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It's eminently possible that MTB co-evolved with humans. Problem is co-evolution is difficult to prove.First, some commonly used techniques and abbreviations in TB genomics (1, 2).Additionally, MTC: Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), M. canettii, M. africanum, M. bovis, M. microti, M. pinnipedii, M. capraeLSP: Large Sequence Polymorphisms; also called chromosomal deletions; RD, i.e. Regions of Difference. Number and distribution of deletions offer a TB strain-specific genomic signature used to build maps of phylogenetic relationships.WGS: Whole Genome SequencingIs Human-MTB co-evolution possible to prove?Why is co-evolution difficult to prove? According to Woolhouse (3), at least three conditions are necessary for co-evolutionRelevant traits need to vary in both host and pathogen. For e.g., resistance and infectivity.Such traits should have reciprocal effects on the fitness of host and pathogen populations.Combination of host-pathogen genotypes determines the outcome of their interactions.Sounds logical and reasonable, no? Yet not so simple in the case of TB. Why?TB lacks classic virulence factors, e.g. toxins.On the one hand, molecular approaches are starting to reveal TB's inner workings in terms of what helps establish successful infections and what doesn't but they're being evaluated largely in irrelevant mouse model studies.OTOH, the host side of the equation remains largely a blank slate, especially the human side.What's an effective human immune response against TB? Not known so human fitness traits relevant for TB disease resistance remain unknown as well.As a result, TB virulence studies are an abundant literature morass that serve to confuse and distract.Geographic patterns could provide indirect evidence. In particular, pathogen and host variants co-existing in particular geographic regions suggest local adaptation (4). Before getting to MTB's geographic patterns, let's examine the players and their defining features, and unresolved issues of evolutionary TB studies.The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC)Each species of MTC behaves as an ecotype, i.e. has a preferred mammalian host species (5).Have more than 99.9% nucleotide similarity (6)Identical 16S rRNA sequence (7).Little or no evidence of ongoing horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between current MTC members (8).MTC thus interpreted as being relatively young pathogens, clonal progeny of an ancestral strain that underwent an evolutionary bottleneck ~20000 to 35000 years ago (9).MTC presumably evolved from M. prototuberculosis. Which brings us to M. canetii, assumed to be the extant (surviving) progeny of M. prototuberculosis.Mycobacterium canettiGeorges Canetti first isolated it in 1969 from a 20-year old French farmer suffering from pulmonary TB (10).Isolated from patients living in or presumably infected in East Africa.<100 strains identified thus far.All from humans with TB disease, mostly from East Africa.Striking morphological difference in culture, smooth rather than rough which is the characteristic of MTB.Mosaic housekeeping genes, with individual segments found in MTC members, suggesting HGT in MTC ancestral species (11, 12)In a comparison study, 5 M. canetti strains grew 2 to 3 times faster both in vitro and in mouse, but persisted poorly in mouse tissues (13) compared to standard MTB strains, suggesting they're less pathogenic.Which came first, human or cow TB?Until the 1990s, human TB was assumed to be a by-product of animal, specifically cattle, domestication as in a jump of cow TB (M. bovis) to human (MTB). Why? Two reasons.One, archeological identification of extrapulmonary TB-like deformities in Egyptian skeletal remains. Extrapulmonary TB is common in humans infected with M. bovis.Two, M. bovis is a generalist with a broader host range beyond cattle. MTB is a specialist, infecting mostly humans.Thus, for a while the prevailing narrative was that M. bovis spread to humans from animals with man's domestication of animals in the Neolithic era (14), i.e. the generalist M. bovis evolved into the specialized MTB.However, whole genome analysis showed instead that MTB is more ancient than M. bovis (15).M. bovis has lost several genes still present in all other MTC lineages.M. bovis genome is ~60000bp smaller than MTB genome (16).M. bovis does not contain any unique gene.Comparative genomics show animal MTB strains are related to human disease-causing MTB (9, 17).MTB strains associated with major epidemics such as the 'Beijing' and 'Haarlem' strains share the TbD1 deletion, absent in M. africanum, MTB's closest phylogenetic neighbor, as well as in M. bovis.Instead MTC animal strains such as M. bovis and M. africanum share the RD9 delection, absent in MTB strains.Animal MTB strains cluster together while human MTB strains represent different human populations (18,19, 20).MTB is clonal, unable to repair genomic deletions by recombination.M. bovis is rarely found in the archeological record (1), found only in one group of Iron Age (4th century BC to 4th century AD) remains consisting of both humans and their animals (21).Thus M. bovis now assumed to originate from a familial species with a larger genome (22, 23, 24).For these reasons, M. bovis and MTB are now assumed to have evolved independently (see below).Limitations of paleo-epidemiology, -pathology, -microbiology in reconstructing human-TB historyTB does not produce toxins, classic virulence factors.Virulence factors typically help a pathogen transmit from human to human.Pulmonary TB and ensuing lung cavities give MTB its best chance for human-to-human transmission.Connection to paleo studies? Soft tissues degrade quickly and are generally unavailable for paleological studies, except in the case of some mummies. With soft tissues gone, what remains for analysis? Bone.Yet bone TB, like other extrapulmonary TB, has two major limitations w.r.t. reconstructing human-TB historyOne, bone TB constitutes less than 5% of total TB, i.e. provides a window into a tiny, perhaps irrelevant, sliver of historical human-TB interactions.Two, bone TB reduces rather than maximizes human-to-human transmission, an evolutionary dead end for TB.Biological relevance of ancient TB strains identified in ancient human bones is thus an open question, a point often overlooked/minimized/ignored.Ancient TB strains identified in ancient human remains are instead relevant as an archeological record of MTC strains.For example, TB strains in ancient Egyptian remains include those without the TbD1 deletion (25). Today such strains, presumed ancient relics of the MTB lineage, are restricted to the Far East around the Pacific Rim.Today the most widespread TB strain is TbD1-deleted.TbD1-deleted TB have been found in 9000-year old remains in the pre-pottery Neolithic site of Atlit-Yam in the Eastern Mediterranean (26).The