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Which one? They varied enormously in wealth per head.When the USA became independent it was significantly poorer per head than it had been in 1774, due to the war. According to what I think are the best estimates we have so far, those of Lindert & Williamson, the USA was still poorer per head in 1800 than in 1774, & probably didn’t catch up to the 1774 level until 1820 or so. The 1812–14 war delayed recovery.If we look at those Latin American countries/colonies for which there are useful estimates spanning the transition from colonies to independent states, we see that there are similar slumps. Because their wars of independence were later, there may be cases where the USA was richer than Spanish colony A in 1774, poorer in 1790, & richer again in 1820. Which date do we choose?So you see, it’s a hard question to answer, because the answer depends very much on assumptions. I think it’s also worth pointing out that the British colonies in North America varied considerably in income per head. The southern colonies were much richer than New England in 1774, for example.Overall, the British N. American colonies were probably quite a lot richer per head in 1774 than the average for Latin American colonies, but immediately after US independence there could very well have been individual colonies which were richer per head than the new USA. Some of the sugar colonies were very rich per head, probably richer even than the British cotton/tobacco colonies in 1774.Unequal Gains - Lindert & WilliamsonAnd as well as the estimates & conclusions in Growth under extractive institutions? Latin American per capita GDP in colonial times, look at the references, e.g. -Seminario de Marzi, L. B., “Las Cuentas Nacionales del Perú, 1700-2010”, Documento de discusión, Universidad del Pacífico DD/12/11 (2013)Ferreres, Orlando, et al. Dos siglos de Economía argentina (1810-2004). Buenos Aires: El Ateneo, 2005*Díaz, J., R. Luders, and G. Wagner. “Economía Chilena 1810-2000. Producto Total y Sectorial. Una Nueva Mirada,” Documentos de Trabajo 315 (2007), Instituto de Economia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile*Salvucci, Richard and Linda Salvucci, “Crecimiento económico y cambio en la productividad en México, 1750-1895”, HISLA, 10 (1987): 67-89*Kalmanovitz, Salomón, El PIB de la Nueva Granada en 1800: Auge colonial, estancamiento republicano, Revista de Economía Institucional 8(15) (2006): 161-183**I think there may be improved estimates in more recent papers by the same authors, & perhaps others.There are rougher estimates back into the late 18th century either in this paper or in another one by the same author. I can’t remember which I saw them in - De Corso, Giuseppe. “El crecimiento económico de Venezuela, desde la oligarquía conservadora hasta la revolución bolivariana: 1830-2012, una vision cuantitativa.” Revista de Historia Económica, 31(3) (2013): 321-357

Colombia has a new immigration system now in place. especially for Venezuelans.The Colombian borders and the arms of the Colombian people have remained comparatively open—partly because that mass migration once flowed in the opposite Venezuela direction. Since taking office in August 2018, Colombian President Iván Duque has called repeatedly for international support for countries on the receiving end of the exodus…something without hope with Nicola Maduro.Since the beginning of the swell of migration, in 2014 the Colombian government’s public stance has also been welcoming to migrants. It has stemmed in part from a bitter animosity between the Colombian government and Maduro. When Maduro faced a drone attack in August, he initially blamed former Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos. A few days before, Santos granted permission for 440,000 Venezuelans to stay in Colombia. And in a speech before the United Nations, in which he denounced Maduro’s regime as a dictatorship, Santos’s successor, Duque, referred to the arriving migrants as “Venezuelan brothers,” saying his country has and will always receive the migrants with affection “despite any social and fiscal difficulties because we are united by fraternity.”“Those immigrants, or refugees, leave because of the existence of President Maduro,” said Silva, the CODHES director. “They [Colombian politicians] see them as victims of their enemy.”With close to 2 milions running from Venezuela now living in Colombia, the system is simple to immigrate as over 180 calendar days with a tourist visa you will be fined heavily and subsecuantly as the final step deported if cought being for 10 years banned to return to Colombia. Venezuelans are no exception to this deportation rule. Venezuelans are rounded-up and deported by bus everyday back to Venezuela..From La Guajira, Cesar, Norte Santander.As mass migrations Venezuelans sweep across Latin America, a growing wave of xenophobia has taken hold. Until recently, though, Colombia, which has absorbed the lion’s share of the exodus of more than 4 million Venezuelans, has been marked by a relative absence of clashes and anti-migrant rhetoric.An estimated 5,000 people stream across the Venezuela-Colombia border every day, as hyperinflation, starvation, and violence worsen under the regime of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro.As you are from Maracaibo Zulia Venezuela, in Colombia, the Paraguachon Border La Guajira offers these Three cities Maicao city, Uribia city the capital of the indigens and Manaure La Guajira are all with the special 4% Corporation tax juridiction for imports, new corporation and small immigrants investors. Open a import-Export or similar activity corporation in one of these three specific cities and this will give you access to a form of work visa in Colombia… as a free lance entrepreneur with some conditions in regards to hire and favorize in the future any of the four group of indigenas, Los Arhuacos, Los Wiwas, Los Koguis, Los Kankuamos that live on both side of Colombia and Venezuela borders departments.The Political refugee system is now overloaded with fraud as Venezuela has no control nor conform documentation on the collectivos criminal activities encouraged by the Maduro government by a dozen group of criminals now landed in Colombia. Those seriously causing the disturbing of the 2016 International