Hics 260: Fill & Download for Free

Here’s a general answer for a general audience:Essentially, yes. At the very least, something extremely close to it was spoken by some people for a period of time. Latin during the Roman Republic was not a diglossic language (like Arabic, Tamil etc.) in any sense. There is fairly good evidence that classical prose authors like Cicero did not write in a language variety radically different from how they talked, anymore than educated American English speakers do. But it’s also worth distinguishing Classical Latin from what I would call Textbook Latin. Even “classical authors” deviate in subtle ways from the formalized “classical Latin” described in textbooks.Here’s the more detailed, and mercilessly technical continuation:How is the Classical Latin of the Late Republic not the same thing as Textbook Latin? Because the latter treats usages as ordinary which clearly were not so in the former. We are, for example, told by textbooks that the verb īre “to go” has forms like i, it, is, iit etc. in its paradigm. But these disappear from educated prose in the Late Republic, with the exception of the archaizing genres, and it is to be assumed that this reflects developments in speech. The writings of Cicero suggest that the monosyllabic forms were no longer in use for him. He has some 260 examples of īre, with only two monosyllabic forms (of which one is in a formula from the official language and the other is linked with a supine in what was probably a fixed expression.) Similar things are true of the use of īre in Caesar, the Plinies, Quintilian etc. (though there are occasional outliers who apparently had a taste for archaism, such as Seneca). Now, if it is normally felt that in textbook “Classical Latin” the monosyllabic parts of the paradigm of īre are used like with any other verb, this is a problem. This is clearly not so even for Cicero’s writing. If Cicero didn’t write in Classical Latin then what does the concept even mean?The monosyllabic forms of īre are a feature that dropped out of normal educated prose when they ceased being current in speech. This is not true of all features. There is evidence from recently discovered texts (such as the archive of Flavius Cerialis, prefect of the ninth cohort of Batavians, and the letters of Claudius Terentianus, a Roman legionary much farther down the social scale serving in Egypt at around the same time) that the inflected passive was losing ground in the 2nd century AD and was probably a feature of more formal, or at least planned, language by that time.It is probably a mistake to frame one's thinking in terms like "classical" and "vulgar." These categories as we now use them are really more an artifact of scholarly tradition than of the linguistic reality they obscure.Latin speakers (depending on time and place and social class etc) didn't usually experience their own language, written or spoken, in such a dichotomous way anymore than Modern English speakers do. And they didn't use them that way either. Spoken and literary language blended into one another in various complex ways at different times and in different places.The term "Vulgar Latin" is a useful catch-all term for words unattested in textual Latin but inferable from Romance reflexes like *volútum or *perdútum which must underly such forms as