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Maggie Lena Walker (July 15, 1864 – December 15, 1934) was an African-American businesswoman and teacher. Walker was the first African-American woman to charter a bank and serve as its president in the United States. (The first American woman known to have served as a bank president was Louise M. Weiser, of Vermont, in 1875. The first American woman documented to have both chartered a bank and served as its president was New Hampshire's Deborah Powers in 1877. In 1903, Maggie L. Walker became both the first African American woman to charter a bank, and the first African American woman to serve as a bank president.)[2] As a leader, Walker achieved successes with the vision to make tangible improvements in the way of life for African Americans. Disabled by paralysis and a wheelchair user later in life, Walker also became an example for people with disabilities.Walker's restored and furnished home in the historic Jackson Ward neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia has been designated a National Historic Site, operated by the National Park Service.Contents1 Childhood2 Leader3 Businesswoman4 Legacy5 Family6 References7 Further reading8 External linksChildhood[edit]According to biographical material she supplied, Walker was born as Maggie Lena Draper in Richmond, Virginia, to Eccles Cuthbert and Elizabeth Draper two years and two months after the end of the American Civil War. Census information, as well as a diary passage saying that she was four years old on her mother's wedding in May 1868, with William Mitchell, set the date back to 1864 or 1865.[3]:1 Her mother was a former slave and an assistant cook in the Church Hill mansion of Elizabeth Van Lew, who had been a spy in the Confederate capital city of Richmond for the Union during the War, and was later postmaster for Richmond. Her stepfather was a butler[3]:1–2 and her biological father was an Irish-born Confederate soldier and a postwar writer for the New York Herald.[4]The Mitchell family moved to their own home on College Alley off of Broad Street nearby Miss Van Lew's home where Maggie and her brother Johnnie were raised.[3]:2 The house was near the First African Baptist Church which, like many black churches at the time, was an economic, political, and social center for the local black community.[3]:3 After the untimely death of William Mitchell, Maggie's mother supported her family by working as a laundress. Young Maggie attended the newly formed Richmond Public Schools and helped her mother by delivering the clean clothes.Leader[edit]When she was fourteen years old, young Maggie joined the local council of the Independent Order of St. Luke. This fraternal burial society, established in 1867 in Baltimore, Maryland, ministered to the sick and aged, promoted humanitarian causes and encouraged individual self-help and integrity. She served in numerous capacities of increasing responsibility for the Order, from that of a delegate to the biannual convention to the top leadership position of Right Worthy Grand Secretary in 1899,[5] a position she held until she died.Walker was inducted as an Honorary Member of the Nu Chapter of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority at the chapter's first meeting in 1926.Businesswoman[edit]After leaving her teaching position in 1886, Maggie devoted herself to the Order and rose steadily through its ranks. A pioneering insurance executive, financier and civic icon, she established the Juvenile Branch of the Order in 1895 while serving as grand deputy matron.[6] This branch encouraged education, community service, and thrift in young members.In 1902, she published a newspaper for the organization, The St. Luke Herald. Shortly after, she chartered the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank. Walker served as the bank's first president, which earned her the recognition of being the first African American woman to charter a bank in the United States.[7] The St. Luke Penny Savings Bank's leadership also included several female board members.