He-M 1201 A Short Form: Fill & Download for Free

I am taking some help from Apollo 11's Scariest Moments: Perils of the 1st Manned Moon Landing to write this answer:Most people were enjoying on Earth and Apollo 11 was four minutes into its landing sequence, when the terse words of its commander, Neil Armstrong, came from the speaker in Mission Control:"Program alarm."Buzz Aldrin, sitting next to Armstrong in the descending Lunar Module, stared at the frozen display on the computer, which read "1202." It was an error code, but for what? Controllers in Houston scanned their notes trying to figure out what the heck the problem was. But time was running short."Give us a reading on that program alarm," Armstrong said. He sounded tense, but no more so than during the simulations. It was hard to grasp that a life-or-death struggle was playing out 240,000 miles (386,000 kilometers) from Earth, in a small, fragile machine descending rapidly to the moon. Communications were spotty; the computer was threatening to quit, and Gene Kranz, the flight director for this first lunar landing, felt Mission Control slip a bit further behind the power curve.A RISKY MOON SHOT:-Most people knew that going to the moon was risky. Some outside of Mission Control, listening to the tense communication between the astronauts and Houston, understood what some of the urgency meant. But few, very few, knew the scope of the dangers that the crew faced. These were no longer theoretical; they were being played out in space at that very moment.Key players in the landing of Apollo 11, including Kranz, related the stakes to me these many decades later. "We would either land on the moon, we would crash attempting to land, or we would abort," he said simply. "The final two outcomes were not good."That is an understatement on a grand scale.APPROACHING THE MOON :-The problems began immediately upon separation from the Command Module in which Armstrong, Aldrin and Michael Collins had ridden to the moon. (Collins would remain in the Command Module as Armstrong and Aldrin landed.) Mission Control was having trouble with the radio link to the Lunar Module."It was purely my decision how much information was enough," Kranz recalled. "This is now going through my mind: 'Do I have enough information to continue?' And the answer is yes" — but barely. "I gave the crew the go for powered descent," that is, to beginthe rocket-braked landing, "and we immediately lost communications again."Aldrin had adjusted the antenna, and Mission Control had done what they could on their end, but the radio connection just kept on fading in and out. If it got much worse, Kranz would have to order an abort. [Apollo 11 Quiz: Are You a Moon Maven?]As flight controllers on Earth struggled with communication issues and spotty radar data, the master alarm sounded in the LM's cabin, also lighting console warnings in Mission Control. The landing computer was signaling an overload; the 1202 alarm it displayed was an error code that meant, in effect, "I have too much to do, so I am going to stop, reboot and start over." Had this occurred, mission rules would have called for an immediate abort as their ability to navigate the landing would be compromised. The computer was receiving more data than it could handle.The events startled Aldrin; the code was unfamiliar to him. "We couldn't look it up in the book to see what the problem was 'cause we were watching where we were going!" he said.Neil Armstrong waited a bit, then tersely asked Houston for confirmation.BACK ON EARTH :-On the ground, Controller Steve Bales made the call: It was OK to continue, so long as the alarm was intermittent. "In the middle of landing, it was almost as dangerous to try to abort with a bad computer as it was to carry on with the landing," Bales said. "So balancing risk versus risk, we decided that the safest thing would be to continue to land." [Amazing Moon Photos from Apollo 11]CAPCOM [Capsule Communicator] Charlie Duke, a fellow astronaut, relayed the message to space: "We're go on that alarm!" Then, within minutes, the computer spit out another alarm: 1201. But it was the same class of warning, so they continued. "Same type, we're go," Duke radioed.At this point, Buzz Aldrin was concentrating on the instrument displays, calling off the numbers for altitude, speed and other critical data as Armstrong took over manual control of the landing.But there was another problem — they were not where they were supposed to be.Aldrin recalled: "In the commander's window was a grid, a vertical line with marks on it. And this was calibrated to [Armstrong's] height and his eye level." Taking cues from the computer, the commander could check against this grid to determine the LM's position over the moon. Now, it told them that they were coming in "long," or downrange. Between the lumpy gravity of the moon and some extra speed picked up when they undocked from the Command Module, Armstrong and Aldrin had overshot the predicted landing zone.An unwelcoming view glared at Armstrong. Where the orbital maps indicated a smooth plain, there was instead a vast crater field and collections of truck-sized boulders. Flying manually and low on fuel, Armstrong leveled off and searched for a smooth spot."I was looking at my trajectory plot," Charlie Duke remembers, "[and] Neil leveled off at about 400 feet [122 meters] and was whizzing across the surface … It was far from what we had trained for and seen in the simulations. So I started getting a little nervous, and they