Introduction To Earth Science Safety In The Science Laboratory: Fill & Download for Free

Detail Syllabus of First and Second SemesterAMC 11101Mathematics I 3–1–0Calculus-Iuccessive differentiation of one variable and Leibnitz theorem, Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s expansion of functions of single variable, Functions of several variables, partial derivatives, Euler’s theorem, derivatives of composite and implicit functions, total derivatives, Jacobian’s, Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s expansion of functions of several variables, Maxima and minima of functions of several variables, Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers, Curvature and asymptotes, concavity, convexity and point of inflection, Curve tracing.Calculus-II: Improper integrals, convergence of improper integrals, test of convergence, Beta and Gamma functions and its properties, Differentiation under integral sign, differentiation of integrals with constant and variable limits, Leibinitz rule. Evaluation of double integrals, Change of order of integrations, change of coordinates, evaluation of area using double integrals, Evaluation of triple integrals, change of coordinates, evaluation of volumes of solids and curved surfaces using double and triple integrals. Mass, center of gravity, moment of inertia and product of inertia of two and three-dimensional bodies and principal axes.Trigonometry of Complex Number, 3D Geometry and Algebra: Function of complex arguments, Hyperbolic functions and summation of trigonometrical series.3D Geometry: Cones, cylinders and conicoids, Central conicoids, normals and conjugate diameters.Algebra: Convergency and divergency of Infinite series. Comparison test, D’ Alembert’s Ratio test, Raabe’s test, logarithmic test, Cauchy’s root test, Alternating series, Leibinitz test, absolute and conditional convergence, power series, uniform convergence.AMC 12101Mathematics I I 3–1–0Vector Calculus: Scalar and vector fields, Level surfaces, differentiation of vectors, Directionalderivatives, gradient, divergence and curl and their physical meaning, vector operators and expansion formulae, Line, surface and volume integrations, Theorems of Green, Stokes and Gauss, Application of vector calculus in engineering problems, orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, expressions of gradient, divergence and curl in curvilinear coordinates.Fourier Series: Periodic functions, Euler’s formulae, Dirichlet’s conditions, expansion of even and odd functions, half range Fourier series, Perseval’s formula, complex form of Fourier series.Matrix Theory: Orthogonal, Hermitian, skew- Hermitian and unitary matrices, Elementary row and column transformations, rank and consistency conditions and solution of simultaneous equations, linear dependence and consistency conditions and solution of simultaneous equations, linear dependence and independence of vectors, Linear and orthogonal transformations, Eigen values and Eigen vectors, properties of Eigen values, Cayley-Hamilton theorem, reduction to normal forms, quadratic forms, reduction of quadratic forms to canonical forms, index, signature,Matrix calculus & its applications in solving differential equations.Differential Equations: Differential Equations of first order and higher degree, Linear independence and dependence of functions. Higher order differential equations with constant coefficient, Rules of finding C.F. and P.I., Method of variation of parameter Cauchy and Legendre’s linear equations, Simultaneous linear equations with constant coefficients, Linear differential equations of second order with variable coefficients; Removal of first derivative (Normal form), Change of independent varaiable, Applications of higher order differential equations in solution of engineering problems.Partial Differential equations: Formation of P.D.E, Equations solvable by direct integration,Linear and non-linear equations of first order, Lagrange’s equations, and Charpit’s method,Homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear P.D.E. with constant coefficients, Rules for finding C.F. & P.I.AP Physics 3–1–0Thermal physics: Concepts of distribution of molecular velocities, Distribution laws and statistics MB, FD and BE, mean free path; Transport phenomena-viscosity, diffusion; thermal conductivity, measurement of thermal conductivity; periodic and a periodic flow of heat; Wiedemann-Franz law. Heat radiation, black body and black body radiation, Planck’s distribution law and its application to classical distribution (Rayleigh-Jeans and Wiens) and total radiation (Stefan-Boltzmann) laws.Modern Physics: Brief idea of molecular spectra, Rigid rotator, spectra of simple molecules, rotation and rotationvibration spectra, Brief idea of wave pocket and wave function, Shrodinger equation, Particle in a Box, Free electron theory; qualitative idea of band theory of solids and Hall effect, Laser and laser systems (He-Ne and Ruby Lasers).Electromagnetics : Maxwell’s field equation, Equation of electromagnetic field, Propagation of electromagnetic waves in different isotropic media, energy of electromagnetic waves, Poynting’s theorem & Poynting’s vector, Rocks and minerals as dielectrics, electrical conductivity and electrical phenomena in rocks, Piezo-, ferro-, tribo-, and pyro-electricity.AC Chemistry 3–1–0Phase Rule and phase equilibrium diagram: Phase rule; degree of freedom, one and two component systems, temperature and composition diagrams, liquid-liquid and liquid-solid phase diagramsElectrochemistry: Electric potentials at interfaces, electrodes, batteries, electrochemical cells and their applications.Organic Chemistry: Basis Organic Chemistry , Isomerism and Stereomers , Name ReactionsInorganic Chemistry: Coordination Compounds and Isomerism , SpectroscopyME Engineering Graphics 1–3–0Drawing instruments and their uses, Indian standards for drawing, Lettering, Types of lines used in engineering graphics: full lines hidden lines, dimension lines, centerlines, section lines construction lines etc.Scales: representative fractions, reducing and enlarging scales, plain scales, diagonal scales and vernier scales. Curves used in engineering practice: conic sections, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, cycloid, epicycloids, hypocycloid, involutes and spiral.Orthographic projections: First angle and third angle projections, conventions used, orthographic projections of simple solids; Conversion of three-dimensional views to orthographic views.Isometric projections: of simple solids, isometric views, conversion of orthographic views to isometric views; free hand sketching.MME Manufacturing Process 1–3–0Forging: Introduction to Forging, types of tools and their uses, colour representations of different temperature levels, recrystallisation, workability of metals at elevated temperature, safety rules.Casting: Introduction to foundry, Pattern making, types of casting processes, purpose of runner & riser, applications of casting, defects in casting.Fitting: Introduction to fitting jobs, fitting tools and their uses, safety rules.Welding: Welding types, accessories, weldments, safety rules.Machine Tools: Types of tools, Types of Machine Tools and their specifications, safety rules.Measurement: Use of vernier etc for product measurement.EE Electrical Technology 3–1–0Network Theorems (KCL, KVL, Thevenin, Norton, Maximum power transfer) applied to steadystate DC circuit, Single-phase AC circuits and phasor diagrams,series and parallel resonance, Three-phase AC circuits with balanced and unbalanced loads, phasor presentation, measurement of three-phase power by two-wattmeter method.Single-phase transformer: Construction, types, EMF equation, equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, regulation, efficiency, OC and SC tests.DC Machines: Construction, types, principle of operation, EMF and torque equation.DC generator: OCC and external characteristic curves and efficiency.DC motors: speed-torque characteristics, starting, 3- point starter, speed control and efficiency.Three-phase induction motor: Construction, types, principle of operation, torque-slip characteristics,starting methods. Introduction to three-phase synchoronous motor.EAI Electronics Engineering 3–1–0Semiconductorodes and Applications – Introduction Characteristics, dc and ac resistances of a Diode. Half wave and Full wave Rectification. Zener Diodes and then use as regulators, Clippers and Clampers.Bipolar junction Transistor - Introduction, Transistor Operator CB, CE and CC configuration, dc biasing, Operating point, Fixed biased Circuit, Emitter –Stablized Bias Circuit, Voltage Divider Bias.BJT Transistor – Amplification in ac domain, Equivalent transistor model. Hybrid Equivalent model, RC coupled amplifier and its frequency response.Operational Amplifiers – introduction, Differential and Common Mode Operation, OPAMP Basics, Practical OPMAP Circuits. Introduction to field effect transistors and their applications.Digital Electronics – Review of Basic Gates and Boolean algebra, Introduction to Combinational Logic Design, Standard Representations of Logical functions and their Simplification, Combinational Logic Design, Half Adder and Full Adders.Sequential Circuits – Flip flops S-R, J-K and D Application in Ripple Counters.MEMME Engineering Mechanics 3–1–0Fundamentals of Mechanics: Equivalent force system, Equation of equilibrium, Introduction to Structural Mechanics: Force