It. perduto, voluto. But, if taken in its more common sense to mean a version of Latin used down the social ladder by the uneducated of the Roman Empire, and out of which Romance languages are the most direct reflex, then "Vulgar Latin" is a fiction. This is not how Romance developed. The precursors to Romance were the result of speakers across the social scale in constant contact with each other. Educated usage was an important factor in this. “Vulgar Latin” and the language of the educated cannot easily be separated into discreet entities without a lot of distortion. Many of the features commonly assigned in 20th century scholarship to "Vulgar Latin" are not even complete by the time early Romance is attested in any case.In fact, recent investigation has shown that the precursors to a number of Romance developments began in the usage of the upper classes, and some even make their earliest appearance in specialized high-register language such as literary, legal or philosophical texts, long before we find them used in lower register texts or graffiti. To this diffusion from above the modern western Romance languages owe the adverbial "-mente", the suppletion of monosyllabic forms of īre with corresponding forms from vādere, and also possibly the new synthetic future formed from infinitive+habēre. (Btw diffusion from above should be nothing new to an English speaker, even apart from standard forms like "you" replacing non-standard "yous." The non-standard hypercorrection "between you and I", for example, is a usage that began among the educated upper middle class, and is currently in the process of diffusion down the American social ladder. Check up on American English in 200 years and you may find that "I" has taken on some aspects of a tonic pronoun.)The specimen of the "simple" style in the "Ad Herennium" offers an example of how close the written language was to the way people (or rather, a certain type of educated person) spoke in the 1st century BC. The author literally prefaces this example of the "correct" simple style by saying that "in adtenuato figurae genere, id quod ad infimum et cottidianum sermonem demissum est, hoc erit exemplum" ("This will serve as an example of the simple style, that which has been brought down to the level of everyday speech.")Here's that "simple style" with a translationUt forte hic in balneas venit, coepit, postquam perfusus est, defricari; deinde, ubi visum est ut in alveum descenderet, ecce tibi iste de traverso: ‘Heus,’ inquit, ‘adolescens, pueri tui modo me pulsarunt; satis facias oportet.’ Hic, qui id aetatis ab ignoto praeter consuetudinem appellatus esset, erubuit. Iste clarius eadem et alia dicere coepit. Hic vix: ‘Tamen,’ inquit, ‘sine me considerare.’ Tum vero iste clamare voce ista quae perfacile cuivis rubores eicere potest; ita petulans est atque acerba: ne ad solarium quidem, ut mihi videtur, sed pone scaenam et in eiusmodi locis exercitata. Conturbatus est adolescens; nec mirum, cui etiam nunc pedagogi lites ad oriculas versarentur inperito huiusmodi conviciorum. Ubi enim iste vidisset scurram exhausto rubore, qui se putaret nihil habere quod de existimatione perderet, ut omnia sine famae detrimento facere posset?"So, this guy came to the baths. After washing he started getting a rub-down. Then when he'd decided to go down to the pool, this other guy