evolutionary bottleneck hypothesis for TBAncestral TB strains had extensive horizontal gene transfers (HGTs).Then came a proposed bottleneck, ~35000 years ago (see below).Post-bottleneck, MTC strains appear to follow a linear evolutionary pattern with key clonal deletions (1, 14).Yet, the oldest MTC was found in cranial frontal bone of a 500,000 Homo erectus fossil excavated in Turkey (27).Thus we come to the current controversial notion that TB's progenitor predated modern humans.Ancestral TB, M.prototuberculosis, is thus speculated to have emerged 3 million years ago.Current TB lineages and how they evolved. Africa is the likeliest origin for MTB for following reasonsAll major MTC lineages have been found in Africa (18, 23).Unique presence of M. canetti and other smooth TB bacilli.What M. africanum could teach about human-MTB co-evolutionM. africanum causes ~50% human TB in West Africa.No animal reservoir identified thus far.M. africanum contacts much less likely to get active disease compared to MTB contacts (28), even though both transmit equally well to contacts.Millions of West Africans were forcibly taken to the Americas during slavery and yet, M. africanum never established itself in the Americas. Why? Outcompeted by MTB (29)?The IRGM-261TT polymorphism in Ghana protects against Euro-American MTB but not against M.africanum (30).Is M. africanum a red herring or is the observed human-M. Africanum dynamic an indicator of human-MTB co-evolution? An open question at present but one where compelling data (see above) suggests the latter, and not the former.How TB Virulence relates to Human-TB co-adaptationWhat is the purpose of virulence? To maximize pathogen transmission.How is virulence defined? Pathogen infection reduces host fitness.TB presents two major problems w.r.t virulence definition.One, TB disease ranges from pulmonary TB, the most common form to TB meningitis and extrapulmonary TB. Which disease type maximizes human-to-human transmission? Data since the classic studies of Koch and Canetti (31) suggest that transmission is related to lung cavities (32), for the simple reason that the caseating necrosis at the center of lung tuberculous granulomas is the optimal breeding ground for TB bacilli, which can reach up to a billion in a single cavity. Thus, fast rates of disease progression may not necessarily be to the benefit of TB. For example, TB meningitis kills more quickly than pulmonary TB so a TB strain associated with the former would be considered more virulent but such strains may not transmit more efficiently.Two, TB lacks classical virulence factors (toxins) so TB strain virulence is defined using a variety of animal models, ranging from passably suitable (rabbit) to entirely unsuitable (mouse).TB virulence studies primarily focus on bacterial growth rates and quantification, and host cell cytokine release.Animal model studies also use a variety of routes of infection, doses and TB strains.In vitro human studies add further variables. Some use whole blood, others PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells), yet others, blood-derived monocytes (selected by targeting the CD14 surface molecule; such selection itself is capable of modulating the cells' responses).Comparisons of TB strain virulence differences across such studies? Apples and oranges.Extrapolation from such studies to propensity for human-to-human transmission? Also apples and oranges.Back on planet earth, how is TB virulence measured in humans (or should be)?Likelihood and rate of disease progression.Type of TB disease (pulmonary >TB meningitis = extrapulmonary TB for transmissibility).# of TB bacilli in the sputum, presence and # of lung cavities.During active TB disease, patients are mobile and do not need respiratory support because disease is typically confined to one lobe of one lung (33). Chronic low-grade disease and long-term cough without life-threatening pathology is thus the most optimal adaptive outcome for MTB, i.e. capacity for human-to-human spread.Thus, most modern TB studies are hobbled because their virulence measurements do not assess transmission potential.TB and human anti-TB immunity offer compelling clues for co-evolution (33).Most pathogens specialize in immune escape through some form of antigenic variation, i.e. changing the sequence of (protein) antigens that are targets of immune responses. MTB does the opposite.MTB antigens that are targets of human T cells are the products of the most conserved and invariant MTB genes (34). Rather than evade immune responses, MTB seems to goad them, akin to waving a red flag at a bull. Or does it?HIV/AIDS co-infection is a natural experiment that also reveals human-TB co-adaptation (35). How? HIV/AIDS culminates in impaired immune responses. Logic dictates that HIV-infected TB patients should be more contagious, yet they are less (36).Less than 1% of TB-infected persons proceed to active disease and death yet TB-infected humans number in the billions, the vast majority of whom never develop active TB disease.Ancient co-travelers, could the optimal human-TB state instead be an entente, TB the goad, the human immune response the muscle? Appropriate response then means neither tissue damage nor TB elimination, with TB using the human's appropriate immune response to learn to stay within bounds, bounds meaning a dormant state within the lung, except for a little perturbation every now and then so TB could spread through coughs.Could TB carriage offer selective advantages to the human carriers? (37) Maybe protect against malaria/CMV, for example?What about TB carriers who proceed to active disease? Collateral damage of the evolutionary human-TB bargain? After all evolutionary agreements necessitate trade-offs for the involved parties.Final word goes to humans. Non-compliance to multi-drug anti-TB antibiotic therapy is today a wild card driving, nay disrupting, the human-TB consensus. Nothing new there. After all, human agency associated with the Industrial Revolution and its attendant appallingly unhygienic and teeming urban human conglomerations disrupted ancient human-TB equilibrium, driving the TB epidemics of the 19th and 20th centuries.BibliographyDjelouadji, Zoheira, Didier Raoult, and Michel Drancourt. "Palaeogenomics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: epidemic bursts with a degrading genome." The Lancet infectious diseases 11.8 (2011): 641-650.De La Salmoniere, YO Goguet, et al. "Evaluation of spoligotyping in a study of the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Journal of clinical microbiology 35.9 (1997): 2210-2214. Page on asm.orgWoolhouse, Mark EJ, et al. 