peace accord fragility with the former FARC terrorist group. Venezuela is one of the highest crime areas in the world worst than Syria and Afghanistan and any other country anywhere in the world.Colombia Migration has everyday meetings on each of the tronchas 232 , I have info as today that are illegal dirt roads along the border and serves for illegal trafiking and entering of legal and illegal Venezuela criminals into Colombia for the equivalent of $10 USD.Unfortunately not all Venezuelans are honest and free of criminality something quite disturbing under the latest fragil Colombia FARC 2016 peace acord. La Guajira , Norte Sandarder with the Cesar department are the main border areas Venezuelans have any chance to enter migracion with any format of normal procedures , but honestly the system is now overloaded with many of the Venezuelans high time criminals the real main priority focus of the Colombia Migracion system.Ingreso de venezolanos a Colombia con pasaporte vencidoDentro de las medidas establecidas por el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores colombiano, se ha autorizado a los nacionales venezolanos a ingresar, transitar y salir del territorio nacional, aun cuando su pasaporte se encuentre vencido. Los pasaportes en esta condición podrán seguir siendo utilizados durante dos años, contados a partir de la fecha de vencimiento.Así mismo, los nacionales portadores del pasaporte venezolano en la condición mencionada anteriormente podrán recibir un Permiso de Ingreso y Permanecía otorgado por Migración Colombia a su ingreso al país. De manera excepcional, aquellos pasaportes con sello de ingreso serán válidos como documento de identificación en el territorio nacional. Por otro lado, para los procesos de solicitud de visa, se estableció que los nacionales venezolanos con pasaporte vencido podrán solicitar la expedición de ésta, siempre y cuando se cumplan con las demás disposiciones vigentes para la expedición de la visa correspondiente.Prórroga del Permiso Especial de PermanenciaDesde el 4 de junio del presente año Migración Colombia inició el proceso de renovación de los Permisos Especiales de Permanencia, conocidos como PEP, que están por vencerse; a aquellos nacionales venezolanos portadores de este permiso, que se encuentren en el territorio nacional. Este nuevo PEP contará con una vigencia de dos años a partir de su expedición. Cabe recordar que este permiso autoriza a permanecer en Colombia, sin el propósito de establecerse en el país, realizando cualquier tipo de actividad lícita incluyendo la posibilidad de trabajar.Proyecto de ley para expedición de Permiso Especial Temporal de Trabajo - PettEl Ministerio del Trabajo de la mano del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, se unen para fomentar la formalización laboral y la regularidad migratoria de ciudadanos venezolanos, por medio de un nuevo proyecto de Decreto. En tal virtud, aquellos extranjeros del vecino país que se encuentren en condición migratoria irregular, siempre y cuando: presenten cédula o pasaporte venezolanos aun cuando se encuentren vencidos, no tengan antecedentes penales, no hayan sido sujetos de expulsión o deportación, y sean titulares de una oferta de contratación o vinculación.La vigencia de este permiso no podrá ser inferior a seis meses ni superior a dos años, siendo posible renovarlo por una sola vez. Cabe destacar que el Pett perderá vigencia de manera automática, si transcurridos treinta días calendario a partir de su expedición, no se realiza la vinculación al Sistema de Seguridad Social, así como al Sire y Rutec.Como se puede observar, Colombia no solo ha generado medidas flexibilizadoras con el fin de facilitar y regularizar el ingreso de nacionales venezolanos, sino que también tiene la iniciativa de seguir generando beneficios migratorios para esta población.1-Flexibilización migratoria para venezolanos

The Spanish word for commitment is compromiso.🔶🔶🔶🔶🔶Synonyms of compromiso include dedicación, voluntad, entrega, obligación, empeño, convenio.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Compromiso is a masculine noun.El compromiso - los compromisos = The commitment - the commitments.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::TERMS RELATED TO COMMITMENTstrong commitment → compromiso firme.firm commitment → compromiso firme, compromiso sólido.ongoing commitment → compromiso constante.continuated commitment → compromiso constante.commitment fee → comisión de compromiso.commitment letter → carta de compromiso.financial commitment → compromiso financiero.commitment document → documento de compromiso.family commitments → compromisos familiares - obligaciones familiares.binding commitment → compromiso vinculante.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::EXAMPLE SENTENCESSuccess usually demands commitment. → El éxito suele requerir compromiso.Thanks for the invitation, but I have a prior commitment. → Gracias por la invitación, pero tengo un compromiso previo.But for many people voting early is not an option because of work or family commitments. → Pero para muchos votar temprano no es una opción debido a su trabajo o a compromisos (= obligaciones) familiares o laborales.Maria distinguished herself by his commitment to animal rights. → María se distinguió por su compromiso (= dedicación a) con los derechos de los animales.He is afraid of commitment. → Él le tiene miedo al compromiso.Without this commitment, there will be no agreement. → Sin este compromiso, no habrá acuerdo.If you make a commitment to do something, you promise that you will do it. → Si te comprometes a hacer algo, prometes que lo harás.The future needs increased commitment by both central and local government. → En el futuro se necesita mayor compromiso tanto del gobierno central como local.But separation from interests does not necessarily free one from ideological beliefs and commitments. → Pero el apartarse de los intereses no necesariamente lo exime a uno de tener compromisos y creencias ideológicas.They praised him for his commitment to peace. → Lo elogiaron por su compromiso con la paz.He resigned because of the pressure of other commitments. → Él renunció debido a la presión de otros compromisos.She made a commitment to carry on her father's work. → Ella se comprometió a proseguir con la labor de su padre.🔷🔷🔷🔷🔷🔷