weren't telling us what was wrong. It was just that they were flying this strange trajectory."In fact, they were flying for their lives.RUNNING LOW ON FUEL:-With a rapidly diminishing fuel supply, they would soon reach the 60-second mark — one minute to a mandatory abort. And it was uncertain whether or not an abort, a forced staging and emergency ignition of the ascent engine, would even be possible at this altitude."You never [want to] go under the 'Dead Man's Curve,'" said Controller Bales. "It was an altitude [where] you just don't have enough time to do an abort before you had crashed … Essentially, you're a dead man."CAPCOM Duke called the 60-second fuel warning. Armstrong focused intently on a smooth spot ahead. Aldrin continued calling out the speed and range. [Buzz Aldrin's Thoughts Just Before Moon Landing (Video)]"We heard the call of 60 seconds, and a low-level light came on. That, I'm sure, caused concern in the control center," Aldrin recalled with a smile. "They probably normally expected us to land with about two minutes of fuel left. And here we were, still a hundred feet [30 m] above the surface, at 60 seconds."It was a critical phase. "Then there's another call for 30 seconds," Kranz recalled. "And at about that time, you know, you really start to suck air, and I'm seriously thinking, now we have this land-abort decision that the crew is faced with. Are they going to have sufficient fuel to land on the moon, or are they going to have to abort very close to the lunar surface?""When it got down to 30 seconds, we were about 10 feet [3 m] or less" from the surface, Aldrin said. "I could sneak a look out, because at that point, I don't think Neilcared what the numbers were. He was looking at the outside. I could see a shadow of the sun being behind us."In fact, the descent engine was kicking up so much dust at this altitude that the shadow and a few boulders sticking up through the haze were all Armstrong could use to gauge the remaining distance to the surface.Then, a long metal rod that extended from the landing legs touched the lunar plain, signaling their arrival. A blue light on the console came on — "CONTACT LIGHT" — and the landing was over."Houston, Tranquility Base here … the Eagle has landed," Armstrong said in laconic tones.Apollo 11, on the moonIn Mission Control, there was a moment of continued silence."It took us a couple seconds to really realize that we had made it. And then the people in the viewing room start stomping, and I mean just cheering and clapping and stomping their feet," Kranz remembered. "I'm so tied up emotionally at this time that I literally cannot speak, and I've got to get my team back on track." It took a physical act to get him back to reality. "I rapped my arm on the console — and break my pencil! — and finally get back on track and call my controllers to attention. I say, 'OK, all you flight controllers, settle down. OK. Let's get back on with it.'"But the moon had more mischief in store, even though the crew had successfully touched down. Armstrong and Aldrin had "safed" the LM, shutting down the landing systems and performing their post-landing checklist. Everything looked good on the moon. But in Mission Control, it was a different story.Within minutes, the consoles monitoring the Lunar Module's descent stage signaled a potentially dangerous pressure buildup in a descent-engine fuel line.Dick Dunne, Grumman's PR man for Apollo, recalled the critical moment. The extreme cold from the lunar surface was creeping into the descent stage after engine shutdown. "The cold permeated a fuel line, and caused a blockage … which was immediately reported back by telemetry to Mission Control in Houston. That gave us cause for alarm," he remembered.A plug of ice was blocking a fuel line. It might melt, or it might cause a relief disk to blow, relieving the pressure. Or it might cause a catastrophic explosion. Nobody could be sure.TO MOONWALK OR NOT TO MOON WALK:-As Kranz debated whether or not to tell the astronauts, there was a quick conference among the flight controllers and the Grumman reps. "There was some thought given to aborting the exploration of the moon and to initiate the launch sequence right away," Dunne recalled. "However, the heat that came out of the engine melted the ice that had formed, and the problem went away." Pressures in the engine returned to normal. Controllers breathed a heavy sigh of relief, even as the astronauts continued their checklists, unaware.Within three hours, Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to explore the moon. But as they prepared to exit the Lunar Module, yet another issue cropped up: They could not get all the air out of the LM. The astronauts opened the valve and watched as the oxygen vented out … but even as it read zero, they could not get the hatch open. There was still too much pressure inside the lander."We tried to pull the door open, and it wouldn't come open," Aldrin said. "We thought, 'Well, I wonder if we're going to get out or not?' It took an abnormal time for it to finally get to a point where we felt we could pull on a fairly flimsy door." ['Magnificent Desolation': Aldrin's View on the Moon (Video)]In fact, Aldrin eventually resorted to peeling back one edge of the front hatch … but carefully. "You don't wanna rupture that door and leave yourself in a vacuum for the rest of the mission!" he recalled with a chuckle.Armstrong maneuvered toward the open hatch, aided by Aldrin. As Armstrong twisted his bulky suit to head out, unheard in the vacuum of the cabin, something small snapped. Armstrong's backpack had broken off the ascent engine arming switch. But upon their preparation to leave the moon some 21 hours later, Armstrong calmly flipped the broken stub with a ballpoint pen. Another crisis averted, this time courtesy of the Fisher Space Pen.Hope it helps :)