up and comes out of nowhere and says "Hey kid, your slaves just hit me. You ought to make amends.” Now the first guy blushed, since back then it wasn't the done thing for someone his age to be addressed by a stranger. This other guy started to say the same stuff and then some, and in a louder voice. The first had a hard time getting his words out: “Just let me look into it” he said. Then the the guy proceeds to shout in the kind of tone of voice that brings out blushes in anyone, a tone so aggressive and harsh you shouldn't even use it around the sundial — I think — but backstage, and in places like that. The kid was thrown into confusion, which is no wonder, since his ears were still ringing with his tutor's reprimands, and he'd never had to deal with this kind of abuse. Where would he have seen a bozo like this who exhausted all his blushes because he didn't think he had a good name left to lose, such that he could do whatever he wanted without hurting his reputation?"Like most attempts at colloquial writing, this is not exactly ordinary speech (it's still within the acceptable range for oratory) so much as an approximation of same. It has some syntactic complexity to it. There are about ten subordinate clauses in a short space, three of them in a single sentence, and two of the relative clauses have subjunctive verbs. There is no shortage of passives. There are here features of spoken Latin which were not normally used in writing. For example, the perfective "pulsarunt" is used, rather than the normative literary "pulsaverunt" (it is the former which was to survive in Romance, cf. Sp. "pujaron"). The diminutive "oricula" is also a colloquial word which survived in Romance (oreja, oreille, orecchia etc.) whereas "auris" did not. But this passage does, I think, still qualify as Classical Latin in any useful sense.

The Scrabble Dictionary (OWL2) recognizes 1015 three-letter words, though the version I have is a little out of date, and might be missing some:1. AAH; 2. AAL; 3. AAS; 4. ABA; 5. ABO; 6. ABS; 7. ABY; 8. ACE; 9. ACT; 10. ADD; 11. ADO; 12. ADS; 13. ADZ; 14. AFF; 15. AFT; 16. AGA; 17. AGE; 18. AGO; 19. AGS; 20. AHA; 21. AHI; 22. AHS; 23. AID; 24. AIL; 25. AIM; 26. AIN; 27. AIR; 28. AIS; 29. AIT; 30. ALA; 31. ALB; 32. ALE; 33. ALL; 34. ALP; 35. ALS; 36. ALT; 37. AMA; 38. AMI; 39. AMP; 40. AMU; 41. ANA; 42. AND; 43. ANE; 44. ANI; 45. ANT; 46. ANY; 47. APE; 48. APO; 49. APP; 50. APT; 51. ARB; 52. ARC; 53. ARE; 54. ARF; 55. ARK; 56. ARM; 57. ARS; 58. ART; 59. ASH; 60. ASK; 61. ASP; 62. ASS; 63. ATE; 64. ATT; 65. AUK; 66. AVA; 67. AVE; 68. AVO; 69. AWA; 70. AWE; 71. AWL; 72. AWN; 73. AXE; 74. AYE; 75. AYS; 76. AZO; 77. BAA; 78. BAD; 79. BAG; 80. BAH; 81. BAL; 82. BAM; 83. BAN; 84. BAP; 85. BAR; 86. BAS; 87. BAT; 88. BAY; 89. BED; 90. BEE; 91. BEG; 92. BEL; 93. BEN; 94. BES; 95. BET; 96. BEY; 97. BIB; 98. BID; 99. BIG; 100. BIN; 101. BIO; 102. BIS; 103. BIT; 104. BIZ; 105. BOA; 106. BOB; 107. BOD; 108. BOG; 109. BOO; 110. BOP; 111. BOS; 112. BOT; 113. BOW; 114. BOX; 115. BOY; 116. BRA; 117. BRO; 118. BRR; 119. BUB; 120. BUD; 121. BUG; 122. BUM; 123. BUN; 124. BUR; 125. BUS; 126. BUT; 127. BUY; 128. BYE; 129. BYS; 130. CAB; 131. CAD; 132. CAM; 133. CAN; 134. CAP; 135. CAR; 136. CAT; 137. CAW; 138. CAY; 139. CEE; 140. CEL; 141. CEP; 142. CHI; 143. CIG; 144. CIS; 145. COB; 146. COD; 147. COG; 