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The Tamil genocide didn’t just commence in 2009, it was systematic throughout Sri Lanka’s post colonial rule, under the Sinhala Buddhist dominated government. 2009 was just the peak of the genocide.Short AnswerThe Sri Lankan government, lead by the Sinhala Buddhist majority, attempted to alienate the Tamil population politically and economically. They implemented a series of anti-Tamil legislation, hoping to deteriorate the influence of Tamils on the island. They condoned and acted complicit in anti-Tamil riots and violently suppressed peaceful Tamil demonstrations. The demand for equality, neglected by the state, fuelled the ambition for a separate Tamil state. The lack of respect for peaceful protests inevitably engulfed support for an armed struggle. During the war, the SLA pioneered the use of rape, torture, kidnapping, indiscriminate firing, shelling and bombings against Tamil civilians.In total, an estimate of 150,000 - 200,000 Tamil civilians were killed by the government100,000 of which were killed between March 28th - May 18th 2009 when the government packed 300,000+ Tamils in internationally recognized “NO FIRE ZONES” and were then shelled with artillery and other heavy weaponry.40,000 of those were killed on the beaches of Mullivaikal between April 26th - May 18th 2009After the war had ended, hundreds of thousands of Tamil civilians were rounded up and sent to internment camps. Many Tamils would die of malnutrition, dehydration, disease and suicide. Thousands were taken for interrogation by the army only to never be seen again, as such, making Sri Lanka 2nd in the world in disappearances. After the war, Tamils are subjected to heavy militarization, “land grabs” by the state, forced implementation of Buddhist sites, intimidation, torture and arbitrary detention. The acts of genocide committed by the government has convinced many in the international community to recognize the Tamil Genocide and advocate for an international human rights tribunal against the government, something the government is strongly against for evident reasons.*Please take time to watch Sri Lanka’s Killing FieldsLong Answer(Full analysis):Post colonial anti-Tamil legislation(1948–1977)Citizenship Act(1948)After the country’s independence, the new government, dominated by the Sinhala majority Sinhalese passed the Ceylon Citizenship Only act.The Bill intended to discriminate against Indian Tamils by denying them citizenship, hence, preventing them from votingIndian Tamils made up 11.7% of the SL population in 1948 compared to 4.1% in 2019The Act specified that anyone wishing to obtain citizenship had to prove that they were, at least, 3rd generation immigrants, which was an impossible task for the majority of Indian TamilsThose who were, at least, third-generation immigrants rarely had the necessary documentation since they rarely registered births or printed birth certificates, hence, they could not prove they were citizens and were deportedAbout 5,000 Indian Tamils qualified for citizenship while over 700,000 Indian Tamils, who made up about 11% of the population, were denied citizenship and deported. The Act successfully disenfranchised plantation Tamils, and significantly dropped the voting power of the Tamil populationAmita Shastri, political science professor at the university of San Fransisco has stated:This orientation was made evident in the citizenship and franchise laws Sri Lanka passed soon after independence to exclude the plantation Tamil workers from the political nation. The actions of the Sinhalese elite led by D.S. Senanayake were loaded with an anti‐working class and ethnically divisive content that has been neglected in previous studies. The new laws distorted the pattern of political incentives, alignments and party competition in the emerging system, and systematically skewed it to favour the most traditional segment of the Sinhalese electorate. This created an intractable dynamic of ethnic outbidding between the two major Sinhalese‐dominated parties to attract the Sinhalese voting base, at the expense of the Sri Lankan Tamil minority. This directly contributed to the latter's alienation, support for secessionism, and the outbreak of ethnic violence and civil war in the 1970s and 1980sSinhala Only Act(1956)By independence, Tamils made up over 30% of government services admissions, and it’s estimated that Tamils constituted 50% of the clerical personnel of the railway, postal and customs services, 60% of all doctors, engineers and lawyers, and 40% of other labor forcesDespite Sri Lankan Tamils only making up around 15% of the populationIn the 1956 parliamentary elections, the SLFP, led and founded by Solomon Bandaranaike, campaigned on largely nationalist policies, and made the one of their key election promises. Thus, the Sinhala Only Bill was quickly enacted after the election. The bill was passed with the SLFP and the UNP supporting it, with the leftist LSSP, Communist party of SL and Tamil parties opposing itThe policy, being severely discriminatory, placed the Tamil population at a "serious disadvantage" and prevented them from attaining high positions in politics and federal servicesSinhala academic, A. M. Navaratna Bandara, states:"The Tamil-speaking people were given no option but to learn the language of the majority if they wanted to get public service employment. [...] A large number of Tamil public servants had to accept compulsory retirement because of their inability to prove proficiency in the official language [...]" The effects of these policies were dramatic as shown by the drastic drop of Tamil representation in public sector: "In 1956, 30 percent of the Ceylon administrative service, 50 percent of the clerical service, 60 percent of engineers and doctors, and 40 percent of the armed forces were Tamil. By 1970 those numbers had plummeted to 5 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent, and 1 percent, respectively."As such, most of the government positions and services in the 1960’s were virtually unavailable to Tamils, and this situation only escalated the rise of Tamil nationalismStandardization(1971)The government, lead by PM Sirimavo Bandaranaike, implemented a policy of standardization, a modern day essence affirmative action, to assist Sinhala students to gain better post-secondary educationSinhala nationalists and politicians sought to dilate Tamil presence in education and, thus, also in the professions and civil administrationFrom 1971 to 1977 , the “standardization” policy ensured that the number of students qualifying for university entrance from each language was proportionate to the number of students who sat for university entrance examination in that language. Meaning, that Tamil speaking students had to score much higher than Sinhalese speaking students to gain admission to universitiesNot only did the chances of Tamils to gain access to higher education plummet, but so did the overall process of ethnic relationsThe benefits enjoyed by Sinhalese students also meant a significant fall in the number of Tamil students within the Sri Lankan university student populace.Sri Lankan Tamils, although making up of around 15% of the population, made up 70–80% of university students in the countryTamils constituted 35% and over 45% of students in Medical schoolsThe act significantly dropped the number of Tamils enrolled in universities on the islandUniversity admissions process in 1971 was calculated considerably based on the language of said applicant. Numbers of allocations were proportional to the number of participants who sat to the examination in that language.In 1969, the Northern province, which is 94% Tamil and makes up 7% of the general population, provided 27.5 percent of the entrants to science-based courses in Sri Lankan universitiesStandardization had reduced this to 7%.However, the hardest hit population group were the Tamils in the Western provinces,Colombo and etc, which contained 26%. In 1969, the Western Province provided 67.5 percent of it to admissions to science-based courses.Standardization reduced it to 27%Sinhala historian, C.R. de Silva states:“By 1977 the issue of university admissions had become a focal point of the conflict between the government and Tamil leaders. Tamil youth, embittered by what they considered discrimination against them, formed the Tamil United Liberation Front(TULF). Many advocated the use of violence to establish a separate Tamil state of Eelam. It was an object lesson of how inept policy measures and insensitivity to minority interests can exacerbate ethnic tensions”Many Tamil youths, disfranchised by standardization, began studying aboard, working labour jobs or joining armed guerrilla movements, like the Tamil New Tigers, renamed LTTE in 1976Anti-Tamil riots1956 Gal Oya riotsDeath toll: 150 Tamil civilians and 100+ severely woundedPerpetrators: Sinhalese mobsSri Lanka’s first ethnic/anti-Tamil riotViolence took place in Colombo and Batticaloa as well, but the worst of the violence took place in Gal Oya valley, where local majority Sinhalese colonists and employees of the Gal Oya Development Board(GODB) used government vehicles, dynamite, knives and other weapons and to massacre Tamils in the areaProperties owned by Tamils, were looted and burned down. In the following days, rumours began to spread that a Sinhalese girl had been raped and made to walk naked down the street in Batticaloa by a Tamil mobThis was later proved to be false, but the rumour had already inflamed the mobs and led to further massacres and property destructionThe police ignored the violence and remained in active , but they eventually intervened and stabilized the situation.Federal Party protestors were attacked by a Sinhalese mob that was led by NLF leader KMP RajaratneThe same mob, after listening to a speech by populist Sinhalese politicians urging them to boycott Tamil business, went on a looting spree in the city, burning and looting Tamil businesses.Over 150 Tamil owned shops were looted and many people were hospitalized for their injuries1958 pogrom158–1500 Tamil civilians and some Sinhalese civilians died in the pogrom and 1000+ were severely woundedPerpetrators: Sinhalese mobsAlthough most of the victims were Tamils, some Sinhalese civilians were killed by Sinhalese mobs who attacked said Sinhala’s who provided sanctuary to TamilsPM Bandaranaike referred to the death of DA Seneviratne, Nuwara Eliya mayor, as the cause of the riots. Hence, giving the Sinhalese the notion that Tamils were responsible for the riots.This resulted in mobs laucnching acts of violence against Tamils across countryMobs would beat Tamils, burn&loot shops, rape Tamil women, and burn housesIn Kantale, Sinhalese rioters stopped buses that were entering the city and killed anyone who was unable to recite a Buddhist verseVictims who were murdered included Sinhalese Christians.In Pandura, a rumour, spread that Tamils had preceded to torture and murder a Sinhala school teacher in Batticaloa. The rumour was later proven to be false as subsequent investigations proved that there was no female Sinhala teacher from Panadura stationed in Batticaloa, but the damage had already been done. As a result, a Sinhalese mob attempted to burn down the Hindu Kovil temple. They were unable to do so, however, they forced the priest out of the temple, tied him to a tree and then preceded to burn him aliveThis incident, one of many, was one that Prabhakaran grew up hearing as a child. When hearing this for the first time, Prabhakaran asked “ why didn’t the priest hit back”. No one really had an answer to his question, however, Prabhakaran decided that he would do what the priest couldn’t, he would “hit back”Gangs roamed Colombo, looking for people who might be Tamil. The usual way to distinguish Tamils from Sinhalese was to look for men who wore shirts outside of their pants, or men with pierced ears.As such, people who could not read a Sinhala newspaper, which includes Sinhalese that were educated in English, were beaten or killed.One trick used by the gangs was to disguise themselves as policemen. They would tell Tamils to flee to the police station for their safety. Once the Tamils had left, the empty houses were looted and burned. Across the country, arson, rape, pillage and murder spread. The state police is accused of being complicit and even organizing several riotsSinhalese that protected their Tamil neighbours by using their homes as shelters had their homes burned down "had their brains strewn about".Sinhalese laborers of the Land Develop­ment and Irrigation Department (LDID) from Padaviya formed a mob, armed with guns , and began roaming the northern border areas in trucks. Though they planned on going to Anuradhapura, they took an indirect route on the Padaviya—Kebitigollewa—Vavuniya Road to outmaneuver the army, attacking any Tamils they could find on the way.Prabhakaran’s had family members and family friends who were victims of the 1958 pogrom. Listening to their stories and looking at their wounds perpetuated his belief that an armed struggle was the only optionPrabhakaran’s statement on the riot in his 1984 interview with CNN correspondent, Anita PratapThe shocking events of the 1958 racial riots had a profound impact on me when I was a schoolboy. I heard of horrifying incidents of how our people had been mercilessly and brutally put to death by Sinhala racists. Once I met a widowed mother, a friend of my family, who related to me her agonizing personal experience of this racial holocaust. During the riots a Sinhala mob attacked her house in Colombo. The rioters set fire to the house and murdered her husband. She and her children escaped with severe burn injuries. I was deeply shocked when I saw the scars on her body. I also heard stories of how young babies were roasted alive in boiling tar. When I heard such stories of cruelty I felt a deep sense of sympathy and love for my people. A great passion overwhelmed me to redeem my people from this racist system. I strongly felt that armed struggle was the only way to confront a system which employs armed might against unarmed, innocent people1977 pogrom300 Tamil civilians and some Sinhalese civilians died in the pogrom and 1000+ were severely woundedPerpetrators: Sinhalese mobsIn 1974, the major Tamil poltical parties, who’s primary goal was to represent Tamils in the North&East, joined forces under one party, the Tamil United Liberation Front(TULF)In 1976 they adopted a resolution at their party convention in Vaddukoddai, Jaffna calling for a separate state (Tamil Eelam).The Tamil districts in the 1977 election, almost unanimously, voted for TULF which gravely enraged JR Jayawardene who was convinced that TULF had links with Tamil militant groupsIt’s to note that by 1977, Tamil militant groups began orchestrating attacks against the Sri Lankan army and police forceJayawardene tried to suppress both groupsThere isn’t a universally accepted reason for the riots, but most speculate