Swāgatam – WelcomeLanguage is a crucial part of any culture. It is important in building a democratic state and transcends the distinctions of class. It is the first tool for a child to express himself or herself.Language is a dominant feature in determining the bases of nationalism or ethnicity, as it represents a nation’s identity and preserves its heritage. It is also the driving force behind the unity of the peoples and makes them distinct from other nations. Once a language is adopted into a society it is difficult to eliminate it until the society itself decides to change or adopt something different.Language becomes a symbol of identity when different ethnic groups compete for power and resources. Easy communication facilitates the manipulation of group identities on the basis of religion or language.In industrial, modern societies one simply cannot enter the domains of power without being able to manipulate language for entry into these domains. It is the language of employment, and without employment one cannot possess much power in modern societies.Dr. Tariq Rahman, author of "Language and Politics in Pakistan" (1996)It is often said that poets and writers find some of their best pieces of work in their own language. William Shakespeare, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language, wrote his masterpiece "Romeo and Juliet" (c. 1591) in English. Victor Hugo wrote "Les Miserable" (1862) in his mother tongue French. Leo Tolstoy wrote "War and Peace" (1869) in his native language Russian. The first Chinese to win Nobel Prize in Literature, Gao Xingjian, wrote his award winning "Soul Mountain" (1990) in Chinese. And there are many other literary master pieces that were fist written in the respective mother tongue and then translated into other languages.Literature is woven round the lives of people like a spider's web. Literature therefore is at its epic when it speaks the language of the people.Power of wordMichael Madhusudan Dutta, the father of Bangla sonnets and the pioneer of Bangla literature, spoke of a void in his work after adopting English as his medium for his early literary work (such as poetry and drama) and not using his mother tongue Bangla.Michael Madhusudan Dutta reflecting on the loneliness of his soul while he is away from his homeland, away from his mother tongue, in the poem "Kopotakkho Nod"In stark contrast, Rabindranath Tagore's literature flourished in Bangla. He covered each and every aspect of life with his literary work and it was Bangla that brought him all the glory, including the Nobel Prize for Literature (1913)."Banglar Mati, Banglar Jol" by Rabindranath TagoreFrom an early age, Madhusudan desired to be an Englishman and was lured by the works of English poet Byron. However, he was to regret his desire in later life when he talked ardently of his homeland as is seen in his poems and sonnets from this period.On the other hand, come to Rabindranath Tagore, writing in Bangla how he remains, even to this day the versifier of Bangla literature! Tagore's works touch the souls of people and fill the hearts with joy. The hearts are enlightened with the messages in his poems, songs, fictions and plays. A section of the songs of "Gitobitan" is dedicated to "shodesh" (motherland). He was deeply patriotic and like an artist painted the picture of Bangla throughout his literary life. His works reverberate his love for motherland and mother tongue.The Daily Star (Bangladesh)Motherland, mother tongue and the mother herself are essential to epitomize a person's life. The importance of these in the over all development of an individual is immense. Without the proper identity of these in life a person is like a wingless bird. The mother tongue is like the wind under the wings. It is the medium through which self- expression takes place in its highest form. There are people who can express themselves well in foreign languages too. However history seems to show that it is the mother tongue that bears the beacon.The Daily Star (Bangladesh)Bangladesh is considered to be a monolingual country in which more than 98% of the population is speakers of Bangla language. However, there are more than ten languages in such a small country like Bangladesh. Urdu, Manipuri, Chakma, Santali, Garo, Rakhain, Tipra are just some of the other languages present in Bangladesh.S. M. Mehdi Hasan, AnalystBangla over 1,000 years oldBangla or Bengali is an eastern Indo-Aryan language (a branch of the Indo-European language family) which is native to the country of Bangladesh and Indian state of West Bengal, and parts of the Indian states of Tripura, Assam and Jharkand.In English, 'Bengali' is also used to define the speaker of the language.OriginBangla or Bengali is written in its own script and has grown over a period of one thousand years from the Magadhi Prakrit, which developed from the Sanskrit language and dates back to the Aryan days (1200 BC). Some scholars believe that Bangla is much older, perhaps going back to even 500 BC. They claim that the emperor Asoka (c. 269 BC), and even Lord Buddha (c. 563 BC), occasionally used a certain type of Bangla "Lipi" while communicating with their