analysis of Frames, Trusses, Shear force, Bending moment analysis of Beams.Friction force analysis: Laws, Sliding and Rolling friction, Screw Jack, Wedge, Belt friction, Collar frictionProperties of surfaces: First moment of area and the centroid, Second moment and product of area, Transfer theorem, Polar moment of inertia.Kinematics of particles: Velocity and acceleration calculations, Relative motion.Particle dynamics: Rectilinear translation, Rectangular and cylindrical coordinates.Linear momentum and moment of momentum: Impulse and momentum relations for a particle, Moment of momentum equation for a single particle and for a system of particles.Introduction to kinematics and kinetics of rigid bodies. Mechanical vibration of single degree of freedom system.HSS11101 English for Science and Technology 3–1–0Language Resource Development: Using appropriate grammatical lexical forms to express meaning-accuracy, range and appropriacy grammatical lexical exercises. Reading, Interpreting and Using Written, and Graphic Information : Using (reading and writing) academic texts, articles in technical journals, instruction manuals/laboratory instruction sheets, safety manuals and regulations, and reports; Using maps, graphs, plan diagrams, flow-charts, sketches, tabulated and statistical data.Writing Appropriately in a Range of Rhetorical Styles i.e. Formal and Informal: Writing instructions, describing objects and processes; defining, narrating, classifying exemplifying, comparing, contrasting, hypothesizing, predicting, concluding, generalizing restating, and reporting; Note making (from books/journals); Writing assignments; summarizing, expanding, paraphrasing; Answering examination questions; Correspondence skills; Interpreting, expressing and negotiating meaning; Creating coherent written tests according to the conventions. Receiving and Interpreting the Spoken Word : Listening to lectures and speeches, listening to discussions and explanations in tutorials; Note taking (from lectures); Interacting orally in academic, professional and social situation; Understanding interlocutor, creating coherent discourse, and taking appropriate turns in conversation; Negotiating meanings with others (in class room, workshop, laboratory, seminar, conference, discussion, interview etc.)AGL & CME Earth System Science 3–0–0AGL ( 2 0 0 )Space Science: Solar System, Age of the Earth, Origin Of Solar System. Meteors and Meteorites.Earth Dynamics : Interior of the Earth, Composition of the Earth, Seismic Waves, Seismograph,Plate Tectonics, Basics of Earthquake, Landslides, Volcanoes. Geological Oceanography : Sea waves, Tides, Ocean Current, Geological Work of seas and Oceans, Tsunami and its Causes, Warning system and mitigationHydrogeology : Water table, Aquifer, Groundwater fluctuation and groundwater composition.Practicals:AP Physics 0–0–3Measurement of thermal conductivity of bad conductors, Optical experiments on Diffractionusing diffracting grating. Experiments on Semi-conductors – measurement of band gap and Halleffect Experiments using He-Ne Laser – Diffraction Experiments to measure Brewster’s angle &find refractive index.AC Chemistry 0–0–3List of Experiments1. Standards of HCl by Standard Sodium Carbonate solution.2. Determination of Temporary Hardness of Tap Water.3. Estimation of Total Hardness of water.4. Determination of Iron in Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate solution (Redox titration).5. Determination of Copper in crystallized Copper Sulphate.6. Estimation of available Chlorine in Bleaching Powder.7. Determination of Molecular Weight of Organic Acid by Titration method.8. Estimation of Sodium Carbonate and bicarbonate in a mixture.9. To determine the saponification number of an oil.1210. To determine the rate of hydrolysis of methyl/ ethyl acetate.11. To prepare Chrome Alum.EE Electrical Technology 0–0–3Experiments on Thevenin’s theorem, R-L-C Series circuit, Single phase power measurement,Characteristics of fluorescent lamp and incandescent lamp, OC and SC tests of single phasetransformer, Open-circuit characteristics of DC separately excited generator, externalcharacteristics of separately excited DC generator, 3 point starter of DC shunt motor, Speedcontrol of DC motor.EAI Electronics Engineering 0–0–31. Study of Electronic Equipment & Components.2. Study of diode characteristics.3. Study of regulated power supply.4. Study of BJT characteristics.5. Study of op-amp characteristics.6. Implementation of Boolean algebra using Logic gates.7. Adder Circuits

I love this question because there is just so much to talk about. There are literally thousands of technologies that can be traced back to the military funding or military necessity that we now use daily in our everyday lives. That said, I scavenged around the internet for a list of the some my favorite uses that come from direct military research. For that reason, I take no responsibility or credit for writing any of the sections (besides vaccines and refrigerators. You can blame me there if you disagree.) I'm just delivering the information to new readers. You can see all my sources for more information at the bottom.The InternetProbably the most visible product of military research is what you’re using to read this very article. The research, protocols, and basic hardware that became the foundation of the Internet were all developed by primarily military government agencies, beginning with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s 1962 mandate to connect the computers of the Pentagon, the Strategic Air Command, and the bombproof defense command centers buried deep below Cheyenne Mountain.In August 1962, JCR Licklider’s paper entitled “On-Line Man Computer Communication” described a connected global network, and by October he’d been appointed director of the new Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at ARPA, as it was called back then. His brief was to create a network to connect Department of Defense computers at three disparate locations. It wasn’t until another internet pioneer, Robert Taylor, took over as the head of IPTO and brought in Larry Roberts from MIT that work on building the network began. The first host-to-host connection between PCs on the new Arpanet was established at 10.30pm on 29 October 1969, creating the world’s first fully operational packet-switching network. By December, a four-node network was up and running, the first email was sent across it in 1972, and people started referring to it as the internet in 1973.DARPA research teams came up with the fundamental technologies that made computer networking possible, and when the military computers were successfully linked, the government made the technology available to America’s college system, where it was further refined until it became the preferred distribution channel for all the world’s news, entertainment, and pornography.Although there are many individuals to whom the development of the net can be attributed, without DARPA it simply wouldn’t exist.Internet anonymityI know right? Privacy, anonymity and government agencies aren’t natural bedfellows, but bear with us. Those who care about online privacy will probably have heard of the Tor privacy service, which, when used in conjunction with the Tor private browser, offers possibly the most anonymous method of being on the internet.The core principle behind Tor – namely, “onion routing” – was originally funded by the US Office of Naval Research in 1995, and the development of the technology was helped along by DARPA in 1997. Three years later, the Tor network emerged as a direct result of the earlier DARPA-funded work.So, what is an onion network? It involves adding a layer of encryption for each router node along the path that your data travels, each encryption layer being peeled back one at a time by routers along the way.Each router unpeels a single layer to get instructions on where to send the data packets next, but can’t see where the data packets have come from. None of these nodes knows the origin of those packets, nor the ultimate destination, nor does it have access to the contents of your data transfer.VaccinesModern vaccines probably date back to practices developed during the American Revolutionary War and can probably be traced back even further to ancient Africa. While in Valley Forge, the Colonial army suffered a hard winter. Among problems such as no food, poor clothing and the freezing winter, Valley Forge was wrought with the diseases that run in such camps. Among them a smallpox epidemic.It was seen in those days that one population of Americans had a surprising resistance to various diseases such as Smallpox. This group was the slaves brought over from Africa. According to them, the slaves owed their resilience to a strange practice brought over by the slaves that was said to protect them from the disease. This practice would appear to regular people like you and me to be barbaric at best and to many, looks much more like dark arts and evil magic. This practice involved a practitioner to pierce with a knife the puss ridden whelps of an animal diseased with Cowpox, a relative of the Smallpox virus. With the knife now contaminated with the bovine's infected puss, the practitioner would then wipe the puss against an open wound on the patient's body. This wound was usually a large cut and usually self inflicted for the purposes of the procedure. Now let's go back a few hundred years before our