Mark Davis, Campus Pastor: Fill & Download for Free

Virtually ALL of Obama’s main influences in life were communists and socialists who believed in transforming America into a socialist “paradise.” Obama’s links to hardcore anti-American people and groups is so pervasive that had he applied to work at the White House prior to becoming president, he would NOT have received a security clearance.Throughout his life, Obama worked with and for a variety of prominent communists and socialists. He served on numerous boards – such as the Woods Fund — with Weather Underground terrorist Bill Ayers, who calls himself a “small c communist.”Obama launched his first campaign with a fundraiser at Bill Ayers’ house.Obama’s father was a socialist economist for the Kenyan Government. His white mother was raised by socialists.His African grandparents were socialists.In Obama’s own biography, he says his main mentor from age 8 to 18 was Frank Marshall Davis, a card-carrying Communist Party leader (Party #47544) who hated everything America stood for. Davis practically raised Obama since, contrary to popular mythology, his father NEVER lived with him and his mother pretty much abandoned him. Moreover, Davis was involved in espionage against the West, as his FBI file indicates. Go here to read portions of it.While at Occidental College, Obama travelled in the same circles as Dr. John Drew, a well known communist activist on campus. Drew says that Obama “was a Marxist-Leninist in his Sophomore year of college….” He also relates that Obama was far more radical than he was in that he actually supported a violent communist revolution IN THE USA.Obama gave speeches on campus sponsored by Tom Hayden’s socialist youth group, the Students for Economic Democracy.In his biography, Obama says that, during college, he was attracted to “Marxists professors.” Indeed, he attended “Socialist Scholars Conferences” in 1983 and 1984.Once out of college, Obama worked for and with a number of groups associated or founded by Saul Alinsky, a nationally renowned socialist community organizer.Obama is well connected to the Democratic Socialists of America, according to their own leaders. DSA members are Marxists who often work inside the Democrat Party, and the organization is the principle America affiliate of Socialist International. Obama spoke at DSA events, was endorsed by the DSA, spoke at DSA leader Saul Mendelson’s funeral, and is close with many DSA leaders including Quentin Young, Timuel Black, Rabbi Arnold Wolf, Cornel West, Danny Davis, Tim Carpenter, and others. Young was Obama’s doctor for 20 years. DSA members also served in Obama’s campaigns, and many were appointed to posts within his administration.The Communist Party USA called Obama “a friend” and has boasted that many of those around him have communist backgrounds. Obama was very close to Communist Party leaders Addie Wyatt, Vernon Jarrett, and Bea Lumpkin. The Communist Party actively campaigned for Obama’s 2004 U.S. Senate race and for his 2008 presidential race and wrote a glowing endorsement of Obama in its People’s Weekly World newspaper.A reporter visiting the U.S. Communist Party headquarters in New York City on the eve of the election found all the employees wearing Obama campaign buttons.Sam Webb, the President of the U.S. Communist Party, announced in 2009 that “We now have not simply a friend, but a people’s advocate in the White House.”“Progressives for Obama” was a group started by Obama’s campaign and was a group composed of self-described Maoists and socialists such as Barbara Ehrenreich, Bill Fletcher Jr., Tom Hayden, Mark Rudd, Todd Gitlin, and Carl Davidson, many of whom were former members of the radical and pro-Mao Students for a Democratic Society.In 1999, Obama was involved with organizing a socialist think tank called Demos–and even sat on its board of trustees along with self described communists such as Van Jones.Before he was president, Obama campaigned for self-described socialist Senator Bernie Sanders.The Young Communist League USA (youth wing of the Communist Party) also endorsed Obama and worked hard for Obama’s 2008 campaign.Obama’s pastor of 20 years, Reverend Jeremiah Wright, is also a well known socialist who hates everything America stands for; that is why he screamed “God Damn America” in that famous tape Fox News uncovered during the 2008 campaign.Charles Ogletree is a radical Marxist professor at Harvard and calls himself one of Obama’s mentors.Once elected, Obama appointed a slew of hardcore communists and socialists–for example, Van Jones, a long-time communist activist, and Anita Dunn, who once said mass murderer and Chinese communist dictator Mao Zedong was one of her “favorite political philosophers.” Other Marxist appointments include David Bonior, Patrick Gaspard, Mark Lloyd, and many others.Obama’s presidential campaign was endorsed and promoted by communist and socialist parties and groups worldwide in 2008.Many of Obama’s speeches contain classic socialist economic themes: demonizing the “rich,” claiming businessmen “didn’t build” their businesses, “wealth redistribution,” and his belief that government spending creates jobs.Obama gave the highest civilian medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, to union leader John Sweeney. Sweeney is a socialist and a DSA member.Obama was an actual member of a Chicago-based socialist party called the New Party. He attended their meetings and received their endorsement. In 1996, its newsletter stated “New Party members won three other primaries in Chicago: Barack Obama….” You can read about Obama’s socialist party membership here.Obama was also a member of a socialist organization called “Progressive Chicago,” whose leadership was dominated by DSA and Communist Party activists.A group called Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism split from the US Communist Party (the Communist Party was not radical enough!) and was deeply involved with Obama’s 2008 election. Many of Obama’s closest political allies were members of this self-described communist group, such as Mike Klonsky, Marilyn Katz, Bill Ayers, Earl Durham, Carl Davidson, Timuel Black, Lou Pardo, Van Jones, Congresswoman Barbara Lee, and others.

Here's what I found. I know this might be more than you were asking, but I figured if anyone else is interested this is good information to share.Universities Offering Inmate College CoursesALABAMAAlabama Prison Arts and Education Project (APEAP)http://www.auburn.edu/apaepAuburn UniversityKyes Stevens, Founder/[email protected];[email protected] Served: Incarcerated students in Alabama state prisonsProgram Description: The Alabama Prison Arts + Education Project is a program dedicated to providing access to sustained and quality educational experiences in the arts and humanities to incarcerated students in Alabama.The program believes that it is important for incarcerated people to gain a quality education, and also to build a relationship with learning that will continue to grow for the rest of their lives. The goals of APAEP have always been to place rich creative and intellectual opportunities into Alabama’s prisons.ARIZONARio Salado CollegeIncarcerated Re-Entry2323 West 14th StreetTempe, AZ 85281Phone: 480-517-8345Toll-free: [email protected] Served: Rio Salado College has partnered with the Arizona Department of Corrections (ADC) to teach the incarcerated population the skills necessary for integration into society upon release.Program Description: Rio Salado College offers many distance learning classes that provide the incarcerated population an opportunity for college credit that lead to certificates and degrees. Rio offers more than 90 classes in printbase and/or mixed media format. There are classes that meet General Education requirements such as English Composition, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Humanities.CALIFORNIAPrison University Project (PUP)Prison University ProjectPost Office Box 492San Quentin, CA 94964Jody Lewen, Executive [email protected], ext 3Population Served: Any San Quentin State Prison inmate who is classified as general population and holds either a GED or high school diploma is eligible to enroll in the College Program.Program Description: Program offers courses in the humanities, social sciences, math, and science, leading to an Associate’s degree, as well as math, science, and foreign language courses required for transfer to UC and Cal State schools. All instructors work as volunteers. Prison University Project has five paid staff people. The degree is offered through Patten University, a small independent university in Oakland, CA.UC Santa Cruz Project for Inmate Education (UCSC PIE)Mark [email protected] Served: Incarcerated students in the Santa Cruz county jailProgram Description: UCSC PIE is an organization founded by members of the UCSC astronomy and physics departments that are dedicated to providing free education to incarcerated people in local jails. UCSC PIE started operating in spring 2009 with an algebra class for students at the Santa Cruz County Jail.COLORADOAdams State College Prison College ProgramJames Bullington (Coordinator), Prison College [email protected]@yahoo.com303-241-0550Population Served: Incarcerated students throughout Colorado and the United StatesProgram Description: At Adams State College we know how important education is to all individuals, especially for those who happen to be incarcerated. For over nine years Adams State College has worked extensively inside Colorado prisons offering on-site face-to face courses. During this time we have also worked with thousands of prisoners throughout the United States by helping them obtain their dream of a college education. ASC is committed to addressing the specific needs of incarcerated students by offering the following benefits:GEORGIAThe Certificate in Theological Studies at Lee Arrendale State for Women (CTS)Dr. Liz Bounds, Program [email protected] Zappa, Program [email protected] Bishop, Chaplain at Arrendale PrisonPopulation Served: Incarcerated women at Lee Arrendale State Prison with high-school diploma or equivalentProgram Description: CTS is designed to offer selected incarcerated students academic theological instruction that is ecumenical in scope and to train them to serve as lay religious leaders both in prison and after their release. The