subjects and disciples in the eastern regions of this subcontinent. A research-paper written by Dr. Mohammed Rezaul Karim in 2007 claimed that the first inscription in Bangla was made by Mohammed Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1205 when a bi-lingual coin was issued in Gour with the words "Gosur Bijoy" inscribed on it in Devnagri script.'Language of the untouchables' during early Hindu rulersIn the pre-Aryan days, the people living in Bengal were of Dravidian, Mongolian, Bhot-Chin or Kolomboda origin. They used to speak in Dravidian, Bhot-Chin or Munda languages.It was in Gupta era (320-550) that Bengal had first contact with the Aryan civilization. But before any intimate or effective acquaintance could be established with the Aryan civilization, the kings from the Pala Dynasty (900 - 1100) turned Bengal into one of the citadels of Buddhism. Bangla language evolved within this environment from a distorted version of Prakrit and became associated with the lower caste of the Indian society, the 'untouchables'.Buddhist Charyapada (also known as Charya-Charya Binisaya), a collection of 47 mystical poems totalling 480 lines, originated during the Pala rule and is believed to be the oldest specimen of Bengali literature. However, the language of the Charya-Charya Binisaya, now referred to as Charyapada, was "but poor fragments of the literature" which owed its origin "chiefly to earnestness of Tantric Buddhists for popularizing their creed and which was just evolving out of Laukika".The Aryans realised that the first step to pollute or cripple a culture is to destroy or distort its language. As a result of systematic oppression by the Sanskrit and Prakrit speaking people the innocent indigenous inhabitants of Bengal started forgetting their languages. But Sanskrit was no effective spoken language, almost everything it had at the time was in black and white. So a section of the people started speaking in a particular type of Prakrit known as Gaudiya-Prakrit. The Gaudiya-Prakrit being used by the non-Aryans, Dravidians, Kot-Chins, Mundas and Kols took a distorted form and many a word from their dialects had slow but steady access into it. Slowly and silently this distorted form of Gaudiya-Prakrit (Gaudiya Apabhramsa) gave birth to ancient Bengali language. But the people who used to speak in this ancient form of Bangla were looked down upon as an inferior caste by the Aryans. It was claimed that anyone who spoke in this 'disgraceful' dialect of the untouchables would inevitably go to hell. It is really unfortunate that although Bengal reached the peak of glory in almost every domain of thought during the reign of Gopal Dev and his descendants, who ruled over this part of subcontinent for more than three hundred years, the Bangla language could not make any remarkable progress. The reason was plain and simple - the then Hindu society always despised and hated this 'ignominious dialect of the untouchables'. Written form of Bengali was yet to come.The Daily Star (Bangladesh)After the Pala Dynasty came the Sena Dynasty who ruled over Bengal for over one hundred years (from 1070 - 1230). The Sens also considered Bangla as the language of the untouchables.In 1931 a limestone slab, approximately 4.4cm x 5.7cm and bearing six lines in Prakrit in Brahmi script, was discovered in Mahasthangarh by a day labourer named Baru Fakir. This Mahasthan Plaque, as it became known, contains inscription about famine of Ancient Pundra Nagar, possibly during the rule of emperor Asoka, and dates Mahasthangarh to at least the 3rd century BC. It is the earliest evidence of "primitive" Bangla and testifies to the antiquity of the Bangla language.Royal patronage by Muslim rulers ushers in new era for Bangla and accelerated growthIt was the conquest of Bengal by the Muslims in 1201 which ushered in a new era for Bangla, providing it a congenial environment and proper facilities to thrive into a major language. When the Muslims first conquered Bengal there was hardly any Bengali literature worth the name. Nor was the language cultivated by the educated class.Where, once the Hindu and Buddhist culture were most influential, gradually evolved the Islamic culture. Persian, as the Muslim court language, became the most influential language and for more than 600 years (1203 - 1837) remained as the official language in Bengal. The importance of the Brahmins and their Sanskrit language gradually declined.Whatever might be the exact date of the Charyapada it is generally recognized by scholars that no vernacular language could have found a scope for free literary expression under the Brahmanical system which preceded the coming of the Muslims and which interdicted the study of any but the Sanskrit language. A well-known Sanskrit Sloka (couplet) states that if a person hears "the stories of Ashtadasa Puranas or of the Ramayana recited in Bengali, he will be thrown into the hell called Raurava" Bangla, "the language of the untouchables" would have surely been nipped in the bud had there been no patronage from the Muslim kings like Sikander Shah, Hussain Shah, Yusuf Shah, Babrak Shah and Paragal Khan.The Daily Star (Bangladesh)Unlike the Hindu Brahmins the Muslim rulers were liberal in their outlook. They introduced meritocracy and spread knowledge by breaking it from the bondage of caste system. This meant that the Brahims no longer had monopoly of knowledge and literary activities and everyone - Muslim, Hindu, rich, poor, man, woman, etc - were eligible to acquire