that it began with a dispute that began when four policemen entered a carnival without tickets. Apparently the policemen were inebriated and proceeded to attack those who asked for tickets. The conflict escalated and the policemen were beaten up by the public and in retaliation the police officers opened fireOthers have the view that the carnival incident was a pretext, inquiries revealing that it was conducted in an organized manner and was hence a pre-planned attack. The riot started on August 12, 1977, within less than a month of the new government taking officeOver 75,000 Tamils were victims of racial violence and were forced to relocate to parts of the northern and Eastern provincesThe events during the pogrom radicalized Tamil youths, convincing many that the TULF's strategy of using legal and constitutional means to achieve independence would never work, and armed struggle was the only to achieve equal rights and independence.The pogrom highlighted TULF's failure to provide security for the mainland Tamil population.It was only after the pogrom that TELO and the LTTE began to openly advocate for an independent Tamil Eelam Later, a TULF activist, Uma Maheswaran, would join the LTTE and would later leave to become the leader of TELO Many TULF activists began to follow in his footsteps and join various Tamil militant groups to fight for independenceWalter Schwarz wrote in Minority Rights Group Report of 1983:The trouble (in 1977) began in Jaffna, capital of the Northern province, when Sinhala policemen, believed to have been loyal to the defeated Sri Lanka Freedom Party of Mrs. Bandaranaike, acted provocatively by bursting into a Tamil carnival. In the violent altercation that followed the police opened fire and four people were killed. A wave of rioting followed, spreading quickly to the south. Among 1,500 people arrested were several well known Sinhalese extremists, accused of instigating violence against TamilsEdmund Samarakkody in Workers Vanguard (New York) stated:The outbreak in mid-August (1977) of the anti-Tamil pogrom (the third such outbreak in two decades) has brought out the reality that the Tamil minority problem in Sri Lanka has remained unresolved now for nearly half a century, leading to the emergence of a separatist movement among the Tamils. As on previous occasions, what took place recently was not Sinhalese – Tamil riots, but an anti-Tamil pogrom. Although Sinhalese were among the casualties, the large majority of those killed, maimed and seriously wounded are Tamils. The victims of the widespread looting are largely Tamils. And among those whose shops and houses were destroyed, the Tamils are the worst sufferers. Of the nearly 75,000 refugees, the very large majority were Tamils, including Indian Tamil plantation workers.Burning of the Jaffna public library(1981)Perpetrators: UNP sponsored paramilitiasThe Jaffna public library, established in 1933The library held archival material written in palm leaf manuscripts, original copies of regionally important historic documents dating back hundreds, if not thousands, of years, political history of Sri Lanka and newspapers that were published hundreds of years ago in the Jaffna Kingdom. Thus, making it the largest historical library in the Indian subcontinent, if not all of Asia, and symbolic for the Tamil peopleThe library became the pride of the local people as even researchers from India and other countries began to use it for research and academic purposesOn May 31st, May 31, 1981, TULF held a rally where which 3 Sinhala policemen were killed by Tamil militanAs a result, police and paramilitary officers began a pogrom that lasted for 3 days. TULF’s head office was destroyed alongside Jaffna MP V. Yogeswaran’s houseFour people were pulled from their homes and killed at random. Many business establishments and a local Hindu temple were also deliberately destroyed.On the night of June 1, according to many eyewitnesses, police and government-sponsored paramilitias set fire to the Jaffna public library and completely destroyed it.Over 97,000 volumes of books along with numerous culturally important and irreplaceable manuscripts were destroyed.Scrolls of historical value and the works and manuscripts of philosophers, artists and authors, including Ananda Coomaraswamy and prominent intellectual Prof. Dr. Isaac ThambiahThe destroyed articles included memoirs and works of writers and authors who contributed greatly towards sustaining the written presence of Tamil cultureThe office of the Eelanaadu, a local newspaper, was also destroyed. Statues of Tamil cultural and religious figures were either destroyed or defaced.Nancy Murray states:several high-ranking security officers and two cabinet ministers were present in the town of Jaffna, when uniformed security men and plain clothed mobs carried out organized acts of destruction.The burning of Jaffna Public Library became an example of ethnic biblioclasm and left a deep impact on Tamil people who perceived it as an attack on their identity and as a cultural genocide as the Library served as a monument to the desire for learning and culture of the people of Jaffna. The Library, then one of Asia’s biggest, contained 95,000 volumes of works relating to Tamil culture and history, including numerous culturally important and irreplaceable manuscripts. When ethnic nationalist forces engaged in book burning in Germany in the 1930s and Bosnia in the 90s, it culminated in genocides. It was part of a long genocidal process that began with the country’s independence. The Sinhalese long sought to suppress Tamil culture because they, as a majority with a minority complex, feared being dominated by Tamils and losing their identity to the larger presence of Tamil culture in the nearby south Indian state. S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike, who would become the country’s prime minister in 1956, campaigned on the Sinhala-Buddhist nationalist platform opposing linguistic parity for Tamil, denouncing those that favoured it as traitors to the race. Portraying the Tamil demand for linguistic parity as an existential threat to the Sinhala race, he said if Tamils were granted parity they “would come to exert their dominant power over us.”UNP politician John Kotelawala warned that parity would ensure in the years to come Sinhala children will be speaking Tamil which with its prolific literature “will gain precedence and finally kill the Sinhalese language.” J.R. Jayewardene (who would later become a prime minister) expressed fear that Sinhala spoken by only three million people would suffer or go extinct altogether if the Tamil language, with its larger share of speakers in India and influence of its literature and films in the island, were granted parity of status. Political Buddhist monks became prominent during this time and argued that linguistic parity ‘would be the death-knell of the Sinhalese’*Exert from Siva E Loganathan’s answerIronically, Mahinda Rajapaksa even referred to the incident stating:Burning the Library sacred to the people of Jaffna was similar to shooting down Lord BuddhaBlack July riots(1983)The turning point of the ethnic conflict happened on July 24, 1983Charles Anthony, aka Lt Seelan, had sacrificed himself so his comrade, nicknamed Aruna, could escape, as the two were attempting to escape the pursuing Sri Lankan armyWhen Prabhakaran received news of Lt. Seelan's death, he immediately plotted to retaliate against the Sri Lankan armyHe hatched a plan to ambush a military convoy on a narrow road in Tinneveli, Jaffna.On the night of July 23, a 15 soldiers were passing through a convey in the villageMines had been laid and the LTTE were in position when the army patrol neared the site. As the SLA soldiers drew closer, a heavy explosion sent the trucks flying into the air and the LTTE soldiers immediately opened fire, killing 13 of the 15 soldiers as they scrambled out of the truckThis is would spark the 5 day massacres of the Tamil population across the countryJR Jayewardene tried to keep the funeral for the dead soldiers from turning into a large demonstration. However, his intentions would fail. The arrival of the bodies from Jaffna to Colombo on July 24 was delayed by several hours, and the funeral had to be cancelled. In the meantime, a large group of people had gathered at the army’s cemetery.As hours passed, the crowd grew more agitated and in the future hours, large scale violence would eruptThe rioting, July 24 - 29, saw thousands Tamil businesses and homes being burned, homes while fleeing Tamils were beaten, shot, or burned alive in their houses, vehicles or on the street. Many Tamil women were raped or forced to display themselves in front of heckling Sinhalese mobsRioting had spread to the Canal Bank, Grandpass, Hattewatte, Kirilapone, Kotahena, Maradana, Modera, Mutwal, Narahenpita, and Wanathamulla. Mobs armed with crow bars and kitchen knives roamed the streets, attacking and killing Tamils.In Colombo, the riots had spread to large Tamil populated areas in Wellawatte, Dehiwala, Anderson Flats, Torrington Flats, Thimbirigasyaya, Cinnamon Gardens, Kadawatha, Kelaniya, Nugegoda and Ratmalana.Violence had spread to Gampaha and Negombo as wellIn Kalutara, the TKVS stores were burned down, one owner managed to escape, but the mob threw him back into the fireThe residence of Indian high commissioner was also burned downBy the evening, virtually, all of Colombo was on fireThe mobs possessed electoral lists which enabled them to identify Tamil homes and propertyThis indicates the prior organization and cooperation by elements of the government.In some cases, the police would re-direct Tamils fleeing to refugee camps to areas controlled by riotersJR Jayewardene would later admit in a statement,"a pattern of organization and planning has been noticed in the rioting and looting that took place."The mob attacked the industrial area of Ratmalana, which contained a number of Tamil-owned factories. Jetro Garments and Tata Garments on Galle Road were completely gutted. Other factories attacked included Ponds, S-Lon, Reeves Garments, Hydo Garments, Hyluck Garments, AGM Garments, Manhattan Garments, Ploy Peck, Berec, and Mascons Asbestos. Indian-owned factories such as Kundanmals, Oxford, and Bakson Garments were not attacked, giving credence to the suggestion that the mob was deliberately going after Sri Lankan Tamil targets. Seventeen factories were destroyed in Ratmalana. Capital Maharaja a Tamil-owned company, is one of Sri Lanka's largest conglomerates. Six of their factories in Ratmalana and their headquarters in Bankshall Street were destroyed. The mob ended the day by setting fire to Tilly's Beach Hotel in Mount Lavinia.One of the most notorious incidents of the rioting took place at the Welikada Prison on 25 July37 Tamil prisoners were killed by Sinhalese prisoners using knives and clubsThe Tamil inmates were political prisoners who were arrested under treason charges while the Sinhalese prisoners were arrested for murder, rape and robberyTamil and Sinhalese prisoners were separated to prevent a large scale riotIn one incident, survivors claimed that prison officers allowed their keys to fall into the hands of Sinhalese prisoners; but at the subsequent inquest, prison officers claimed that the keys had been stolen from them.The most infamous incident in the prison massacre happened when 2 men, one being TELO militant Kuttimani Yogachandran, announced in court that they would donate their eyes in the hope that they would be grafted on to Tamils who would see the birth of Tamil Eelam, Second hand reports from Batticaloa gaol, where the survivors of the Welikada massacre are now being kept, say that Yogachandran and another man were forced to kneel and their eyes gouged out with iron bars by prisoner guards before they were killed. Kuttimani's tongue was cut out by an attacker who drank the blood and cried: "I have drunk the blood of a Tiger."The riots left:4000 Tamils dead20,000 Tamils severely wounded30,000 Tamils and Sinhalese unemployed150,000 Tamils homeless1,000,000 Tamils displacedIt’s to note however, that they were many instances, where Sinhalese civilians were using their homes as refuge and were voluntarily risking their lives to provide protection for Tamils fleeing from state-sponsored mobsAs one Sinhalese individual recalled:"I was completely shattered for months (I was actually hospitalized of exhaustion) after running around transporting my friends and unknown Tamil-speaking families to safe places. We had nearly 15 people in our house."After the riots, the LTTE went from a group of 30 members to 2000 over night. In the preceding weeks, the LTTE saw a spike in recruitment numbersOne LTTE soldier stated:LTTE was very careful in taking people. They didn't just take a bunch of people. They had studied the people, looked at their background.. they would give a person the run-around and then only take him in. After Black July, there was a marked increase in membership among all of the Tamil militant groups in Sri LankaAn example of this would be Anton Balasingham’s political aid, alias Yogi, who was forced to watch the brutal rape of his mother during the riotsHis mother was dragged out of her house and Yogi was forced to watch as Sinhalese thugs preceded to rape and beat her. Every time Yogi looked away, the thugs would beat his mother even moreAfter the 3 hour ordeal, Yogi’s mother was dead, and the Sinhala thugs had left laughing, saying “Tamil whores deserve it”Yogi would flee Colombo to arrive in Jaffna and join the LTTE the following dayIn an interview with the Daily Telegraph on 11 July 1983, about two weeks before the riots, Jayewardene expressed the state's complicity in the violence against the Tamils stating:I am not worried about the opinion of the Jaffna (Tamil) people now. Now we cannot think of them. Not about their lives or of their opinion about us. The more you put pressure in the north, the happier the Sinhala people will be here... really, if I starve the Tamils, Sinhala people will be happy...The Daily Telegraph also reported:Motorists were dragged from their cars to be stoned and beaten with sticks. Others were cut down with knives and axes. Mobs of Sinhala youth rampaged through the streets, ransacking homes, shops and offices, looting them and setting them ablaze, as they sought out members of the Tamil ethnic minority. A mob attacked a Tamil cyclist riding near Colombo's eye hospital. The cyclist was hauled from his bike, drenched with petrol and set alight. As he ran screaming down the street, the mob set on him again and hacked him down with jungle knivesMrs Eli Skarstein, back home in Stavanger, Norway, told how she and her 15 year old daughter, Kristen witnessed one massacre. 'A mini bus full of Tamils were forced to stop in front of us in Colombo', she said. A Sinhalese mob poured petrol over the bus and set it on fire. They blocked the car door and prevented the Tamils from leaving the vehicle. 