148. COL; 149. CON; 150. COO; 151. COP; 152. COR; 153. COS; 154. COT; 155. COW; 156. COX; 157. COY; 158. COZ; 159. CRU; 160. CRY; 161. CUB; 162. CUD; 163. CUE; 164. CUM; 165. CUP; 166. CUR; 167. CUT; 168. CWM; 169. DAB; 170. DAD; 171. DAG; 172. DAH; 173. DAK; 174. DAL; 175. DAM; 176. DAN; 177. DAP; 178. DAW; 179. DAY; 180. DEB; 181. DEE; 182. DEF; 183. DEL; 184. DEN; 185. DEV; 186. DEW; 187. DEX; 188. DEY; 189. DIB; 190. DID; 191. DIE; 192. DIF; 193. DIG; 194. DIM; 195. DIN; 196. DIP; 197. DIS; 198. DIT; 199. DOC; 200. DOE; 201. DOG; 202. DOL; 203. DOM; 204. DON; 205. DOR; 206. DOS; 207. DOT; 208. DOW; 209. DRY; 210. DUB; 211. DUD; 212. DUE; 213. DUG; 214. DUH; 215. DUI; 216. DUN; 217. DUO; 218. DUP; 219. DYE; 220. EAR; 221. EAT; 222. EAU; 223. EBB; 224. ECU; 225. EDH; 226. EDS; 227. EEK; 228. EEL; 229. EFF; 230. EFS; 231. EFT; 232. EGG; 233. EGO; 234. EKE; 235. ELD; 236. ELF; 237. ELK; 238. ELL; 239. ELM; 240. ELS; 241. EME; 242. EMS; 243. EMU; 244. END; 245. ENG; 246. ENS; 247. EON; 248. ERA; 249. ERE; 250. ERG; 251. ERN; 252. ERR; 253. ERS; 254. ESS; 255. ETA; 256. ETH; 257. EVE; 258. EWE; 259. EYE; 260. FAB; 261. FAD; 262. FAG; 263. FAN; 264. FAR; 265. FAS; 266. FAT; 267. FAX; 268. FAY; 269. FED; 270. FEE; 271. FEH; 272. FEM; 273. FEN; 274. FER; 275. FES; 276. FET; 277. FEU; 278. FEW; 279. FEY; 280. FEZ; 281. FIB; 282. FID; 283. FIE; 284. FIG; 285. FIL; 286. FIN; 287. FIR; 288. FIT; 289. FIX; 290. FIZ; 291. FLU; 292. FLY; 293. FOB; 294. FOE; 295. FOG; 296. FOH; 297. FON; 298. FOP; 299. FOR; 300. FOU; 301. FOX; 302. FOY; 303. FRO; 304. FRY; 305. FUB; 306. FUD; 307. FUG; 308. FUN; 309. FUR; 310. GAB; 311. GAD; 312. GAE; 313. GAG; 314. GAL; 315. GAM; 316. GAN; 317. GAP; 318. GAR; 319. GAS; 320. GAT; 321. GAY; 322. GED; 323. GEE; 324. GEL; 325. GEM; 326. GEN; 327. GET; 328. GEY; 329. GHI; 330. GIB; 331. GID; 332. GIE; 333. GIG; 334. GIN; 335. GIP; 336. GIT; 337. GNU; 338. GOA; 339. GOB; 340. GOD; 341. GOO; 342. GOR; 343. GOS; 344. GOT; 345. GOX; 346. GOY; 347. GUL; 348. GUM; 349. GUN; 350. GUT; 351. GUV; 352. GUY; 353. GYM; 354. GYP; 355. HAD; 356. HAE; 357. HAG; 358. HAH; 359. HAJ; 360. HAM; 361. HAO; 362. HAP; 363. HAS; 364. HAT; 365. HAW; 366. HAY; 367. HEH; 368. HEM; 369. HEN; 370. HEP; 371. HER; 372. HES; 373. HET; 374. HEW; 375. HEX; 376. HEY; 377. HIC; 378. HID; 379. HIE; 380. HIM; 381. HIN; 382. HIP; 383. HIS; 384. HIT; 385. HMM; 386. HOB; 387. HOD; 388. HOE; 389. HOG; 390. HON; 391. HOP; 392. HOS; 393. HOT; 394. HOW; 395. HOY; 396. HUB; 397. HUE; 398. HUG; 399. HUH; 400. HUM; 401. HUN; 402. HUP; 403. HUT; 404. HYP; 405. ICE; 406. ICH; 407. ICK; 408. ICY; 409. IDS; 410. IFF; 411. IFS; 412. IGG; 413. ILK; 414. ILL; 415. IMP; 416. INK; 417. INN; 418. INS; 419. ION; 420. IRE; 421. IRK; 422. ISM; 423. ITS; 424. IVY; 425. JAB; 426. JAG; 427. JAM; 428. JAR; 429. JAW; 430. JAY; 431. JEE; 432. JET; 433. JEU; 434. JEW; 435. JIB; 436. JIG; 437. JIN; 438. JOB; 439. JOE; 440. JOG; 441. JOT; 442. JOW; 443. JOY; 444. JUG; 445. JUN; 446. JUS; 447. JUT; 448. KAB; 449. KAE; 450. KAF; 451. KAS; 452. KAT; 453. KAY; 454. KEA; 455. KEF; 456. KEG; 457. KEN; 458. KEP; 459. KEX; 460. KEY; 461. KHI; 462. KID; 463. KIF; 464. KIN; 465. KIP; 466. KIR; 467. KIS; 468. KIT; 469. KOA; 470. KOB; 471. KOI; 472. KOP; 473. KOR; 474. KOS; 475. KUE; 476. KYE; 477. LAB; 478. LAC; 479. LAD; 480. LAG; 481. LAM; 482. LAP; 