understanding of modern microbiology. This sounds completely stupid. Honestly I have no idea how anyone would have ever thought to do this, or why any doctor in his right might would go for it, but for the Africans it seemed to noticeably work. Perhaps pushed by desperation or lack of knowing any better, Colonial doctors tried something revolutionary, or at least very stupid by conventional wisdom of the day. The Americans gave it a stab.The immediate results were devastating. About 1 in 10 came down with a severe outbreak of a disease similar to the Smallpox virus. Many died. Yet this was a win for the men of Valley Forge. How? Because 1 in 10 is much better than the 1 in 4 that would have been expected to die given no protection from the virus. Considering where we were in history of medicine, this amounted to a medical miracle.Since that time we have come a long way in how we understand diseases and how we make and use vaccines. So much so that diseases like one of the world's deadliest diseases in history, Smallpox has been eradicated completely. Polio went from being a disease that could still take down one of the wealthiest and most powerful people in the world in the 1920's (Franklin D. Roosevelt) to almost non-existent in the 2020's. Thousands of diseases are loosing the battle for our lives and now millions of people who wouldn't be here are. Still there is an important lesson to know from how it all got started and how that applies today. When vaccines were first used in practice that we know of, it came with a 1 in 10 casualty rating. This was seen as blessing because of the very real threat that the disease posed. the 10% chance of getting sick to Cowpox was far better than the 25% chance of dying to Smallpox. That is what we today have to accept. No good thing comes without some risk, but with vaccines the risk of not putting your faith in them is far, far greater than if you do.The Global Positioning SystemWhen you rely on the GPS app on that Android phone to keep yourself from getting lost, you’re using the same Global Positioning System satellites set up by the U.S. Department of Defense starting in 1979. At President Clinton’s behest, the system became available to civilian users in 1996.The GPS, or global positioning system, was originally developed for Air Force and Navy use. Ground-based radio systems like LORAN had been a vital part of sea and air navigation since the Thirties, but the tumult of World War II had shown that a system dependent on terrestrial antennas and command centers was vulnerable to enemy attack. The United States Navy, in great need of an all-weather navigation system practically invulnerable from enemy action, commissioned the “Transit/NAVSTAR” satellite system in the Sixties as an aid to their Polaris-class nuclear missile subs, and the navigational system soon spread to the rest of the American military establishment.Transit was so useful that NATO adopted and enlarged it to form a navigational network named “Navstar-GPS,” a system that the Reagan administration released to the public shortly after a Korean airliner strayed into Russian airspace and was shot down.Between 1973 and 1978, Dr. Bradford Parkinson worked with both military branches to develop the Navstar GPS system, which relies on numerous satellites positioned at staggered points around the earth. The system uses multiple satellites to triangulate users' location and help navigate. It can be very accurate any time of day, anywhere in the world. It is accurate enough for the military, which uses it to guide missiles and track aircraft and vessels. In The technology can now be found in many commercial applications, including airlines, cars and smartphones. In the late 1980s and early '90s, the United States launched a second generation of satellites, which are more accurate than the first. The European Union and China have begun to develop their own independent networks.Today, the technology is so ubiquitous that it’s hard to buy a cellphone that doesn’t have a GPS antenna built into it.Freeze DryingDippin’ Dots, anyone? The technology that’s now used to make freeze-dried ice cream was first used widely during World War II as a way of preserving medical supplies that otherwise required refrigeration.EpipenEpiPens, the auto-injecting syringes that allow you to give yourself a quick shot of epinephrine to stave off an allergic reaction, sprung from a similar device designed to protect soldiers from nerve agents and chemical weapons.In fact, I still remember the rhyme my HAZMAT specialist taught me.ANTROPENETWO-PANCLORIDEDANTROPENETWO-PANCLORIDEDAlright it doesn't rhyme. The military doesn't do good at rhyming, just remember the "TWO". It goes in second, or you die.Cargo PantsBritish soldiers began sporting cargo pants in the 1930s because they offered a convenient way to carry vital military gear like ammunition. American troops adopted them just a few years later, and the general public began to wear them in the 1990s.Duct TapeIn 1942, duct tape was invented for the military as a way to seal ammunition cases so that water couldn’t get in. Soldiers during WWII quickly realized that it worked well for fixing army gear, too. In World War II, Johnson & Johnson’s Revolite Permacell division developed the widely purposable tape most Americans recognize as duct, or “duck” tape. The tape’s ease of use, durability and water-resistance made it useful to seal containers and fix windows and equipment during the war. The basic components of the product is medical tape with polyethylene backing. When used in the army, it was typically green, but after the war, it was used in civilian applications such as construction and repair and became recognizable for its silver-gray color. Several companies now manufacture duct tape, including Scotch and Duck-brand.Gas CansYou know those canisters you use in order to get gasoline to put in your lawnmower? They were initially developed for the German military in the 1930s.JeepThe Jeep has come a long way since it was first manufactured for American troops to use on reconnaissance missions in WWII. Now celebrating its 70th anniversary, some new models of the world’s oldest SUV come equipped with luxuries such as leather-wrapped steering wheels, DVD players, and touchscreen media consoles.Four-wheel-drive technology actually had been around since the turn of the 20th century. By the 1930s, the military needed a scout car that could have speed and versatility in addition to hauling power and all-terrain capacity. The problem was that these two features were mutually exclusive from an engineering standpoint. The first Jeep that made it to battle, the Willys-Overland MB, provided the answer as the perfect army scout vehicle. Its performance in the war was so outstanding that Dwight D. Eisenhower said, “America could not have won World War II without it.” With war hero status, the military buggy had no trouble transitioning into a civilian car, with Americans appreciating the new light utility vehicles. Now, the Jeep brand continues to market itself on military toughness, going as far as joining with the Call of Duty video game franchise to promote its vehicles.ComputersENIAC, the first electronic computer that was capable of being programmed to serve many different purposes, was designed for the U.S. military during WWII. The army paid for the computer to be built so they could use it in their Ballistic Research Laboratory.Microwave OvensOne of the most dramatic technological advantages to come out of WWII was the power and sophistication of radar: beginning the war in the form of giant antenna installations that couldn’t measure distance, altitude, and bearing at the same time and ending it in applications small enough to fit in some of the world’s first guided missiles. While you’re not likely to be using a lot of guided missiles in your everyday life, you’re almost certain to use an accidental byproduct of radar research—the microwave oven.The technology behind the microwave oven was developed during World War II. At the time, the U.S. and British militaries engineered the magnetron, which was the result of research conducted on radio transmission and radar detection. The magnetron produced much smaller radio waves, known as microwaves, and was small and powerful enough to be used in airplanes. Its detection capabilities helped solve the persistent problem of accurately bombing towns. Microwaves' ability to heat food was discovered accidentally after the war in 1945. An American scientist realized that the radar transmitters used by the U.S. Army throughout WWII actually released enough heat—in the form of “microwaves”—that they could cook food. Percy Lebaron Spencer, who was employed at the time by the American defense contractor Raytheon Company, realized at work one day that radar waves had melted a candy bar in his pocket. After confirming that he himself had not also melted and presumably getting a new coat, Spencer determined that the microwave radiation was responsible for heating the candy bar but not the wrapper, and proposed to use this phenomenon to cook foods. This technology was used to construct the first microwave oven within the next 2 years. Eight years later, Raytheon produced the gigantic 1161 Radarange for commercial and institutional use; a further thirteen years of tweaking and tinkering shrank the Radarange’s size and price tag down to civilian levels, selling the new model under