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Zina Pitcher (April 12, 1797 in Sandy Hill, New York – April 5, 1872 in Detroit) was an American physician, politician, educator, and academic administrator. He was a president of the American Medical Association, a two-time mayor of Detroit and a member of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan.Died: April 5, 1872, DetroitBorn: April 12, 1797, Sandy HillSearch ResultsEliza Maria MosherPhysicianEliza Maria Mosher (October 2, 1846 – October 16, 1928) was a United States physician, inventor, medical writer, and educator whose wide-ranging medical career included an educational focus on physical fitness and health maintenance.Born: October 2, 1846Died: October 16, 1928Profession: PhysicianNationality: United StatesHarry A. Towsley, professor emeritus of pediatrics and communicable diseases and of postgraduate medicine, died March 31 at his home in Ann Arbor. He was 87.When he retired from the U-M in 1971, Towsley’s record of accomplishments in pediatric medicine was described by the Board of Regents as “truly astonishing in its scope.”When Towsley was elected to the Michigan Health Council’s Health Hall of Fame in 1970, he was cited for his lifelong commitment to “make Michigan babies the healthiest and Michigan doctors the best-informed.”In pursuit of those goals, Towsley administered postgraduate medical courses in Ann Arbor and conducted medical seminars with a team of doctors throughout the state. He and his wife, Margaret, contributed much of the funding for the Towsley Center for Continuing Medical Education, which opened in 1969. The Towsley Center was conceived to meet the needs of community physicians in updating and acquiring skills and continues to do so.In commenting on his passing, President James J. Duderstadt said: “Harry Towsley’s accomplishments and contributions are evidence of the enormous impact that one individual can have on an institution. He helped shape our history; he was part of it for over a half century. Scholar, teacher, care-giver, philanthropist, counselor, friend—Harry was all these things and much more. He leaves us a legacy of commitment, an uncommon gift for understanding how research can benefit so many and the determination to find ways to make new knowledge available to anyone.“Harry had a special love for children. His wonderful family is testimony to his caring. But his family extended beyond Margaret and the children. Michigan children also were his children. He reached out to the children of our state and nation in leadership positions on literally dozens of advisory boards. He also played an important role in developing the Harry A. and Margaret D. Towsley Foundation into a significant philanthropic force. And among the many projects at the University of Michigan for which he provided leadership were the Towsley Center for Continuing Medical Education, the C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital and the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.“We will all miss Harry’s spirit of generosity, warm and close involvement with the University. The University has lost a special friend, but we are grateful that the evidence of his generosity will be with us for years to come. Anne and I extend our deepest sympathy to Margaret and the family.”Towsley’s entire medical career, except for a residency in England and U.S. Army service, was spent at the U-M. Born in Midland, Sept. 15, 1905, he studied at Kalamazoo College and Michigan State University, and then entered the combined premedical and medical curriculum at the U-M, earning his medical degree in 1931. In 1934, after his internship and residency in pediatrics, he joined the staff as an instructor, rising through the ranks to professor in 1954.“Dr. Towsley was a true patron of the Medical School and Medical Center,” said Medical School Dean Giles G. Bole. “His long-term commitments to physician education include ‘hands-on’ involvement with students, physicians in training and physicians in practice. In addition, he and his family were the generous contributors of the Towsley Center for Continuing Medical Education, which will stand as a constant reminder of his high commitment to medical education and practice.”In 1948 Towsley also became involved in the extramural activities in postgraduate medicine, and in 1967 was named chair of that department. He retired from the U-M in 1971 but continued to maintain close contact with the Medical School.“Dr. Towsley has long held a special place in the heart of the University of Michigan Medical Center as a physician and generous supporter of many special projects over the years,” said George D. Zuidema, vice provost for medical affairs.“He spearheaded our relationship with literally hundreds of physicians practicing throughout the state. Our broad array of continuing medical education programs is an important legacy that has benefited not only many physicians and health care professionals, but helped bring improved care to the citizens of Michigan. This is a contribution which will continue to influence new generations of physicians and patients. We will miss Dr. Towsley in many ways. He was a truly unique and caring physician and a fitting role model for us all.”Towsley also served as chairman of the campaign for the Furstenberg Student Study Center at the Medical Center and contributed generously to a continuing education center at St. Joseph Mercy Hospital in Ann Arbor. In addition, through personal and Towsley Foundation gifts, he funded an interdisciplinary program on child abuse that involved the School of Social Work, Medical School and Law School.A charter member of the Washtenaw United Way Leadership Giving Association, he presided during his career over the Washtenaw County Medical Society, the Michigan Foundation for Medical and Health Education, the Michigan Health Council and the American Academy of Pediatrics, and also served on the board of directors of the Michigan United Fund. He was a trustee at Cleary College, vice chairman of the Catherine McAuley Health Center and Council, and a member of the Michigan State Planning Council for Developmental Disabilities.The American Medical Association 1847-1947By Morris Fishbein, M.D.W.B.Saundeers Co., Philadelphia, 1947Biography of Victor C. VaughanSixty-sixth President of the A.M.A.Written by Walter L. Bierring, M.D.The life story of Dr. Victor C. Vaughan as physician, administrator, teacher, scientist, epidemiologist and patriot, impressed his personality into so many fields of medicine and thus made him a unique figure in American science and medicine.No brief chronicle as this can therefore adequately evaluate the effects of his accomplishments on human society.We learn much of his early life and environment from his delightful autobiography, "A Doctor's Memories," published a few years before his death. His birthplace was Mount Ayr, Randolph County, Missouri, and the date October 27, 1851. He first emerged from the obscurity of youth and adolescence at the age of nineteen as professor of Latin at Mount Pleasant College, Huntsville, Missouri. By accident he acquired a complete outfit for a chemical