'Hundreds of spectators watched as about 20 Tamils were burnt to death.' Mrs. Skarstein added: 'We can't believe the official casualty figures. Hundreds, maybe thousands, must have been killed already. The police force (which is 95% Sinhalese) did nothing to stop the mobs. There was no mercy. Women, children and old people were slaughtered. Police did nothing to stop the genocide.'An exert from William McGowan’s book, The Tragedy of Sri Lanka, statesWhile travelling on a bus when a mob laid siege to it, passengers watched as a small boy was hacked 'to limb-less death'. The bus driver was ordered to give up a Tamil. He pointed out a woman who was desperately trying to erase the mark on her forehead—called a kumkum—as the thugs bore down on her. The woman's belly was ripped open with a broken bottle and she was immolated as people clapped and danced. In another incident, two sisters, one eighteen and one eleven, were decapitated and raped, the latter 'until there was nothing left to violate and no volunteers could come forward', after which she was burned. While all this was going on, a line of Buddhist monks appeared, arms flailing, their voices raised in a delirium of exhortation, summoning the Sinhalese to put all Tamils to deathThe Economist stated:"...But for days the soldiers and policemen were not overwhelmed; they were un-engaged or, in some cases, apparently abetting the attackers. Numerous eye witnesses attest that soldiers and policemen stood by while Colombo burned."Dr. Brian Senewiratne’s post Black July statement:It has been erroneously claimed that there has been an ‘ethnic conflict’ in Sri Lanka. There has been no ethnic conflict since 1915, and that was between the Sinhalese and the Muslims. What there has been for six decades, are a series of increasingly virulent pogroms against the Tamil people by a succession of Sinhalese-dominated government, assisted by Sinhalese political opportunists and ethno-religious chauvinists, and conducted by the Sinhalese Armed Forces (99% Sinhalese), with a degeneracy of Sinhala society and its rapid descent to barbarism. These anti-Tamil pogroms have been to crush the Tamil people into submission to accept Sri Lanka as a Sinhala-Buddhist nationPaul Sieghart of the International Commission of Jurists stated in Sri Lanka: A Mounting Tragedy of Errors that:Clearly this (July 1983 attack) was no spontaneous upsurge of communal hatred among the Sinhala people – nor was it as has been suggested in some quarters, a popular response to the killing of 13 soldiers in an ambush the previous day by Tamil Tigers, which was not even reported in the newspapers until the riots began. It was a series of deliberate acts, executed in accordance with a concerted plan, conceived and organized well in advanceCanadian Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, recently stated:“Today, we remember the thousands of Tamil people who lost their lives and the countless others who were displaced from their homes during the 1983 anti-Tamil pogroms in Sri Lanka.“Black July was a week of violent riots and horrific destruction that followed decades of unrest and rising tensions in the country. It led to a conflict that lasted 26 years, killing tens of thousands more people and leaving lasting wounds in communities across Sri Lanka.“Thanks in large part to the advocacy of Tamil-Canadians, Canada implemented a Special Measures program in 1983 to welcome more than 1,800 Tamils. We see the resiliency of Tamil-Canadians in the tremendous contributions they make to Canada every day.“I extend my deepest sympathies to all those who suffered and lost family, friends, and neighbours during Black July and the conflict that followed. Canada continues to offer its full support to those working toward meaningful justice, accountability, peace, and reconciliation in the country.”The Black July riots officially commenced the 26 year civil war as the mainland Tamil population had now openly supported the LTTE and their movement for independenceSri Lankan government massacres of Tamil civilians during the war(1983–2009)*If what happened in Sri Lankan in 2009 happened in 2019, the entire world and social media would be outragedStatistically, the Sri Lankan government is responsible for 92.5% of innocent civilian deathsThe IPKF is responsible for 5%The LTTE is responsible 2.5%Sri Lankan government and IPKF killed more civilians than LTTE soldiersThe LTTE killed more Sri Lankan and Indian soldiers than civiliansSri Lankan government atrocities against Tamil civilians(*NOTE: This is a long list so brace yourself)Inginiyakala massacre ‐ 05.06.19562. 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom3. Tamil research conference massacre ‐10.01.19744. 1977 anti-Tamil pogrom5. 1981 communal pogrom6. Burning of the Jaffna library ‐01.06.19817. 1983 Black July riots8. Thirunelveli massacre ‐ 24, 25.07.19839. Sampalthoddam massacre ‐ 198410. Chunnakam Police station massacre ‐08.01.198411. Chunnakam market massacre ‐ 28.03.198412. Mathawachchi – Rampawa ‐ September 198413. Point Pedro – Thikkam massacre ‐ 16.09.198414. Othiyamalai massacre ‐ 01.12.198415. Kumulamunai massacre ‐ 02.12.198416. Cheddikulam massacre ‐ 02.12.198417. Manalaru massacre ‐ 03.12.198418. Blood soaked Mannar ‐ 04.12.198419. Kokkilai‐Kokkuthoduvai massacre ‐ 15.12.198420. Vankalai church massacre ‐ 06.01.198621. Mulliyavalai massacre ‐ 16.01.198522. Vaddakandal massacre ‐ 30.01.198523. Puthukkidiyiruppu Iyankovilady massacre 21.04.198524. Trincomalee massacres in 198525. Valvai‐85 massacre 10.05.198526. Kumuthini Boat massacre 15.05.198527. Kiliveddi massacre in 198528. Thiriyai massacre ‐ 08.06.198529. Sampaltivu ‐ 04 to 09.08.198530. Veeramunai massacre ‐ 20.06.199031. Nilaveli massacre 16.09.198532. Piramanthanaru massacre ‐ 02.10.198533. Kanthalai‐85 massacre ‐ 09.11.198534. Muthur Kadatkaraichenai ‐ 08, 09, 10.11.198535. Periyapullumalai massacre in 198636. Kilinochchi Railway Station massacre ‐ 25.01.198637. Udumbankulam massacre ‐ 19.02.198538. Vayaloor massacre ‐ 24.08.198539. Eeddimurinchan massacre ‐ 19, 20.03.198640. Anandapuram shelling ‐ 04.06.198641. Kanthalai‐86 massacre ‐ 04, 05.06. 198642. Mandaithivu sea massacre ‐ 10.06.198643. Seruvila massacre ‐ 12.06.198644. Thambalakamam massacres ‐ 1985, 198645. Paranthan farmers massacre ‐ 28.06.198646. Peruveli refugee camp massacre ‐ 15.07.198647. Thanduvan bus massacre ‐ 17.07.198648. Mutur Manalchenai massacre ‐ 18.07. 198649. Adampan massacre ‐ 12.10.198650. Periyapandivrichchan massacre ‐ 15.10.198651. Kokkadichcholai‐87 massacre ‐ 28.01.198752. Paddithidal massacre ‐ 26.04.1987.53. Thonithiddamadu massacre ‐ 27.05.198754. Alvai temple shelling ‐ 29.05.198755. Eastern University massacre ‐ 23.05.199056. Sammanthurai massacre ‐ 10.06.199057. Xavierpuram massacre ‐ 07.08.199058. Siththandy massacre ‐ 20, 27.07.199059. Paranthan junction massacre ‐ 24.07.199060. Poththuvil massacre ‐ 30.07.199061. Tiraikerny massacre ‐ 06.08.199062. Kalmunai massacre ‐ 11.08.199063. Thuranilavani massacre ‐ 12.08.199064. Eravur hospital massacre ‐ 12.08.199065. Koraveli massacre 14.08.199066. Nelliyadi market bombing ‐ 29.08.199067. Eravur massacre ‐ 10.10.199068. Saththurukkondan massacre ‐ 09.09.199069. Natpiddymunai massacre ‐ 10.09.199070. Vantharamullai‐90 massacre ‐ 05, 23,09,199071. Mandaithivu disappearances ‐ 23.08.1990, 25.09.199072. Oddisuddan bombing ‐ 27.11.199073. Puthukkudiyiruppu junction bombing - 24.7. 199074. Vankalai massacre ‐ 17.02.199175. Vaddakkachchi bombing ‐ 28.02.199176. Vantharumoolai ‐ 09.06.199177. Kokkadichcholai‐91 massacre ‐ 12.06.199178. Pullumalai massacre ‐ 1983‐199079. Kinniyadi massacre ‐ 12.07.199180. Akkarayan hospital massacre ‐ 15.07.199781. Uruthrapuram bombing ‐ 04.02.199182. Karapolla‐Muthgalla massacre ‐ 29.04.199283. Vattrapalai shelling ‐ 18.05.199284. Thellipalai temple bombing ‐ 30.05.19985. Mailanthai massacre ‐ 09.08.199286. Kilali massacre ‐1992, 199387. Maaththalan bombing ‐ 18.09.199388. Chavakachcheri‐Sangaththanai bombing ‐ 28.09.199389. Kokuvil temple bombing ‐ 29.09.199390. Kurunagar church bombing ‐ 13.11.199391. Chundikulam‐94 massacre ‐ 18.02.199492. Navali church massacre ‐ 09.07.199593. Nagarkovil bombing ‐ 22.05.199594. Chemmani mass graves in 199695. Kilinochchi town massacre ‐ 1996‐199896. Kumarapuram massacre ‐ 11.02.199697. Nachchikuda strafing ‐ 16.03.199698. Thambirai market bombing ‐ 17.05.199699. Mallavi bombing ‐ 24.07.1996100. Kaithady Krishanthi massacre ‐ 07.09.1996101. Pannankandy massacre ‐ 05.07.1997102. Konavil bombing ‐ 27.09.1996103. Vavunikulam massacre ‐ 26‐09‐1996, 15‐08‐1997104. Mullivaikal bombing ‐ 13.05.1997105. Mankulam shelling ‐ 08.06.1997106. Thampalakamam‐98 massacre ‐ 01.02.1998107. Old Vaddakachchi bombing ‐ 26.03.1998108. Suthanthirapuram massacre ‐ 10.06.1998109. Visuvamadhu shelling ‐ 25.11.1998110. Chundikulam‐98 bombing 02.12.1998111. Manthuvil bombing ‐ 15.09.1999112. Palinagar bombing and shelling ‐ 03.09.1999113. Madhu church massacre ‐ 20.11.1999 .114. Mirusuvil massacre ‐ 19.12.2000115. Pesalai housing scheme massacre – 23 December 2005116. Trincomalee students massacre – 2 January 2006117. Manipay family massacre – 24 January 2006118. TRO employees disappearance –29 January 2006119. Trincomalee riots – 12 April 2006120. Puthoor massacre – 18 April 2006121. Muthur bombing – 25 April 2006122. Uthayan Daily Press Office attack – 2 May 2006123. Nelliyadi massacre – 4 May 2006124. Manthuvil Temple massacre – 6 May 2006125. Allaipiddy massacre – 13 May 2006126. Vadamunai pressure mine – 7 June 2006127. Vankalai family massacre – 8 June 2006128. Kaithady mass grave – 6,7,8 June 2006129. Pesalai church massacre – 17 June 2006130. Action Faim INGO staff massacre – 5 August 2006131.Nedunkerni ambulance claymore – 8 August 2006132. Eastern bombing and shelling – August - December 2006133. Allaipiddy shelling - 13 August 2006134. Senchcholai bombing – 14 August 2006135. Pottuvil massacre – 17 September 2006136. PTK bombing - 16 October 2006137. Kilinochchi hospital precicnts bombing – 2 November 2006138. Vavuniya Agriculture School massacre – 18 November 2006139. Padahuthurai bombing – 2 January 2007140. Silavathurai claymore attack – 2 September 2007141. Periyamadu shelling – 25 October 2007142. Tharmapuram bombing – 25 November 2007143. Iyankulam claymore attack – 27 November 2007144. Madhu school bus bombing - 29 January 2008145. Kiranchi bombing – 22 February 2008146. Murukandy claymore attack – 23 May 2008147. Nahathambiran temple pilgrim claymore attack148. PTK bombing – 15 June 2008149. Mullaitivu petrol station and bus depot bombing - 2 January 2009150. Thevipuram and Vaddakachchi shelling - 8 January 2009151. Tharmapuram Hospital shelling - 8 January 2009152. Visuamadu shelling - 17-20 January 2009153. Suthanthirapuram, Thevipuram, Udayarkattu and Vallipuram shelling - 20 January 2009154. Vallipuram Hospital shelling - 22 January 2009155. Suthanthirapuram shelling - 24 January 2009156. Suthanthirapuram and Udayarkattu shelling - 26 January 2009157. Puthukkudiyiruppu shelling - 26-31 January 2009158. Udayaarkaddu Hospital shelling - 26 January 2009159. Puthukkudiyiruppu Hospital shelling - 1-3 February 2009160. Suthanthirapuram shelling - 3 February 2009161. Ponnambalam Memorial Hospital bombing - 5-6 February 2009162. Mahtalan, Moongilaru, Suthanthirapuram, Thevipuram, Udayarkattu and Vallipuram shelling - 6 February 2009163. Puthukkudiyiruppu shelling - 7 February 2009164. Putumattalan shelling - 7 February 2009165. Suthanthirapuram shelling - 7 February 2009166. Devipuram shelling - 9 February 2009167. Pokkanai bombing - 9 February 2009168. Mattalan shelling - 9 February 2009169. Mattalan, Thevipuram and Vallipuram shelling - 11-12 February 2009170. Iranaipalai shelling - 13 February 2009171. Puthukkudiyiruppu Hospital shelling - 13 February 2009172. Thevipuram and Vallipuram shelling - 14 February 2009173. Mullivaikkal and Putumattalan bombing and shelling - 15 February 2009174. Valayanmadam shelling - 15 February 2009175. Mattalan shelling - 16 February 2009176. Valayanmadam shelling - 17 February 2009177. Ampalavanpokkanai, Idaikdu and Puthukkudiyiruppu shelling - 18 February 2009178. Valayanmadam bombing - 19 February 2009179. Ananthapuram, Iranaipalai, Mullivaikkal and Puthukkudiyiruppu shelling - 19 February 2009180. Valayanmadam shelling - 20 February 2009181. Ananthapuram, Iranaipalai, Pokkanai, Puthukkudiyiruppu and Valayanmadam shelling - 20 February 2009182. Ampalavanpokkanai, Mattalan, Mullivaikkal, Pokkanai and Valayanmadam shelling - 21 February 2009183. Ananthapuram and Iranaipalai shelling - 21 February 2009184. Iranaipalai shelling - 23 February 2009185. Puthukkudiyiruppu bombing and shelling - 25-26 February 2009186. Ampalavakanai shelling - 4 March 2009187. Mattalan and Valayanmadam shelling - 5 - 7 March 2009188. No Fire Zone shelling- 12 March - May 18 2009189. Mattalan, Mullivaikkal and Pokkanai shelling - 13 March 2009190. Valayanmadam bombing - 17 March 2009191. Valayanmadam shelling - 20 March 2009192. Mullivaikkal, Putumattalan and Valayanmadam shelling - 2 March 2009193. Pokkanai shelling - 7 - 19 April 2009194. Pokkanai shelling - April 2009195. Valayanmadam makeshift hospital bombing - 21 April 2009196. Valayanmadam shelling - 23 April 2009197. Mullivaikal massacres - 23 April - May 18 2009*Please read the following descriptions of the details and victims of each massacre through the links : http://www.nesohr.org/files/Lest... http://www.nesohr.org/files/Lest...*Please take the time to watch Channel 4’s “No Fire Zones: Sri Lanka’s Killing Fields”*Every Tamizhan and political activist should watch this documentaryMullivaikal Genocide reportsBruce Fein, counsel for TAG, wroteI am writing to urge you to open investigations under the Rome Statute of Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa, Sri Lankan Defense Secretary Gotabaya Rajapaksa, Sri Lankan presidential adviser and Member of Parliament, Basil Rajapaksa, and Sri Lankan Army Commander Sarath Fonseka.The quartet should be investigated for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide of Sri Lankan civilian Tamils unconnected with the conflict between the government and the LTTE.A US State Department report noted a source inside the No Fire Zone as stating the Sri Lankan military was:“engaged in daily shelling and bombing of the NFZ, killing an estimated minimum of 100 people per day”The US State Department also stated that,“One shell landed in front of the admission ward, killing 26 people instantaneously.”“Among the casualties was the Administrative Officer of Mullaittivu Regional Director of Health Services (RDHS), who was killed while arranging a patient’s admission to the hospital.”“A witness at the hospital said that the shelling came from the direction of Iraddayvaikkal, which GSL forces had recently captured. Another source said that in addition to the 49 killed, scores of others were wounded, and he expected the death toll to rise. Shells were still hitting the area hours later, including one that landed about 150 yards from the hospital.”