Raytheon’s domestic badge Amana. Raytheon produced the first commercially available microwave oven in 1954. Today, microwaves are used in a variety of applications, including in detecting speed, sending telephone and television communications, curing plywood, treating muscle soreness and of course in microwave ovens.RefrigeratorsRefrigeration has existed for many years. At any point where you could stick a block of ice inside a box, you had a working refrigerator unit. It wasn't until World War II that there came a great need to ship massive amounts of food goods overseas for long voyages and, preferably, keep them fresh. With this came the advent of the Freon. The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s and provided a safer, low-toxicity alternative to previously used refrigerants. Separate freezers became common during the 1940s, the popular term at the time for the unit was a deep freeze. These devices, or appliances, did not go into mass production for use in the home until after World War II.Freon usage in refrigeration units also led the way for modern air conditioning.Digital CamerasMajor governments have launched sophisticated spy satellites with super-high-resolution cameras into orbit since the late fifties in order to sneak a peek on each others’ troop concentrations and industrial developments. While the photos from these satellites were priceless in intelligence terms, there was one major technical snag that made relying on them a pain in the ass: the only way to get at these pictures was to grab the undeveloped film canisters that the satellite would periodically poop out, a complicated operation that involved a mid-air snagging of the canister’s tiny parachute as it drifted through the atmosphere.Almost a third of the results of America’s otherwise successful “Keyhole” spy satellite program were lost due to this tricky retrieval program, but the NASA/USAF KH-11 “Kennan” satellite of 1976 put an end to the problem with the use of a revolutionary electro-optical camera that transmitted images in encoded digital format. The fundamentals of the technology are still in use in modern digital cameras, and the updated form of the KH-11 is still a major part of American surveillance technology.AntibioticsPenicillin was first isolated in a usable anti-bacterial agent in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, but its medical usefulness wasn’t apparent until the beginning of the Second World War. The rots and infectious diseases that plagued the wounded soldiers of World War One were largely eliminated by early antibiotic treatments like sulfonamide and benzylpenicillin. After the war, these antibiotics became a common part of Western medicine, so much so that the overuse of these medicines is now a major health problem.Canned FoodBack when France was an unstoppable military superpower instead of a tired joke about cheese eating, the French government under Napoleon offered an astonishing 12,000 franc reward to any inventor that could create a way to preserve and store lots of cheap crappy food. At the time, France was busy kicking ass throughout almost all of Europe and was seriously considering launching an assault on a completely new and different continent, so the French military was extremely interested in any new developments in feeding a huge number of people as cheaply as possible.Chef and brewer Nicolas Appert happened to notice that food cooked in sealed jars never seemed to spoil, and his discovery was soon adapted to the use of tin cans for preservation. Unfortunately for French soldiers, the invention of the can-opener came a full thirty years after the invention of the can, so troops in the field had to make do with bayonets, entrenchment tools, and sharp rocks in order to eat the carefully-preserved foods within the can.Ambulance ServicesA refinement of the traditional process of carting away the dead and dying to someplace where they would stink less, the ambulance first made an appearance in the Spanish army of the late 15th century. The “ambulancias” more properly referred to the portable military hospitals that followed the troops around, but came to be attached to the wagons and litters that would remove the wounded from the battlefield after the fight had been won.The “flying ambulance” of Napoleon’s army is closer to our modern conception of the ambulance—a two or four-wheeled carriage that would venture out into enemy fire to rescue the wounded and provide basic first aid until the patient reached the hospital camp.The ambulance cart became standard issue for Union troops during the Civil War, and in 1869 former Army surgeon Edward Dalton introduced the first large-scale ambulance service to the Commercial Hospital of Cincinnati. By the end of the following year, the service had answered 1401 emergency calls.SunglassesAviators soon became inextricably linked in the public mind with the classic cool of the victorious American Air Force, as well as the grandiose swaggering of General Douglas MacArthur, who was rarely seen without his aviators. The characteristically dark shades of the aviator sunglasses were at one time necessary for test pilots pushing the limits of the airplane. Today almost exclusively sported by ironic hipsters and extremely un-ironic cops, the classic “aviator” style of sunglasses was invented by the Ray-Ban corporation to protect pilots’ eyes from glints and glares.At high altitudes, a pilot’s eyes could either be severely damaged by the extremely bright light in the upper atmosphere, or they could freeze in temperatures approaching -80 degrees Fahrenheit. In such conditions, goggles with dark lenses and a tear-drop shape were ideal. A design that prevented as much sunlight as possible from reaching the eye led to Ray-Ban Aviator sunglasses, which became standard gear for men enlisted in the military during World War II. Covering as much of the eye as possible and tempered to block up to 80% of incoming light, the original Aviators were essential equipment for fighter pilots and bomber crews who always had to keep an eye out for enemy planes coming out of the angle of the sun.Since the war, Ray-Bans have made prominent appearances in movies such as Taxi Driver and Top Gun, and were famously worn by celebrities such as Michael Jackson.Safety RazorsMany believe that King Camp Gillette was the originator of the so-called “razor and blades” business model (sometimes expressed as “give ‘em the razor, sell ‘em the blades”) as a fundamental part of the disposable “safety” razor concept he had developed in 1903. In fact, Gillette screwed up his launch, pricing blade refills much higher than the public was willing to pay for, and when his patents lapsed copycat companies adopted the sold nearly identical designs at much cheaper rates—a lower profit margin but a steady source of income.Gillette regrouped and started pricing his stuff smarter, but he really hit it big when he snared the contract to supply every American soldier in WWI with a Gillette shaving kit. Practically overnight, the safety razor became an indispensable part of a man’s grooming kit, assuring the success of the Gillette brand up to this day.Tampons, Pads and other Feminine Hygiene ProductsThe biggest problem with war is that it tends to put holes in people, thus encouraging blood to take a scenic stroll through places it's not supposed to visit. Especially during World War I, when the dead and wounded toll hit the double-digit millions. And especially when a cotton shortage made the bandaging of dying soldiers a pain in the neck.In 1914, Kimberly-Clark was a paper mill company that realized you could do more with wood pulp besides just make it into paper. In fact, by carefully mixing and forming the right combination of pulp, you could get a material that was five times more absorbent than cotton, yet significantly cheaper to produce. Kimberly-Clark began selling their new “cellulocotton” to the military at cost, providing the Allied soldiers of WWI with an excellent new material to use for bandaging and sealing wounds, but then nurses began using it also during their menstrual cycle.After the war, Kimberly-Clark found itself in possession of a number of huge factories dedicated to producing cellulocotton, but not nearly as much demand from civilian doctors and surgeons. It looked like a lot of plants would have to close, at the cost of hundreds of jobs and millions of dollars, when one Kimberly-Clark executive came across an odd rumor concerning the Army nurses that had served at or near the front lines of the war.At the time, women’s menstrual pads were cumbersome cloth flaps that had to be washed and re-worn. Many women felt embarrassed by these “sanitary napkins,” partly because it was considered outstandingly rude to talk about anything period-related in public and partly because these early pads were more similar to diapers than the little numbers of today.The war nurses, being practical women, soon ditched their pads (which were a nightmare to keep clean in battlefield conditions) and cut themselves snips of cellulocotton, allowing them greater freedom of movement and comfort. When K-C found this out, they immediately launched the “Cellunap” sanitary napkin and eventually the Kotex (for “cotton textile”) women’s hygiene brand. Initially, according to the company, it struggled to market Kotex due to social taboos. In an effort to sell more of its wadding, the company, using a slightly