program’s other major goal is to provide unique teaching opportunities to seminary and doctoral students from the participating institutions as well as formative experience for congregational leadership for M.Div. studentsUniversity of GeorgiaOffice of Academic ProgramsIndependent and Distance Learning ProgramGeorgia Center for Continuing Education, Suite 193Athens, GA 30602-3603Phone: 706-542-3243Toll-free: 800-877-3243http://www.distance.uga.edu/Mercer [email protected] Justice Projecthttp://www.educationjustice.net/Population Served: Incarcerated men at Danville Correctional Center who have completed a minimum of 60 hours of coursework in the lower-level courses.Program Description: The Education Justice Project of the University of Illinois offers advanced undergraduate courses to qualified men incarcerated at Danville Correctional Center, a men’s medium-high security prison about forty miles from the Urbana-Champaign campus. EJP’s mission is to create a model university-in-prison program that demonstrates the transformative impacts of higher education upon incarcerated people, their families, the communities from which they come, and society as a whole. The Illinois Department of Corrections makes GED courses available at Danville and other state prisons. Danville Area Community College(DACC) has offered lower-division courses. The University of Illinois’s program picks up upon where DACC leaves off; offering upper-division courses to ones who seek to continue their education past the Associates’ level.INDIANAPurdue University North Central at Westville Correctional FacilityDavid CrumDirector, Correctional Education Programs(219) [email protected] BorawskiPost-Secondary Education Coordinator(219) [email protected] Served: Incarcerated students at Westville Correctional FacilityProgram Description: Academic Program leading to Associate Degree in Organizational Leadership & Supervision; Bachelor’s Degree in Liberal StudiesOakland City University Prison Ministries ProjectsContacts:Dr. Bernard Marley: [email protected] Served: Incarcerated students in Indiana correctional facilitiesBranchville Correctional FacilityMadison Correctional FacilityMiami Correctional FacilityRockville Correctional FacilityNewcastle Correctional FacilityIndiana Women’s PrisonProgram Description: Preparing people to serve others — OCU’s motto is: Enter to Learn, Go forth to ServeInside-Out Prison Exchange Program (Plainfield & Indianapolis)Steve HinnefeldIUB University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Facilities Served: Plainfield Re-Entry Educational Facility and Indiana’s Women’s Prison - Incarcerated students and IUPUI studentsProgram Description: UPUI faculty members Hyatt and Roger Jarjoura completed Inside-Out instructor training in the summer of 2006. Hyatt is an associate professor of anthropology in the School of Liberal Arts. Jarjoura is an associate professor of criminal justice in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. The first Inside-Out class in Indiana took place at the Plainfield Re-Entry Educational Facility in 2007.Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program (Bloomington)Instructor [email protected] Served: Incarcerated students at Putnamville Correctional FacilityProgram Description: Micol Seigel, IU Bloomington assistant professor of African American and African Diaspora Studies, completed Inside-Out Instructor Training in the summer of 2009 and launched the first IU Bloomington Inside-Out course this spring with the help of Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis faculty members Susan Hyatt and Roger Jarjoura. The course is the first involving IU Bloomington in the Inside-Out program, which brings together students and incarcerated people — “outside” students and “inside” students — for a college-level course in which people from different backgrounds learn together as peers.Grace College Prison Extension ProgramJohn Teevan, [email protected] Krynock, [email protected] Ramsey, [email protected] Green, [email protected] Served: Incarcerated maximum-security individuals within the Indiana Department of CorrectionsProgram Description: The Prison Extension Program is part of the institution’s School of Adult and Community Education and operates as a contractor with the State of Indiana’s Department of Corrections (DOC) to provide post-secondary education to qualifying incarcerated people.Corrections Education Program (CEP)Indiana State UniversityKathleen WhiteInterim Director and Coordinator (Putnamville)Phone: [email protected] Served: Incarcerated individuals within the Indiana Department of Correction’s Putnamville Correctional Facility, Plainfield Correctional Facility, Rockville Correctional Facility, Wabash Valley Correctional Facility, and the Terre Haute Federal Correctional ComplexProgram Description: The mission of the Correction Education Program is to extend the programs and services of the University to support individuals in Indiana’s Correctional Facilities. The ISU mission applies to two specific student groups, benefiting both correctional staff and approved incarcerated populations as identified by the Department of Corrections.Ball State University Correctional Education ProgramOnline and Distance EducationCarmichael Hall, Room 200Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306Ted WardDirector, Correctional Education [email protected]: 765-285-1593Fax: 765-285-7161Population Served:Incarcerated men from Pendleton Correctional FacilityIOWAGrinnell Liberal Arts in Prison ProgramA private liberal arts college in IowaEmily Guenther, Program [email protected] Served: Incarcerated students in the Newton Correctional FacilityProgram Description: “As a teaching and learning community, the College holds that knowledge is a good to be pursued both for its own sake and for the intellectual, moral, and physical well-being of individuals and of society at large.” — Grinnell College Mission StatementThe Liberal Arts in Prison Program extends these convictions to incarcerated students at local prisons in order to engage them in experiences of new knowledge, respectful exchange of ideas, and progressive levels of achievement. The college believes this program supports the work of corrections staff to protect communities and transform lives, making the prisons safer, and preparing incarcerated people to return renewed to their families and communities.KANSASLansing Correctional Facility Program at Donnelly CollegeDonnelly [email protected] (Assistant to President’s Office)Population Served: Students of any category – Lansing Correctional Facility;minimum, medium or maximum security are eligible, as long as they have a record of good behavior.Program Description: Donnelly College offers an on-site Associate Degree program to incarcerated students of the Lansing Correctional Facility in Lansing, Kansas. As a Catholic institution, it believes that the program has a Christian aim to assist prisoners and directly complements the school’s founding mission “to provide education and community services with personal concern for the needs and abilities of each student, especially those who might not otherwise be served.”After earning accreditation for a second, satellite campus in 2001, Donnelly began offering classes at Lansing Correctional Facility. Since then, more than 325 students have taken courses: 14 have earned associate degrees and 155 (or 48% of former students) have been released from prison.LOUISIANALouisiana State UniversityIndependent & Distance Learning1225 Pleasant HallBaton Rouge, LA 70803Phone: 225-578-2500Toll Free: 800-234-5046Population Served: IncarceratedStudents of any federal correctional of state detention facility nationwide; as long as they have a record of good behavior.Dr. Norri Grubbs, John RobsonPopulation Served: Incarcerated students AT Angola Prison who scored satisfactorily on a pre-college exam given by NOBTS staff, and additionally hold a high school diploma or a GED.Program Description: New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary (NOBTS), Judson Baptist Association, and the Louisiana State Penitentiary planned and organized a program of theological training for church leaders at the Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola during the summer of 1995 and was established in August of that same year.MAINEMaine State PrisonGary Upham, Principal807 Cushing RoadWarren, ME 04864Phone: [email protected] Served:Incarcerated individuals within Maine State PrisonProgram Description:The Maine State Prison Education Department offers a wide variety of academic and life skill programs. Two professional certified teachers oversee the academic programs and two days a week a computer lab is available. Available services included GED tutoring in math and English, high school completion courses through PLATO, art, music, and ABE tutoring on a weekly basis. We also have outside programs and tutors who work with small groups and individuals. A full time college program and vocational options are also part of the education department.MASSACHUSETTSBoston University Prison Education ProgramPrison Education Program | Boston UniversityJenifer Drew, Ph.D., DirectorBoston University Prison Education Programc/o Undergraduate Student ServicesDepartment of Applied Social Science808 Commonwealth AvenueBoston, MA617-353-2000, direct: [email protected] Served: Incarcerated men and women in BU program at MCI/Norfolk; MCI/Framingham; MCI/Bay State and a few Harvard sociology studentsProgram Description: The Boston University Prison Education Program was founded by labor organizer, tenant activist, and poet Elizabeth Barker. Together with BU President John Silber, Barker worked to have the Boston University Prison Education Program offer its first credit-bearing college courses at MCI/Norfolk, in 1972. In 1989, the Prison Education Program expanded to a second medium-security prison for men (MCI/Bay State), and by 1991 included MCI/Framingham Massachusetts’ only penal institution for women. BU continues to be a nationally recognized leader for its contribution to the lives of prisoners in the Program, and by extension, its contribution to the prisons they inhabit, the families they left behind, and the communities to which they will return.Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program (Northampton & Ludlow)International Headquarters of The Inside-Out Prison Exchange ProgramSimone Davis, Kristin Bumiller, and Martha Saxton (current professors in the program)Program Description: Amherst College and Mount Holyoke college professors Kristin Bumiller and Simone Davis adopted the Inside-Out model developed by Lori Pompa, who began the program to try to remove the boundaries created by classism, racism, and the stigma attached to incarceration. Under the Inside-Out model, college students and incarcerated students with all varying levels of prior education can enroll in courses at local jails. There are equal numbers of inside and outside students.Population Served: People who are incarcerated at Hampden County Correctional System and Hampshire County House of Corrections (also currently exploring expanding the program to other county facilities in the region)MICHIGANPrison Creative Arts Project (PCAP)Prison Creative Arts ProjectThe Prison Creative Arts ProjectUniversity of Michigan3187 Angell HallAnn Arbor, MI [email protected] Alexander, Founder4210 Eastgate DriveAnn Arbor, MI 48103734-426-4819Program Description: Founded in 1990, The Prison Creative Arts Project (PCAP) is committed to original work in the arts in Michigan correctional facilities, juvenile facilities, urban high schools, and communities across the state. PCAP’s process is guided by respect and a spirit of collaboration in which vulnerability, risk and improvisation lead to discovery. PCAP make possible the spaces in which the voices and visions of the incarcerated can be expressed. The program is housed in the Department of English language and Literature, and supported by English and the School of Art and Design at the University of Michigan. The following is taken from the program’s mission statement, “we believe that everyone has the capacity to create art. Art is necessary for individual and societal growth, connection and survival. It should be accessible to everyone. The values that guide on process are respect, collaboration in which vulnerability, risk, and improvisation lead to discovery and resilience, persistence, patience, love, and laughter.”Correctional Facilities Served: individuals incarcerated in Michigan (Michigan prisons and juvenile facilities), and the formerly incarceratedMINNESOTAInside-Out Prison Exchange Program (St. Paul)Jennifer J WingrenAssociate ProfessorSchool of Law Enforcement & Criminal Justice763-657-3760LECJECSt. Paul, [email protected] Served: The incarcerated at Dakota County JailProgram Description: The School of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice has held two successful classes at the Dakota County Law Enforcement Center. The Inside-Out program brings college students and incarcerated people together in a seminar setting to study criminal justice issues.The Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program is a dynamic partnership between institutions of higher learning and correctional systems. It is designed to deepen the conversation about and transform approaches to understanding crime, justice, freedom, inequality and other issues of social concern.Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program (Owatonna)Steele County Human ServicesKelly Harder, director507-444-7510kelly.harder@[email protected] Served: The incarcerated at Steele County Detention CenterProgram Description: Kristin Klamm-Doneen, an ethics professor at Riverland, adapted Lori Pompa’s Inside-Out national program to fit the needs of the county facility. She presented the concept to county officials who were receptive to the idea. The program was approved in fall 2008 and had its first offering in January, with a for-credit course called Philosophy of Social Justice.Minnesota Correctional Education Foundation (MCEF)1450 Energy Park Drive, Suite 200St. Paul, MN 55108651- 361-7200School Improvement and AccountabilityGoal 1: Create a learner-focused education system designed to close the achievement gap and produce mastery learning for all DOC offenders.Quality Program and ServicesGoal 2: Develop and deliver all DOC programs at the highest quality level. Transition SuccessGoal 3: Prepare each student for a successful transition to school, the workplace and life in their community.Leveraging TechnologyGoal 4: Integrate technology into the education program and improve operations, delivery of programs and support services.Correctional Education PresenceGoal 5: Advance correctional education’s presence through active collaboration, beneficial partnerships and enhanced public awareness.Facility LocationsMCF-Faribault, 1101 Linden Lane, Fraribault, MN 55021, 507-334-0700MCF-Lino Lakes, 7525 Fourth Avenue, Lino Lakes, MN 55014, 651-717-6100MCF-Oak Park Heights, 5329 Osgood Avenue North, Stillwater, MN 55082, 651-779-1400MCF-Rush City, 7600 525th Street, Rush City, MN 55069, 320-358-0400MCF-Saint Cloud, 2305 Minnesota Blvd SE, St. Cloud, MN 55379, 320-240-3000MCF-Shakopee (Women), 1010 West 6th Avenue, Shakopee, MN 55379, 952-496-4440MCF-Stillwater, 970 Pickett Street, Bayport, MN 55003, 651-779-2700MCF-Willow River/Moose Lake, 1000 Lake Shore Drive, Moose Lake, MN 55767, 218-485-5000MISSISSIPPIUniversity of Mississippi – “Ole Miss”Mailing Address:Ole Miss OnlineP.O. Box 1848University, MS 38677Physical Address:617 All-American Drive371 Martindale Student Services Center, Suite MUniversity, MS 38677phone: 662-915-1267Fax: 662-915-1221Online degree programs: [email protected] Courses: [email protected] are committed to providing quality online teaching and learning opportunities at the University of Mississippi. The goal of Ole Miss Online is to:Partner with academic departments to identify and develop comprehensive distance education programs and to increase course offerings,· Empower Ole Miss colleagues to create quality online courses and continually enhance online courses through faculty development that fosters personal and professional growth,· Utilize technologies as tools to enhance academic instructions and connect people within the university community,· Increase awareness of online learning to the Ole Miss community, and· Provide high quality support services for faculty and studentMISSOURISaint Louis University Prison ProgramKenneth L. Parker, Director, Prison [email protected] Gould (Assistant Professor, Communication)[email protected] Johnston (Associate Professor, English)[email protected],314-.977-.3013Co-directors Prison Arts and Education Program.Population Served: Incarcerated men and prison staff at the Eastern Reception, Diagnostic and Correctional CenterProgram Description: Theology professor Kenneth Parker, Ph.D., founded the SLU Prison Program after watching a story on 60 Minutes about a similar effort at Bard College in New York. With the approval of University administrators and state officials — as well as funding from the Incarnate Word Foundation — SLU began offering a certificate in theological studies to incarcerated people in early 2008. Fifteen incarcerated students completed the five-course program in May 2010.University of MissouriParent Link (Parenting Information for Incarcerated Parents)College of EducationPhone Toll-free: 800-552-8522NEW JERSEYPrison Teaching InitiativePrinceton University - HomeAndrew NurkinSenior Program CoordinatorPace Center, Princeton UniversityPrinceton, NJ [email protected] KnappProfessor of Astrophysical SciencesPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, NJ [email protected] Served: Incarcerated individuals from the Garden State Youth Correctional Facility and Albert C. Wagner Youth Correctional FacilitProgram Description: Mark Krumholz started the program, now called Prison Teaching Initiative, partly because of his experiences as a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley. He taught math and science courses at San Quentin State Prison in a long running program that offered about a dozen classes per semester. PTI has grown slowly since, and now offers 9-10 courses per semester which supplement other courses taught by paid instructors from Mercer County Community College. The College of New Jersey has recently joined the partnership.Partnership for Religion and Education in Prison (PREP)Drew UniversityMargaret Quern AtkinsPREP CoordinatorDrew Theological [email protected] Served: Incarcerated students from Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women (Clinton); Northern State Prison for Men (Newark) and theological students from DrewProgram Description: PREP is a theological educational program that creates opportunities for a joint theological learning environment between theological students and students within State correctional facilities. Based in several models of prison educational programming across the country, PREP forges new partnerships between places of theological learning, organizations with educational programs in the prisons, and correctional institutions. PREP uses contextual education and tenets of practical theology as it offers Drew’s theological students, faculty, and practicing ministers a chance to connect with the outside world through meaningful pedagogical methods. Through combined classrooms, a diverse student body can interact and engage with one another in meaningful academic discourse.The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) Center for Prison Outreach and EducationCelia [email protected]@tcnj.eduPopulation Served: Juvenile and adult “youth” offenders under age 35 at targeted facilities such as Albert C. Wagner Youth Correctional Facility, Garden State Youth Correctional Facility (both in Bordentown NJ), and other central NJ detention centers. The population of the principal facilities, AC Wagner and Garden State, consists of males ages 18-35 at minimum, medium, and maximum levels of security.Program Description: TCNJ Center for Prison Outreach and Education coordinates and oversees new Associates degree tracks and a year-round, non-credit academic enrichment and tutoring program for incarcerated people of Albert C. Wagner Youth Correctional Facility and Garden State Youth Correctional Facility. It provides varied educational experiences in other penal institutions in central New Jersey, as well.NEW YORKNew York Theological Seminary Master’s of Professional Studies ProgramNew York Theological SeminaryDale Irvin (President of NYTS)[email protected] Served: Incarcerated people serving at Sing Sing, Green Haven, Arthurkill, Fishkill, Mid-Orange, Eastern, and Woodbourne Correctional Facilities possessing a high school diploma or its equivalent and are engaged in ministry or community service while incarcerated. All faiths are welcome.Program Description: In 1981, Ed Muller, a Pastor and chaplain at Green Haven Prison and KarelBoersma, a pastor and volunteer at Green Haven, came to Dr. Webber with a request that the seminary create a curricular extension program for incarcerated Christians and Muslims of strong faith who had a desire to provide pastoral care inside of the prison. They claimed that pastoral care needs were so great that outside chaplains could not address them all. Dr. Webber agreed and collaborated with Rev. Dr. Earl Moore, Deputy Commissioner of the New York State Department of Corrections, responsible for Ministerial and Family Services, and an NYTS alumnus, to create a Master in Professional Studies (MPS) degree for incarcerated people.Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program (Poughkeepsie)Program Website:N/AVassar professors:Mary [email protected] [email protected] Inside-Out Program at Taconic is coordinated through Hudson Link for Higher Education in PrisonPopulation Served: Incarcerated women Taconic Correctional Facility for Women and Vassar studentsProgram Description: The two professors, along with 10 Vassar students, traveled from Poughkeepsie to the medium security women’s prison in Bedford Hills, Westchester County, once a week during the spring 2009 semester to join with 12 incarcerated students for a two-and-a-half hour class.Unique Features: The course marks the first time that the DOCS in New York State has permitted a mixed classroom of traditional college students with the incarcerated as part of a curriculum for college credit.Hudson Link for Higher Education in PrisonHome | www.hudsonlink.orgSean Pica, Executive [email protected]. Box 862Ossining, NY [email protected] Link for Higher Education in PrisonPopulation Served: Men and women who are incarcerated at Fishkill, Sing Sing and Sullivan Correctional Facilities for Men and Taconic Correctional Facility for Women; requirements include either a GED or high school diploma. We also assist Hudson Link graduates after they are released from prison.Program Description: Hudson Link for Higher Education in Prison provides college education, life skills and re-entry support to incarcerated men and women to help them make a positive impact on their own lives, their families and communities, resulting in lower rates of recidivism, incarceration and poverty.Unique Features: Hudson Link has expanded its programming to include a pre-college program to prepare potential students for the rigors of obtaining a college degree. Hudson Link Alumni work as tutors and mentors to the pre-college students.The Consortium of the Niagara FrontierRobert Hausrath, [email protected] Served: People who are incarcerated in Attica Correctional Facility and the Wyoming Correctional Facility. Students must have a GED or a high school diploma and must pass a basics skills exam to be accepted into the program. While enrolled, students must maintain a 2.0 GPA in their courses to continue to participate in the program.Program Description: Established in 1975 at Attica Correctional Facility, a maximum security prison for men in Wyoming County, New York, the Consortium of the Niagara Frontier is one of the oldest PSCE programs in New York State. Offering Associate’s and Bachelor’s degrees in Social Sciences or Humanities, the Consortium consists of Niagara University, Canisius College, and Daemen College. In 2001, the Consortium left Attica and now operates only at Wyoming Correctional Facility, a medium security prison for men also located in the town of Attica.Cornell Prison Education ProgramCornell Prison Education ProgramDr. James (Jim) Schecter, Executive [email protected] Prison Education ProgramRobert Turgeon, Faculty [email protected] Served: Incarcerated women of Bedford Hills Correctional Facility; Applicants to the program take placement examinations in basic mathematics, reading comprehension, and essay writing. Depending upon their scores, they are either placed into non-credit preparatory courses or matriculate directly into credit-bearing classes.Program Description: The Cornell Prison Education Program was established to provide college courses to incarcerated students at a maximum and medium security prison in upstate New York, and to engage Cornell faculty and students with the vital issue of the country’s burgeoning incarceration population. The Cornell Prison Education Program is dedicated to supporting incarcerated persons’ academic ambitions and preparation for successful re-entry. We believe that Cornell faculty and student engagement as instructors at correctional facilities manifests Ezra Cornell’s commitment to founding an institution where “any person can find instruction in any study.”Population Served: Incarcerated men and corrections staff at Auburn and Cayuga Correctional FacilitiesBedford Hills College ProgramAileen Baumgartner, [email protected] ext. 4514Program Description: Through the Bedford Hills College Program, Marymount Manhattan College offers non-credited College-preparatory courses and credit-bearing courses leading to Associate of Arts degrees in Social Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees in Sociology at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, a New York State maximum-security prison for women.In 1995, laws were passed preventing federal monies from being used for educating the incarcerated, causing many prison programs across the country to close their doors – including the one at Bedford Hills. A task force, chaired by then-superintendent Elaine Lord and comprised of education specialists and the incarcerated at the facility, found that the impact of higher education substantially reduced re-incarceration rates. To re-establish the college program without state and federal funding, the taskforce created a consortium of schools that would donate funds and faculty to continue the college program.Unique Features: In addition to supplying the necessary classroom space, the correctional facility supplies room for a learning center that contains the college’s computer lab and the on-site library, staffed by a dedicated coterie of volunteers from the Bedford Hills area.Bard Prison Initiative (BPI)Bard CollegeDaniel Karpowitz, Director of Policy & [email protected] Kenner, Executive [email protected], 845-758-7308Bard CollegePO Box 5000Annandale-on-HudsonNY 12504-5000Population Served: Women and men who are incarcerated at the Eastern Correctional Facility, Woodbourne Correctional Facility Elmira Correctional Facility, Green Haven Correctional Facility, otBayview Correctional Facility; students must have a GED or high school diploma and program administrators cap admission at 15 spots each year.Program Description: BPI offers college inside three long-term, maximum-security prisons and two transitional medium-security prisons. Founded in 1999 by former Bard student Max Kenner, BPI gives men and women the opportunity to earn a degree from Bard College, a highly regarded private liberal arts university. Providing curriculum in line with a traditional liberal arts program, BPI offers Associate’s and Bachelor’s degrees and holds classes identical to those taught at Bard College at Annandale-on- Hudson. The admissions office on Bard’s traditional campus makes decisions about acceptance into the Bachelor’s program based on an incarcerated student’s perceived preparedness and regardless of class size at the correctional facility. Incarcerated students are required to have a Bard Associate’s degree before they can apply to the Bachelor’s degree program. BPI now enrolls nearly 200 women and men fulltime in a rigorous and diverse liberal arts curriculum, offering both associate and bachelor degrees.John Jay College/CUNYPrisoner Reentry InstituteJohn Jay College of Criminal Justice555 W. 57th Street, 6th FloorNew York, NY 10019Phone: 212-484-1399NORTH CAROLINAUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill’s Friday Center for Continuing Education with North Carolina Department for CorrectionsHome - The William and Ida Friday Center for Continuing EducationBrick Oettinger, Associate Director for Correctional [email protected] Served: Incarcerated individuals from approximately twenty-five participating North Carolina correctional facilities (on-site classroom courses)with a GED score of at least 250, a WRAT reading grade level of at least 10.0, or prior college academic credits. The sentence criteria exclude all whose parole eligibility and discharge dates are more than 10 years in the future. 18- to 25-year-old individuals funded by Federal Youth Offender Act grants must be within five years of parole eligibility or discharge date.Program Description: The North Carolina Department of Correction works with UNC-Chapel Hill’s Friday Center for Continuing Education to provide a variety of tuition-free university courses and educational services to incarcerated people. Only those incarcerated in the North Carolina prison system qualify for the Correctional Education Program.Programs Offered: Self-paced Correspondence Courses:These courses have a nine-month enrollment period. A renewal of four months is available for a $30 fee (paid by the Correctional Education Program).Unique Features:N/AHeadquarters:NCCorrectional Facilities Served:OHIOInside-Out Prison Exchange Program (Cincinnati)All for One. One For All.Peg HubbardDepartment of Criminal [email protected] ShimrockFacilitator, Inside-Out [email protected] Served: Incarcerated men and Xavier students; The men at Lebanon Correctional Institution (LeCI) go through the same screening process as Xavier students. They fill out a similar application and are interviewed by the same panel. The intention of the instructors is to choose a mix of students (race, socioeconomic, opinions, criminal history, education, etc.) to ensure class discussion is enriched by varying viewpoints.Program Description: The Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program is a semester-long overview of current social justice topics, taught inside a local prison. Curriculum includes exploration of why people commit crime; what prisons are for; analysis