[8] Later Walker agreed to serve as chairman of the board of directors when the bank merged with two other Richmond banks to become The Consolidated Bank and Trust Company, which grew to serve generations of Richmonders as an African-American owned institution.In 1905, Walker was featured alongside other African American leaders, such as Mary Church Terrell, T. Thomas Fortune, and George Washington Carver in a poster titled, “101 Prominent Colored People”.[9]Walker received an honorary master's degree from Virginia Union University in 1925, and was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 2001.[10]Walker’s social change activities with the Independent Order of St. Luke demonstrated her keen consciousness of oppression and her dedication to challenge racial and gender injustice.[11]Legacy[edit]Maggie Walker High School, RichmondIn Walker's honor Richmond Public Schools built a large brick high school adjacent to Virginia Union University. Maggie L. Walker High School was one of two schools in the area for black students, during the period of racial segregation in schools; the other was Armstrong High School. After generations of students spent their high-school years there, it was totally refurbished to reopen in 2001 as the regional Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies.The St. Luke Building held the offices of the Independent Order of St. Luke, and the office of Maggie L. Walker. As late as 1981, Walker's office was being preserved as it was at the time of her death in 1934.[12] The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.[13]Maggie L Walker National Historic Site, RichmondThe National Park Service operates the Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site at her former Jackson Ward home. In 1978 the house was designated a National Historic Site and was opened as a museum in 1985. The site states that it "commemorates the life of a progressive and talented African-American woman. She achieved success in the world of business and finance as the first woman in the United States to charter and serve as president of a bank, despite the many adversities. The site includes a visitor center detailing her life and the Jackson Ward community in which she lived and worked and her residence of thirty years. The house is restored to its 1930's appearance with original Walker family pieces."[14]The National Park Service summarizes Walker’s legacy with the statement, “Through her guidance of the Independent Order of St. Luke, Walker demonstrated that African American men and women could be leaders in business, politics, and education during a time when society insisted on the contrary.”[15]Walker was honored as one of the first group of Virginia Women in History in 2000.[16]On July 15, 2017, a statue of Walker, designed by Antonio Tobias Mendez was unveiled on Broad Street in Richmond.[17] The bronze, 10-foot statue shows a depiction of how she lived, with her glasses pinned to her lapel and a checkbook in hand.In 2020, Walker was one of eight women featured in "The Only One in the Room" display at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.[18]Family[edit]Walker taught grade school for three years until 1886, when, that same year, on September 14, 1886, in Richmond, she married Armstead Walker Jr. (1860–1915), a brick contractor. Armstead earned a good living, and she was able to leave teaching to take care of her family and work with the Independent Order of St. Luke, which she founded in 1903. Maggie and Armstead purchased a home in 1904. They had four children: (i) Mary Polly Walker (1885–1967), who married H. Maurice Payne; (ii) Russell Eccles Talmadge Walker (1890–1923); (iii) Armstead Mitchell Walker (1893–1894); and (iv) Melvin DeWitt Walker (1897–1935).On June 20, 1914, Maggie's son, Russell Walker, at age 25, shot and killed his father, Armstead, having mistaken him for a burglar, for whom both he and his father had been searching. Russell was arrested and charged with murder and, after five months awaiting trial, was declared innocent.The loss left Maggie to manage a large household. Her work and investments kept the family comfortably situated. When her sons married they brought their wives to 110​1⁄2 East Leigh Street, her home in Richmond's Jackson Ward district, the center of Richmond's African-American business and social life around the start of the 20th century.Russell, however, never recovered from the incident and after eight years battling depression and alcoholism, died November 23, 1923.