military. They would receive a house or a plot of land on retirement.There would be a degree of isolation from the civilian population as military families would live mostly in gate communities and cantonments that were self contained. They would prefer if their kids married other service member’s kids.And the linguistic and cultural habits of military service members would not permit much diversity but would be rigidly broken down into one standard. I’m not sure what the American equivalent of this would be but something close to: Regional American dialects and accents being discouraged in favor of standardized American English and cultural practices would only be acceptable if they matched nationalized standards. The point would be to break down your original ethnic and racial behaviors, customs and identity to impose an artificial one upon you.This new identity is as much to isolate you from the civilians as it is to create fraternization between you and your military service brethren.And of course, it would be a military where Protestant Evangelism or Catholic fanaticism would be encouraged if somewhat controlled. Christian identity would go into overdrive to break down ethnic barriers and to shape all serving members as Christian first, before being White, Black, Hispanic and so on.So yea, in a nutshell: The Pakistan Army has done a better job of eradicating racism within it’s ranks than the US army. It was done through a mixture of economic, social, cultural and linguistic alterations. These might not be replicable in the US. But it’s interesting to see the interplay between racial tensions and linguistics, culture, ethnic and racial identity, economic benefits, isolation from civilians, religous and ideological indoctrination, intense nationalism and so on.To these that sober Race of Men, whose livesReligious titl'd them the Sons of God,-Paradise Lost: Book 11 (1674 version), John MiltonA passing out parade of fresh Baloch recruits in the Pakistan Army. Note the lack of ethnic gear in military formations which has slowly been phased out as the military has gone from being Punjabi centric to one centered more around Islamic nationalism. Hence the stripping of uniforms into more militaristic Puritanism rather than local, culturally compatible kits that could signal ethnic allegiances.Source: Growing trust: Army recruitment from Balochistan on the rise, says governor | The Express Tribune

We have. But since day one we have been seen to be misfits , or not worth of existing, yet we’ve done quite some tremendous things worth of praise such as building the white house and many worth seeing sites.Why? Because the system is white?This list of African Americans inventors and scientists documents many of the African-Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives. These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields, including physics, biology, math, plus the medical, nuclear and space science.African-Americans have been the victims of oppression, discrimination and persecution throughout American history, with an impact on African-American innovation. A 2014 study by economist Lisa D. Cook linked violence towards African-Americans and lack of legal protections over the period 1870-1940 to lower innovation.Among the earliest was George Washington Carver, whose reputation was based on his research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, which aided in nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their way of life. The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts.He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm. He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP.A later renowned scientist was Percy Lavon Julian, a research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine, and a pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones, steroids, progesterone, and testosterone, from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. His work would lay the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production of cortisone, other corticosteroids, and birth control pills.A contemporary example of a modern-day inventor is Lonnie George Johnson, an engineer. Johnson invented the Super Soaker water gun, which was the top-selling toy in the United States from 1991 to 1992. In 1980 Johnson formed his own law firm and licensed the Super Soaker water gun to Larami Corporation. Two years later, the Super Soaker generated over $200 million in retail sales and became the best selling toy in America. Larami Corporation was eventually purchased by Hasbro, the second largest toy manufacturer in the world. Over the years, Super Soaker sales have totaled close to one billion dollars. Johnson reinvested a majority of his earnings from the Super Soaker into research and development for his energy technology companies – "It's who I am, it's what I do."Currently,Johnson holds over 80 patents, with over 20 more pending, and is the author of several publications on spacecraft power systems.A great place to start is with the The Secret Life of Scientists & Engineers, an Emmy-nominated web-series from the acclaimed PBS series, NOVA. The diversity collectionof this series profiles some of today’s leading scientists—showing students that science engages men and women of all ages and diverse backgrounds.1. George Washington Carver1860s – January 5, 1943Field: Botanist, Inventor and TeacherKnown for: Born into slavery, George Washington Carver became a foremost botanist, inventor and teacher. He invented over 300 uses for the peanut and developed methods to prevent soil depletion. He was made a member British Royal Society of Arts — a rare honor for an American – and advised prominent leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and President Teddy Roosevelt on agriculture and nutrition.Resource: George Washington Carver | Scientist, Inventor, and Teacher | Video for grades 3-72. Percy Julian1899–1975Field: Civil Rights Activist, Medical Professional, Scientist, Chemist, AcademicKnown for: Percy Julian was a research chemist and pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants, such as cortisone, steroids and birth control pills. He was inducted into the National Academy of the Sciences, National Inventors Hall of Fame and the American Chemical Society for his lasting work.Resource: Barriers for Back Scientists | Lesson plans for middle and high school3. Mae Carol JemisonOctober 17, 1956 --Field: Engineer, Physician and NASA astronautKnown for: American engineer, physician and NASA astronaut, Mae Carol Jemison became the first African American woman to travel in space when she went into orbit aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour on September 12, 1992.Resource: The Secret Life of Scientists & Engineers | Mae Jemison | Video for grades 6-124. Katherine JohnsonAugust 26, 1918 –Field: MathematicianKnown for: Katherine Johnson is best known for her major contributions to the United States' aeronautics and space programs with the early application of digital electronic computers. Her work was recently recognized and featured in the movie Hidden Figures.Resource: Katherine Johnson | NASA Computer | Video for grades 4-125. Gladys West1930 --Field: MathematicianKnown for: Born and raised in Virginia, Gladys West leveraged her mathematical and programming expertise to invent an accurate model of the Earth which was used as the foundation for the creation of the Global Positioning System (GPS). She was the second black woman ever to be employed by the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division and was inducted into the United States Air Force Hall of Fame—one of the highest honors awarded by the Air Force.6. Marie M. Daly1921–2003Field: Chemist, Researcher and ActivistKnown for: Marie Daly was the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in chemistry in the United States. She worked closely with scientist Dr. Quentin B. Deming and their work opened up a new understanding of how foods and diet can affect the health of the heart and the circulatory system.Resource: Biography Marie Maynard Daly, from the Science History Institute7. Edward BouchetSeptember 15, 1852 – October 28, 1918Field: physicist and educatorKnown for: The first African-American to earn a Ph.D. from any American university and the sixth person of any race to receive a Ph.D. in physics from an American university. He taught science at the Institute for Colored Youth for 26 years.Resource: Historical Detective: Edward Alexander Bouchet and the Washington-Du Bois Debate over African-American Education | Lesson plan for high school from the American Institute of Physics8. Annie EasleyApril 23, 1933 – June 25, 2011Field: computer scientist, mathematician, and rocket scientistKnown for: Annie Easley worked at NASA as a “human computer,” performing complex mathematical calculations. She evolved with the technology -- becoming an adept computer programmer and helped develop and implement code for numerous projects.Resource: Biography: Annie Easley, Computer Scientist, from NASA9. Walter Lincoln HawkinsMarch 21, 1911 – August 20, 1992Field: polymer chemists, scientist and inventorKnown for: Walter Hawkins is best known for inventing a plastic coating for telephone wires that made universal service possible. He is a recipient of the National Medal of Technology and an inductee of the National Inventors Hall of Fame.Resource: Biography: W. Lincoln Hawkins, from Lemelson-MIT Program10. Alexa CanadyNovember 7, 1950 –Field: Surgeon, EducatorKnown for: The first female African-American neurosurgeon in the United States, Alexa Canady was also the first female African-American to be certified by the American Board of Neurological Surgery. She specialized in pediatric neurosurgery and became the director of neurosurgery at the Children's Hospital. Under her guidance, the department was soon viewed as one of the best in the country.Resource: Biography: Alexa Canady, from Changing the Face of MedicineHe became the youngest chief of pediatric neurosurgery in the country at age 33. Carson has received more than 60 honorary doctorate degrees, numerous national merit citations, and written over 100 neurosurgical publications.As a pioneer in neurosurgery, Carson's achievements include performing the only successful separation of conjoined twins joined at the back of the head; performing the first successful neurosurgical procedure on a fetus inside the womb; performing the first completely successful separation of type-2 vertical ...Rachel Connolly is the Director of STEM Education for WGBH and PBS LearningMedia. After teaching high school physics in NYC, she moved into teacher professional development and educational programming at the American Museum of Natural History. Her work with the Hayden Planetarium sparked a love of data visualization that led to her graduate work at Teachers College Columbia University. Her work focuses on designing media-integrated educational experiences that leverage emerging formats of scientific data for innovative instruction. You can see her on PBS LearningMedia talking about the Solar System, or follow her at @rachelbconnolly.Brooke Kinney is the STEM Digital Learning Assistant for WGBH and PBS LearningMedia. A recent graduate from the George Washington University with a Bachelors in Environmental Studies, she moved to Boston to pursue science communication with WGBH.RACHEL CONNOLLY & BROOKE KINNEYSTEM Education, WGBH