laboratory, and soon became fascinated with the work so that within a short time he taught chemistry along with his Latin. In 1871 he entered the University of Michigan to pursue his chemical studies, and a year later added the degree of M.S. to that of B.S. obtained in Missouri. In 1876 he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and two years later that of Doctor of Medicine.As early as 1875 Doctor Vaughan became associated with the medical school of the University of Michigan as instructor in medical chemistry. In 1878 he published a textbook on physiological chemistry which passed through three editions. In 1880 he was made assistant professor, and in 1883 he was promoted to a full professorship with the title of Professor of Physiological and Pathological Chemistry, and Associate Professor of Therapeutics and Materia Medica. He was the first to hold a chair of physiological chemistry in a medical school in this country, and to give chemical instruction from this point of view.During the first twenty years after graduation, Doctor Vaughan engaged in the active practice of medicine, but his interests were always centered about the laboratory. While evidently a successful practitioner of medicine, and although interested in the individual patient, his part was in the problems which affected the mass of people.His first contribution from the chemical laboratory in 1875 was on the separation of arsenic from other metals. Throughout the succeeding years the study of organic and inorganic poisons held great interest for him. This led to further interest in sanitary measures, the pollution of wells and poisoning from cheese and other milk products. His contributions to these subjects became authoritative, and he was recognized as one of the leading toxicologists in the country, so that his services were in constant demand in cases of medico-legal disputes.Doctor Vaughan was a pioneer in public health in Michigan, and for thirty years was a member of the Michigan State Board of Health. In 1888 he studied in Koch's laboratory in Berlin, visited the laboratories of Pettenkoffer in Munich, and Pasteur and Roux in Paris, who were creating the new science of bacteriology.In 1889 the new hygienic laboratory was opened at the University of Michigan, and Doctor Vaughan served as director for twenty years. At this time his title was changed to Professor of Hygiene and Physiological Chemistry. As a result of investigation in this laboratory and experience in the field, in 1891 appeared to work with F.G. Novy on ptomaines, leucomaines, and bacterial proteins: in 1902 cellular poisons: in 1913 protein split products in relation to immunity and disease: in 1913 infection and immunity, and in 1922 a three volume work on Epidemiology and Public Health Henry F. Vaughan and George T. Palmer as co-authors.In 1915 he became the first editor of the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. He frequently expressed the view that no physician should practice medicine without laboratory aid, and he lived to see well-equipped laboratories as part of every correctly managed hospital.His service with the University of Michigan Medical School covered a period of forty-five years as teacher and administrator. From 1891 to 1921, for thirty years, he served as dean of the medical faculty. His ability to gather about him outstanding leaders in the different fields of medicine made his Alma Mater one of the best-known medical schools in America.During the Spanish-American War he became a victim of yellow fever at Siboney, Cuba, but upon his recovery he was assigned to duty with a Board of Medical Officers consisting of Majors Reed Vaughan and Shakespeare to investigate the prevalence of thyroid fever in the various military camps. The final report, in two large volumes, was mainly prepared by Major Vaughan, and was a masterpiece of painstaking analysis, as well as an important contribution to knowledge regarding the spread of typhoid fever by flies and direct contact, as well as for typhoid prevention. Later in 1908 he became a member of a board to study anti-thyroid inoculation, which led to compulsory thyroid inoculation in the Army and Navy. This was considered an important factor in the low incidence of the disease during World War l.During the first World War, Doctor Vaughan was assigned to duty as head of the communicable disease section in the Surgeon General's office. One of the most important services rendered by Colonel Vaughan had to do with numerous sanitary inspections of cantonments and military hospitals. His wide experience and the prestige of his name were of valuable assistance to General Gorgas in the control of the widespread appearance of measles, pneumonia, meningitis and influenza, which prevailed during those troublesome times. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, "for his meritorious and conspicuous service."In the Journal of the Association, April 24, 1920, he published an article "Typhoid Fever in American Expeditionary Forces" being a clinical study of 373 cases, including 270 cases in which patients had received triple typhoid vaccine. The incidence was less than 1.1 per cent as compared with 20 per cent in the Spanish-American War.All of Dr. Vaughan's five sons were in military service in the first World War. One of the tragedies of war that came to him was the loss of his namesake, Lt. Col. Victor C. Vaughan, Jr., M.C. in France.His service with the American Medical Association covered a period of a quarter of a century in many capacities. He was a member of the House of Delegates from 1902 to 1906; in 1904 he was chairman of the Reference Committee on Medical Education, which recommended the formation of the Council on Medical Education, and of which he was a member from 1904 to 1913. After serving as president of the Association, he became chairman of the Council on Health and Public Instruction from 1919 to 1923. During the last year of this period he was in the Association office assisting in the establishing of the new journal Hygiene. He served as chairman of the Division of Medical Sciences of the National Research Council during two years, 1922 and 1925.Many further honors came to him: in 1897 the University of Western Pennsylvania conferred upon him the degree Doctor of Science and he received the degree Doctor of Laws from the following institutions: University of Michigan, 1900: Central College, Missouri, in 1910: Jefferson Medical College in 1915: and from the University of Missouri in 1923. In 1894 the University of Illinois had conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine.He served as president of the American Association of Physicians in 1908 and received the Kober medal in 1928.His health began to fail in 1927 compelling his withdrawal from all activities, and he died at the home of his son, Dr. Warren T. Vaughan, in Richmond, Virginia, November 21, 1929. In the words of William J. Mayo, a former pupil of Dr. Vaughan: "He not only helped the members of the medical profession to a keener sense of their professional responsibilities, to the individual patient and to sick human beings collectively, but he induced them to live up to a standard of ethics which he himself followed all his life."