[19]References[edit]^ Norwood, Arlisha R. (2017). "Maggie L. Walker". Retrieved July 20, 2020.^ "Early Women in Banking," Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site, National Park Service, last updated November 15, 2019^ Jump up to: a b c d Marlowe, Gertrude Woodruff (2003). A Right Worthy Grand Mission: Maggie Lena Walker and the Quest for Black Economic Empowerment. Howard University Press. ISBN 0882582119.^ ""Find A Grave" - Pvt.Eccles William Max Cuthbert". Find A Grave. Retrieved November 16, 2019.^ National Register of Historic Places (April 2018). "St Luke Building Update, page 8" (PDF). Retrieved October 29, 2020.^ E. B. Brown, Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke, Signs, 14, 3 (1989), 610-633; Gertrude Woodruff Marlowe, A Right Worthy Grand Mission: Maggie Lena Walker and the Quest for Black Empowerment (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 2003).^ Tonya, Bolden (January 3, 2017). Pathfinders : the journeys of 16 extraordinary Black souls. New York. p. 53. ISBN 9781419714559. OCLC 928751148.^ Daina Ramey Berry; Kali Nicole Gross (2020). A Black women's history of the United States. Boston. ISBN 978-0-8070-3355-5. OCLC 1096284843.^ Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site, National Park Service NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service)^ Congressional Record--Extensions of Remarks (April 26, 2001), page E646 "https://www.congress.gov/crec/2001/04/26/CREC-2001-04-26-pt1-PgE646.pdf".^ Schiele, J. H., M. S. Jackson, & C. N. Fairfax (2005). "Maggie Lena Walker and African American Community Development". Journal of Women and Social Work. 20: 26, 35.^ Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff (April 1981). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: St.

JUSTIN’S UNIQUEBEST~OF~THE~BESTECLECTIC MOVIE LIST.I HOPE YOU ENJOY THE LIST.2 Days in New York2 Guns3: 10 to Yuma (1957)3: 10 to Yuma (2007)4 for Texas5 Children and It5 Days of War8MM10 Cloverfield Lane10 Items or Less12 Angry Men12 Years a Slave13 going on 3013 HOURS16 Blocks30 for 30: What Carter Lost201221 Days (Together)21 Hours at Munich + Munich30 Minutes or lessThe 33The 39 Steps40 Days and 40 Nights42: The Great Jackie Robinson Story (2013)JACKIE ROBINSON - PBS: a two-part, four-hour film directed by Ken Burns.The Jackie Robinson Story (1950)50 First Dates55 Days at Peking88 Minutes300300: Rise of an Empire20, 000 Years in Sing SingAArtists’ Movies: Dora Carrington + Miss Potter + Modigliani (Amedeo) + Pollock (Jackson) + Surviving Picasso + Sylvia (Plath) + Camille Claudel + The Hours + Bride of the Wind + Tom & Viv + Zelda + Lust for Life + Prick Up Your Ears + Black Butterflies + Nora + Renoir + Behind the Candelabra (HBO) + Shadowlands + Mr. Turner + Song of Love + Jean Michel Basquiat + Young Cassidy +Assisted Suicide Movies: You Don’t Know Jack + Right to Exit: Kevorkian + The Sea Inside + FRONTLINE: The Suicide Tourist + How to Die in Oregon (HBO Documentary) +ABBA: The MovieAbout Last NightAbout Mrs. LeslieAbout TimeAccording To GretaAcross the PacificA Christmas Carol (1984)(George C. Scott)A Cry in the DarkA Deadly Adoption (Lifetime Movie)AdmissionA Doll’s HouseAdult WorldAdventureAdventure for Two (The Demi-Paradise)A Few Good MenAfflictionAfter.LifeAfter The SunsetAgainst the RopesAge of ConsentAgnes of GodA Good Man in AfricaA Good WomanA Good YearA Hole in the HeadAin’t Them Bodies SaintsAlbert NobbsAlchemyA League of Their OwnAlex CrossAlfieAlice In Wonderland(Johnny Depp-2010)Alice Through the