“the smaller NFZ unilaterally declared by the GSL continued to come under attack.”"An organization’s sources expressed their belief that the GSL was deliberately preventing delivery of medicine to the NFZ and reported that ―over the last week, at least 20 people have died due to starvation and lack of medication"A local source reported that the remaining hospital facilities were continually hit by SLA shelling, even though their locations had been carefully reported to the government.“An organization reported that shipments of food and medicine to the NFZ were grossly insufficient over the prior month and that the GSL reportedly delayed or denied timely shipment of life-saving medicines as well as chlorine tablets. A source in the NFZ reported that patients were brought to the hospital for fainting attacks attributed to their lack of food.”“Shortly thereafter the hospital was attacked, killing four or five people including a doctor and wounding more than 30. Several sources informed HRW that each time a hospital was established in a new location, GPS coordinates of the facility were transmitted to the Sri Lankan government to ensure that the facility would be protected from military attack. Witnesses said that on several occasions, attacks occurred on the day after the coordinates had been transmitted.”“Mothers were crying at the hospital and asking for milk powder. They had not eaten and were unable to feed their children, but the hospital did not have milk powder in stock.”Jacques de Maio, the ICRC head of operations for South Asia, in Geneva said, "not all the wounded could be evacuated today, and it is of the utmost importance that more evacuations take place over the coming days"."The food and medical supplies that have been delivered remain insufficient to cover the basic needs of the people there."A leaked US embassy cable notes,The Embassy has credible information that the Sri Lankan Air Force conducted an air strike south of the civilian safe zone yesterday afternoon, May 10."The Foreign Ministers of the UK, France, Austria and Costa Rica, as well as the U.S. and Mexico all strongly supported SC action, with Russian FM Lavrov on the defensive. Lavrov said the situation in Sri Lanka is a humanitarian disaster, but not a threat to peace and security. He said other fora in the UN were better suited to address this issue. He added that there were plenty of similar instances when the Security Council did not act. China said that the Security Council's informal meetings on Sri Lanka had made a difference.Ambassador Rice disagreed, and said the meetings had not yet made a difference; displaced persons were not receiving help, and the shelling continued despite government assurances to the contrary. On the margins of the meeting, the French said they intend to bring Sri Lanka to the Security Council this week, and would push for a product."Steve Crawshaw of Human Rights Watch commented,“If the Security Council stays silent on this issue any longer, it will be a failure of historic proportions… It is already late, but lives can still be saved”.In a statement, the Tamil National Alliance(TNA) stated,“there is genocide taking place in Vanni; the entire international community is being silent; we don’t want just statements of condemnations and pledges without any action; the killings of civilians must immediately be stopped; this is our urgent request”.“The use by the Sri Lankan State of internationally banned weapons, such as cluster bombs and chemical weapons, has been a characteristic feature of the current phase of the war being waged against the Tamil people.”“The Tamil people in the island of Sri Lanka are clearly being subjected to Genocide.”OISL statements:“A senior United Nations official said they were amongst the worst cases of malnutrition he had ever seen”.“a shell landed near a tent accommodating hospital staff and volunteers, killing a nursing assistant and causing serious burns to six others”.“At least two witnesses indicated that at that time, patients were being brought in with unusual burns, one of them describing the different parts of the body of the patients being blackened, with skin like “black charcoal”.”“Witness testimonies and other documentation refer to many dying of starvation, exhaustion or lack of medical care in addition to those killed by shelling and shooting”.“It remains to be investigated how many people - particularly the most vulnerable such as the elderly and children - died as a result of lack of access to food and medical care.”“One of the children who was 18 months old was suffering severe lethargy, she could not stand up or walk and had to be carried all the time. Even though we favoured the children with food, they showed signs of muscle wastage in their legs, they had distended stomachs and their ribs where showing through their skin where the normal layer of fat in a child of this age had disappeared.”“Cluster munitions release bomblets over a wide area above a target that explode on impact. However, indirect fire munitions may also be configured to explode into fragments overhead. OISL believes that given the persistent nature of the allegations of cluster munitions, further investigation needs to be carried out to determine whether or not they were used.”“Firing from the SLA would pass over the LTTE front line “and impact on the civilians behind it”.”“He said that everyone was squeezed into a small piece of land and practically each time a shell fell, people would be injured and killed. Another witness said he saw nine people being killed when a shell hit a mango tree by a well where they had gathered. One saw a woman killed when a shell hit her bunker… she had a sewing machine and used to make cloth bags to fill with sand for the bunker. “Often, people fled when family members were killed – they had no time to mourn or bury the dead…” Another witness described seeing more than a 100 dead bodies, including children, near his bunker.”“The SLA force now confronting the LTTE was probably in excess of 50,000 soldiers, with significant heavy weapons capability and air supremacy… The SLA was on one side of a large lagoon, the LTTE on the other, the civilians being at some distance behind the LTTE.“Between 8 and 12 May the facility was shelled on several occasions as the NFZ3 came under intense daily bombardment by SLA artillery, the air force and the navy.”“The U.N. has consistently warned against the bloodbath scenario as we’ve watched the steady increase in civilian deaths over the last few months... The large-scale killing of civilians over the weekend, including the deaths of more than 100 children, shows that that bloodbath has become a reality.”“Likewise, while OISL received allegations of the use of white phosphorous, and witnesses described such incidents, particularly in the last few weeks of the conflict where bombs caused intense burning and blackened skin, it was not able to gather enough information to confirm that white phosphorous was used. OISL therefore believes that these allegations should also be investigated further.”Human Rights Watch reported two witness testimonies from the day."K. Kanaga," a 35-year-old woman whose name is withheld for security reasons, said that around 7 p.m. on May 9, she and 15 others were hiding in a bunker that they had built under a tractor when a shell struck the tractor. "If it hadn't been for the tractor, we would have all been dead," she said. About eight to 10 shells struck the immediate area, which was populated with tents and improvised bunkers. Kanaga's 45-year-old cousin was staying in a tent nearby; she never reached the bunker and was killed in the attack. "Many other people were injured as well, but I don't know how many," Kanaga said. "I could hear their screams.""R. Raman," 29, said that he and his family had been hiding in their bunker in Mullaivaikal - a dug-out trench without any cover - for several days. "We were being attacked from all sides," he said. "My wife and I only left the bunker to get food and water for our three children."Early in the morning on May 9, a shell struck one of the tents closeby, killing Raman's 15-year-old nephew and wounding his nephew's older brother and sister. Raman believes that the shell came from Sri Lankan army positions and may have been targeting LTTE forces that were deployed in the jungle about 100 meters away. Several shells struck the tented area inhabited by displaced civilians.Catholic Priest Father Francis Joseph writes to the Pope from inside the No Fire Zone, calling on the Church to break its silence on the massacre of Tamils. The father, who was later detained by Sri Lankan security forces after passing through a military checkpoint in May 2009, has not been seen since and is one of the 12,000 Tamils who have gone missing under government custodyExtracts of his letter are below.Last night’s toll of the dead is 3318 and of the injured more than 4000. It was a barrage of artillery, mortar, multi-barrel shelling and cluster bombs…The cries and woes of agony of babies and children, the women and the elderly fill the air that was polluted by poisonous and unhealthy gases…I deem it my duty to point my finger at the Church for its silence while some of the countries like USA, UK, France and some of the European Union countries and others, even the UN have voiced their dismay at the way the Sri Lankan Government is conducting a war to annihilate the Tamils…Let it be known that under the guise of eradicating terrorism, the Sri Lankan Government is waging the war to annihilate the Tamil nation. It is a genocidal war.Tamil Genocide by Professor Francis BoyleProf Francis Boyle, a Harvard law school graduate and a professor at the University of Illinois College of Law, writes that "since the outset of this latest crisis in January, the GOSL has exterminated about 7000 Tamils in Vanni, certainly a "substantial part" of the Tamil population in Vanni and Sri Lanka.”“If not stopped now, the GOSL's toll of genocide against the Tamils could far exceed the recent horrors of Srebrenica.""A generation ago the world turned away from the Nazi genocide against the Jews--and lived to regret it. Humanity is at a similar crossroads today.”An exert from his book:These Nazi style concentration camps that the Sri Lankan government is now forcibly imposing on at least 300,000 Tamil civilians constitutes acts of genocide within the meaning of Article II(c) of the 1948 Genocide Convention, to which Sri Lanka is a contracting party.United Nations's Secretary- General's advisory panelThe UN released a 215 pages report on the human rights abuses during the war and states:The Sri Lankan military used large-scale and widespread shelling causing large numbers of civilian deaths. This constituted persecution of the population of the Vanni.The Sri Lankan government tried to intimidate and silence the media and other critics of the war using a variety of threats and actions, including the use of white vans to abduct and to make people disappear.The Sri Lankan military shelled on a large scale the three Safe Zones where it had encouraged the civilian population to concentrate. It did this even after saying it would cease using heavy weapons.The Sri Lankan military shelled the UN hub, food distribution lines and Red Cross ships coming to rescue the wounded and their relatives. It did this despite having intelligence as well as notifications by the UN, Red Cross and others.Most of the civilian casualties were caused by Sri Lankan military shelling.The Sri Lankan military systematically shelled hospitals on the frontlines. All hospitals in the Vanni were hit by mortars and artillery, sometimes repeatedly, despite the Sri Lankan military knowing their locations.The Sri Lankan government systematically deprived civilians in the conflict zone of humanitarian aid, in the form of food and medical supplies, adding to their suffering. The government deliberately underestimated the number of civilians in order to deprive them of humanitarian aid.Tens of thousands of civilians were killed between January and May 2009. Many died anonymously in the final days.The Sri Lankan government subjected the civilians who managed to escape the conflict zone to further deprivation and suffering.Screening for Tamil Tigers took place without any transparency or external scrutiny. Some of those separated by the screening were summarily executed whilst women were raped. Others simply disappearedUS Congress report in October 2009 reported:“Majority of shelling into the Safe Zone was from Sri Lankan government forces; the government forces carried out shelling during a 48-hour "ceasefire"; the government forces unlawfully killed captives and combatants seeking to surrender, including senior Tamil Tigers; the government forces and paramilitary groups abducted and then killed Tamil civilians, particularly children and young men; there was an acute shortage of food, medicine and clean water despite government assurances that it would supply sufficient amounts”Between January 14–16 2010, the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal reported that:“The tribunal found numerous instances of human rights violations committed by the Sri Lankan government. Violations between 2006 (end of the ceasefire) and 2009 (end of the war) included: bombing civilian objectives like hospitals, schools and other non-military targets; bombing government-proclaimed 'safety zones' or 'no fire zones'; withholding of food, water, and health facilities in war zones; use of heavy weaponry, banned weapons and air-raids; using food and medicine as a weapon of war; mistreatment, torture and execution of captured or surrendered Tamil Tiger combatants, officials and supporters; torture; rape and sexual violence against women; deportations and forcible transfer of individuals and families; and desecration of the dead”“Violations committed in the IDP camps included: shooting of Tamil citizens and Tamil Tiger supporters; forced disappearances; rape; malnutrition; and lack of medical supplies”“ There was also evidence of forced "disappearances" of targeted individuals from the Tamil population during the ceasefire (2002–2006)”In May 2010, the International Crisis Group reported, with vasts amounts of evidence including numerous reliable eyewitness statements, hundreds of photographs, video, satellite images, electronic communications and documents from multiple credible sources. The report concluded that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan armed forces displaying:The report found credible evidence of intentional shelling of civilians by the Sri Lankan armed forces; intentional shelling of hospitals by the Sri Lankan armed forces; intentional shelling of humanitarian operations by the Sri Lankan armed forces; deliberate obstruction of food and medical treatment for the civilian population by the Sri Lankan armed forcesThe report found evidence that suggested that during 2009 tens of thousands of Tamil civilians were killed, countless