There not it’s who vaccine selling death and covert sterilisation"I also looked at their children and wondered why they got so sick. This time the answer came rather quickly and from the mouth of an Aboriginal woman: “Before the white man came, we had good health and no sickness.” –Dr. Archie Kalokorinos"As far as I know disposable needles are still being used in Africa. If I did that here I would immediately be deregistered and probably goaled. In Sept 1993 I purchased a copy of the special edition of Scientific American dedicated to immunology...(it shows) a Nigerian infant being vaccinated. Unfortunately the person doing the vaccinating was using a nondisposable needle!" --Medical Pioneer p. 294. 2000)."One research worker in the laboratory had been immunizing animals against diseases like tetanus and Diptheria. His experience showed that after being immunized, some of the animals died suddenly within 24 hours. These deaths had been attributed to anaphylaxis. Authorities the world over had decided that this was so (it is a severe allergic reaction). I suggested that vitamin C deficiency was the cause. The animals involved did not make their own. Like primates they required it in their diet. To discover the truth only required a simple experiment.....The result was definite, unquestionable and final. Half of a group of animals were supplemented with vitamin C before being immunised. None died. The un-supplemented half continued to die at rates equal to those found in previous experiments.The importance of this discovery can hardly be stressed. In Australia and all over the world, infants were being immunised. Those whose vitamin C status was low were at risk. here, at last, was experimental evidence that supported my claims that stepping up immunisation campaigns among Aboriginal infants increased the death rate.""forced me to look into the question of vaccination further, and the further I looked the more shocked I became. I found that the whole vaccine business was indeed a gigantic hoax. Most doctors are convinced that they are useful, but if you look at the proper statistics and study the instances of these diseases you will realize that this is not so . . .My final conclusion after forty years or more in this business [medicine] is that the unofficial policy of the World Health Organization and the unofficial policy of the 'Save the Children's Fund' and ... [other vaccine promoting] organizations is one of murder and genocide. . . . I cannot see any other possible explanation. . . . You cannot immunize sick children, malnourished children, and expect to get away with it. You'll kill far more children than would have died from natural infection."--(International Vaccine Newsletter June 1995)"It was similar with the measles vaccination. They went through Africa, South America and elsewhere, and vaccinated sick and starving children...They thought they were wiping out measles, but most of those susceptible to measles died from some other disease that they developed as a result of being vaccinated. The vaccination reduced their immune levels and acted like an infection. Many got septicaemia, gastro-enteritis, etcetera, or made their nutritional status worse and they died from malnutrition. So there were very few susceptible infants left alive to get measles. It's one way to get good statistics, kill all those that are susceptible, which is what they literally did." --Dr Kalokerinos, M.D."My book instead proved that HIV - wherever it came from - was a harmless retrovirus that was being used as a cover story to explain/conceal an emerging depopulation operation in the Third World. HIV was also a cover for other agendas outside the Third World. As long as AIDS is the target of WHO/UN "humanitarian" efforts, the actual causes - which are easily reversible - of death in Africa, Asia, and Latin America are allowed to remain and fester and expand." Rappoport“Now this next statement should shock everyone, but especially the poor who in any way think that these "vaccinologists" experts have their best interest in mind. Dr. Johnson says on page 17, "We agree that it would be desirable to remove mercury from U.S. licensed vaccines, but we did not agree that this was a universal recommendation that we would make because of the issue concerning preservatives for delivering vaccines to other countries, particularly developing countries, in the absence of hard data that implied that there was in fact a problem."So, here you have it. The data is convincing enough that the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Practice, as well as the regulatory agencies and the CDC along with these organizations all recommend its removal as quickly as possible because of concerns of adverse effects of mercury on brain development, but not for the children in the developing countries. I thought the whole idea of child health programs in the United States directed toward the developing world was to give poor children a better chance in an increasingly competitive world. This policy being advocated would increase the neurodevelopmental problems seen in poor children (also in this country) of developing countries, impairing their ability to learn and develop competitive minds. Remember, there was a representative of the World Health Organization (WHO), Dr. John Clements, serving on this panel of "experts". He never challenged this statement made by Dr. Johnson.It also needs to be appreciated that children in developing countries are at a much greater risk of complications from vaccinations and from mercury toxicity than children in developed countries. This is because of poor nutrition, concomitant parasitic and bacterial infections and a high incidence of low birth weight in these children. We are now witnessing a disaster in African countries caused by the use of older live virus polio vaccines that has now produced an epidemic of vaccine related polio, that is, polio caused by the vaccine itself. In, fact, in some African countries, polio was not seen until the vaccine was introduced.The WHO and the "vaccinologist experts" from this country now justify a continued polio vaccination program with this dangerous vaccine on the basis that now that they have created the epidemic of polio, they cannot stop the program. In a recent article it was pointed out that this is the most deranged reasoning, since more vaccines will mean more vaccine-related cases of polio. But then, "vaccinologist" have difficulty with these "uncertainties". (Jacob JT. A developing country perspective on vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Bulletin WHO 2004; 82: 53-58. See commentary by D.M. Salisbury at the end of the article.)” Blaylock"If we look closely, we realise that health for all, according to the WHO, means medicalization and vaccinations for all. That is to say sickness for all."