it. The strict adherence to the doctrine of equality practised by the Muslim progressively brought a social revolution and people were employed in official position according to their merit.Blessed with the royal patronage the swelling waves of Bangla started reaching every nook and corner of Bengal. It encouraged the masses to become educated. During subsequent rule by Muslim rulers they promoted the Bangla language and even gave it status of a state language though it was not an official language in Mughal and British rule. Ramai Pundit, an influential medieval Bengali poet who lived around the 11th century, eulogized in unequivocal terms the Muslim conquest of Bengal as a heavenly bliss. In 'Niranjana Rushma' (Anger of Niranjan), a section of his Shunya Purana, the Muslims are portrayed as Religious Incarnate releasing people from the tyranny and oppression of the Brahmins and the Sen rulers.The Muslims not only welcomed Bangla with an open heart but they literally gave a new birth to this hitherto neglected language. By 1350, Muslims had united different regions of Bengal and started becoming patrons of Bengali language and literature, thus providing an impetus to new literary productions in Bengali.The Daily Star (Bangladesh)"Ami Banglai Gaan Gai" by Pratul MukhopadhyayAdvancementDuring the rule of powerful Mughal and British empires Bangla continued to flourish among the upper strata of Muslim and Hindu population. The Bengali Renaissance (circa 1775 – 1941) witnessed great advancement in the use of the language and exposure to a larger audience. Reformist, inventors, and writers such as Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar who reformed the Bangla prose literature, Girish Chandra Sen who was the first to translate the Holy Quran into Bengali, and Delawar Hossain, the first Muslim graduate of Calcutta University, made extensive use of Bangla to spread their knowledge.The first non-European ever to win a Nobel Prize was Rabindranath Tagore who had been awarded the prestigious accolade in 1913 for his book Gitanjali (Song offerings) – a rich collection of poetry written in Bangla. He also wrote the national anthem of Bangladesh (Amar Shonar Bangla) and India (Jana Gana Mana) both in Bengali.Other Bengali Nobel Prize winners include Amartya Sen (Nobel Prize for Economics in 1998) and Muhammad Yunus (Nobel Prize for Peace, and also for his Grameen Bank, in 2006). Muhammad Yunus also became the first Bengali from Bangladesh to win it.National Poet of Bangladesh include Kazi Nazrul Islam, the 'bidrohi kobi' (rebel poet) who conquered the hearts and minds of people writing in Bangla.During the Bhasha Andolon Bengalis were quick to point out that their language was equally developed – if not, even more advanced – than the Urdu language and was widely spoken in East Pakistan (previously called East Bengal).Bangla belongs to the procession of life, making constant adjustments with surprises, exploring unknown shrines of reality along its path of pilgrimage to a future which is as different from the past as the tree from the seed.The beauty of Bangla as eulogised by the great maestro Rabindranath TagoreThe Bengali community as a whole is renowned for its hospitality, its political awareness and love for discussions (adda) and civic engagement, and for its demonstrated admiration for poetry (both reading and writing).New York UniversityLanguageBengali, also called Bangala, Bangla, Bangla-Bhasa, belongs to the Eastern group of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. Along with Assamese, it is the easternmost of all Indo-European languages. In English, Bengali refers to both the language and the people who speak it. In Bengali, the language is called Bangla (bangla means ‘low’). The direct ancestors of Bengali are Prakrit, and Sanskrit. The total number of speakers of Bengali worldwide is 189 million (Ethnologue), making it the seventh most spoken language in the world after Chinese, Spanish, English, Hindi, Arabic, and Portuguese (Ethnologue).StatusBangladesh: Bengali is the national language of Bangladesh where it is spoken as a first language by 106 million, and as a second language by 20 million speakers. In India, it is statutory provincial language in West Bengal, Tripura, Assam states.India: Bengali is one of the 23 official languages of India, where it is spoken by 82.5 million people and the second most-spoken language after Hindi–Urdu. It is spoken in West Bengal; Tripura; Jharkhand, Dhanbad, Manbhum, Singhbhum, and Santal Parganas; Odisha, Mayar and Bales; Bihar; Assam, and Goalpara district (Ethnologue). It is a statutory provincial language in West Bengal, Tripura, and Assam. In addition to Bangladesh and India, Bengali is spoken in Nepal, Pakistan, the Middle East, Europe, the U.S., and Canada.DialectsSpoken Bengali is best described as a continuum of regional dialects. Some of them are not mutually intelligible. The standard form of Bengali, accepted in Bangladesh and in West Bengal, is based on the West-Central dialect as spoken by educated people in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) back in the 19th century. Diglossia is widespread, with many speakers being able to use both formal standard Bengali and their own regional dialect. There are two styles of speaking which exist side-by- side: conservative high-style literary language which frequently uses borrowings from Sanskrit, and informal everyday language.StructureSound System: The sound system of Bengali is fairly typical of