of the Criminal Justice system; punishment and rehabilitation; victims and victimization; restorative justice; myths and realities of prison life.Inside/Outside (ISOS)Jefferson [email protected] Served: Adults from River City Correctional Center with substance abuse issues who would otherwise be sent to Ohio penitentiaries.Program Description: Inside/Outside began in February 2001 with the participation of individual artists and collaborating organizations in an intensive training conducted in Cincinnati by the Pat Graney Dance Company of Seattle. The training involved Cincinnati participants in the creation of an integrated arts program for women at River City.Ohio University College Program for the Incarcerated (CIP)MFEWelcome to Ohio UniversityKen Armstrong, Director of Independent [email protected]@ohio.eduHaning Hall 222Ohio UniversityAthens, OH 45701800-444-2420800-444-2910Population Served: People who are incarceratedProgram Description: Since 1974, the College Program for the Incarcerated (CPI) has provided incarcerated men and women with courses and degree opportunities to further their educational goals. Ohio University seeks to meet the diverse needs of incarcerated distance learners. Through CPI, both associates and bachelor’s degrees are available. Each student is assigned an academic advisor to assist in successfully planning a degree program.Although CPI cannot offer financial aid to incarcerated students, or the option of partial payments, a significant discount through the Comprehensive Fee Plan is offered. Some students may qualify for VA benefits. Ohio University is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. The College Program for the Incarcerated is administered by the Office of Independent Study.Zane State CollegeLinda Applegarth (Interim Coordinator of Prison Education)[email protected] Served: People who are incarcerated at the Belmont Correctional InstitutionProgram Description: The College provides instructors who offer credit courses in two short-term certificate programs.OREGONInside-Out Prison Exchange Program (Wilsonville)Julie Kopett, Director of [email protected] Spring, Assistant Director of Community-University [email protected] Served: People who are incarcerated at the Coffee Creek Correctional FacilityProgram Description: The Inside-Out Capstone course provides an opportunity for a small group of students from Portland State University and a group of residents from Coffee Creek Correctional facility to exchange perceptions about crime, justice, and how societal structures and culture define crime and justice. The course is called “Inside-Out Prison ExchangeInside-Out Prison Exchange Program (Salem, Oregon State University)[email protected] Served: People who are incarcerated at the Oregon State PenitentiaryProgram Description: Inside Out is a program that began in 1997 with a select group of Pennsylvania incarcerated individuals and students who had the common goal of studying crime, justice and social issues that affect society at large. Since then it has expanded and through the help of Professor Michelle Inderbitzen the program has made its way to Oregon State University. The goal of Inside Out at OSU is first and foremost to exchange ideas and perceptions and gain a deeper knowledge of crime, the criminal justice system, corrections and imprisonment.Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program (Salem, University of Oregon)Steven Shankman, Professor of English and [email protected] Served: People who are incarcerated at the Oregon State PenitentiaryProgram Description: Since 2007, University of Oregon (UO) Professor Steven Shankman has taught three Inside-Out Classes through the Clark Honors College (CHC) at the Oregon State Penitentiary. Courses are taught in an integrated classroom with outside students (from the Honors College) and inside students (who are incarcerated at Oregon State Penitentiary). Students study course materials together, and participate in dialogue about the texts and the larger questions of social justice and social inequalities. Since then, more than sixty CHC students have participated in Inside-Out classes at the Oregon State Penitentiary.College InsideNancy Green, Director of Corrections [email protected] Served: Incarcerated individuals from designated institutions (Oregon State Penitentiary, Oregon State Correctional Institution, Mill Creek Correctional Facility) with less than five years left on their sentence, a high school diploma or equivalency, and 18 months of clear conduct. Those meeting the education and clear conduct requirement that have outside funding or can self-pay also enroll in the program.Program Description: The College Inside program is a degree program designed to allow incarcerated students to obtain a two-year college degree that can transfer to a four year university with a focus on general studies, Business or Automotive Technology. College Inside allows students to be in control of their own educational and employment future. The program requires students to think and plan for the future, outside of prison. The program is not just something to do while in prison. It requires effort, responsibility, drive, and commitment.PENNSYLVANIAThe Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program (Philadelphia)Temple UniversitySuite 331, MB 66-101810 Liacouras WalkPhiladelphia, PA 19122Phone: 215-204-5163 | Fax: [email protected] Served: Prisons and jails in 25+ states - In each program branch: 9-18 campus-enrolled undergraduates and 9-18 incarcerated (or sentenced) students (in equal numbers)Program Description: Headquartered at Temple University, The Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program® is a national program that offers semester-long, college classes behind bars to groups of students of whom half are incarcerated and half are college students from outside. These seminars are offered in many academic disciplines, but they always emphasize collaboration, critical thinking, and dialogue, with course themes usually focusing on the study of some aspect of our society’s approach to crime and punishment. Every year at least three week-long intensive instructor training institutes prepare faculty from around the country and abroad to build effective correctional-academic partnerships in their home region, to find means to offer credit to inside students wherever possible.This work is fundamentally shaped by the perspectives of people in prison.Community College of Allegheny CountyDistance Learning Center800 Allegheny Avenue; Room 123Pittsburgh, PA 15233412.237.2239fax: 412.237.8187Proctored testing fax: [email protected] learning 412-237-8700For incarcerated individuals: any prison administrator such as a warden or medical administrator, a prison counselor or prison librarianNorthampton Community College3835 Green Pond RoadBethlehem, PA 18020610-861-5300Serving the Lehigh Valley and beyondProgram Description: NCC has helped students of all ages and backgrounds answer one of life's biggest questions.NCC is committed to quality, affordable higher education. We strive for accessibility, with courses scheduled at multiple campuses and locations during the day and evening, on weekends and online. You can choose from nearly 100 transfer and career programs leading to associate's degrees, certificates and diplomas.RHODE ISLANDRhode Island Department of Corrections Education UnitYour Page TitleRalph [email protected] Served: Incarcerated individuals at any Adult Correctional InstitutionProgram Description: Participants have the opportunity to earn college credits for various liberal arts and/or business offerings in classes offered by the community college. Course offerings vary by semester. Academic requirements of the AA degrees are followed to enable students to attain the AA degree while incarcerated or allow them to continue to pursue the AA degree upon release. Vocational post-secondary offerings vary by semester and lead to the obtainment of trade related certificates of completion and/or licenses as applicable.

Tell you what, if you can't be bothered to type "history of brisbane" into your broswer and click THE FIRST LINK in the results, I can't be bothered to do more than cut and paste it into my answer.From History of Brisbane... Enjoy.---------------------------------------------History of BrisbaneFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_BrisbanePart of a series on theHistory of AustraliaChronologicalPrehistoryExploration by seaLand exploration1788–18501851–19001901–19451945–presentTimelineBy topicConstitutionDiplomacyEconomyFederationImmigrationIndigenous peopleMilitaryMonarchyRail transportBrisbane's recorded history dates from 1799, when Matthew Flinders explored Moreton Bay on an expedition from Port Jackson, although the region had long been occupied by the Jagera and Turrbal aboriginal tribes. The town was conceived initially as a penal colony for British convicts sent from Sydney. Its suitability for fishing, farming, timbering, and other occupations, however, caused it to be opened to free settlement in 1838. The town became amunicipality in 1859 and a consolidatedmetropolitan area in 1924. The city hosted the1982 Commonwealth Games and the 2014 G20 Brisbane summit.Contents [hide]1Etymology2Aboriginal occupation and European exploration31824 colony4Free settlement5Development in the early years of the colony of Queensland5.1Amalgamation of local government areas6Brisbane during the Second World War7Post-War Brisbane7.1Brisbane floods7.21980s8Brisbane's historical timeline9See also10References11Further reading12External linksEtymology[edit]Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, is named for Sir Thomas Brisbane (1773–1860), British soldier and colonial administrator born in Ayrshire, Scotland. Sir Thomas Brisbane was Governor of New South Wales at the time that Brisbane was named.Aboriginal occupation and European exploration[edit]Prior to European colonisation, the Brisbane region was occupied by aboriginal tribes, notably the Yuggera and Turrbal aboriginal clans. Before European settlement, the land, the river and its tributaries were the source and support of life in all its dimensions. The river's abundant supply of food included fish, shellfish, crab, and shrimp. Good fishing places became campsites and the focus of group activities. The district was characterized by open woodlands with rainforest in some pockets or bends of the Brisbane River.A resource-rich area and a natural avenue for seasonal movement, Brisbane was a way station for groups travelling to ceremonies and spectacles. The region had several large (200–600 person) seasonal camps, the biggest and most important located along waterways north and south of the current city heart: Barambin or 'York's Hollow' camp (today's Victoria Park) and Woolloon-cappem (Woolloongabba/South Brisbane), also known as Kurilpa. These camping grounds continued to function well into historic times.The region was first explored by Europeans in 1799, when Matthew Flindersexplored Moreton Bay during his expedition from Port Jackson north to Hervey Bay. He made a landing at what is now Woody Point in Redcliffe, and also touched down at Coochiemudlo Island and Pumicestone Passage. During the fifteen days he spent in Moreton Bay, Flinders was unable to find the Brisbane River.