---lanctot md"I was told by this preacher that when the government introduced the National Immunization Days in 1997, most of the children after vaccination started dying. The preacher told me that they had so much death that his cassock, that he wears to go and conduct the burial ceremony, got old. He said "I buried the children and my cassock got old." In the same room there was one mother who had four children, and she hid one and took three other children for vaccination, and three children died and that one survived. Now when I went to do my presentation and I asked most of the people who were there - about two, three thousand people - each person had the same story. .........At the main hospital in Mbarara during that month of 1977 more than 600 children had died following polio vaccination. 600 children ! So even some of the timid medical practitioners who were initially afraid to come out, started coming out giving information and saying 'Oh, we knew this oral polio vaccine was trouble because as soon as the child receives it, they get a temper-ature and their health goes downhill and there is nothing that you could do.' "----“In Africa polio does not kill anybody and they say it's very rare to catch. It's really very rare to get paralytic polio. They say it's in very rare circumstances, so what is it that is killing people in Africa ? Malaria. Every five seconds a child is dying of malaria in Africa. Now to get theories of pdose of life-saving anti-malaria is about $5 but there is no government to give anti-malaria. When somebody gets malaria, if they have no money they even die. So the question I was asking and many people were asking was 'If you really want to help children, why begin with a disease that they don't have ? (applause) Why not look for something that is killing them and save them from what is killing them ?' And then (inaudible) ............. 'you know what, I like you very much. I save your children from this killer disease. Now there are no other diseases apart from this rare polio, so let's go and fight that as well.' But you don't begin with the rarest disease and spend all the government's meagre resources fighting polio, which is not a threat to most people, and then ignore something that is killing them in large numbers like malaria, like AIDS, like cholera, issues to do with sanitation, stunted growth - all the main things that matter to people the government was not fighting.” emphasis added]"The forcing of them to take a vaccine against a disease they know to be harmless and which they know how to cure in its harmful state was seen as government hell bent on killing its own population for the benefit of commanding whiteworld.....Uganda spent nine million of its meager resources marketing this European product (the money spent would have build 120,000 protected water springs giving 30% of the country access to clean water, it would have built ten ultra modern research centers looking at, for example, pests that are threatening the banana crop, but government chose European impose priorities." "-2003“According to government, measles was a threat to national interest, claiming more than 40,000 lives every year (a statistic which is laughable since most people who get measles stay at home and treat it and the majority of sick people go to private clinics that do not keep records this figure was of course trumped up). This of course is a questionable statistic since the majority of deaths in Uganda are not registered and few parents remember any measles death. No point in registering a person once he has died. Forty thousand people are far much less than those killed in Uganda annually due to the civil war, dwarfs the figure for malaria, which kills a child every five second and for which governments is happy to ignore. “"The HPV vaccine has only been tested for five years on possibly as low as 100,000 ten year old girls in Africa."“In the area of the iris that corresponds to the uterus, in three of the girls he saw tissue damage, and in the fourth he saw drug residue. In each of the four cases, on reporting back to the patient what he was observing, he was informed that the girl had recently received the cervical cancer vaccine. All were virgins.Tissue damage in the uterus is what he sees in women who have had such things as abortions and prolapses, and can be a precursor to cancer. It can also cause infertility - as it can prevent the embryo from being able to hold on to the uterus wall. It also often results in lack of sensitivity with sexual intercourse, pain, discomfort and/or frequent discharges.”“Kelly was said to be involved in the apartheid regime’s most secret project. According to a previous London press account, Kelly was involved in Code-named Project Coast, trying to create a genetically engineered weapon to attack only the country's black population and to develop a vaccine to block human fertility in blacks. Dr. Kelly had visited the project's headquarters soon after he was appointed in 1972 to be head of the microbiology department at Porton Down, Britain's top-secret biological warfare establishment in Wiltshire. ““A northern state in Nigeria that is at the heart of a spreading polio outbreak said Sunday that it would not relent on its boycott of a mass vaccination program, which it has called a U.S. plot to spread AIDS and infertility among Muslims ....Kano state officials say their lab tests carried out late last year found estrogen and other female sex hormones in the polio vaccine -- proof, they say, that the vaccines are contaminated.”“Francis Crick, who worked with James Watson to crack the molecular code of DNA, suggested medicating public drinking water to lower the fertility rate. This is decreasing birth rates; it is part of the Depopulation program. Dr. Gary Glum’s book called, Full Disclosure, discussed Francis Crick’s plan. It is very shocking to hear the actual words of Francis Crick. He said 'in 1962 the Seva Foundation held a symposium called “Man and his Future.”' Now, the Seva Foundation is the pharmaceutical company. . . .at which the Keynote Speaker was Francis Crick. His favorite tactics of population control included putting a chemical, which today we know is fluoride that would cause sterility in the water supplies of those nations he judged as “not fit to have children”.............Quoting Francis Crick: This approach may run against Christian ethics, but I do not see why people should have a right to have children. We might be able to achieve remarkable results after 20 or 30 years by limiting reproduction to genetically superior couples. “The Associated Press obtained a copy of the committee's interim report that ruled the vaccines safe. However, it acknowledged the tests showed "trace amounts of estradiol," a form of the female hormone estrogen the vaccine's Muslim detractors claim could cause infertility. ...Muslims in Nigeria's north have been wary of vaccine campaigns since 1996, when families in Kano state accused New York-based Pfizer Inc. of using an experimental meningitis drug without fully informing of the risks.....The company denied any wrongdoing. A U.S. court dismissed a lawsuit by 20 disabled Nigerians who allegedly took part in the study, but a U.S. appeals court later revived it.”