Indo-Aryan languages.Vowels: Bengali has 7 oral vowel phonemes, i.e., sounds that differentiate word meaning. The vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/ can be short or long (i:, a:, u:). Vowel length differentiates word meaning. In addition, vowels can be nasalized. Bengali has a wide variety of vowel combinations. Some consist of a vowel + semivowel occurring in one syllable, while others are vowel + vowel combinations occurring across two syllables.Consonants: Bengali has 29 consonants. There is a contrast between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless and voiced stops. Aspirated consonants are produced with a strong puff of air. There is also a contrast between and apical vs. retroflex stops and affricates. Apical consonants are produced with the tip of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth, whereas retroflex consonants are produced with the tongue curled, so that its underside comes in contact with the roof of the mouth. The use of consonant clusters is extremely limited, even in borrowed words.Stress: Stress in standard Bengali normally falls on the initial syllable of a word. The position of stress alone does not affect word meaning.GrammarBengali is an inflected language, i.e., it uses prefixes and suffixes to mark grammatical relations and to form words. Bengali typically uses postpositions, rather than prepositions. Postpositions require that the noun take a certain case.Nouns: There are no gender distinctions, but Bengali nouns have the following characteristics:Nouns are marked for case: nominative, accusative, genitive, and locative–instrumental.There are two numbers: singular and plural. Plural markers are added only to count nouns with animate or definite referents.Animacy is marked in the plural.Definiteness is marked with post-posited -ţa in the singular, and -gula in the plural for inanimate nouns and –ra for animate nouns, e.g., juta-ţa ‘the shoe‘, juta-gula ‘the shoes’, and chatro-ţa ‘the student’ and chatro-ra ‘the students’.Bengali uses classifiers when counting nouns (similar to neighboring South Asian languages), e.g., panch-jon-chatro ‘five-human classifier-students’.There are three persons: 1st, 2nd, 3rd. There is no gender distinction in the 3rd person.There are three degrees of proximity in the 3rd person (someone who is nearby, someone who is a little further away, and someone who is not present.Pronouns:There are three persons: 1st, 2nd, 3rd.There is no gender distinction in the 3rd person.There are three degrees of proximity in the 3rd person: someone who is nearby, someone who is a little further away, and someone who is not present.Verbs: Bengali verbs agree with their subjects in person and status category.There are three persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd).There are three status categories in the 2nd person (despective, ordinary, honorific) and two status categories in the 3rd person (ordinary, honorific).Verb stems are derived from verbal monosyllabic or disyllabic verbal bases. Markers are combined to produce various mood/aspect/tense combinations;There are three moods: indicative, imperative, conditional.Ttwo aspects are distinguished: imperfective and perfective.Verbs have three tenses: present, past, future.Bengali verbs use a post-verbal negative particle.Word Order: The normal word order in Bengali sentences is Subject-Object-Verb. Adjectives and genitive constructions expressing possession precede nouns.VocabularyBengali vocabulary is a mixture of native Bengali words, and borrowings from Sanskrit, as well as from neighboring languages such as Hindi, Assamese, Chinese, Burmese, and several indigenous Austroasiatic languages of Bangladesh. A history of invasions from Persia and the Middle East resulted in many borrowings from Turkish, Arabic, and Persian. European colonialism brought borrowings from English, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.WritingBengali has a rich literature dating back to 1000 AD. All literature prior to the19th century was in rhymed verse. The writing system of Modern Bengali developed from an ancient Indian syllabary called Brāhmī. Brāhmī is the ancestor of all other Indian scripts, including Devanāgarī, a writing system associated with classical Sanskrit as well as a number of modern Indo-Aryan languages. The Brāhmī alphabet is thought to have been modeled on the Aramaic or Phoenician alphabets. It appeared in India sometime before 500 BC, and was used to write a variety of languages, including Sanskrit and Prakrit. The present form of the Bengali script was standardized In 1778 to facilitate printing. It has 12 vowel and 52 consonant characters.Like all Brāhmī-derived scripts, Bengali is written from left to right with the characters hanging from a horizontal line. No distinction is made between upper and lower case characters. The Bengali alphabet is written with a syllable-based system in which all consonants have an inherent vowel which is not always predictable, and sometimes, is not pronounced at all. Special diacritics are used to represent a single consonant or a single vowel.Did You Know?English has borrowed a few words from Bengali . Below are two of them.jute from Bengali jhuto ‘fiber plant’bungalow from Hindi word for ‘house in the Bengal style’DifficultyBengali is considered to be a Category II language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.I have always been so proud that I have such a sweet as well as rich language as my mother language. And today that pride got a huge booster.However, my pride in and love for my language will never make me look down upon any other language of this world. Rather, I have (and will always have) a huge respect for every spoken language in this world, as each of them has enriched the human civilization in one way or the other.Reference:Sweetest language tag for Bengali? - Times of IndiaBengali: The Second Most Spoken Language in IndiaBengali | About World LanguagesBengali 'should be UN language'Language Movement - WikipediaLanguage Movement