[1]A permanent settlement in the region was not founded until 1823, when New South Wales Governor Thomas Brisbane was petitioned by free settlers in Sydney to send their worst convicts elsewhere and the area chosen became the city of Brisbane.On 23 October 1823, Surveyor General John Oxley set out with a party in the cutterMermaid from Sydney to "survey Port Curtis (now Gladstone), Moreton Bay, and Port Bowen (north of Rockhampton, 22.5°S 150.75°E),[2] with a view to forming convict settlements there". The party reached Port Curtis on 5 November 1823. Oxley suggested that the location was unsuitable for a settlement, since it would be difficult to maintain.As he approached Point Skirmish by Moreton Bay, he noticed several indigenous Australians approaching him and in particular one as being "much lighter in colour than the rest". The white man turned out to be a shipwrecked lumberjack by the name of Thomas Pamphlett who, along with John Finnegan, Richard Parsons, andJohn Thompson had left Sydney on 21 March 1823 to sail south along the coast and bring cedar from Illawarra but during a large storm were pushed north. Not knowing where they were, the group attempted to return to Sydney, eventually being shipwrecked on Moreton Island on 16 April.[3] They lived with the indigenous tribe seven months.After meeting with them, Oxley proceeded approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) up what he later named the Brisbane River in honour of the governor. Oxley explored the river as far as what is now the suburb of Goodna in the city of Ipswich, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) upstream Brisbane's central business district. Several places were named by Oxley and his party, including Breakfast Creek (at the mouth of which they cooked breakfast), Oxley Creek, and Seventeen Mile Rocks.1824 colony[edit]See also: Early Streets of BrisbaneIn 1824, the first convict colony was established at Redcliffe Point under LieutenantHenry Miller. Meanwhile, Oxley and Allan Cunningham explored further up the Brisbane River in search of water, landing at the present location of North Quay. Only one year later, in 1825, the colony was moved south from Redcliffe to a peninsula on the Brisbane River, site of the present central business district, called "Meen-jin" by its Turrbul inhabitants.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_2_148511_Early_drawing_of_a_section_of_the_town_of_Brisbane,_Queensland_including_the_Convict_Hospital,_1835.jpgAn early drawing of the townAt the end of 1825, the official population of Brisbane was "45 males and 2 females". Until 1859, when Queensland was separated from the state ofNew South Wales, the name Moreton Bay was used to describe the new settlement and surrounding areas. "Edenglassie" was the name first bestowed on the growing town by Chief JusticeFrancis Forbes,[4] a portmanteau of the two Scottish cities Edinburgh and Glasgow. The name soon fell out of favour with many residents and the current name in honour of Governor Thomas Brisbane was adopted instead.The colony was originally established as a "prison within a prison"—a settlement, deliberately distant from Sydney, to which recidivist convicts could be sent as punishment. It soon garnered a reputation, along with Norfolk Island, as one of the harshest penal settlements in all of New South Wales. In July 1828 work began on the construction of the Commissariat Store. It remains intact today as a museum of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland and is only one of two convict era buildings still standing in Queensland. The other is The Old Windmill on Wickham Terrace.Over twenty years, thousands of convicts passed through the penal colony. Hundreds of these fled the stern conditions and escaped into the bush. Although most escapes were unsuccessful or resulted in the escapees perishing in the bush, some (e.g. James Davis) succeeded in living as "wild white men" amongst the aboriginal people.During these decades, the local aboriginals tried to "starve out" the settlement bydestroying its crops—most notably their "corn fields" at today's South Bank. In retaliation, colony guards shot and killed aboriginals entering the corn fields.Free settlement[edit]As a penal colony, Brisbane did not permit the erection of private settlements nearby for many years. As the inflow of new convicts steadily declined, the population dropped. From the early 1830s the British government questioned the suitability of Brisbane as a penal colony. Allan Cunningham's discovery of a route to the fertileDarling Downs in 1828, the commercial pressure to develop a pastoral industry, and increasing reliance on Australian wool, as well as the expense of transporting goods from Sydney, were the major factors contributing to the opening of the region to free settlement.[5] In 1838, the area was opened up for free settlers, as distinct from convicts. An early group of Lutheran missionaries from Germany were granted land in what is now the north side suburb of Nundah.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_186935_Buildings_on_the_banks_of_the_Brisbane_River_downstream_from_Gardens_Point,_ca._1840.jpgEarly development along the Brisbane River, ~1840In 1839 the first three surveyors, Dixon, Stapylton and Warner arrived in Moreton Bay to prepare the land for greater numbers of European settlers by compiling a trigonometrical survey.[6] From the 1840s, settlers took advantage of the abundance of timber in local forests. Once cleared, land was quickly utilized for grazing and other farming activities. The convict colony eventually closed.The free settlers did not recognise local aboriginal ownership and were not required to provide compensation to the Turrbul aboriginals. Some serious affrays and conflicts ensued—most notably resistance activities of Yilbung, Dundalli, Ommuli, and others. Yilbung, in particular, sought to extract regular rents from the white population on which to sustain his people, whose resources had been heavily depleted by the settlers. By 1869, many of the Turrbul had died from gunshot or disease, but the Moreton Bay Courier makes frequent mention of local indigenous people who were working and living in the district. In fact, between the 1840s and 1860s, the settlement relied increasingly on goods obtained by trade with aboriginals—firewood, fish, crab, shellfish—and services they provided such as water-carrying, tree-cutting, fencing, ring-barking, stock work and ferrying. Some Turrbul escaped the region with the help of Thomas Petrie, who gave his name to the suburb of Petrie in the Moreton Bay region north of Brisbane.Development in the early years of the colony of Queensland[edit]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohnPetrie01.jpgBrisbane's first mayor wasJohn Petriehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_63671_Town_of_Brisbane,_ca._1870.jpgBrisbane town, 1870On 6 September 1859, the Municipality of Brisbane was proclaimed. The next month, polling for the first council was conducted. John Petrie was elected the first mayor of Brisbane.[7] Queensland was formally established as a self-governing colony of Great Britain, separate from New South Wales, in 1859.Originally the neighbouring city of Ipswich was intended to be the capital of Queensland, but it proved to be too far inland to allow access by large ships, so Brisbane was chosen instead. But it was not until 1902 that Brisbane was officially designated a city.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brisbane_1893.jpgFlooding on Queen Street, 1893.The 1893 Black February floods caused severe flooding in the region and devastated the city. Raging flood waters destroyed the first of several versions of the Victoria Bridge. Even though gold was discovered north of Brisbane, around Maryborough and Gympie, most of the proceeds went south to Sydney and Melbourne. The city remained an underdeveloped regional outpost, with comparatively little of the classical Victorian architecture that characterized southern cities.A demonstration of electric lighting of lamp posts along Queen Street in 1882 was the first recorded use of electricity for public purposes in the world.[8] The first railway in Brisbane was built in 1879, when the line from the western interior was extended from Ipswich to Roma Street Station. First horse-drawn, then electric trams operated in Brisbane from 1885 until 1969.In 1887, the Yungaba Immigration Centre was established at Kangaroo Point. The two-storey brick building is listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.[9] Tramway employees stood down for wearing union badges on 18 January 1912 sparked Australia's first General strike, the 1912 Brisbane General Strike which lasted for five weeks. The first ceremony to honour the fallen soldiers at Gallipoli was held at St John's Cathedral on 10 June 1915.[10] The tradition would later grow into the popularAnzac Day ceremony.In an effort to prevent overcrowding and control urban development, the Parliament of Queensland passed the Undue Subdivision of Land Prevention Act 1885, preventing congestion in Queensland cities relative to others in Australia. This legislation, in addition to the construction of efficient public transport in the form of steam trains and electric trams, encouraged urban sprawl. Although the initial tram routes reached out into established suburbs such as West End, Fortitude Valley,New Farm, and Newstead, later extensions and new routes encouraged housing developments in new suburbs, such as the western side of Toowong, Paddington,Ashgrove, Kelvin Grove and Coorparoo.