“Forcibly and unknowingly sterilizing the entire population by adding infertility drugs to the nation’s water and food supply. Legalizing “compulsory abortions,” ie forced abortions carried out against the will of the pregnant women, as is common place in Communist China where women who have already had one child and refuse to abort the second are kidnapped off the street by the authorities before a procedure is carried out to forcibly abort the baby. Implementing a system of “involuntary birth control,” where both men and women would be mandated to have an infertility device implanted into their body at puberty and only have it removed temporarily if they received permission from the government to have a baby. - Permanently sterilizing people who the authorities deem have already had too many children or who have contributed to “general social deterioration”."At present, we are doing research on the Tetanus Vaccines that were given last March 1994 by our Dept. of Health to women of reproductive age. Many of the women complained of bleeding (miscarriages) and allergies. We got alarmed recently when we received communications from Magally Llaguno that the vaccine in Mexico contained hCG . . . If you have enough [research] papers, could your group do a press release via international press like Reuters so that all countries could be alerted?"“According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, which is part of the United Nations, scientists from the organization are developing vaccines specifically to damage fertility as a method of contraception. A suggested ingredient for the vaccine is tween 80 “In a preferred embodiment the vaccine comprises oil, preferably a biodegradable oil such as squalene oil. Typically, the vaccine is prepared using an adjuvant concentrate which contains lecithin in squalene oil. The aqueous solution glycoprotein is typically a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution, and additionally preferably contains Tween 80.” (Fertility Impairing Vaccine And Methods of Use’ This application claims the benefit of U. S. Provisional Application No. 60/070,375, filed January 2,1998, U. S. Provisional Application No. 60/071,406, filed January 15,1998.) ““The current research on the stabilizer Tween 80 reveals the following: “Neonatal female rats were injected ip (0.1 ml/rat) with Tween 80 in 1, 5 or 10 percent aqueous solution on days 4-7 after birth. Treatment with Tween 80 accelerated maturation, prolonged the oestrus cycle, and induced persistent vaginal oestrus. The relative weight of the uterus and ovaries was decreased relative to the untreated controls. Squamous cell metaplasia of the epithelial lining of the uterus and cytological changes in the uterus were indicative of chronic oestrogenic stimulation. Ovaries were without corpora lutea, and had degenerative follicles.” ~ PMID: 8473002. Female lab rats injected with Tween 80 developed impaired sexual organs as well as premature development of their sexual organs.”"Previous studies by Gajdova et al. have shown that polysorbate 80 (also known as Tween 80) administered by intraperitoneal injection to neonatal female rats on days 4-7 after birth produced estrogenic effects including earlier vaginal opening, prolongation of the estrus cycle and persistent vaginal estrus. Some of these effects were evident many weeks after cessation of administration of polysorbate 80." [Gajdova et al - "Delayed effects of neonatal exposure to Tween 80 on female reproductive organs in rats." Food Chem Toxicol 31(3):183-90 (1993) Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Limbova, Bratislava.] ““Delayed effects of neonatal exposure to Tween 80 on female reproductive organs in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 1993 Mar;31(3):183-90. PMID: 8473002 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Neonatal female rats were injected ip (0.1 ml/rat) with Tween 80 in 1, 5 or 10% aqueous solution on days 4-7 after birth. Treatment with Tween 80 accelerated maturation, prolonged the oestrus cycle, and induced persistent vaginal oestrus. The relative weight of the uterus and ovaries was decreased relative to the untreated controls. Squamous cell metaplasia of the epithelial lining of the uterus and cytological changes in the uterus were indicative of chronic oestrogenic stimulation. Ovaries were without corpora lutea, and had degenerative follicles. PMID: 8473002 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]“Administration of tetanus toxoid (either as TT or Td) in mass campaigns is generally as part of a high risk approach delivering the vaccine to women of childbearing age in a given locality............. 5 doses of tetanus toxoid for women of child-bearing age as for non-HIV infected personsadded emphasis)"One CFR published policy objective is substantial worldwide depopulation including half of the current U.S. population being targeted. This population reduction program is largely funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Merck Fund, both financially and administratively linked to the Merck pharmaceutical company--the world's leading vaccine manufacturer........Records show the Merck pharmaceutical company received a major share of the Nazi "flight capital" at the close of World War II when its president, George W. Merck, was America's biological weapons industry director. These facts were revealed by Norman Covert, Army public relations director at Fort Detrick in Frederick, MD, and veteran news correspondent Paul Manning in his book "Martin Bormann: Nazi in Exile" (Lyle Stuart, Inc, 1981). "“An astonishing journal paper. 