483. LAR; 484. LAS; 485. LAT; 486. LAV; 487. LAW; 488. LAX; 489. LAY; 490. LEA; 491. LED; 492. LEE; 493. LEG; 494. LEI; 495. LEK; 496. LES; 497. LET; 498. LEU; 499. LEV; 500. LEX; 501. LEY; 502. LEZ; 503. LIB; 504. LID; 505. LIE; 506. LIN; 507. LIP; 508. LIS; 509. LIT; 510. LOB; 511. LOG; 512. LOO; 513. LOP; 514. LOT; 515. LOW; 516. LOX; 517. LUG; 518. LUM; 519. LUV; 520. LUX; 521. LYE; 522. MAC; 523. MAD; 524. MAE; 525. MAG; 526. MAN; 527. MAP; 528. MAR; 529. MAS; 530. MAT; 531. MAW; 532. MAX; 533. MAY; 534. MED; 535. MEG; 536. MEL; 537. MEM; 538. MEN; 539. MET; 540. MEW; 541. MHO; 542. MIB; 543. MIC; 544. MID; 545. MIG; 546. MIL; 547. MIM; 548. MIR; 549. MIS; 550. MIX; 551. MOA; 552. MOB; 553. MOC; 554. MOD; 555. MOG; 556. MOL; 557. MOM; 558. MON; 559. MOO; 560. MOP; 561. MOR; 562. MOS; 563. MOT; 564. MOW; 565. MUD; 566. MUG; 567. MUM; 568. MUN; 569. MUS; 570. MUT; 571. MYC; 572. NAB; 573. NAE; 574. NAG; 575. NAH; 576. NAM; 577. NAN; 578. NAP; 579. NAW; 580. NAY; 581. NEB; 582. NEE; 583. NEG; 584. NET; 585. NEW; 586. NIB; 587. NIL; 588. NIM; 589. NIP; 590. NIT; 591. NIX; 592. NOB; 593. NOD; 594. NOG; 595. NOH; 596. NOM; 597. NOO; 598. NOR; 599. NOS; 600. NOT; 601. NOW; 602. NTH; 603. NUB; 604. NUN; 605. NUS; 606. NUT; 607. OAF; 608. OAK; 609. OAR; 610. OAT; 611. OBA; 612. OBE; 613. OBI; 614. OCA; 615. ODA; 616. ODD; 617. ODE; 618. ODS; 619. OES; 620. OFF; 621. OFT; 622. OHM; 623. OHO; 624. OHS; 625. OIL; 626. OKA; 627. OKE; 628. OLD; 629. OLE; 630. OMS; 631. ONE; 632. ONO; 633. ONS; 634. OOH; 635. OOT; 636. OPE; 637. OPS; 638. OPT; 639. ORA; 640. ORB; 641. ORC; 642. ORE; 643. ORS; 644. ORT; 645. OSE; 646. OUD; 647. OUR; 648. OUT; 649. OVA; 650. OWE; 651. OWL; 652. OWN; 653. OXO; 654. OXY; 655. PAC; 656. PAD; 657. PAH; 658. PAL; 659. PAM; 660. PAN; 661. PAP; 662. PAR; 663. PAS; 664. PAT; 665. PAW; 666. PAX; 667. PAY; 668. PEA; 669. PEC; 670. PED; 671. PEE; 672. PEG; 673. PEH; 674. PEN; 675. PEP; 676. PER; 677. PES; 678. PET; 679. PEW; 680. PHI; 681. PHT; 682. PIA; 683. PIC; 684. PIE; 685. PIG; 686. PIN; 687. PIP; 688. PIS; 689. PIT; 690. PIU; 691. PIX; 692. PLY; 693. POD; 694. POH; 695. POI; 696. POL; 697. POM; 698. POO; 699. POP; 700. POT; 701. POW; 702. POX; 703. PRO; 704. PRY; 705. PSI; 706. PST; 707. PUB; 708. PUD; 709. PUG; 710. PUL; 711. PUN; 712. PUP; 713. PUR; 714. PUS; 715. PUT; 716. PYA; 717. PYE; 718. PYX; 719. QAT; 720. QIS; 721. QUA; 722. RAD; 723. RAG; 724. RAH; 725. RAI; 726. RAJ; 727. RAM; 728. RAN; 729. RAP; 730. RAS; 731. RAT; 732. RAW; 733. RAX; 734. RAY; 735. REB; 736. REC; 737. RED; 738. REE; 739. REF; 740. REG; 741. REI; 742. REM; 743. REP; 744. RES; 745. RET; 746. REV; 747. REX; 748. RHO; 749. RIA; 750. RIB; 751. RID; 752. RIF; 753. RIG; 754. RIM; 755. RIN; 756. RIP; 757. ROB; 758. ROC; 759. ROD; 760. ROE; 761. ROM; 762. ROT; 763. ROW; 764. RUB; 765. RUE; 766. RUG; 767. RUM; 768. RUN; 769. RUT; 770. RYA; 771. RYE; 772. SAB; 773. SAC; 774. SAD; 775. SAE; 776. SAG; 777. SAL; 778. SAP; 779. SAT; 780. SAU; 781. SAW; 782. SAX; 783. SAY; 784. SEA; 785. SEC; 786. SEE; 787. SEG; 788. SEI; 789. SEL; 790. SEN; 791. SER; 792. SET; 793. SEW; 794. SEX; 795. SHA; 796. SHE; 797. SHH; 798. SHY; 799. SIB; 800. SIC; 801. SIM; 802. SIN; 803. SIP; 804. SIR; 805. SIS; 806. SIT; 807. SIX; 808. SKA; 809. SKI; 810. SKY; 811. SLY; 812. SOB; 813. SOD; 814. SOL; 815. SOM; 816. SON; 817. SOP; 818. SOS; 