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_48448_Woman_getting_on_a_tram,_Brisbane,_1910-1920.jpgA Brisbane tram in the early 20th centuryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_101716_Victoria_Bridge_ca._1933.jpgThe Victoria Bridge over theBrisbane River, 1933This pattern of development continued through to the 1950s, with later extensions encouraging new developments aroundStafford, Camp Hill, Chermside, Enoggeraand Mount Gravatt. Generally, these new train lines linked established communities, although the Mitchelton line (later extended to Dayboro) and before being cut back toFerny Grove) did encourage suburban development out as far as Keperra.Subsequently, as private motor cars became affordable, land between tram and train routes was developed for settlement, resulting in the construction of Ekibin,Tarragindi, Everton Park, Stafford Heights, and Wavell Heights.Amalgamation of local government areas[edit]In 1924, the City of Brisbane Act was passed by the Queensland Parliament, consolidating the City of Brisbane and the City of South Brisbane; the Towns of Hamilton, Ithaca, Sandgate, Toowong, Windsor, and Wynnum; and the Shires of Balmoral, Belmont, Coorparoo, Enoggera, Kedron, Moggill, Sherwood, Stephens, Taringa, Tingalpa, Toombul, and Yeerongpilly to form the current City of Greater Brisbane, now known simply as the City of Brisbane, in 1925.To accommodate the new, enlarged city council, the current Brisbane City Hall was opened in 1930. Many former shire and town halls were then remodelled into public libraries, becoming the nucleus of Greater Brisbane's branch system. During the Great Depression, a number of major projects were undertaken to provide work for the unemployed, including the construction of the William Jolly Bridge and theWynnum Wading Pool.Brisbane during the Second World War[edit]Due to Brisbane's proximity to the South West Pacific Area theatre of World War II, the city played a prominent role in the defence of Australia. The city became a temporary home to thousands of Australian and American servicemen. Buildings and institutions around Brisbane were given over to the housing of military personnel as required.The present-day MacArthur Central building became the Pacific headquarters of U.S. General Douglas MacArthur,[11] and the University of Queensland campus at St Lucia was converted to a military barracks for the final three years of the war. St Laurence's College and Somerville House Girls' School in South Brisbane were also used by American forces.During this time St Laurence's College was moved to Greenslopes to continue classes. Newstead House was also used to house American servicemen during the war.Brisbane was used to mark the position of the "Brisbane Line", a controversial defence proposal allegedly formulated by the Menzies government, that would, upon a land invasion of Australia, surrender the entire northern part of the country. The line was, allegedly, at a latitude just north of Brisbane and spanned the entire width of the continent. Surviving from this period are several cement bunkers and gun forts in the northern suburbs of Brisbane and adjacent areas (Sunshine Coast/ Moreton Bay islands).On 26 November and 27 November 1942, rioting broke out between US and Australian servicemen stationed in Brisbane. By the time the violence had been quelled one Australian soldier was dead, and hundreds of Australian and US servicemen were injured along with civilians caught up in the fighting.[12] Hundreds of soldiers were involved in the rioting on both sides. This incident, which was heavily censored at the time and apparently was not reported in the US at all, is known as the Battle of Brisbane.Post-War Brisbane[edit]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrisbaneSuburbanOuthouses1950.jpgThe consequence of years of inadequate civic finances—a city largely unsewered, with outhousesbehind each home. The city was not completely sewered until the early 1970s.Immediately after the war, the Brisbane City Council, along with most governments in Australia, found it difficult to raise finances for much-needed repairs and development. Even where funds could be obtained materials were scarce. Adding to these difficulties was the political environment encouraged by some aldermen, led by Archibald Tait, to reduce the city's rates (land taxes). Ald Tait successfully ran on a slogan of "Vote for Tait, he'll lower the rate." Rates were indeed lowered, exacerbating Brisbane's financial difficulties.Although Brisbane's tram system continued to be expanded, roads and streets remained unsealed. Water supply was limited, although the City Council built and subsequently raised the level of the Somerset Dam on the Stanley River. Despite this, most residences continued to rely heavily on rainwater stored in tanks.The limited water supply and lack of funding also meant that despite the rapid increase in the city's population, little work was done to upgrade the city's sewage collection, which continued to rely on the collection of nightsoil. Other than the CBD and the innermost suburbs, Brisbane was a city of "thunderboxes" (outhouses) or ofseptic tanks.What finances could be garnered by the Council were poured into the construction ofTennyson Powerhouse, and the extension and upgrading of the powerhouse in New Farm Park to meet the growing demands for electricity. Brisbane's first modern apartment building, Torbreck at Highgate Hill, was completed in 1960.[13]Work continued slowly on the development of a town plan, hampered by the lack of experienced staff and a continual need to play "catch-up" with rapid development. The first town plan was adopted in 1964.1961 saw the election of Clem Jones as Lord Mayor. Ald Jones, together with the town clerk J.C. Slaughter sought to fix the long term problems besetting the city. Together they found cost-cutting ways to fix some problems. For example, new sewers were laid 4 feet deep and in footpaths, rather than 6 feet deep and under roads. In the short term, "pocket" or local sewerage treatment plants were established around the city in various suburbs to avoid the expense of developing a major treatment plants and major connecting sewers.They were also fortunate in that finance was becoming less difficult to raise and the city's rating base had by the 1960s significantly grown, to the point where revenue streams were sufficient to absorb the considerable capital outlays.Under Jones' leadership, the City Council's transport policy shifted significantly. The City Council hired American transport consultants Wilbur Smith to devise a new transport plan for the city.[14] They produced a report known as the Wilbur Smith "Brisbane Transportation Study" which was published in 1965. It recommended the closure of most suburban railway lines, closure of the tram and trolley-bus networks, and the construction of a massive network of freeways through the city. Under this plan the suburb of Woolloongabba would have been almost completely obliterated by a vast interchange of three major freeways.Although the trams and trolley-buses were rapidly eliminated between 1968 and 1969, only one freeway was constructed, the trains were retained and subsequently electrified. The first train line to be so upgraded was the Ferny Grove to Oxley line in 1979. The train line to Cleveland, which had been cut back to Lota in 1960, was also reopened.Brisbane floods[edit]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brisbane_River_in_flood_(1).jpgSwollen Brisbane River, 2011Brisbane has been inundated by severefloods of the Brisbane River in 1864, 1893, 1897, 1974, 2011 and 2013. A comprehensive flood mitigation scheme was instituted for the Brisbane River catchment area in the aftermath of the 1974 flood. Since then the city remained largely flood free, until the floods in January 2011 and 2013 floods.1980s[edit]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opening_ceremony_(8075978683).jpgThe 1982 Commonwealth Gameswas officially opened by The Duke of Edinburgh and closed by The Queen.Brisbane hosted the Commonwealth Gamesin 1982 and the World's Fair in 1988. Between the late 1970s and mid-1980s, Brisbane was the focus of early land rights protests (e.g. during the Commonwealth Games)and several well-remembered clashes between students, union workers, police and the then-Queensland government. Partly from this context, innovative Brisbane music groups emerged (notably Punk groups) that added to the city's renown.Later in that decade, emission control regulation had a major effect on improving the cities air quality. The banning of backyard incinerators in 1987, together with the closure of two local coal fired power stations in 1986 and a 50% decrease in lead levels found in petrol, resulted in a lowering of pollution levels.Brisbane's historical timeline[edit]1770 Captain James Cook sails up Queensland coast with botanist Joseph Banks; names Cape Moreton, Point Lookout and Glass House Mountains. Takes possession of eastern Australia, naming it New South Wales.1799 Captain Matthew Flinders explores Moreton and Hervey bays; names Red Cliff Point (now Redcliffe), Pumice-stone River (now Pumicestone Passage). Also lands on Coochiemudlo Island.1823 Emancipated convicts John Finnegan, Richard Parsons, and Thomas Pamphlett were shipwrecked off Moreton Island while looking for timber (a fourth person, John Thomson, died at sea). Following a quarrel, Parsons continues north while others stay on the island.1823 Surveyor-general John Oxley arrives at Bribie Island to evaluate Moreton Bay as a site for penal settlement. Discovers Finnegan and Pamphlett who guide him to the Brisbane River; names Peel Island, Pine River and Deception Bay.1824 Oxley discovers Parsons and returns him to Sydney.1824 First commandant Lt. Henry Miller arrives at Red Cliffe Pt from Sydney with soldiers, a storekeeper and their families, John Oxley, botanist Allan Cunningham, stock and seeds.1824 First settler born in colony named Amity Moreton Thompson.1825 Shipping channel via South Passage found; settlement moves to Brisbane River; first convict buildings