wounded and hundreds of thousands deprived of basic food and medical care which resulted in further, unnecessary deaths.The report suggested that the actions of some members of the international community produced conditions which allowed war crimes to be committedIn January 2011 the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights, a German human rights group, sent a dossier detailing alleged war crimes committed by the 57 Division to the German Federal Foreign office:The ECCHR followed the military offensives as described by the Sri Lankan military, examined reports produced by the Sri Lankan government and NGOs, and talked to eyewitnesses present in the conflict area. The dossier concluded that many violations of international law were committed by the Sri Lankan militaryThe dossier states that the senior military and civilian leaders were responsible for these crimesEvidence for government war crimes range from a variety of sources such as:Satellite imageryA number of independent organizations have published an analysis of satellite images of “NO FIRE ZONES” showing heavy damage that could only have been caused by shelling and aerial bombardment. These contradict the Sri Lankan government’s claim that its forces had not used heavy weaponry.A confidential UN report dated 26 April 2009 comparing UNOSAT images of the “NO FIRE ZONES” taken between 5 February 2009 and 19 April 2009 was leaked to the media. The images showed numerous craters caused by shelling.The main finding of the report was that "there are new indications of building destruction and damages resulting from shelling and possible air-strikes".The report found that 60 main buildings had been destroyed to date in the “NO FIRE ZONES” but this excluded temporary structures erected by the IDPs as it was not possible to identify damage to these using satellite images. Over 5,000 IDP shelters had also been relocated during April 2009 due the shelling and bombardment. There was evidence of hundreds of craters and heavy damage to buildings outside the Safe Zone. The report concluded that damage estimates were a minimum and that the "actual damages are likely to be greater". The accuracy of some of the damage suggested that it could only have been done by air-dropped bombs. Although the report does not apportion blame, given that Tamil Tigers' air wing had been destroyed in early 2009, this damage could only have been caused by the SLAF.After being confronted with the UN satellite images during an interview with Al Jazeera’s Sri Lankan foreign secretary Palitha Kohona admitted that the Sri Lankan armed forces had carried out shelling and air raids in the “NO FIRE ZONES”.This contradicted the statements by the Sri Lankan government and President Rajapaksa, and an earlier statement by Kohona himself, that there was no shelling by the Sri Lankan armed forces in the “NO FIRE ZONES”.Following a request from Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch the American Association for the Advancement of Science compared commercial high-resolution satellite images of the “ NO FIRE ZONES” taken on 6 May 2009 and 10 May 2009 to evaluate the impact of heavy fighting on 9/10 May. They found evidence of significant removal of IDP shelters, artillery and mortar emplacements, destroyed permanent structures, bomb shell impact craters and 1,346 individual graves. By calculating the trajectory of the shells which caused the craters the AAAS was able to conclude that the shells came from Sri Lankan army territory.US government satellites had been monitoring the war zone secretly. In April 2009 the US state department released two satellite images of the “NO FIRE ZONES” showing 100,000 civilians trapped in 8-square-mile (21 km) area.The State Department report to Congress (above) included a number of images taken by US government satellites. The images showed that Puthukkudiyiruppu (PTK) Hospital had been heavily damaged between 28 January 2009 and 16 March 2009.VideosAmateur videos, taken by civilians and SLA soldiers, detailed war crimes committed by government forces during the final stages of the warVideos have been used and seen as concrete evidence of human rights abuses and have been displayed in documentaries such as “No Fire Zones: Sri Lanka’s Killing Fields”All of the videos have been authenticated by the UNEyewitness accounts and statements by opposing leaders and civiliansOn 18 May 2010 Channel 4 news broadcast interviews with two people who claimed they were Sri Lankan soldiers and who made the allegation that they had been given orders from "the top" to summarily execute all ethnic Tamils, civilians as well as fighters. A senior commander claimed "the order would have been to kill everybody and finish them off..It is clear that such orders were...from the top". Sri Lankan Defence Secretary Gothabaya Rajapaska brother, was said to have given direct orders to army commanders at the battle front. It was also claimed in the story that Prabhakaran’s 13-year-old son Balachandran was interrogated by the Sri Lankan military before being executed. A front line soldier said "our commander ordered us to kill everyone. We killed everyone". The soldier claimed that the Tamils were tortured before being executed. Numerous photos taken by Sri Lankan soldiers showing dead bodies and Tamil prisoners were also shown in the broadcast. No audio of the actual commander or the front line soldier making the claims were aired to protect their identity, a standard practice.Civilians reported numerous signs of abuse in reports to journalists and aid workers which have been displayed in written reports, news articles, documentaries and short clipsEyewitness accounts from SLA soldiersIn 2012, Ravindra Watudura Bandanage, a former frontline soldier of the army’s 58th division, admitted that the SLA tortured Tamil civilians during the final stages of the war. Bandanage also admitted to being ordered to place a bomb at the home of MK Shivajilingam, a Tamil MP in parliament. During this time, Shivajilingam was an outspoken critic of the government and was aligned with the opposition, TNA. Bandanage refused to go through with any of these orders and admitted to seeing members of the Sri Lankan army torturing, beating and raping Tamil civilians.8 stages of the Tamil Genocide*No Fire Zones, 2009*Sri Lankan internment camps, 2009CLASSIFICATION: “Tamil vs Sinhalese”. Anti-Tamil riots and legislation sponsored and passed by the government, giving leverage to the Sinhalese majority while alienating the Tamil minority, exemplifies their pro Sinhalese attitude and “us vs Tamils” mentality. An example of this would be the Citizenship Act(1948), Sinhala Only Act(1956), Standardization(1971) and the distribution of Tamil voting addresses and information, given to Sinhalese mobs to systematically locate and eliminate innocent Tamils across the country during the Black July Riots(1983). The Citizenship Act can also be compared to Hitler’s Nuremberg laws.SYMBOLIZATION: Classifying Tamils as “terrorists”, “LTTE supporters”, and “Chola invaders”, hence, distinguishing them as outsiders and non-natives of the island. The government had also banned the importation of media that would prove otherwise or go against their propaganda.DEHUMANIZATION: Denying Tamils the right to equality during the country’s infancy. The classification of Tamils as “terrorists” dehumanizing them as individuals. The mass display of dead Tamils on Sri Lankan state-media, the systemic sexual and physical torture of Tamils, the continues bombing and shelling of Tamil owned hospitals, schools, orphanages and etc depicts them “animals” by the state.ORGANIZATION: The government has four options to turn Sri Lanka into a Sinhala-Buddhist state During the Black July riots, Sinhalese mobs were aided and lead by the states police force and abetted by the government. In 2009, the government transported 300,000 Tamil civilians to their sanctioned “NO FIRE ZONES” and then proceed to fire on them with artillery and other heavy weaponry. Then again, after the war had ended, the government packed 300,000 Tamils in concentration camps, many of each, died of malnutrition, dehydration, disease and suicide. The attempt toThe U.N. continues to impose a war crimes tribunal against the Sri Lankan government despite their continuous refusal.5. POLARIZATION: The Sri Lankan government began to arrest moderate Sinhala journalists who contradicted their propaganda, most notable being Lasantha Wickremetunga. The army would arbitrarily detain Tamils across the country, would subject them to brutal methods of torture, would threaten Tamil MP’s and would implement widespread polarizing propaganda against the Tamil population in the Vanni.6. PREPARATION: Tamils are identified and separated into groups and then transported to various No Fire Zones and internment camps.7. Extermination: The government would precede to shell Tamil civilians in all 3 No Fire Zones with artillery, other heavy weaponry and would block humanitarian aid for the internment camps. Tamils in state controlled camps would die of malnutrition, dehydration, disease and suicide, many Tamils were taken by the army for questioning and, as of today, have never been seen since. 100,000 Tamils were killed by the state in a span of 3 months and thousands more perished from the inhumane conditions in the internment camps8. Denial: The government’s continues to deny these claims. Despite international calls for a UN run human rights tribunal against the government, the government has insisted that they conduct their own investigation. Tamil victims are continuously intimidated by the police force and military, they are victims of “land-grabs” by the ongoing militarization of Tamil areas. “Sinhalanisation” and lack of accountability for war crimes continue to encompass the Tamil community. State controlled media continues to display propaganda denying war crimes while Sri Lankan diplomats attempt to defend the government’s actions and human rights hearings and blame the crimes on the LTTE or state that the victims were all LTTE soldiers.International recognition(Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day)On May 18th, Tamils worlwide remember the innocent civilians who were killed by government shelling in No Fire Zones and other areas during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil warThe event is commemorated by many politiciansThe cities of Toronto and Brampton have officially declared May 18th as “Tamil Genocide Rememberance Day”The provincial government of Ontario has unanimously voted in favour of passing the implementation of Bill-104, “Tamil Genocide Education Week(May 11 –18)”Sri Lanka continues to defy the United Nations’ call for a international war crimes investigations, they have even appointed Shavendra Silva, Sri Lankan army commander who is accused of human rights abuses against the Tamil population, as the head of the army.Sources:Ceylon Citizenship Act - WikipediaSinhala Only Act - WikipediaPolicy of standardisation - Wikipedia1956 Ceylonese riots - Wikipedia1958 anti-Tamil pogrom - Wikipedia1977 anti-Tamil pogrom - WikipediaBlack July - WikipediaBlack July: Remembering the 1983 Riots in Sri Lankahttp://www.nesohr.org/files/Lest...http://www.nesohr.org/files/Lest...10 years today - A massacre in MullivaikkalSri Lanka Massacred Tens of Thousands of Tamils While the World Looked Away36 years of burn wounds: The Jaffna LibraryThe Burning of the Jaffna Public Library by the Police in 1981 – 1Burning of Jaffna Public Library - WikipediaThe Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka

There are several ways to work with this limitation.You can talk to the hiring manager or HR face-to-face. That might seem a little old-fashioned, but yes, people still talk to one another in person. When I was looking for seasonal work, I walked right into the Warwick Hotel, talked to the HR person, did my paperwork right there, and walked out. I did this exact thing for two other seasonal positions on the Denver 16 St Mall.A homeless veteran that I knew from Denver Health had no phone and had no reliable address. He went directly to the airport (DIA), requested a hiring manager by name, she came through security and met him, and he filled out the paperwork on-the-spot. He went to the downtown public library and checked his email every day after that, and eventually received a position offer, and a date that he could return for orientation with the other new-hires.If you really want to set yourself apart from every other person applying, be that one person who still believes in human-to-human contact. I want to add something, you might think that you will be judged, we all are, but go into almost any kitchen and respect is given to those working in the dish pit. There is not one restaurant that I have worked in that the crew in the pit wasn’t taken care of. Executive Chefs, Sioux Chefs, Managers — anyone in the back-of-the house who has made the kitchen their career — have worked in dish pits. They know, that their entire restaurant will cease to function if their aren’t clean dishes for their guests — so take heart, and don’t let that deter you.Day Shelters often have mail services. In Boulder, Colorado there is no day shelter at the moment, so the Bridge House, Ready to Work facility is the closest thing to a day shelter available in Boulder. This is probably true for many smaller cities and towns, but 45-minutes away in Denver, there are several shelters, and I know for sure that the entire gamut of services that could ever be offered to a homeless individual or family, would be available there. Keep in mind, day shelters work as refuge, but they aren’t best used for that alone. The idea is, to offer services that help progress a person beyond the point of homelessness, so it makes sense that one of the most reliable resources for someone homeless — can be found at the shelters. If the staff or volunteers at a shelter know that a certain service isn’t offered, they can probably point you in the right direction.Basic ServicesWe provide multiple services that enable men and women who are homeless to meet basic needs for day-to-day survival. These services include separate showers for men and women; haircuts; an opportunity to earn new or cleaner clothes by helping with chores at SFC; storage for one bag of belongings; access to phones for local calls; and use of St. Francis Center’s mailing address and phone number to receive mail, stay in touch with family, or search for a job or housing.Agencies & Day LaborAnother option is to go through an employment agency. Sometimes our only options, are our only options, if that makes sense. Employment agencies will have access to employers and can cut through the mess and connect you directly with employers and positions that fit your skill-sets.Agencies have no reason to “not” find you employment. If you can only work half days and want to work independently, or if you want to get your foot and some time in the door, just tell them.Day labor is simple, you show up, get in line, and wait. Keep this in mind:The person who shows up first gets called first, which can mean showing up at 3–4 a.m. at times, at least it did at Ready Man on High & Colfax. Oddly enough, no two people ever looked like they were there with the same intentions to me.Generally, you don’t need a bank account. When the checks are cut, you are told where to go to cash it. Sometimes you need an I.D., sometimes you don’t, that is at the discretion of the day labor office and the place that cashes their checks.Wear clothes related to the work you want for the day. I have seen people walk into the day labor office with every reflective piece of clothing you can imagine, their own traffic signs, their own boots and helmets, and say they want to go out on a long-ticket (over 8-hours) to stand and rotate their traffic sign. Guess who went out on the first ticket for that — the people who visibly want the long tickets. Usually the short tickets can be half-days, and almost every holiday that you imagine, or any sports event, means lots of hours. I was in Sports Authority (Denver Broncos home stadium) field on tickets to help get the stadium ready for events and games.Storage of your gear while working. My experience has been, any day labor office tags and holds your bags with no problems. What motivation does a day labor office have when nobody wants to work for them? This is a major concern for homeless individuals, for the obvious — they don’t have a safe place to keep their things while they work. You almost never hear this talked about, but I guarantee you it is close to #1 — or even #1 for the reason a homeless person finds it hard to work during the day. What good does busting your tail working do you, when your bag of what little you have...isn’t “wherever” after you get done working?