819. SOT; 820. SOU; 821. SOW; 822. SOX; 823. SOY; 824. SPA; 825. SPY; 826. SRI; 827. STY; 828. SUB; 829. SUE; 830. SUK; 831. SUM; 832. SUN; 833. SUP; 834. SUQ; 835. SYN; 836. TAB; 837. TAD; 838. TAE; 839. TAG; 840. TAJ; 841. TAM; 842. TAN; 843. TAO; 844. TAP; 845. TAR; 846. TAS; 847. TAT; 848. TAU; 849. TAV; 850. TAW; 851. TAX; 852. TEA; 853. TED; 854. TEE; 855. TEG; 856. TEL; 857. TEN; 858. TET; 859. TEW; 860. THE; 861. THO; 862. THY; 863. TIC; 864. TIE; 865. TIL; 866. TIN; 867. TIP; 868. TIS; 869. TIT; 870. TOD; 871. TOE; 872. TOG; 873. TOM; 874. TON; 875. TOO; 876. TOP; 877. TOR; 878. TOT; 879. TOW; 880. TOY; 881. TRY; 882. TSK; 883. TUB; 884. TUG; 885. TUI; 886. TUN; 887. TUP; 888. TUT; 889. TUX; 890. TWA; 891. TWO; 892. TYE; 893. UDO; 894. UGH; 895. UKE; 896. ULU; 897. UMM; 898. UMP; 899. UNS; 900. UPO; 901. UPS; 902. URB; 903. URD; 904. URN; 905. URP; 906. USE; 907. UTA; 908. UTE; 909. UTS; 910. VAC; 911. VAN; 912. VAR; 913. VAS; 914. VAT; 915. VAU; 916. VAV; 917. VAW; 918. VEE; 919. VEG; 920. VET; 921. VEX; 922. VIA; 923. VID; 924. VIE; 925. VIG; 926. VIM; 927. VIS; 928. VOE; 929. VOW; 930. VOX; 931. VUG; 932. VUM; 933. WAB; 934. WAD; 935. WAE; 936. WAG; 937. WAN; 938. WAP; 939. WAR; 940. WAS; 941. WAT; 942. WAW; 943. WAX; 944. WAY; 945. WEB; 946. WED; 947. WEE; 948. WEN; 949. WET; 950. WHA; 951. WHO; 952. WHY; 953. WIG; 954. WIN; 955. WIS; 956. WIT; 957. WIZ; 958. WOE; 959. WOG; 960. WOK; 961. WON; 962. WOO; 963. WOP; 964. WOS; 965. WOT; 966. WOW; 967. WRY; 968. WUD; 969. WYE; 970. WYN; 971. XIS; 972. YAG; 973. YAH; 974. YAK; 975. YAM; 976. YAP; 977. YAR; 978. YAW; 979. YAY; 980. YEA; 981. YEH; 982. YEN; 983. YEP; 984. YES; 985. YET; 986. YEW; 987. YID; 988. YIN; 989. YIP; 990. YOB; 991. YOD; 992. YOK; 993. YOM; 994. YON; 995. YOU; 996. YOW; 997. YUK; 998. YUM; 999. YUP; 1000. ZAG; 1001. ZAP; 1002. ZAS; 1003. ZAX; 1004. ZED; 1005. ZEE; 1006. ZEK; 1007. ZEP; 1008. ZIG; 1009. ZIN; 1010. ZIP; 1011. ZIT; 1012. ZOA; 1013. ZOO; 1014. ZUZ; 1015. ZZZWhy aren't there more: they have not been given a meaning by people. This would be because they are hard to pronouns, use letters that would not have co-existed in root languages.

Here are some entries from Lewis and Short. If you really want to understand the areas of identity, overlap and divergence, I recommend studying each entry in its entirety. To complete the picture I included matrona, about which you didn't ask.fēmina , ae, f. from fe-, fev-, = Gr. , to produce; whence: fetus, fecundus, faenus, felix; cf. Sanscr. bhuas, bhavas, to become; Lat. fi-o, fu-turus,I. a female.I. Lit.A. Of human beings, a female, woman (cf.: uxor, mulier, matrona;“ conjux, marita): ut a prima congressione maris et feminae ... ordiar,” Cic. Rep. 1, 24:“ et mares deos et feminas esse dicitis,” id. N. D. 1, 34, 95:“ ambiguus fuerit modo vir, modo femina Sithon,” Ov. M. 4, 280; cf. Lucr. 4, 819:“ in claris viris et feminis,” Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 27:“ pulchritudine eximiā femina,” id. Div. 1, 25, 52:“ feminae notitiam habere,” Caes. B. G. 6, 21 fin.:“ naturam feminarum omnem castitatem pati,” Cic. Leg. 2, 12, 29; cf. id. Rep. 3, 10 fin.:“ bona,” id. Phil. 3, 6, 16; cf.:“ praestantissima omnium feminarum,” id. Fam. 5, 8, 2:“ sanctissima atque optima,” id. Phil. 3, 6, 16:“ probatissima,” id. Caecin. 