There is no “evolution” by the real etymology of the word.In this article are linked to and references to the work of over 40,000,000 scientists. But that is not enough to sway most of these religious silly believers. 40,000,000 studies showing only genetic degradation in humans, and only genetic degradation, is not enough for you, then please don’t wast my time.No creature has ever gained in genes, gained in genetic features. There has never been any progress from simple or rudimentary life to more complex life forms.All we REAL scientists see is genetic degradation in ALL of the evidence.There is ONLY degeneration shown in ALL HUMAN studies of DNA.There are well over 20,000,000 (updated nov 2017) peer reviewed papers from all over the world clearly showing that humans are degraded, have never "evolved" and at the present rate of the rise of genetic defects our species will be reduced to stupid short living animals with no technology, no speech, no intelligence. We are about 60 years from that, and then rapid extinction because we live only by artificial life support (vaccines, antibiotic, drugs, surgery, medical means all artificial).Search: Human Genetic DiseasesThere are NO beneficial mutations ever found in DNA evidence.Evolution's "Beneficial" Mutations by James ArjunaTry this search term and see if you can find any beneficial mutations. I have spent thousands of hours on that and so far not one beneficial mutation has ever been shown to exist. This search of all the data bases in the world sums up with over 2,000,000 articles and NO beneficial mutations.Human Mutations - PMC - NCBIIn all these peer Science studies we find some estimated 20,000 pseudo genes. Pseudo genes are genes that used to code for human cells. Now they are dead and fading away. Some of them are barely perceivable because of this fading of this coding. They have completely mapped and studied 14000 of them so far.Analysis of Human PseudogenesThe GENCODE pseudogene resourceAccording to this study we have lost close to 45% of our coding that made us much stronger and much more healthy, fit and much more intelligent.For those who do not understand math:Original number of coding genes approximately 45,000; Coding genes we have now approximately 25,000. Number of pseudo genes (dead genes) no longer coding for body parts 20,000. 20,000 + 25,000 = 45,000 original genes.45,000 x 45% = 20250 lost genes. Actual precise number is 20,000/45,000 = .444444 or 44.4%.Dr. Gerald Crabtree a renowned geneticists and professor of genetics at Stanford University states that“I would wager that if an average citizen from Athens of 1000 BC were to appear suddenly among us, he or she would be among the brightest and most intellectually alive of our colleagues and companions, with a good memory, a broad range of ideas, and a clear-sighted view of important issues. Furthermore, I would guess that he or she would be among the most emotionally stable of our friends and colleagues. I would also make this wager for the ancient inhabitants of Africa, Asia, India or the Americas, of perhaps 2000–6000 years ago. The basis for my wager comes from new developments in genetics, anthropology, and neurobiology that make a clear prediction that our intellectual and emotional abilities are genetically surprisingly fragile.”Human intelligence is declining according to Stanford geneticistLeading Geneticist: Human Intelligence is Slowly DecliningWe have lost;-Brain Size, and skull size-Jaw Size and lost teeth, the 'wisdom" teeth are remnants of a better stronger larger jaw.-Our larger canine teeth that allowed us to eat more foods.-enzymes in the appendix that gave us the ability to digest harsh fibrous vegetation and get nutrients out of it.-visual acuity.-visual spectrum and color (there are a very few people left with tetrachromatic vision)-night vision.-Our retinas are misshaped and we have blind spots we have to overcome by brain adjustments and glasses. Most degraded mammals have this, by the way.-lost http://intelligencehttp://rt.com/usa/intelligence-stanford-years-fragile-531/-lost tails (coccyx) which show as an atavism, atavism is lost genes-lost olfactory sensors in our nasal passages; Vomeronasalorgan, Can’t smell preditors from a distance or food or water.-less bone density; we break bones easily-bone shape, bent crooked leg bones and much thinner than our ancestors.-hair; We cannot live in the wild without clothing or technology-flexibility in our feet our ancestors could grasp in order to climb, we can’t.-cartilage is weak and breaks easily. The number one injury with athletes ripped out tendons in the knees.-hearing loss and weak. Common for humans to lose hearing frequency early in life.-back strength 80% of humans complain of back pain and many have to have medical aid for it.-knee problems from weak thin knee meniscus and bone joints. Many people have Bone to Bone when this fails and intense suffering.