built along William St.1825 Edmund Lockyer of 57th Regiment explores Brisbane River. Notes flood debris 100 feet above river levels at Mount Crosby, finds first coal deposits. Names Redbank after soil colour.1826 Captain Patrick Logan takes over as commandant of colony. Achieves extensive stone building program using convict labour. Discovers Southport bar and Logan River.1827 Allan Cunningham leaves Hunter Region to seek link via New England Tableland to Darling Downs.1827 Indigenous resistance leader "Napoleon" exiled to St Helena Island. Aborigines raid maize plots, resist advances. Frequent conflict until the 1840s.1828 Cunningham discovers gap in Great Dividing Range, providing access from Moreton Bay to Darling Downs. Also explores Esk-Lockyer basin and upper Brisbane Valley in 1829.1829 Moreton Bay Aborigines seriously affected by smallpox.1830 Captain Logan mysteriously murdered near Esk, commemorated in folk song, "The Convict's Lament".1831 Moreton Bay settlement population reaches 1241, including 1066 convicts.1833 Ship Stirling Castle wrecked on Swain Reef; first of many ships to wreck on Queensland coast over next 40 years.1836 Quaker missionaries report Moreton Bay indigenous population infected with venereal disease from American whalers.1837 Brisbane's pioneering Petrie family arrives in Moreton Bay. Andrew Petrie(builder and stonemason) is clerk of government works; stays on with wife Mary and five children after penal settlement closes. Son John Petrie becomes Brisbane's first mayor; other son Tom writes sympathetically about local indigenous people.1839 Calls to cease convict transportation successful; Moreton Bay is closed as a penal settlement. 2062 men and 150 women served sentences at the settlement, half of them being Irish; 10 percent died, 700 fled, 98 never recaptured.1840 Escaped convict John Baker surrenders after 14 years of living with indigenous Australians.1841 Indigenous people Merridio and Neugavil are executed at Wickham Terrace windmill for the murder of surveyor Stapylton and his assistant in Logan.1842 New South Wales Governor George Gipps proclaims Moreton Bay a free settlement. Land is offered for sale from Sydney.1846 Squatter and entrepreneur Evan Mackenzie succeeds in making Brisbane a port independent from Sydney.1846 Recorded population of Moreton Bay area is 4000 Aborigines and 2257 migrants.1848 First 240 government-assisted British migrants arrive in Brisbane. FirstChinese labourers arrive.1849 Rev Dr J.D. Lang, local clergyman and journalist, brings his first English, Irish, Welsh and Scottish migrants with unauthorised promise of land grants. Government rations issued to prevent starvation. Lang envisages a colony of self-sufficient, thrifty and hard-working farmers, workers and artisans.1849 Brisbane School of Arts established.1849 William Pettigrew arrives in colony. He later becomes the mayor of Brisbane in 1870 and is a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland between 1877–94.1850 Areas beyond inner Brisbane suburbs, such as Bulimba, Coorparoo,Enoggera, Nundah, Sherwood and Stafford are used for agriculture and grazing until the 1880s.1850 Displaced aborigines from Bribie Island, Redcliffe peninsula and Wide Bay make gunyah camps in Breakfast Creek/Eagle Farm region (until the 1860s).1850 Arthur Lyon sends sample of cotton from New Farm to The Great Exhibitionin London.1851 Influenza epidemic hits Brisbane (lasting in 1852).1855 Nearly 1000 German migrants arrive in Brisbane after political unrest and the introduction of compulsory military training; most settle in the Nundah area.1855 (5 January) Aboriginal resistance leader Dundalli hanged near current Post Office. Large-scale protests by indigenous tribes.1862 Old Government House is completed.1864 Great Fire of Brisbane1866 11 September, food riots that were instigated by the recently retrenched workers.[15]1867 Parliament House opens.1885 Horse-drawn tram system commences operation.1893 Brisbane flood.1897 Electric trams introduced.1899 Queensland Museum leaves the old State Library Building to move into Exhibition Hall (later called the Old Museum), at Gregory Terrace, Bowen Hills.1901 Celebrations held to mark Federation, on New Year's Day.1901 Fire alarms and pillar hydrants introduced to Brisbane city streets.1902 Central Railway Station in Ann Street, Brisbane completed.1902 Brisbane officially designated city status by the Government of Queensland.1909 Government House opens at Bardon1909 University of Queensland opens near Parliament House.1922 Queensland Government purchases privately owned tram system and establishes the Brisbane Tramways Trust.1925 Amalgamation of 25 local government areas to form the City of Greater Brisbane.1925 Queensland Government transfers responsibility for the tram system from the Brisbane Tramways Trust to the Brisbane City Council.1927 Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary founded1928 Sir Charles Kingsford Smith lands in Brisbane, from San Francisco, USA, after the first flight across the Pacific Ocean.1930 Brisbane City Hall opened.1939 Forgan Smith building completed at the St. Lucia campus of the University of Queensland. (Forgan Smith building was named after the, then, Premier of Queensland)1940 Story Bridge completed1942 General Douglas MacArthur arrives in Brisbane and takes offices in the AMP building (later called MacArthur Central) for the Pacific campaign duringWorld War II1946 Following a delay caused by World War II the University of Queenslandbegan its move from George Street, Brisbane, to its St Lucia campus, which it completed in 1972.1964 Adoption of first Brisbane Town Plan1965 Queensland Institute of Technology (later Queensland University of Technology) established1968 Brisbane City Council announces conversion of tram and trolley-bus systems to all-bus operations1969 Tram and trolley bus systems close, new Victoria Bridge opened1974 Brisbane River flooding, the result of continual heavy rain from Cyclone Wanda, causes major damage across city1982 Commonwealth Games1984 Queensland Performing Arts Centre opened at the Queensland Cultural Centre1986 Queensland Museum moves to the Queensland Cultural Centre1986 Tennyson and Bulimba coal-fired power station closed down1986 Gateway Bridge completed.1988 State Library of Queensland leaves the old State Library Building to move to the Queensland Cultural Centre1988 World Expo 88 held at reclaimed industrial land at South Brisbane1989 Queensland Institute of Technology changed status to Queensland University of Technology.1995 Treasury Casino opens2001 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), scheduled for Brisbane, but postponed after heightened security concerns resulting fromterrorist attacks on New York City. Instead it was held in Coolum in early 20022001 Goodwill Games Opening ceremony included performances from Traditional Owners – Nunukul Yuggera Aboriginal Dancers, The Corrs, Keith Urban.2011 Brisbane River flooding2014 Host city of the 9th G-20 Summit – Opening Ceremony included performances from Nunukul Yuggera Aboriginal Dancers and Bangurra Dance Theatre.See also[edit]Brisbane portalHistory of QueenslandHistory of association football in Brisbane, QueenslandReferences[edit]Jump up^ The Life of Captain Matthew FlindersJump up^ "Port Bowen (entry 7456)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 30 March 2015.Jump up^ Field's New South Wales p. 89 (published 1925)[1] see footnoteJump up^ Seeing South-East Queensland (2 ed.). RACQ. 1980. p. 7. ISBN 0-909518-07-6.Jump up^ Laverty, John (2009). The Making of a Metropolis: Brisbane 1823—1925. Salisbury, Queensland: Boolarong Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-9751793-5-2.Jump up^ "First surveys". History of Mapping and Surveying. Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 September 2013.Jump up^ Laverty, John (1974). "Petrie, John (1822–1892)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 8 November 2011.Jump up^ Dunn, Col (1985). The History of Electricity in Queensland. Bundaberg: Col Dunn. p. 21. ISBN 0-9589229-0-X.Jump up^ "Yungaba Immigration Depot (entry 600245)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 13 July 2015.Jump up^ Tony Moore (16 July 2013). "Push to remember Brisbane clergyman's role in Anzac history". Brisbane Times (Fairfax Media). Retrieved 19 July 2013.Jump up^ Dunn, Peter. "General Headquarters (GHQ) - South West Pacific Area: AMP Building, corner of Queen and Edward Streets, Brisbane". Oz At War. Retrieved 18 April 2015.Jump up^ Dunn, Peter. "The Battle of Brisbane - 26 & 27 November 1942". Oz At War. Retrieved 18 April 2015.Jump up^ McBride, Frank; et al. (2009). Brisbane 150 Stories. Brisbane City Council Publication. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-876091-60-6.Jump up^ Allan Krosch (9 March 2009). "History of Brisbane's Major Arterial Roads: A Main Roads Perspective Part 1" (PDF). Queensland Roads, Edition 7. Department of Transport and Main Roads. Retrieved 5 November 2011.Jump up^ Evans, Raymond (2007). A History of Queensland. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-521-87692-6.Further reading[edit]J.R. Cole, Shaping a City: Greater Brisbane 1925–1985, Brisbane 1984G. Greenwood and J. Laverty, Brisbane 1859–1959, BCC, 1959J. G. Steele (1975). Brisbane Town in convict days, 1824–1842. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0702209252.External links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Brisbane.Australian Heritage Historical Towns Directory: BrisbaneBrisbane Tramway MuseumThe Home Front – World War 2Brisbane’s role in WWII focus of new book regarding Brisbane as a large submarine base in World War IIState Library of QueenslandGoogle map of Pre 1925 merger Brisbane CouncilsCategories:History of BrisbaneAustralian timelinesTimelines of cities in AustraliaQueensland timelinesNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_PageMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikipedia storeInteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact pageToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this pagePrint/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionLanguagesதமிழ்Edit linksThis page was last modified on 26 November 2015, at 12:32.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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