Python For Artificial IntelligencePython is widely used for artificial intelligence, with packages for a number of applications including General AI, Machine Learning 40, Natural Language Processing and Neural Networks.Choosing a programming language for your AI project depends heavily on the sub-field. So before you pick up a programming language, ensure that it can be utilized extensively and not partially. Above all these programming languages, Python is slowly making its way to the top as it is viable to use for most of the AI subfields. Lisp and Prolog have always been there and are still being used extensively by certain groups as they are more productive with them. Java and C++ are also still very useful because of the benefits they offer.The practice of AI and Machine Learning in python is as given below,Creating AI Using Python Is Easier Than You ThinkYou may be interested in what’s going on in AI sphere, main development stages, achievements, results, and products to use. There are hundreds of free sources and tutorials describing using Python for AI. However, there is no need to waste your time looking through them. Here is a detailed guide with all points you need to know before building artificial intelligence using Python.1. What Languages Are Used for Building AI?LISP is one of the most popular languages for creating AI. Its best features include garbage collection, uniform syntax, dynamic typing, and interactive environment. LISP code is written is s-expressions and consists of lists.Another widely popular AI programming language is Prolog. The best thing about this language is a built-in unifier. Its main disadvantage is that this language is difficult to learn.C/C++ is used for building simple AI in a short period of time. Java is not as fast as C but its portability and built-in types make Java a choice of many developers. And finally, there is Python. As developers state, Python is similar to Lisp. It’s one of the most popular AI languages. Why is it so? Why do developers code AI with Python? Let’s check it out.2. Why Do People Choose Python?Python was created at the end of 1980s. Its implementation started in 1989. Python’s philosophy is very interesting as it includes several aphorisms. Explicit rather than implicit, simple rather than complex. Python creators value beautiful design and look. They prefer complex to complicated. And what’s even more important, they state that readability counts. Python has a clean grammar and syntax. It’s natural and fluent. As Python’s developers state, the language’s goal is to be cool in use. Being named after Monty Python, a British comedy group, the language has a playful approach to many tutorials and other materials.Developers state that they enjoy the variety and quality of Python’s features. Though it’s not the perfect scientific programming language, its features are efficient:Data structuresClassesFlexible function calling syntaxIteratorsNested functionsKitchen-sink-included standard libraryGreat scientific librariesCool open source libraries (Numpy, Cython, IPython, MatPlotLib)Other features developers like about Python are as following: the holistic language design, thought out syntax, language interoperability, balance of high-level and low-level programming, documentation generation system, modular programming, correct data structures, numerous libraries, and testing frameworks. One of the disadvantages is the need of programmers to be good at MATLAB, as it’s common in general scientific coding. That’s why many devs publish open research code in MATLAB.If comparing to other OOP languages, Python is relatively easy to learn. It has a bunch of image intensive libraries: VTK, Maya 3D Visualization Toolkits, Scientific Python, Numeric Python, Python Imaging Library, etc. These tools are perfect for numeric and scientific applications.Python is used everywhere and by everyone: in simple terminal commands, in vitally important scientific projects, and in big enterprise apps. This language is well designed and fast. It’s scalable, open source, and portable.3. How to Build AI Using Python?The first step is to get started. Though it sounds a bit stressful and hard, you should understand that building AI in Python will take some time. The amount of time needed depends on your motivation, skills, the level of programming experience, etc.In order to build AI with Python, you need to have some base understanding of this language. This is not just a popular general purpose programming language. It’s also widely used for machine learning and computing. First of all, install Python. You may do that installing Anaconda, the open source analytics platform. Including the needed packages for machine learning, NumPy, scikit-learn, iPython Notebook, and matplotlib.If you are searching for some materials on how to boost your Python skills quicker, check out the following books:Python The Hard WayGoogle Developers Python CourseAn Introduction to Python for Scientific ComputingLearn X in Y MinutesIf you’ve already got enough experience of programming using Python, you should still check out Python documentation from time to time.The next step is to boost your machine learning skills. Of course, it’s almost impossible to reach the ultimate understanding of machine learning in a short period of time. Unless you are a genius or a machine like IBM Watson. That’s why it’s better to start with gaining basic machine learning knowledge or improving its level with a help of the following courses: Andrew Ng’s Machine Learning Course, Tom Mitchell Machine Learning Lectures, etc. Everything you need is the basic understanding of machine learning theoretical aspects.When talking about Python, I’ve already mentioned scientific libraries. These Python libraries will be useful when you build AI. For example, you will use NumPy as a container of generic data. Containing an N-dimensional array object, tools for integrating C/C++ code, Fourier transform, random number capabilities, and other functions, NumPy will be one of the most useful packages for your scientific computing.Another important tool is pandas, an open source library that provides users with easy-to-use data structures and analytic tools for Python. Matplotlib is another service you will like. It’s a 2D plotting library that creates publication quality figures . Among the best matplotlib advantages is the availability of 6 graphical users interface toolkits, web application servers, and Python scripts. Scikit-learn is an efficient tool for data analysis. It’s open source and commercially usable. It’s the most popular general purpose machine learning library.After you work with scikit-learn, you may take programming AI using Python to the next level and explore k-means clustering.You should also read about decision trees, continuous numeric prediction, logistic regression, etc. If you want to learn more about Python in AI, read about a deep learning framework Caffee and a Python library Theano.There are Python AI libraries: AIMA, pyDatalog, SimpleAI, EasyAi, etc. There are also Python libraries for machine learning: PyBrain, MDP, scikit, PyML. If you’re searching for natural language and text processing libraries, check out NLTK.As you see, the importance of Python for AI is obvious. Any machine learning project will benefit from using Python. As AI needs a lot of research, programming artificial intelligence using Python is efficient – you may validate almost every idea with up to thirty code lines.4. How to Create a Chatbot Using Python?If you read the Letzgro blog often, you know that we love creating awesome apps and programs that help our clients change their lives and businesses in particular. Chatbots are our new love. Chatbots are the new beginning. Chatbots are the new apps. I can continue it for ages. However, everything you should know is that chatbots are new online assistants that provide different services via chatting.For example, there is Hi Poncho! that tells people the weather forecast. There is The Spring chatbot that allows people choose shoes and clothes while chatting. There is CNN chatbot, a chatbot that orders flowers. Recently, our developers have built a chatbot that facilitates work of an entrepreneur who promotes tattoo artists via Instagram. Isn’t that cool? A chatbot may be used in every sphere, business, and every environment.Chatbots are a type of AI. To be more specific, chatbots are ANI, artificial narrow intelligence. They are not as clever as humans. Besides, chatbots can carry out a limited amount of tasks. Nevertheless, these functions still make our lives easier. That’s why so many entrepreneurs are thinking about bringing chatbots to their sites. There are many ways to do that. You may use different languages and approaches. You may build chatbots with a professional software development company. You may also build it using Python. Here is a short guide how to do that.If you want to create artificial intelligence chatbots in Python, you’ll need AIML package (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language). First of all, create a standard startup file with on pattern. Load aiml b. Add random responses that make a dialog interesting. Now to write your own AIML file, browse for some files you already may use. For example, search among AIML files from the Alice Bot website. Enter Python.When you create the startup file, it will then serve as a separate entity. Thus, you may have more AIML files without source code modifications. The program will start learning when there are many AIML files. Speed up the brain load. Add Python commands. So that’s an introduction to how you can make artificial intelligence using Python.Why Python?Choosing a programming language for your AI project depends heavily on the sub-field. So before you pick up a programming language, ensure that it can be utilized extensively and not partially. Above all these programming languages, Python is slowly making its way to the top as it is viable to use for most of the AI subfields. Lisp and Prolog have always been there and are still being used extensively by certain groups as they are more productive with them. Java and C++ are also still very useful because of the benefits they offer.The engineering team responsible for the initial prototyping was mainly Artificial Intelligence oriented. It consisted of professionals, graduated from the Maastricht University, most of them quite theoretical and with little to no actual programming experience. The project itself required a highly object oriented Programming Language able to deliver the features we required for our prototyping but also was easy to learn because of the lack of coding experience. Python was chosen because it matched the criteria set by the project while still easy to learn.Although we considered Python perfect for the prototype phase, we anticipated that ultimately most of the prototypes would have to be rewritten into C and C++. However during the prototyping and alpha phase Python turned out to be more qualified for the job than initially expected i.e. Python turned out to be a true problem solver. At present most of the original Python code is still untouched or replaced by new Python code.Python has been used in artificial intelligence projects[137][138][139][140]. As a scripting language with modular architecture, simple syntax and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for natural language processing.