4, 10:“ primaria,” id. Fam. 5, 11, 2:“ decreta super jugandis feminis,” Hor. C. S. 19:“ varium et mutabile semper femina,” Verg. A. 4, 570:“ tunc femina simplex,” the female character undisguised, Juv. 6, 327.—Adj.:“ inter quas Danai femina turba senis,” Prop. 2, 31 (3, 29), 4.—Applied as a term of reproach to effeminate men, Ov. M. 12, 470; Sil. 2, 361; Suet. Caes. 22; Just. 1, 3; Curt. 3, 10 fin. al.—B. Of beasts, a female, she:“ (bestiarum) aliae mares, aliae feminae sunt,” Cic. N. D. 2, 51, 128: lupus femina feta repente, Enn. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 2, 355, and ap. Non. 378, 18 (Ann. v. 70 and 73 ed. Vahl.); cf.:“ habendas triduum ferias et porco femina piaculum pati (shortly before, porca),” Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 57:“ sus,” Col. 7, 9, 3:“ anas,” Plin. 29, 5, 33, § 104:“ anguis,” Cic. Div. 1, 18, 36; 2, 29, 62:“ piscis,” Ov. A. A. 2, 482; Plin. 9, 50, 74, § 157; Ov. M. 2, 701.—II. Transf., in the lang. of nat. hist., of plants and minerals:“ mas in palmite floret, femina citra florem germinat tantum spicae modo,” Plin. 13, 4, 7, § 31; ib. § 34;“ so of other plants,” id. 16, 33, 60, § 139; 16, 34, 62, § 145:“ 21, 10, 32, § 58 et saep.: in omni genere (carbunculorum) masculi appellantur acriores, et feminae languidius refulgentes,” Plin. 37, 7, 25, § 92;“ of the loadstone,” id. 36, 16, 25, § 128.—In mechanics, cardo femina, different from cardo masculus (v. cardo, 2), Vitr. 9, 9 med.—III. In gram., the feminine gender, Quint. 1, 6, 12; 1, 4, 24.---------------------------mŭlier , ĕris, f. mollior, comp. of mollis, q. v.,I. a woman, a female, whether married or not.I. Lit.A. In gen., Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 36:“ mulieres omnes propter infirmitatem consilii, majores in tutorum potestate esse voluerunt,” Cic. Mur. 12, 27;“ of a virgin,” id. Verr. 2, 1, 25, § 64:“ mulieres omnes dicuntur, quaecumque sexūs feminini sunt,” Dig. 34, 2, 26:“ nil non permittit mulier sibi,” Juv. 6, 457.—B. In partic., a wife, opp. to a maid:“ ecqua virgo sit aut mulier digna, etc.,” Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:“ Cicero objurgantibus, quod sexagenarius Publiliam virginem duxisset, "cras mulier erit" inquit,” Quint. 6, 3, 75:“ si virgo fuit primo, postea mulier,” Lact. 1, 17, 8 al.:“ pudica mulier,” Hor. Epod. 2, 39; Suet. Vit. 2; Inscr Orell. 4661.—II. Transf., as a term of reproach, a woman, i. e. a coward, poltroon:“ non me arbitratur militem, sed mulierem,” Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 4.--------------------------mātrona1 , ae, f. id.,I. a married woman, wife, matron (whether she was in manu or not; consequently more general in its application than mater familias, which always denoted one who was in manu).I. In gen.: matronam dictam esse proprie, quae in matrimonium cum viro convenisset, quoad in eo matrimonio maneret, etiamsi liberi nondum nati forent: dictamque esse ita a matris nomine non adepto jam sed cum spe et omine mox adipiscendi: unde ipsum quoque matrimonium dicitur;“ matrem autem familias appellatam esse eam solam, quae in mariti manu mancipioque, aut in ejus, in cujus maritus, manu mancipicque esset: quoniam non in matrimonium tantum, sed in familiam quoque mariti, et in sui heredis locum venisset,” Gell. 18, 6, 8 and 9:“ convocatis plebeis matronis,” Liv. 10, 23, 6.