altered ingredient blend, began producing Kleenex tissues. Kotex ads were unusually upfront about the taboo subject of periods, and often made mention of the product’s military roots and close connection to the military nurses. With a quick re-branding that actually capitalized on their product's origin, and that those nurses LOVED using their bandages during their periods.Meanwhile, cellulocotton has typically been replaced in both field dressings and tampons by newer synthetics like Curlex, although medics today have been known to plunder the female hygiene sections of PXes and supply cars when they’re running short of purpose-designed bandages.A Bunch of Classic ToysIn 1943, naval engineer Richard James was working on a doozy of a problem. Delicate equipment aboard battleships had this way of getting knocked the hell around during high seas. So James was messing around with springs to support the phonogram machines or whatever, when what do you know? He dropped one of the springs. And instead of just sitting there like a punk, the little spring kind of stepped away in a very slinky-like manner.Knowing that there was nothing kids loved more than coiled metal, James figured he just might have invented the world's greatest toy ever. Within two years, James found the perfect metal for his toy idea and scored a $500 loan to build his first batch, which he sold in 90 minutes.While the Slinky was discovered by accident, tons of government dollars worth of research were poured into Silly Putty. Silly Putty was born out of desperation during World War II. In 1943, the wartime rubber shortage was so bad that the government asked private companies to create a synthetic rubber substitute. Japanese forces had invaded rubber producing nations, limiting American access to the material. As a result, the U.S. military requested the private sector to create an alternative for the rubber used in boots and tires. General Electric had a whole team of scientists throw together every chemical they could think of in hopes that it would create something rubber-like. In 1943, James Wright, an engineer with General Electric, developed the putty from boric acid and silicone oil. This squishy mixture proved to have surprising qualities: It bounced and stretched, it would not stick and it only melted at very high temperatures. Things were looking up until someone pointed out that you can't make tires out of something with the malleability of wet chewing gum, even if it can totally copy the newspaper.While the material had no practical uses, it caught-on very quickly as a novelty. It was so useless at replacing rubber that GE tried to send it to scientists around the world in hopes that someone, anyone, could figure out something to do with it. Eventually, a toy manufacturer mentioned that little kids will pretty much play with anything you give them. Silly Putty became particularly popular after Peter Hodgson, who had first marketed the putty for a store in New Haven, recognized that people liked the goo for its unique properties -- it stretches and bounces but can be easily snapped into pieces. Hodgson began targeting children in the Silly Putty ads and selling it in the now-famous egg-shaped container. The rest is history.Finally, there's Walter "Fred" Morrison, the patron saint of hipsters.Fred, like most other college kids in the 1930s, spent a great deal of time throwing around pie pans from the Frisbie Baking Company. But it wasn't until he joined the Air Force that he learned about aerodynamics and he realized he was doing science during those pan-flinging sessions.So, Fred took what he learned about basic aerodynamics from the Air Force and made a prototype of a better flying disc, that didn't have bits of pie crust stuck to it. And instead of tin, he went with plastic. He dubbed his creation the "Pluto Platter," which was ultimately renamed the "Frisbee" and went on to provide hardcore leaping motivation for extreme college kids everywhere.Super GlueDate invented: 1951Super Glue was inadvertently first created by Harry Coover and Fred Joyner, Tennessee-based employees of Eastman Kodak, in 1951. At the time, they were looking to find a substance that could be used as a heat-resistant coating for jet cockpits. But not until seven years later, in 1958, did Super Glue, which did not need heat or pressure for the adhesive to work, hit the market. The product never made its acknowledged inventor, Coover, wealthy. The product eventually had both medical and military uses — it could be used in medical procedures and was used to treat wounded troops during the Vietnam War.***Edit to reflect someone who blocked me's comments which don't really make a lot of sense, especially given that so many answers were already written over a month ago.Are the products worth what the military spends developing it? It depends. Are you talking about Slinkies or the Internet? Are you talking about panty hose or modern aviation? Are you talking about vaccines or antibiotics? Oops. Guess both those last two were worth it. If you think about this rationally, some percentage of everything fails. Even successful projects don't meet their creators best expectations. For example, I heard today that there are places on the internet where you can see naked ladies. I hope no one discovers that. Going beyond that, there are regular failures where projects need to be scrapped and wasted. If you think that private sector somehow doesn't do this, you should check out the Silicon Valley boneyard of startups that flopped, wasting billions of investor capital.Could that money be put to better use? There is no way to answer that. People value different things. You may value healthcare so you would argue that it could have been spent on giving you free stuff. Others may value science, engineering, jobs, technology, or a better world through increases in funding to virtually every field, so they would argue that a person wanting only a few handouts and luxuries doesn't quite a clear set of priorities.Could the private sector have developed it more efficiently? This point shows such a fundamental misunderstand of how the world works. The private sector are who makes all these technologies. The government, whether Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, or Department of Agriculture don't do anything as far as directly creating these technologies. They only communicate a need to industries so that those interested try to put out bids to get contracts. The military just provides the necessary start-up funding for projects and incentive for those companies to grow. If not for them, there would be no known need for things like nuclear energy research which led to so much more important things than a bomb.My Sources:Famous Products Invented for the Military10 brilliant DARPA inventions5 Inventions You Won't Believe Came From War10 Everyday Items We Can Thank the Military for Inventing9 Things Invented For Military Use That You Now Encounter In Everyday LifeMilitary inventions hit the civilian marketFamous Products Invented for the MilitaryThanks for reading!For more answers like this check out On War by Jon Davis and follow my blog War Elephant for more new content. Everything I write is completely independent research and is supported by fan and follower pledges. Please consider showing your support directly by checking out my Patreon support page here: Jon Davis on Patreon: Help support in writing Military Novels, Articles, and Essays.

Karnataka (Kannaḍa: ಕರ್ಣಾಟಕ or ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ; ISO 15919: Karnāṭaka; Sanskr̥ta: कर्णाटक)Basic stats:Karnataka is 6th largest state by area and 8th largest by population. It is the 3rd largest economy as well.HDI — It has 12th highest ranking in Human Development Index among Indian states.Forest Cover — With ~20% of its area under forest, it ranks relatively low in forest cover at 21. [Report published by Forest Survey of India in 2018][1]Crime stats —It ranks 10th in overall as well as congnizable crime rate. [Report published by National Crime Records Bureau in 2016][2]For the states and UTs for which data is available, it ranks 6th in human trafficking.[3]Suicide rate in the state is also high, at 17.4 suicides per 100,000 people - the 10th highest among the states and UTs.[4]In terms of reported crimes against women, the state ranks 11 in terms of total crime rate and 19th in terms of cognizable offenses.[5]Literacy and Education—The literacy rate is above national average, and the state ranks 23rd in literacy rate [Census 2011][6].Gross Enrollment Ratio of the state stands at 21, which is lower than national average. [Statistics of School Education- 2010-11 published by MHRD][7]Health —It ranks 10th among Indian states in regards to life expectancy at birth.[8]Its rank as per institutional deliveries is 7th considering all states and UTs and 5th considering only states.[9]Obesity ranking of Karnataka is at 12 for both males and females.[10] Coincidentally, its rank in terms of people with lower BMI than normal is also at 12 for both males and females.[11]The access to clean drinking water is higher than national average (national average = 85.5) with 87.5% people having access, making the state’s rank at 11). [Census 2011][12]As per Report on Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) published by Planning Commission (GoI) in 2011, the state ranks 2nd in effective coverage of supplementary nutrition program for children.