[141](Source: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=python+for+artificial+intelligence&lite=0&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju_LK84b7YAhUM148KHbIaDaUQhEEIWg )General AIAIMA - Python implementation of algorithms from Russell and Norvig's 'Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach'pyDatalog - Logic Programming engine in PythonSimpleAI - Python implementation of many of the artificial intelligence algorithms described on the book "Artificial Intelligence, a Modern Approach". It focuses on providing an easy to use, well documented and tested library.EasyAI - Simple Python engine for two-players games with AI (Negamax, transposition tables, game solving).Machine LearningTensorFlow, an open-source software library for machine learning.pyTorch, an open-source Tensors and Dynamic neural networks in PythonGraphLab Create - An end-to-end Machine Learning platform with a Python front-end and C++ core. It allows you to do data engineering, build ML models, and deploy them. Key design principles: out-of-core computation, fast and robust learning algorithms, easy-to-use Python API, and fast deployment of arbitrary Python objects.Feature Forge - A set of tools for creating and testing machine learning features, with a scikit-learn compatible API.Orange - Open source data visualization and analysis for novice and experts. Data mining through visual programming or Python scripting. Components for machine learning. Extensions for bioinformatics and text mining. Packed with features for data analytics.PyBrain - PyBrain is a modular Machine Learning Library for Python. Its goal is to offer flexible, easy-to-use yet still powerful algorithms for Machine Learning Tasks and a variety of predefined environments to test and compare your algorithms.PyML - PyML is an interactive object oriented framework for machine learning written in Python. PyML focuses on SVMs and other kernel methods. It is supported on Linux and Mac OS X.MlPy - mlpy makes extensive use of NumPy to provide fast N-dimensional array manipulation and easy integration of C code. The GNU Scientific Library ( GSL) is also required. It provides high level procedures that support, with few lines of code, the design of rich Data Analysis Protocols (DAPs) for preprocessing, clustering, predictive classification, regression and feature selection. Methods are available for feature weighting and ranking, data resampling, error evaluation and experiment landscaping.Milk - Milk is a machine learning toolkit in Python. Its focus is on supervised classification with several classifiers available: SVMs (based on libsvm), k-NN, random forests, decision trees. It also performs feature selection. These classifiers can be combined in many ways to form different classification systems.scikit-learn - scikit-learn is a Python module integrating classic machine learning algorithms in the tightly-knit world of scientific Python packages (numpy, scipy, matplotlib). It aims to provide simple and efficient solutions to learning problems that are accessible to everybody and reusable in various contexts: machine-learning as a versatile tool for science and engineering.Shogun - The machine learning toolbox's focus is on large scale kernel methods and especially on Support Vector Machines (SVM) . It provides a generic SVM object interfacing to several different SVM implementations, among them the state of the art OCAS, Liblinear, LibSVM, SVMLight, SVMLin and GPDT. Each of the SVMs can be combined with a variety of kernels. The toolbox not only provides efficient implementations of the most common kernels, like the Linear, Polynomial, Gaussian and Sigmoid Kernel but also comes with a number of recent string kernels. SHOGUN is implemented in C++ and interfaces to Matlab(tm), R, Octave and Python and is proudly released as Machine Learning Open Source SoftwareMDP-Toolkit - Modular toolkit for Data Processing (MDP) is a Python data processing framework. From the user’s perspective, MDP is a collection of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms and other data processing units that can be combined into data processing sequences and more complex feed-forward network architectures. From the scientific developer’s perspective, MDP is a modular framework, which can easily be expanded. The implementation of new algorithms is easy and intuitive. The new implemented units are then automatically integrated with the rest of the library. The base of available algorithms is steadily increasing and includes signal processing methods (Principal Component Analysis, Independent Component Analysis, Slow Feature Analysis), manifold learning methods ([Hessian] Locally Linear Embedding), several classifiers, probabilistic methods (Factor Analysis, RBM), data pre-processing methods, and many others.LibSVM - LIBSVM is an integrated software for support vector classification, (C-SVC, nu-SVC), regression (epsilon-SVR, nu-SVR) and distribution estimation (one-class SVM). It supports multi-class classification. A Python interface is available by by default.Weka - Weka is a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks. The algorithms can either be applied directly to a dataset or called from your own Java code. Weka contains tools for data pre-processing, classification, regression, clustering, association rules, and visualization. It is also well-suited for developing new machine learning schemes. See here for a tutorial on using Weka from jython.Monte - Monte (python) is a Python framework for building gradient based learning machines, like neural networks, conditional random fields, logistic regression, etc. Monte contains modules (that hold parameters, a cost-function and a gradient-function) and trainers (that can adapt a module's parameters by minimizing its cost-function on training data).SOM - Self-Organizing Maps is a form of machine learning technique which employs unsupervised learning. It means that you don't need to explicitly tell the SOM about what to learn in the input data. It automatically learns the patterns in input data and organizes the data into different groups.Yalign - Yalign is a friendly tool for extracting parallel sentences from comparable corpora..Natural Language & Text ProcessingNLTK - Open source Python modules, linguistic data and documentation for research and development in natural language processing and text analytics, with distributions for Windows, Mac OSX and Linux.gensim - Gensim is a Python framework designed to automatically extract semantic topics from documents, as naturally and painlessly as possible. Gensim aims at processing raw, unstructured digital texts (“plain text”). The unsupervised algorithms in gensim, such as Latent Semantic Analysis, Latent Dirichlet Allocation or Random Projections, discover hidden (latent) semantic structure, based on word co-occurrence patterns within a corpus of training documents. Once these statistical patterns are found, any plain text documents can be succinctly expressed in the new, semantic representation, and queried for topical similarity against other documents and so on.Quepy - A python framework to transform natural language questions to queries in a database query language.Neural Networksneurolab - Neurolab is a simple and powerful Neural Network Library for Python. Contains based neural networks, train algorithms and flexible framework to create and explore other networks. It has the following features: pure python + numpy; API like Neural Network Toolbox (NNT) from MATLAB; interface to use train algorithms from scipy.optimize; flexible network configurations and learning algorithms; and a variety of supported types of Artificial Neural Network and learning algorithms.ffnet - ffnet is a fast and easy-to-use feed-forward neural network training solution for python. Many nice features are implemented: arbitrary network connectivity, automatic data normalization, very efficient (also parallel) training tools, network export to fortran code.FANN - Fast Artificial Neural Network Library is a free open source neural network library, which implements multilayer artificial neural networks in C with support for both fully connected and sparsely connected networks. Cross-platform execution in both fixed and floating point are supported. It includes a framework for easy handling of training data sets. It is easy to use, versatile, well documented, and fast. Bindings to more than 15 programming languages are available. An easy to read introduction article and a reference manual accompanies the library with examples and recommendations on how to use the library. Several graphical user interfaces are also available for the library.bpnn.py - Written by Neil Schemenauer, http://bpnn.py is used by an IBM article entitled "An introduction to neural networks".PyAnn - A Python framework to build artificial neural networkspyrenn - pyrenn is a recurrent neural network toolbox for python (and matlab). It is written in pure python and numpy and allows to create a wide range of (recurrent) neural network configurations for system identification. It is easy to use, well documented and comes with several examples.An Overview of Python Deep Learning FrameworksTags: Deep Learning, Keras, Neural Networks, Python, TensorFlow, Theano, TorchRead this concise overview of leading Python deep learning frameworks, including Theano, Lasagne, Blocks, TensorFlow, Keras, MXNet, and PyTorch.Anaconda: The Most Popular Data Science PlatformI recently stumbled across an old Data Science Stack Exchange answer of mine on the topic of the “Best Python library for neural networks”, and it struck me how much the Python deep learning ecosystem has evolved over the course of the past 2.5 years. The library I recommended in July 2014, pylearn2, is no longer actively developed or maintained, but a whole host of deep learning libraries have sprung up to take its place. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. We’ve used most of the technologies on this list in production or development at indico, but for the few that we haven’t, I’ll pull from the experiences of others to help give a clear, comprehensive picture of the Python deep learning ecosystem of 2017.In particular, we’ll be looking at:TheanoLasagneBlocksTensorFlowKerasMXNetPyTorchTheanoDescription:Theano is a Python library that allows you to define, optimize, and evaluate mathematical expressions involving multi-dimensional arrays efficiently. It works with GPUs and performs efficient symbolic differentiation.Documentation:http://deeplearning.net/software/theano/Summary:Theano is the numerical computing workhorse that powers many of the other deep learning frameworks on our list. It was built by Frédéric Bastien and the excellent research team behind the University of Montreal’s lab, MILA. Its API is quite low level, and in order to write effective Theano you need to be quite familiar with the algorithms that are hidden away behind the scenes in other frameworks. Theano is a go-to library if you have substantial academic machine learning expertise, are looking for very fine grained control of your models, or want to implement a novel or unusual model. In general, Theano trades ease of use for flexibility.Pros:FlexiblePerformant if used properlyCons:Substantial learning curveLower level APICompiling complex symbolic graphs can be slowResources:Installation guideOfficial Theano tutorialTheano slideshow and practice exercisesFrom linear regression to CNNs with TheanoIntroduction to Deep Learning with Python & Theano (MNIST video tutorial)LasagneDescription:Lightweight library for building and training neural networks in Theano.Documentation:http://lasagne.readthedocs.org/Summary:Since Theano aims first and foremost to be a library for symbolic mathematics, Lasagne offers abstractions on top of Theano that make it more suitable for deep learning. It’s written and maintained primarily by Sander Dieleman, a current DeepMind research scientist. Instead of specifying network models in terms of function relationships between symbolic variables, Lasagne allows users to think at the Layerlevel, offering building blocks like “Conv2DLayer” and “DropoutLayer” for users to work with. Lasagne requires little sacrifice in terms of flexibility while providing a wealth of common components to help with layer definition, layer initialization, model regularization, model monitoring, and model training.Pros:Still very flexibleHigher layer of abstraction than TheanoDocs and code contain an assortment of pasta punsCons:Smaller communityResources:Official GitHub pageOfficial installation guideOfficial Lasagne tutorialExample Lasagne codeBlocksDescription:A Theano framework for building and training neural networks.Documentation:http://blocks.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Summary:Similar to Lasagne, Blocks is a shot at adding a layer of abstraction on top of Theano to facilitate cleaner, simpler, more standardized definitions of deep learning models than writing raw Theano. It’s written by the University of Montreal’s lab, MILA — some of the same folks who contributed to the building of Theano and its first high level interface to neural network definitions, the deceased PyLearn2. It’s a bit more flexible than Lasagne at the cost of having a slightly more difficult learning curve to use effectively. Among other things, Blocks has excellent support for recurrent neural network architectures, so it’s worth a look if you’re interested in exploring that genre of model. Alongside TensorFlow, Blocks is the library of choice for many of the APIs we’ve deployed to production at indico.Pros:Still very flexibleHigher layer of abstraction than TheanoVery well testedCons:Substantial learning curveSmaller communityResources:Official installation guideArxiv paper on the design of the Blocks libraryA reddit discussion on the differences between Blocks and LasagneBlock’s sister library for data pipelines, FuelTensorFlowDescription:An open source software library for numerical computation using data flow graphs.Documentation:https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/Summary:TensorFlow is a blend between lower level, symbolic computation libraries like Theano, and higher level, network specification libraries like Blocks and Lasagne. Although it’s the newest member of the Python deep learning library collection, it likely has garnered the largest active community because it’s backed by the Google Brain team. It offers support for running machine learning models across multiple GPUs, provides utilities for efficient data pipelining, and has built-in modules for the inspection, visualization, and serialization of models. More recently, the TensorFlow team decided to incorporate support for Keras, the next deep learning library on our list. The community seems to agree that although TensorFlow has its shortcomings, the sheer size of its community and the massive amount of momentum behind the project mean that learning TensorFlow is a safe bet. Consequently, TensorFlow is our deep learning library of choice today at indico.Pros:Backed by software giant GoogleVery large communityLow level and high level interfaces to network trainingFaster model compilation than Theano-based optionsClean multi-GPU supportCons:Initially slower at many benchmarks than Theano-based options, although Tensorflow is catching up.RNN support is still outclassed by TheanoResources:Official TensorFlow websiteDownload and setup guideindico’s take on TensorFlowA collection of TensorFlow tutorialsA Udacity machine learning course taught using TensorFlowTensorFlow MNIST tutorialTensorFlow data inputKerasDescription:Deep learning library for Python. Convnets, recurrent neural networks, and more. Runs on Theano or TensorFlow.Documentation:https://keras.io/Summary:Keras is probably the highest level, most user friendly library of the bunch. It’s written and maintained by Francis Chollet, another member of the Google Brain team. It allows users to choose whether the models they build are executed on Theano’s or TensorFlow’s symbolic graph. Keras’ user interface is Torch-inspired, so if you have prior experience with machine learning in Lua, Keras is definitely worth a look. Thanks in part to excellent documentation and its relative ease of use, the Keras community is quite large and very active. Recently, the TensorFlow team announced plans to ship with Keras support built in, so soon Keras will be a subset of the TensorFlow project.Pros:Your choice of a Theano or TensorFlow backendIntuitive, high level interfaceEasier learning curveCons:Less flexible, more prescriptive than other optionsResources:Official installation guideKeras users Google groupRepository of Keras examplesInstructions