—Only rarely of a married woman, woman in general:“ ut matronarum hic facta pernovit probe,” Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 30:“ quae (dea) quia partus matronarum tueatur,” Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 47; cf.: et fetus matrona dabit, * Tib. 2, 5, 91:“ cum prole matronisque nostris,” Hor. C. 4, 15, 27:“ tyranni,” id. ib. 3, 2, 7: matronae muros complent, Enn. ap. Serv ad Verg. G. 1, 18 (Ann. v 376 Vahl.): tum muros variā cinxere coronā Matronae, * Verg. A. 11, 476: matronae tacitae spectent, tacitae rideant Plaut. Poen. prol. 32 Suet. Ner. 27:“ matronas prostratae pudicitiae,” id. Tib. 35:“ dilectae adulter matronae,” Juv. 10, 319.—II. Esp.A. The word very early acquired the accessory idea of (moral or social) dignity, rank. Matronae is thus used even by Ennius of women of quality, ladies: matronae opulentae, optimates, Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6 (Trag. v. 294 Vahl.); cf.“ , in like manner, in Plautus: ubi istas videas summo genere natas Summates matronas,” Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 26;“ so Cicero applies to the noble women carried off from the Sabines the term matronae,” Cic. Rep. 2, 7, 13:“ matrona laris,” the lady of the house, Juv. 3, 110.—B. With the accessory idea of estimable, virtuous, chaste, etc.: nominis matronae sanctitudinem, Afran. ap. Non. 174, 9:“ eam hic ornatam adducas ad matronarum modum,” Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 196 Brix ad loc.; cf.:“ matronarum sanctitas,” Cic. Cael. 13, 32:“ VETERIS SANCTITATIS MATRONA,” Inscr. Orell. 2739. So opp. meretrix, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 80; cf. id. Most. 1, 3, 33; id. Cas. 3, 3, 22:“ ut matrona meretrici dispar erit atque Discolor,” Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 3; Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 48:“ matronae praeter faciem nil cernere possis, etc.,” Hor. S. 1, 2, 94:“ capitis matrona pudici,” Juv. 6, 49.—C. Hence, an appellation of Juno:“ hinc matrona Juno (stetit),” Hor. C. 3, 4, 59:“ MATRONIS IVNONIBVS,” Inscr. Orell. 2085;“ and of other protecting goddesses of places,” ib. 2081 sq. (But not of vestals; v. Drak. ad Liv. 29, 14, 12.)--------------------------uxor , ōris (for the form VXSOR in inscrr.I. v. the letter X), f. etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. vaca, wife, a wife, spouse, consort (syn. conjux).I. Lit.:“ licuit uxorem dotatam ducere,” Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 86: duxit me uxorem liberorum sibi quaesendūm gratia, Enn. ap. Fest. s. v. quaeso, p. 258 (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.);“ so very freq. ducere uxorem, v. duco: uxorem adjungere,” Cic. Fin. 3, 20, 68:“ ridicule illud L. Nasica censori Catoni, cum ille Ex tui animi sententiā tu uxorem habes? Non hercle, inquit, ex animi mei sententiā,” id. de Or. 2, 64, 260:“ erus, quantum audio, uxore excidit,” must go without a wife, Ter. And. 2, 5, 12; 1, 3, 11:“ quod tu dicis, mea uxor, non te mihi irasci decet,” Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 24.—On the legal condition of Roman married women, v. Rein, Röm. Privatr. p. 182 sq.; Dict. of Antiq. s. v. uxor.—II. Transf.A. Of animals:“ olentis uxores mariti,” i. e. she-goats, Hor. C. 1, 17, 7.—B. Humorously, of the cloak (abolla) as inseparable from the poor man, Mart. 4, 53, 5.