[13]Vaccination coverage of Karnataka is at 62.6% overall, making its rank at 14 among states. Its urban coverage (59.8%) is lower than rural coverage (64.8%)Economy — Given that Karnataka is India’s 3rd largest economy, economic prosperity is high in may regardsIt has the 2nd highest employment rate among states.Likewise, tax revenues are also high taking the state rank to 6.[14]It ranked 8th among all states and UTs for ease of doing business as of 2018.[15]Nature[16]Karnataka has a rich biodiversity, mainly the courtesy of Sahyadri and various hill ranges of Eastern Ghats. Karnataka supports ~25% of elephant population and ~20% of tiger population of India.Some of the protected areas are listed below.Protected Areas:National Parks —Bandipur National Park[17] —A former hunting ground of the kings of Mysore kingdom, it is now one of the premier tiger reserves in the country. It was formed in 1974 by adding ~800 km[math]^2[/math] to pre-existing hunting grounds of Venugopal Wildlife Park established in Mysore kingdom in 1931. [See: 2019 Bandipur forest fires - Wikipedia]It is seen as a vast pasture for grazing cattle and for collection of firewood and other forest produce by farmers in surrounding villages; this has led to large number of gaurs being killed in disease outbreak transmitted from domestic cattle in 1968. Invasive species of Lantana and Parthenium are making way into the forests at the cost of local wildlife. National Highways 181 and 766 pass through this place leading to many vehicular deaths of wild animals.Nagarahole (Kannada: Snake River) National Park —Separated from Bandipur National Park by Kabini/Kapila river, it is also one of the premier tiger reserves in the country.Wildlife Sanctuaries —Biligiriranga Swamy Wildlife Sanctuary[18] —Created around Biligiriranga Swamy (Kannada: Lord of the stage i.e. Viṣṇu residing on white hill) Temple, this wildlife sanctuary is located in Biligiriranga hills that link southern ranges of Eastern Ghats with Sahyadri, therefore, forming a critical wildlife corridor.The sanctuary suffers considerably from illegal quarrying.Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary located near Melkote temple[19] —It is a small sanctuary known primarily for once abundant Cycas circinalis[20], a species of cycad found only in southern India, and now under the brink of extinction.Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary[21] —Named after the presiding deity of the temple within the sanctuary, it houses Sitanadi nature camp run by Karnataka Forest Department. A rainforest research station was established by herpotologist Romulus Whittaker in the nearby Agumbe village.Bird Sanctuaries —Bohnal Bird Sanctuary[22] —The sanctuary has its origin in Bonal tank, constructed by Pam Naik, the ruler of Shorapur in 17th century. The tank was subsequently enlarged by British administrator of Shorapur Meadows Taylor, and the tank started attracting migratory birds.Dangers to flora and fauna:Karnataka’s wildlife faces severe problem of poaching, habitat destruction and consequent human conflicts, pollution and invasive species.Habitat Destruction —Destruction of forest land for agriculture and other purposes: large tracts of forest land have been cleaned up for monoculture plantations like teak, coffee and rubber. This has led to the destruction of species that were dependent on the forest. An example of this is loss of special habitats in such as Myristica swamps and high altitude grasslands. In the dry zone, they have adversely affected several species dependent on large tracts of scrub such as wolf and Great Indian bustard.Construction of Linganamakki reservoir in Shimogga district led to extinction of Hubbardia heptaneuron grass. Dams and reservoirs cause large scale destruction of wildlife habitats.Illegal mining scars large tracts of open lands, leading to forest destruction. This includes Kudremukh Iron Ore Company that mines in the protected areas of Kudremukh.Human-Wildlife Conflicts —To keep wildlife away from villages, people often use [illegal] electric fencing and nets. Electric fencing often causes deaths of land animals due to electrocution, particularly elephants. Farms are protected from birds using nets bound on nearby trees — these nets instead of killing instantly, cause dismemberment of wings and legs, leading to a slow agonizing death.→ A male plum headed parakeet meets a tragic death in a net set by hunters. He would have died slowly and painfully after having his body parts partially or completely torn off. (Source: Illegal Trapping of Birds in Uttara Kannada, Karnataka)Pollution —Release of industrial waste and human effluents into rivers have caused significant damages to species that reside in rivers and riverbanks.Air pollution has caused significant discoloring of foliage in Bengaluru. Of the 22 species of lichen plants noted in Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens[23] in 1980, 18 were no longer present in 1997, just 17 years later.Invasive species —Introduction of the carnivorous African Catfish has caused significant decline in local fish populations in Karnataka’s rivers.Weeds like Eupatorium, Lantana and Parthenium have invaded large tracts of land causing destruction. Lantana is a dry bush that easily catches fire; this excacerbated the Bandipur fires of 2019 causing loss of ~17000 acres of forest land. Eupatorium houses ticks that are vectors of Kyasanur forest disease that has 10% morbidity rate among humans.Natural Wonders:Dodda Alada Mara (Kannada: ದೊಡ್ಡ ಆಲದ ಮರ Big Banyan Tree)[24] —A special mention is deserved by the state’s largest banyan tree. Dodda Alada Mara is located in Bengaluru. It covers an area of ~3 acres. In 2000s, the main trunk and roots succumbed to natural disease, making the tree look like many separate trees.It is a special tree since less than 150 banyan trees now survive in India.Panoramic view of Dodda Alada Mara (Source: File:BIG banyan tree.jpg - Wikipedia)Waterfalls —Karnataka has some of the highest waterfalls in India.[25]Kuchikal Falls[26] formed by Varahi river is the highest waterfall in India, at a height of 455m. It is located in Shimoga district. It is cascade type waterfall.Dudhsagar (Sea of milk) Falls[27] , a 4-tiered waterfall is India’s 5th tallest, with a height of 310m. It is formed over Mandovi river. It is shared among Karnataka and Goa.Barkana Falls[28] formed over Seetha river is 9th highest in India at 259m. It is also located in Shimoga district.Gerusoppe falls[29] , the 10th highest at 253m also lies in Shimoga district. It is also the 2nd highest plunge waterfall in India. It is formed over Sharavati river.→ Gerusoppe falls (Source: File:Jog Falls 05092016.jpg - Wikipedia)Along with above mentioned waterfalls, other spectacular waterfalls of the state include Magoda falls (198m) over Gangavalli river and Keppa falls (1116m) in Uttara Kannada district, Hebbe falls (168m) and Kalhatti falls (122m) in Chikkamagaluru district.Education[30][31]The foremost and most famous higher education institute in Karnataka is likely Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bengaluru. It was established in 1909. It has ranked 1st in the 'university' and 'overall' category for the last 3 consecutive years (2016-18) in NIRF rankings (by Government of India). Research students constitute more than 70% of the students on the campus and Ph.D. degrees are offered in 40 different disciplines. The institute is the 1st Indian institute to provide Masters degree courses.The 3rd oldest Indian Institute of Management, IIM-B in Bengaluru was established in 1973.[32] Nadathur S. Raghavan Centre for Entrepreneurial Learning (NSRCEL) was set up in 2002 to aid the entrepreneurial activities of its students.The country’s 1st National Law University as well as one of the first in the country to offer the five-year integrated undergraduate law degree — National Law School of India University (NLSIU)[33] — was established in Bengaluru in 1986.University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering (UVCE) was established in 1917, under the name Government Engineering College by Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya. It is the country’s 5th oldest engineering institute.South Asia’s largest university is located in Karnataka - Bangalore University. NLSIU is located in BU’s Jnan Bharati Campus.Indian Institute of Science (भारतीय विज्ञान सन्स्थान​) [34][35] —Source: File:Indian Institute of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Institute_of_Science_logo.svg)Science (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Institute_of_Science_logo.svg) logo.svg - Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Institute_of_Science_logo.svg)IISc deserved special mention in higher education institutions of not just Karnataka, but entire India, since the story of its establishment is in itself mind blowing.Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata, the founder of Tata Group had a chance meeting with Svami Vivekananda in 1893 on a voyage from Japan to Chicago. They discussed Jamsetji’s plan to bring steel industry in India, and 5 years later, the project started with Jamsetji’s funding and Vivekananda’s supervision.The committee so formed presented a draft proposal to George Curzon in 1898. Subsequently, Scottish chemist and Nobel laureate William Ramsay[36] proposed Bengaluru as the most suitable site.The then ruler of Mysore kingdom, Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV[37] donated land and other facilities. The biggest monetary donation was made by Hyderabad kingdom’s ruler Mir Osman Ali Khan[38].English chemist and William Ramsay’s co-worker - Morris William Travers[39] became its 1st director. Dr. Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman[40] became its 1st Indian director and 4th director overall.Dr CV Raman was succeeded by Jnan Chandra Ghosh[41], a chemist and a student of acclaimed scientist Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray. The 2nd head of ISRO (after Dr. Vikram Sarabhai) - Dr. Satish Dhawan also served as the institute’s director.Economy[42]Not only Karnataka is India’s 3rd largest economy, it also enjoys 2nd lowest unemployment and 3rd highest FDI inflow.Agriculture and Livestock:Agriculture is the backbone of Karnataka’s economy, with ~65% land under cultivation. At the same time, agriculture is heavily dependent on monsoon, since the extent of aridity here is seconded only by that of Rajasthan.Karnataka is India’s largest producer of mulberry, coffee, coarse cereals, raw silk and tomatoes.The state also occupies 2nd place in production of flowers.Source: File:Traditional ploughing - Karnataka.jpg - Wikipedia→ Haystacks on stilts in paddy fields (Source: File:UKanaraHaystack.jpg - Wikipedia)Agriculture demands water and therefore Karnataka’s irrigation needs are met through canals and reservoirs. India’s largest and Asia’s 2nd largest irrigation tank - Shanti Sagar[43] - is located on Bhima river in Channagiri, Karnataka.→ Shanti Sagar [Source: File:View of Shanthi Sagar (Soole Kere) ಸೂಳೆ ಕೆರೆ near channagiri,davengere karnataka.JPG - Wikipedia]Industry:Karnataka is the hub of some of the largest public sector undertakings.Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is headquartered in Bengaluru and employs ~20,000 people.Manufacturing —Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has its headquarters in Bengaluru. It employs ~9500 people in Karnataka, making it one of the largest public sector employers in the state. National Aerospace Laboratories, Indian Telephone Industries, Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML), Bharat Electronics Limited, Hindustan Machine Tools are also all headquartered in Bengaluru.Indian subsidiaries of Volvo and Toyota are also headquartered in Bengaluru.TVS and Tata Motors have manufacturing plants in Mysore and Dharwad respectively. Many companies manufacture machinery and electrical equipment here like Kirloskar, ABB, L&T etc. BASF and Bosch also manufacture in Karnataka.Minerals —The only company in India that produces gold by mining and extracting it from the ore is Hutti Gold Mines Limited[44] that has plants at Hutti and Chitradurga. The famed Kolar Gold Fields are now closed.Software Industry[45] —Karnataka stands first among all the states of India in terms of revenue generated from software exports. Most of the industry is located in Bengaluru. The story of Karnataka’s IT industry starts with Texas Instruments setting up its base in Bengaluru. A total of 1973 companies (as on writing this answer) in the state are involved in Information Technology-related business.The earliest startups in Bengaluru are now multi-billion companies — Wipro, Infosys, Mindtree etc. Flipkart also originated in Bengaluru.→ Infosys headquarters in Bengaluru (Source: File:BangaloreInfosys.jpg - Wikipedia). Infosys is India’s 2nd largest IT company.Banking —7 of the country’s leading banks originated Karnataka: Canara Bank, Syndicate Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank, Karnataka Bank, Vysya Bank and State Bank of Mysore. Between 1880 and 1935, 22 banks were established in coastal Karnataka, 9 of them in Mangalore.Energy generation and consumptionOverview:40% of the state’s energy needs are met by its oldest power plant - Raichur Thermal Power Station[46]. Additional 35% is met by Linganamakki reservoir.Despite this, the state is India's top producer of solar energy, with an installed capacity of 5.16 GW, and total capacity from renewable sources being 12 GW of the installed 27 GW in the state. SELCO Solar Light private limited[47] has been promoting solar energy’s use in rural areas of the state, and has twice won Ashden Award (Green Oscars).Hydro-electricity:India’s 2nd oldest hydro-power plant is located in Karnataka in the island town of Shivanasamudra over Shivanasamudra falls on Kaveri river. It is also one of the oldest hydro-power plants in Asia.Krishna Raja Sagara (Sanskr̥ta: कृष्ण राज सागर​)[48] a.k.a. KRS—The name of the reservoir, the dam that makes it and the nearby settlement.The gravity dam, made of mortar, lies just below the confluence of Kaveri with Lakshmana Tirtha and Hemavati. It was commissioned in 1911 and completed in 1924. It was built during the reign of Kr̥ṣṇa Rāja Wāḍiyāra IV, the then king of Mysore kingdom under the supervision of the kingdom’s chief engineer Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya. The dam became the 1st dam in India to employ automatic crest gates, instead of spillways, to prevent over-topping of the dam.→ KRS Dam [Source: File:Krishna raja sagara dam.JPG - Wikipedia]TransportThe state has a well developed transport system.Railways:The headquarter of South-Western Railways lies in Hubbali.Airways:Kempegowda Internation Airport[49] in Bengaluru is the 3rd busiest airport in India by passenger traffic and 29th busiest in Asia. It also became Karnataka’s 1st fully solar powered airport.Mangalore International Airport is the 2nd busiest airport in Karnataka (after KIA) and is one of the only 3 airports in India to have tabletop runways (others being Kozhikode airport in Kerala and Lengpui airport in Mizoram)Waterways:The state has 11 ports — 1 major and 10 minor ports.New Mangalore Port[50] is the state’s only major port and the 7th largest port in the country.Roadways:The state run Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation is a popular mode of transport by general public in the state.An excellent answer on KSRTC by Goutham R (ಗೌತಮ್ ಆರ್): Goutham R (ಗೌತಮ್ ಆರ್)'s answer to What makes KSRTC special?.Architecture[51]Karnataka became the origin point of Karnata Dravida architecture which comprises architectural and sculptural innovations of Kadamba, Chalukya, Hoysala, Rashtrakuta and Karnata empires. The temples in Karnataka display fusion of Nagara and Drāviḍa temple style along with many of their own experimentations.Karnataka has many spectacular monuments in Aihole, Pattadakkal, Badami (Vatapi), Gadag, Hampi (Vijayanagara), Srikalahasti, Halebidu, Alampur, Mahakuteshvara, etc.Karnataka also has examples of Sikh, Indo-Islamic, Neo-Drāviḍa, Tibetan, and Christian (particularly Neo-Gothic) styles.To keep the answer short, only some places would be listed.Some unique examples of architecture in Karnataka —Murdeshwar Śiva Temple : Neo-Drāviḍa StyleMurdeshwar Śiva Temple houses the tallest entrance tower and tallest Śiva statue in India. It follows a blend of Drāviḍa style and modern architecture.The sole entrance tower of Murdeshwar is ~76m tall and has 20 stories. The statue of Śiva is 37m high — it is the tallest Śiva statue in India, and 2nd tallest in the world (after Kailashnath statue in Nepal)Source: File:Murudeshwar temple statue.JPG - WikipediaVidhana Soudha and Vikasa Soudha : Neo-Drāviḍa StyleVidhana Soudha is the seat of Karnataka’s legislature. Vikasa Soudha is a replica built as an annexe.Source: File:Vidhana Souda , Bangalore.jpg - WikipediaBhuvaraha Narasimha temple at Halasi : Kadamba ArchitectureBhuvaraha Narasimha (ISO 15919: Bhūvarāha Narasimha; Sanskr̥t: भूवराह नरसिम्ह​) temple at Halasi is one of the earliest specimen of Kadamba architecture. Halasi was the 2nd capital of Kadambas who had Banvasi as their primary capitalSource: File:Halasi 12.jpg - WikipediaPattadakal Group of Monuments : Early/Eastern/Vatapi Chalukya architecture[52]Pattadakal is a UNESCO World Heritage site having 10 temples. It was used as coronation site for Vatapi Chalukyas, who were earlier fuedatories of Kadambas.The largest of these temples is Virupaksha temple, also called Shri Lokeshvara Mahasila Prasada after its sponsor Queen Lokmahadevi. It was inspired from Kailashanathar temple in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu and itself served as inspiration for Kailashanatha Temple in Ellora.→ Shri Lokeshvara Mahasila Prasada (ISO 15919: Śrī Lōkēśvara Mahāśilā Prasāda) [Source: File:Pattadakal, Virupaksa Temple (9842959473).jpg - Wikipedia]Vitthala Temple at Hampi : Hoysala architectureVitthala (ISO 15919: Viṭṭhala) temple is noted for its musical pillars, which when tapped, produce musical notes. The activity of tapping them, though, is now prohibited to prevent their deterioration.Source: File:View of dilapidated main mantapa at the Vitthala templein Hampi.jpg - WikipediaGol Gumbaz (Kannada: ಗೋಲ ಗುಮ್ಮಟ) in Vijayapura: Indo-Islamic architecture[53]It is the mausoleum of Mohammad Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur. Running around the inside of the dome is a whispering gallery where even the softest sound can be heard on the other side of the mausoleum due to the acoustics of the space.It is the 2nd largest pre-modern dome in the world (after Hagia Sophia in Turkey)Source: File:GolGumbaz2.jpg - WikipediaMysore Palace[54] in Mysuru : Indo-SaracenicIt is the official residence of Wadiyar dynasty and is located in the middle of the city. Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV and his mother Kempananjammanni, commissioned the British architect Lord Henry Irwin to build a new palace.Source: File:Mysore Palace Morning.jpg - WikipediaBahubali statuesThere are 5 monolithic statues of Jain figure Bahubali, all made of granite and taller than 6m.Gommatagiri Bahubali statue, at ~6m is the smallest among the five, located at Gommatagiri, in Mysore district. It was constructed in 1100 CE. The hill on whose top it is located, has stairs cut into it leading to the statue.Source: File:Statue of Bahubali at Gommatagiri, Mysore.JPG - WikipediaVenur Bahubali statue on the banks of Phalguni river in Venur is the 4th tallest at ~11m. It was constructed in 1604 CE by Timanna Ajila, and sculpted by the legendary sculptor Janakachari. The statue faces westwards.Source: File:Venur - Bahubali.JPG - WikipediaDharmasthala Bahubali statue, at ~12m is the 3rd tallest, located in Dharmasthala. It was installed in 1973 CE by Veerendra Heggade, the hereditary administrator of Dharmasthala temple (Manjunatha Temple).Source: File:Towering Grace.jpg - WikipediaKarkala Bahubali statue is the 2nd tallest, measuring ~13 m in height, and located in Karkala. The statue is made of a single block of granite, and was completed in 1432 CE during the reign of King Vira Pandya on insistence of the kingdom’s head priest and the king’s mentor Lalitakirti.Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi...Gomateshwara Statue in Vindhyagiri (Vindhya hill), Shravanabelagola, is the tallest free standing monolithic icon in the world, measuring at ~17 m in height. The statue is supported only till lower legs and partially the upper legs, by the rock itself from which it is carved out of.It was constructed circa 938 CE during the reign of Karnataka Gaṅgā dynasty (Western Gaṅgā dynasty; 350–1000 CE), commissioned by the minister Cāvundarāya.Source: File:Shravanabelagola Bahubali wideframe.jpg - WikipediaKabini Bridge : Gothic StyleKabini Bridge is the oldest bridge with both railway line and road on the same bridge in India. The bridge was used as a meter-gauge railway bridge until 2007, post which the railway activities were stopped as railways moved on the broad-gauge. It was built in 1735 CE.Source: File:Nanjangud Oldest Bridge.jpg - WikipediaThegchog Namdrol Shedrub Dargye Ling in Bylakuppe[55] : Tibetan ArchitectureThegchog Namdrol Shedrub Dargye Ling (Tibetan: བོད་ཡིག ཐེག་མཆོག་རྣམ་གྲོལ་བཤད་སྒྲུབ་དར་རྒྱས་གླིང་།) is one of the largest centres on Nyingma lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. The city Bylakuppe is the third largest Tibetan settlement in the world (after Tibet and Dharmashala).→ Entrance Gate [Source: File:Namrodoling Monastery Bylakuppe2.jpg - Wikipedia]→ Outer View [Source: File:Temple Sculpture.jpg - Wikipedia]Guru Nanak Jhira Sahib in Bidar[56] : Sikh ArchitectureSource: File:Bidar Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Sahib.jpg - WikipediaThis gurudwara was constructed in 1948 dedicated to Guru Nanak. Bidar being home to one the 1st 5 Sikhs — Sahib Singh — has a long association with Sikhism. Its tank is fed from water from a natural spring nearby.Unfortunately, the spring’s recharge zone - the nearby hills - are being built at a rapid rate, leading to septic tanks and soak pits sending contaminated water below surface. This implies that the gurdwara tank may run dry or suffer from contaminated water.Places of interest for Karnataka’s architecture:Pattadakal - Wikipedia — A UNESCO World Heritage Site having monuments of Vatapi ChalukyasAihole - Wikipedia — The cradle of experimentation of Vatapi Chalukyas, experimentation in architecture and arts that began in Aihole yielded the monuments in PattadakalBadami cave temples - Wikipedia — A collection of magnificent Vatapi Chalukya era cave temples in the city that served as their capital Vatapi, now BadamiHampi - Wikipedia — A UNESCO World Heritage Site and the erstwhile capital of Karnata empire.Halebidu (town) - Wikipedia — The erstwhile capital of Hoysala empire, housing some of their finest architectural examplesBelur, Karnataka - Wikipedia — The capital of Hoysalas after Dwarasamudra (Halebidu) was ransacked, housing some of their finest architectural examplesSports[57]Sports infrastructure of Karnataka is mostly concentrated in Bengaluru. The city also hosted the 4th National Games in 1997. It also houses the headquarters of Sports Authority of India.The most popular sport in Karnataka is cricket, and the state team has won Ranji trophy 7 times, seconded only by Mumbai.Kodava Hockey Festival[58] taking place in Kodagu district is one of the largest field hockey tournaments in the world. Kodagu is considered the cradle of Indian hockey, as more than 50 players from this place have represented India in international hockey.On an ending note, the state symbol of Karnataka — Gandabherunda (Kannada: ಗಂಡಭೇರುಂಡ gaṇḍabheruṇḍa) — a 2 headed bird considered a form of Viṣṇu. The bird features on the state emblem as well.Source: File:GBerunda.JPG - Wikipedia→ Emblem of Karnataka (Source: File:Seal of Karnataka.svg - Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Karnataka.svg))I would be really thankful to anyone who could get me a relevant quote in Kodava. I wished to start my answer with that.More answers about KarnatakaShivaprasad Poovandur's answer to What is the importance of Barkur in Karnataka's history?Nitin Bhargava (ನಿತಿನ್ ಭಾರ್ಗವ)'s answer to Are there any recent fascinating discoveries related to Kannada and its history?Rajiv Satyanarayana's answer to Which are some of the very old prehistoric sites in and around Karnataka which are related to Kannada-Karnataka culture?Empires and kingdoms of Karnataka:Nitin Bhargava (ನಿತಿನ್ ಭಾರ್ಗವ)'s answer to What are the contributions of the Kannada origin dynasties to Indian history, culture and Sanatana Dharma? Which are the places they ruled in India in different time periods?Shivaprasad Poovandur's answer to What was the administrative system like in the Rashtrakuta Empire?Nitin Bhargava (ನಿತಿನ್ ಭಾರ್ಗವ)'s answer to Which was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire?Temples of Karnataka:Gavi Gangadhareshwara temple: Goutham R (ಗೌತಮ್ ಆರ್)'s answer to What are the special facts about Gavipuram, Bengaluru?Restaurants in Karnataka:Goutham R (ಗೌತಮ್ ಆರ್)'s answer to Why and how did the Sagar named restaurants become so famous in Bengaluru?Goutham R (ಗೌತಮ್ ಆರ್)'s answer to What is special about a Brahmin’s cafe? There are several Brahmin’s Cafes in various parts in the city of Bengaluru, India. Do they serve food only to Brahmins, and are these run by Brahmins?Quora profiles to visit:Aditya KulkarniGoutham RNitin Bhargava (ನಿತಿನ್ ಭಾರ್ಗವ)Gopalkrishna VishwanathRajiv SatyanarayanaFootnotes[1] Forest cover by state in India - Wikipedia[2] List of states and union territories of India by crime rate - Wikipedia[3] Indian states and territories ranked by incidents of human trafficking - Wikipedia[4] List of states and union territories of India by suicide rate - Wikipedia[5] Indian states and territories ranked by safety of women - Wikipedia[6] List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate - Wikipedia[7] Indian states ranked by school enrollment rate - Wikipedia[8] List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth - Wikipedia[9] Indian states ranking by institutional delivery - Wikipedia[10] Obesity in India - Wikipedia[11] Indian states ranking by underweight people - Wikipedia[12] List of Indian states and union territories by access to safe drinking water - Wikipedia[13] List of Indian states by Child Nutrition - Wikipedia[14] List of states and union territories of India by tax revenues - Wikipedia[15] Ease of doing business ranking of states of India - Wikipedia[16] Wildlife of Karnataka - Wikipedia[17] Bandipur National Park - Wikipedia[18] Biligiriranga Hills - Wikipedia[19] Melukote - Wikipedia[20] Cycas circinalis - Wikipedia[21] Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary - Wikipedia[22] Bonal Bird Sanctuary - Wikipedia[23] Lal Bagh - Wikipedia[24] Dodda Alada Mara - Wikipedia[25] List of waterfalls in India by height - Wikipedia[26] Kunchikal Falls - Wikipedia[27] Dudhsagar Falls - Wikipedia[28] Barkana Falls - Wikipedia[29] Jog Falls - Wikipedia[30] Education in Karnataka - Wikipedia[31] List of institutions of higher education in Karnataka - Wikipedia[32] Indian Institute of Management Bangalore - Wikipedia[33] National Law School of India University - Wikipedia[34] Indian Institute of Science[35] Indian Institute of Science - Wikipedia[36] William Ramsay - Wikipedia[37] Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV - Wikipedia[38] Mir Osman Ali Khan - Wikipedia[39] Morris Travers - Wikipedia[40] C. V. Raman - Wikipedia[41] Jnan Chandra Ghosh - Wikipedia[42] Economy of Karnataka - Wikipedia[43] Shanti Sagara - Wikipedia[44] Hutti Gold Mines Limited - Wikipedia[45] Software industry in Karnataka - Wikipedia[46] Raichur Thermal Power Station - Wikipedia[47] SELCO | Innovative Energy Solutions[48] Krishna Raja Sagara - Wikipedia[49] Kempegowda International Airport - Wikipedia[50] New Mangalore Port - Wikipedia[51] Architecture of Karnataka - Wikipedia[52] Pattadakal - Wikipedia[53] Gol Gumbaz - Wikipedia[54] Mysore Palace - Wikipedia[55] Namdroling Monastery - Wikipedia[56] Guru Nanak Jhira Sahib - Wikipedia[57] Sports in Karnataka - Wikipedia[58] Kodava Hockey Festival - Wikipedia