-More and more women have to have C section for birth because the “choice” breeders have skinny hips for some unknown reason. Childbirth is the most dangerous of all the medical practices because the malpractice insurance is up to $300,000 per year; whereas internal medicine is $20,000 per year. There’s more about this on the birth defects article.-we cannot produce Vitamin C and many enzymes used to process foods.-eye protective membrane gone “nictitating membrane”- Along with lost hair we see remnants of ‘goose bumps” which are used to raise hair to increase insulation. You see this in animals when it is cold the hair “fluffs up”Going away fading out:-A muscle that show varying degrees of reduction ;Occipitalis Minor-The palmaris longus muscle appears gone in about 15%-17% of humans going away.-The pyramidalis muscle of the abdomen gone in 20% of humans-in the leg, The plantaris muscle abscent in about 10% of humans-Extra nipples or breasts appear rarely in the population- the existing sense of smell organs degraded in most and we find remnants of superior sense of smell in native South Americans, native North Americans, and African peoples who can identify other by smell; lost ability to sense predators or food and water.-human immune system weakened and undirected causing all sorts of problems and the need for artificial means of survival, vaccines, and antibiotics were not needed for 200,000 years, now we can’t live without them.There is no indication at all of any improvements. All the nonsense about how "refined and improved" we are in utter fantasy.What are we going to lose next?This is why the medical industry is stating that modern humans, particularly white Anglo Saxons, white European descent cannot live past 20 years in the wild without technology and medical aid.Keep in mind for 200,000 years (by the assumptive dating methods that have never been proven as correct) humans survived, bred and raised children without any medical at all.And there is no way for use to determine how old someone from the past was. Even 5000 years ago, a 100 year old person could appear to be like a modern 40 year old because we are that much more degraded.In Human DNA studies we have over 100,000 deleterious mutation found so far and no sign of any beneficial mutation have ever been verified other than by speculation from people who believe we evolved and got better at some point in time in the past where human science was "different" than now.This is the “magical time” of the past where humans supposedly evolved. There is no physical evidence of this anywhere on the planet.Search: Human Genetic DiseasesThere have been found over 98000 ERV's (endogenous retrovirus). These represent infections a the germ line level. Infections at the germ line level cause fetal permanent deleterious mutations. The path of our genetic degradation is mapped clearly in these ERVs which are found in DNA coding for diseases tissues and gene losses, atavism.Colloquium Paper: Therapeutic Vaccines: Realities of Today and Hopes for Tomorrow: Retroelements and the human genome: New perspectives on an old relationEvidence for Hitchhiking of Deleterious Mutations within the Human GenomeSung Chun1, Justin C. Fay1,2*1 Computational and Systems Biology Program, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, 2 Department of Genetics and Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America:"Evidence for Hitchhiking of Deleterious Mutations within the Human Genome"According to this article of 1000 samples of human genomes, there is an average of 1000 deleterious mutations per person. Quote: "Each human is estimated to carry on the order of 1,000 deleterious mutations in their genome."These are FIXED (permanent) in the reproductive process.The governments do not want anyone to be concerned and want you to believe that "big brother and science" Is taking good care of us and don't worry about 200% rise in babies with brain/spinal tumors. or the 1 in 64 babies born with autism (up 650% in 39 years); The medical industry will find a cure. Right???So far not one disease has been cured by science.Home - ACCOThey just continue to rise because of human ignorance.Medical Industry:Without the medical industry humans would already be extinct.We have over 17000 genetic disease and so many pathogens that would wipe us out that humans cultivated out of ignorance, we would not be here without antibiotic, anti-fungal, vaccines. This is obvious from the evidence.They have managed to make vaccines to stop polio and small pox but that is not a cure. The cure would be to have all humans not be affected by them at all with no vaccine (restored immune DNA). And for sure they have no cures for genetic deformity except corrective surgery and deleterious mutations. I don’t think they have enough brain power left to even know how to or what to do without killing more people or making mutant freaks from accidents out of them, in the process. With heart surgery it is "plumbing work" and attaching parts of arteries taken from other parts of the body. Cataract surgery is wonderful but does nothing about the genetic defects; the cause nor the cure. Medical industry has enzyme replacements, hormone replacements lens replacements, and a huge number of medicines that reduce body functions to help with pain etc. Cancer treatments are horrible and the remission rate is not that good. They give statistics on 5 years of life after cancer as "success" . In the mean time the rates of cancer rise at phenomenally rapid increases. 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