Looking GlassAlien, Aliens,All About EveAll About SteveAll American OrgyAll Good ThingsAll Is BrightAll Is LostAll the Money in the WorldAll The President’s MenAll This and Heaven TooAlmost FamousAlohaA Love Song for Bobby LongAlpha DogAmadeusAmandaA Man For All SeasonsAmarcordA Matter of TimeAmerica: Imagine the World Without HerAmerican History XAmerican HustleAmerican VioletA Million Ways to Die in the WestAmistadA Month by the LakeA Most Wanted ManAmourAn Affair To RememberAn American AffairAn American CrimeAn American HauntingAnd Justice for AllAndrew Jackson: Hero Under FireAn Education + Educating Rita + Shirley Valentine +Angel FaceAn Ideal HusbandANNAAnna and the King of SiamAnna ChristieAnna Karenina (1935)Anna Karenina (1948)An Officer and a GentlemanAnonymousAntitrustAntoine and ColetteA Passage to IndiaA Perfect WorldApollo 13A Prayer for the DyingApres Vous (After You)AquamarineArabesqueArbitrageAre You HereARGOArmoredA Room with a ViewArthur (2011) Russell Brand, Greta GerwigArsenic and Old Lace (Cary Grant)A Scandal in ParisA Shine of RainbowsA Star Is Born(1976)A Star Is Born(2018)A Summer in GenoaAsylumA Thousand WordsAugust: Osage CountyAu Revoir Les Enfants (Goodbye, Children)AustenlandAvantiAwakeningsA Walk Among the TombstonesA Walk in the CloudsA Walk in the Spring RainA Walk on the MoonA Woman Called Moses + The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman +A Woman Scorned: The Betty Broderick Story + Her Final Fury: Betty Broderick, The Last Chapter +BBiopics: Frida + Gandhi + Ray + Milk + Capote + Hoffa + Lenny + Phil Spector + Cesar Chavez + George Wallace + Abe Lincoln in Illinois + Truman (Gary Sinise) + Dalton Trumbo + Saint Joan + Love Me or Leave Me + Madam Curie + The Adventures of Mark Twain + The Life of Emile Zola + SEVE (Ballesteros) +Boxing Movies: Raging Bull + The Fighter + Somebody Up There Likes Me + Gentleman Jim +Babylon A.D.Baby MamaBaby, the Rain Must FallBackdraft + Ladder 49BacklashBad Day at Black RockBad InfluenceBadlandsBad SantaBad TeacherBad Times at the El RoyaleBad WordsBanditsBATTLE: Los AngelesBattleshipBarabbasBarcelonaBarefoot In The ParkBarflyBattle in SeattleBeat the DevilBeautiful KateBeautiful OhioBecoming JaneBeetlejuiceBefore Sunrise; Before Sunset; Before MidnightBegin Againbeing flynnBellaBell, Book and CandleBelly of the BeastBen-HurBernieBetween StrangersBetween Two WorldsBeyond a Reasonable Doubt (2009)Big Jim McLainBirdman of AlcatrazBirdman or The Unexpected Virtue of IgnoranceBiutifulBLACKFISH(CNN Documentary)B L A C K M A S SBlack SwanBlendedBlood SimpleBlue CapriceBlue ValentineBobby Jones, Stroke of GeniusBonjour Tristesse (Hello, Sadness)Boogie NightsBoom TownBonnie and Clyde + Public Enemies + Dillinger +Book ClubBorder RunBordertownBoys Don’t CryB R A V E H E A R TBREACHBreakfast at Tiffany’sBreakheart PassBreaking and EnteringBreaking UpBreaking UpwardsBrian’s SongBrief Encounter (1945)Bright Lights, Big CityBright StarBringing Up Baby (STUPID)British AgentBrokedown PalaceBroken CityBrother OrchidBrubakerBrute ForceBullets or BallotsBullittBulworthBurlesqueBus StopButch Cassidy & the Sundance KidBut Not For MeCCowboy Movies: The Magnificent Seven(1960) + The Magnificent Seven(2016) + The Professionals + The Ox-Bow Incident + The Cowboys + High Noon + The Sons of Katie Elder + The Comancheros (John Wayne) + The War Wagon + Gunfight at the O.K. Corral + The Train Robbers + Rio Bravo + El Dorado + Rio Grande + The Shootist + Two Mules for Sister Sara + Cahill: U.S. Marshall + How The West Was Won + Once Upon A Time In The West + Desperado + True Grit + The Searchers + McLintock + Return of the Seven + Guns of the Magnificent Seven + The Big Country + Chisum + Hondo + Stagecoach + The Quiet Man + Rooster Cogburn + Big Jake + Open Range + Night Passage + Unforgiven + Appaloosa + Man with the Gun + Red River + The Big Country + Angel and the Badman + Bend of the River + The Wild Bunch + 3 Godfathers + McCabe and Mrs. Miller + San Antonio + Fire Creek + Winchester ’73 + Along the Great Divide + The Far