for using Keras with DockerRepository of Keras tutorials by application areaMXNetDescription:MXNet is a deep learning framework designed for both efficiency and flexibility.Documentation:http://mxnet.io/api/python/index.html#python-api-referenceSummary:MXNet is Amazon’s library of choice for deep learning, and is perhaps the most performant library of the bunch. It has a data flow graph similar to Theano and TensorFlow, offers good support for multi-GPU configurations, has higher level model building blocks similar to that of Lasagne and Blocks, and can run on just about any hardware you can imagine (including mobile phones). Python support is just the tip of the iceberg — MXNet also offers interfaces to R, Julia, C++, Scala, Matlab, and Javascript. Choose MXNet if you’re looking for performance that’s second to none, but you must be willing to deal with a few of MXNet’s quirks to get you there.Pros:Blazing fast benchmarksExtremely flexibleCons:Smallest communitySteeper learning curve than TheanoResources:Official getting started guideindico’s intro to MXNetRepository of MXNet examplesAmazon’s CTO’s take on MXNetMXNet Arxiv paperPyTorchDescription:Tensors and dynamic neural networks in Python with strong GPU acceleration.Documentation:http://pytorch.org/docs/Summary:Released just over a week ago, PyTorch is the new kid on the block in our list of deep learning frameworks for Python. It’s a loose port of Lua’s Torch library to Python, and is notable because it’s backed by the Facebook Artificial Intelligence Research team (FAIR), and because it’s designed to handle dynamic computation graphs — a feature absent from the likes of Theano, TensorFlow, and derivatives. The jury is still out on what role PyTorch will play in the Python deep learning ecosystem, but all signs point to PyTorch being a very respectable alternative to the other frameworks on our list.Pros:Organizational backing from FacebookClean support for dynamic graphsBlend of high level and low level APIsCons:Much less mature than alternatives (in their own words — “We are in an early-release Beta. Expect some adventures.”)Limited references / resources outside of the official documentationResources:Official PyTorch homepagePyTorch twitter feedRepository of PyTorch examplesRepository of PyTorch tutorials(Source: KDnuggets By Madison May, indico.)Python isn't only used in AI field but it is also widely used in many different top fields everywhere in the world. For e.g., such as Data Science, Web development(GUI), etc. ( Refer: List of Python software - Wikipedia )15 Python Libraries for Data ScienceIf you’ve read our introduction to Python, you already know that it’s one of the most widely used programming languages today, celebrated for its efficiency and code readability. As a programming language for data science, Python represents a compromise between R, which is heavily focused on data analysis and visualization, and Java, which forms the backbone of many large-scale applications. This flexibility means that Python can act as a single tool that brings together your entire workflow.Python is often the choice for developers who need to apply statistical techniques or data analysis in their work, or for data scientists whose tasks need to be integrated with web apps or production environments. In particular, Python really shines in the field of machine learning. Its combination of machine learning libraries and flexibility makes Python uniquely well-suited to developing sophisticated models and prediction engines that plug directly into production systems.One of Python’s greatest assets is its extensive set of libraries. Libraries are sets of routines and functions that are written in a given language. A robust set of libraries can make it easier for developers to perform complex tasks without rewriting many lines of code. In this article, we’ll introduce you to some of the libraries that have helped make Python the most popular language for data science in Stack Overflow’s 2016 developer poll.BASIC LIBRARIES FOR DATA SCIENCEThese are the basic libraries that transform Python from a general purpose programming language into a powerful and robust tool for data analysis and visualization. Sometimes called the SciPy Stack, they’re the foundation that the more specialized tools are built on.NumPy is the foundational library for scientific computing in Python, and many of the libraries on this list use NumPy arrays as their basic inputs and outputs. In short, NumPy introduces objects for multidimensional arrays and matrices, as well as routines that allow developers to perform advanced mathematical and statistical functions on those arrays with as little code as possible.SciPy builds on NumPy by adding a collection of algorithms and high-level commands for manipulating and visualizing data. This package includes functions for computing integrals numerically, solving differential equations, optimization, and more.Pandas adds data structures and tools that are designed for practical data analysis in finance, statistics, social sciences, and engineering. Pandas works well with incomplete, messy, and unlabeled data (i.e., the kind of data you’re likely to encounter in the real world), and provides tools for shaping, merging, reshaping, and slicing datasets.IPython extends the functionality of Python’s interactive interpreter with a souped-up interactive shell that adds introspection, rich media, shell syntax, tab completion, and command history retrieval. It also acts as an embeddable interpreter for your programs that can be really useful for debugging. If you’ve ever used Mathematica or MATLAB, you should feel comfortable with IPython.matplotlib is the standard Python library for creating 2D plots and graphs. It’s pretty low-level, meaning it requires more commands to generate nice-looking graphs and figures than with some more advanced libraries. However, the flip side of that is flexibility. With enough commands, you can make just about any kind of graph you want with matplotlib.Libraries for Machine LearningMachine learning sits at the intersection of Artificial Intelligence and statistical analysis. By training computers with sets of real-world data, we’re able to create algorithms that make more accurate and sophisticated predictions, whether we’re talking about getting better driving directions or building computers that can identify landmarks just from looking at pictures. The following libraries give Python the ability to tackle a number of machine learning tasks, from performing basic regressions to training complex neural networks.scikit-learn builds on NumPy and SciPy by adding a set of algorithms for common machine learning and data mining tasks, including clustering, regression, and classification. As a library, scikit-learn has a lot going for it. Its tools are well-documented and its contributors include many machine learning experts. What’s more, it’s a very curated library, meaning developers won’t have to choose between different versions of the same algorithm. Its power and ease of use make it popular with a lot of data-heavy startups, including Evernote, OKCupid, Spotify, and Birchbox.Theano uses NumPy-like syntax to optimize and evaluate mathematical expressions. What sets Theano apart is that it takes advantage of the computer’s GPU in order to make data-intensive calculations up to 100x faster than the CPU alone. Theano’s speed makes it especially valuable for deep learning and other computationally complex tasks.TensorFlow is another high-profile entrant into machine learning, developed by Google as an open-source successor to DistBelief, their previous framework for training neural networks. TensorFlow uses a system of multi-layered nodes that allow you to quickly set up, train, and deploy artificial neural networks with large datasets. It’s what allows Google to identify objects in photos or understand spoken words in its voice-recognition app.Libraries for Data Mining and Natural Language ProcessingWhat if your business doesn’t have the luxury of accessing massive datasets? For many businesses, the data they need isn’t something that can be passively gathered—it has to be extracted either from documents or webpages. The following tools are designed for a variety of related tasks, from mining valuable information from websites to turning natural language into data you can use.Scrapy is an aptly named library for creating spider bots to systematically crawl the web and extract structured data like prices, contact info, and URLs. Originally designed for web scraping, Scrapy can also extract data from APIs.NLTK is a set of libraries designed for Natural Language Processing (NLP). NLTK’s basic functions allow you to tag text, identify named entities, and display parse trees, which are like sentence diagrams that reveal parts of speech and dependencies. From there, you can do more complicated things like sentiment analysis and automatic summarization. It also comes with an entire book’s worth of material about analyzing text with NLTK.Pattern combines the functionality of Scrapy and NLTK in a massive library designed to serve as an out-of-the-box solution for web mining, NLP, machine learning, and network analysis. Its tools include a web crawler; APIs for Google, Twitter, and Wikipedia; and text-analysis algorithms like parse trees and sentiment analysis that can be performed with just a few lines of code.Libraries for Plotting and VisualizationsThe best and most sophisticated analysis is meaningless if you can’t communicate it to other people. These libraries build on matplotlib to enable you to easily create more visually compelling and sophisticated graphs, charts, and maps, no matter what kind of analysis you’re trying to do.Seaborn is a popular visualization library that builds on matplotlib’s foundation. The first thing you’ll notice about Seaborn is that its default styles are much more sophisticated than matplotlib’s. Beyond that, Seaborn is a higher-level library, meaning it’s easier to generate certain kinds of plots, including heat maps, time series, and violin plots.Bokeh makes interactive, zoomable plots in modern web browsers using JavaScript widgets. Another nice feature of Bokeh is that it comes with three levels of interface, from high-level abstractions that allow you to quickly generate complex plots, to a low-level view that offers maximum flexibility to app developers.Basemap adds support for simple maps to matplotlib by taking matplotlib’s coordinates and applying them to more than 25 different projections. The library Folium further builds on Basemap and allows for the creation of interactive web maps, similar to the JavaScript widgets created by Bokeh.NetworkX allows you to create and analyze graphs and networks. It’s designed to work with both standard and nonstandard data formats, which makes it especially efficient and scalable. All this makes NetworkX especially well suited to analyzing complex social networks.These libraries are just a small sample of the tools available to Python developers. If you’re ready to get your data science initiative up and running, you’re going to need the right team. Find a developer who knows the tools and techniques of statistical analysis, or a data scientist with the development skills to work in a production environment. Explore data scientists on Upwork, or learn more about the basics of Big Data.(Source: Upwork)Artificial intelligence researchers have developed several specialized programming languages for artificial intelligence: Some other languages that are being used for Artificial Intelligence as follows,AIML (meaning "Artificial Intelligence Markup Language")[1] is an XML dialect[2]for use with A.L.I.C.E.-type chatterbots.IPL[3] was the first language developed for artificial intelligence. It includes features intended to support programs that could perform general problem solving, such as lists, associations, schemas (frames), dynamic memory allocation, data types, recursion, associative retrieval, functions as arguments, generators (streams), and cooperative multitasking.Lisp[4] is a practical mathematical notation for computer programs based on lambda calculus. Linked lists are one of the Lisp language's major data structures, and Lisp source code is itself made up of lists. As a result, Lisp programs can manipulate source code as a data structure, giving rise to the macro systems that allow programmers to create new syntax or even new domain-specific programming languages embedded in Lisp. There are many dialects of Lisp in use today, among which are Common Lisp, Scheme, and Clojure.Smalltalk has been used extensively for simulations, neural networks, machine learning and genetic algorithms. It implements the purest and most elegant form of object-oriented programming using message passing.Prolog[5][6] is a declarative language where programs are expressed in terms of relations, and execution occurs by running queries over these relations. Prolog is particularly useful for symbolic reasoning, database and language parsing applications. Prolog is widely used in AI today.STRIPS is a language for expressing automated planning problem instances. It expresses an initial state, the goal states, and a set of actions. For each action preconditions (what must be established before the action is performed) and postconditions (what is established after the action is performed) are specified.Planner is a hybrid between procedural and logical languages. It gives a procedural interpretation to logical sentences where implications are interpreted with pattern-directed inference.POP-11 is a reflective, incrementally compiledprogramming language with many of the features of an interpreted language. It is the core language of the Poplog programming environment developed originally by the University of Sussex, and recently in the School of Computer Science at the University of Birminghamwhich hosts the Poplog website, It is often used to introduce symbolic programming techniques to programmers of more conventional languages like Pascal, who find POP syntax more familiar than that of Lisp. One of POP-11's features is that it supports first-class functions.Haskell is also a very good programming language for AI. Lazy evaluation and the list and LogicT monads make it easy to express non-deterministic algorithms, which is often the case. Infinite data structures are great for search trees. The language's features enable a compositional way of expressing the algorithms. The only drawback is that working with graphs is a bit harder at first because of purity.Wolfram Language includes a wide range of integrated machine learning capabilities, from highly automated functions like Predict and Classify to functions based on specific methods and diagnostics. The functions work on many types of data, including numerical, categorical, time series, textual, and image.[8]C++ (2011 onwards)MATLABPerlJulia (programming language), e.g. for machine learning, using native or non-native libraries.