1 November, 1993. FASEB Journal, volume 7, pp.1381-1385. Authors—Stephan Dirnhofer et al. Dirnhofer is from the Institute for Biomedical Aging Research of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. A quote from the paper: "Our study provides insights into possible modes of action of the birth control vaccine promoted by the Task Force on Birth Control Vaccines of the WHO (World Health Organization)."A birth control vaccine? What? Yes. A vaccine whose purpose is to achieve non-pregnancy where it ordinarily could occur.Sterilization? This particular vaccine is apparently just one of several anti-fertility vaccines the Task Force is promoting. Yes. There is a Task Force on Birth Control Vaccines at WHO. This journal paper focuses on a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin B (hCG). There is a heading in the paper (p.1382) called "Ability of antibodies to neutralize the biological activity of hCG." The authors are trying to discover whether a state of no-fertility can be achieved by blocking the normal activity of hCG. They state, "We conclude from our results that both the efficacy and safety of the WHO vaccine are not yet ensured."Another journal paper. The British Medical Bulletin, volume 49,1993. "Contraceptive Vaccines" is the title of the paper. The authors—RJ Aitken et al. From the MRC Reproductive Biology Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK."Three major approaches to contraceptive vaccine development are being pursued at the present time. The most advanced approach, which has already reached the stage of phase 2 clinical trials [human trials testing efficacy], involves the induction of immunity against human chorionic gonadotro-phin (hCG). Vaccines are being engineered ... incorporating tetanus or diptheria toxoid linked to a variety of hCG-based peptides... Clinical trials have revealed that such preparations are capable of stimulating the production of anti-hCG anti­bodies. However, the long-term consequences of such immu nity in terms of safety or efficacy are, as yet, unknown...The authors are talking about creating an immune response against a female hormone....The authors state, "The fundamental principle behind this approach to contraceptive vaccine development is to prevent the maternal recognition of pregnancy by inducing a state of immunity against hGC, the hormone mat signals the presence of the embryo to the maternal endocrine system."......Ownership of All Life p66)"In 1995, a Catholic human rights organization called Human Life International accused the WHO of promoting a Canadian-made tetanus vaccine laced with a pregancy hormone called human choriogonadotropic hormone (HCG). Suspicions were aroused when the tetanus vaccine was prescribed in the unusual dose of five multiple injections over a three month period, and recommended only to women of reproductive age. When an unusual number of women experienced vaginal bleeding and miscarriages after the shots, a hormone additive was uncovered as the cause.Apparently the WHO has been developing and testing anti-fertility vaccines for over two decades. Women receiving the laced tetanus shot not only developed antibodies to tetanus, but they also developed dangerous antibodies to the pregnancy hormone as well. Without this HCG hormone the growth of the fetus is impaired. Consequently, the laced vaccine served as a covert contraceptive device. Commissioned to analyze the vaccine, the Philippines Medical Association found that 20 percent of the WHO tetanus vaccines were contaminated with the hormone. Not surprisingly, the WHO has denied all accusations as "completely false and without basis," and the major media have never reported on the controversy. For futher details on this issue, consult the Human Life International website”"Non Voluntary Vaccinations of Akha Women. Possibility of link to In-utero deaths among Akha women which are frequent in this region. This vaccination given twice to three times during pregnancy. Akha women in Thailand say that if they object they are told that they will not be given identity papers for their child when born."” scientists have indeed found a way of “lowering the dosage” of gossypol, circumventing the toxicity of the substance, so as to suppress or even eliminate these “undesirable side-effects”, which include: low blood potassium levels, fatigue, muscle weakness and even paralysis. If these effects could be eliminated without reducing the anti-fertility effects, the Foundation figured, it would be a highly effective and almost undetectable sterilant. Although overtly, research into and development of gossypol as an anti-fertility compound was abandoned in the late 1990s, the cottonseed containing the substance was especially selected for mass distribution in the beginning of the current decade. Around 2006 a media-campaign was launched, saying the cottonseed could help defeat hunger and poverty. ”“ ….gossypol as a contraceptive was also elaborated upon (page 22): “Gossypol, a natural substance found in the cotton plant, continues to show promise as an oral contraceptive for men. Because it suppresses sperm production without affecting sex hormone levels, it is unique among the experimental approaches to fertility control in men. Foundation-funded scientists worldwide have assembled an aray of information about how gossypol works, and studies continue on a wide variety of its clinical applications. Dose reduction is being investigated to reduce health risks associated with the use of gossypol.” [“ Women’s Global Network for Reproductive Rights based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, ……“a leading contraceptive researcher as saying: “Immunological birth control methods will be an ‘antigenic weapon’ against the reproductive process, which left unchecked, threatens to swamp the world.” .,,, wasn’t long before all the Foundation’s efforts began to have effect. In its …..The RF was happy to report the progress made by the Foundation’s Population Division in the field of anti-fertility vaccines: “India’s National Institute of Immunology successfully completed in 1988 the first phase of trials with three versions of an anti-fertility vaccine for women. Sponsored by the government of India and supported by the Foundation, the trials established that with each of the tested vaccines, at least one year of protection against pregnancy could be expected, based on the levels of antibodies formed in response to the immunization schedule.”“ Hartman, Director of the Population and Development Program at Hampshire College, Massachusetts and “someone who believes strongly in women’s right to safe, voluntary birth control and abortion”, is no supporter of the anti-fertility vaccine, as brought into being by the Rockefeller Foundation. She explains in her……,“Although one vaccine has been tested on only 180 women in India, it is being billed there as ‘safe, devoid of any side effects and completely reversible’. The scientific community knows very well that such assertions are false – for instance, many questions still remain about the vaccine’s long-term impact on the immune system and menstrual cycle. There is also evidence on film of women being denied information about the vaccine in clinical trials. Nevertheless, the vaccine is being prepared for large-scale use.” ….. its …..Indian based International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology didn’t forget to acknowledge its main benefactor: “The work on LHRH and HCG vaccines was supported by research grants of The Rockefeller Foundation, (…).”