Country + The Naked Spur + Hour of the Gun + The Cheyenne Social Club + Across the Wide Missouri + The Oklahoma Kid + The Last Sunset + She Wore A Yellow Ribbon + The Deadly Trackers +Civil War: Ken Burns: The Civil War + Civil War Journal: The Conflict Begins + Gods and Generals: Part I + Gettysburg: Part II + Gone With the Wind + Andersonville + The Hunley + North and South (Patrick Swayze) + The Andersonville Trial + The Conspirator + Glory + LINCOLN + Pharaohs Army + The Horse Soldiers + Major Dundee + They Died with Their Boots On + Tennessee Johnson + The Red Badge of Courage + Band of Angels + Virginia City + Rocky Mountain + The Siege At Red River +Cadillac ManCafeCairo TimeCall Northside 777CamilleCandy + The Man with the Golden Arm + Sid & Nancy +Cannery RowCanvasCaptain BloodCaptain PhillipsCARNAGECarrieCasablancaCasino JackCass TimberlaneCatch Me If You CanCedar RapidsChaplinChangelingChange of PlansCharlie Wilson’s WarCharlotte GrayCharlyCinderella ManCharadeCharlie and the Chocolate FactoryChildren of MenChina SyndromeCHIPSChocolatCimarron (1960)Cinderella LibertyCinema ParadisoCitizen CohnCity SlickersCity Slickers IICleveland Abduction (Lifetime Movie)Close Encounters of the Third KindCloserCloud 9CNN: Pope: The Most Powerful Man in History. #1: The Rise of the Pope; #2: The Resignation of Benedict XVI; #3: The Price of Progress; #4: Revolution: A Church Divided; #5: The Wartime Popes; #6: Courage, Change, and the modern Papacy.CNN: American Dynasties – The Kennedys; #1: The Power of Wealth; #2: The Path to Power; #3: Brothers in Arms; #4: Family Secrets; #5: The Legend of the Camelot; #6: The Legacy;Coal Miner’s DaughterC O B BCoco Before Chanel + Coco Chanel & Igor StravinskyCollateralCome Back, Little ShebaCon AirCongoConquestConspiracy + ValkyrieContrabandControlConvictionCool Hand LukeCollateralCongoCopying BeethovenCoyote UglyCrazy, Stupid, LoveCrossing OverCruel IntentionsCyrusDDysfunctional Family Movies: Home for the Holidays + Nothing like the Holidays + City Island + Our Family Wedding + Pieces of April + This is 40 + Hateship Loveship + The Way Way Back + This is Where I Leave You +Death Penalty Movies: Dead Man Walking + I Want To Live + In Cold Blood + Monster + The Executioner’s Song + Last Dance +Danzel Washington Movies: Malcolm X + Man on Fire + Training Day + The Taking of Pelham 123 (Denzel Washington) + Unstoppable + John Q + The Great Debaters +Daddy’s HomeDaddy’s Home2Dallas Buyers ClubDamned If You Don’tDangerousDante’s PeakDarling CompanionDark PassageDark ShadowsDark VictoryDarwin’s Darkest HourDays of Wind and RosesDeck the HallsDeja VuDinner for SchmucksDead EndDeadline U.S.A.Death of a Salesman (Dustin Hoffmann)DeceptionDen of ThievesDennis Miller: America 180oDevil Dogs of the AirDevotionDial M for MurderDillinger (1945)Dillinger (1973)Dirty DancingDisclosureDjango UnchainedDoc HollywoodDoctor ZhivagoDon Juan DeMarcoDonnie BrascoDorian Gray (2009)Do the Right ThingDouble IndemnityDown the ShoreDownton Abbey (Seasons I, II, III, IV)Down to the BoneDistrict 9Draft DayDrowning MonaDying of the LightEElizabeth Taylor Movies: A Place in the Sun + Butterfield 8 + Cleopatra + Cat on a Hot Tin Roof + Giant + The V.I.P.s + National Velvet + Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? + The Taming of the Shrew +English Love Stories: Mansfield Park + Lost in Austen + Sense & Sensibility + The Duchess + Lady Jane + The Young Victoria + The Other Boleyn Girl (2008) + Becoming Jane + Austenland + The Jane Austen Book Club + Pride & Prejudice (1940) + Pride & Prejudice (1995) + Pride & Prejudice (2005) + My Cousin Rachel + Emma +Eagle EyeEasy RiderEchelon ConspiracyEdge of TomorrowEdison, the ManElizabeth Taylor: An Intimate Portrait.Elena UndoneElephant WhiteElfE L Y S I U MEnchanted AprilEnder’s GameEnd of WatchEnoughEnough is EnoughEnough SaidEquusErin BrockovichEscape from Fort BravoEscape in the FogEscape Me NeverEscape PlanESPN-30FOR30: The Last Days of Knight.Ethan FromeEurotrip + Monte Carlo + CharlieSt. CloudEven MoneyEverything Must GoEVOCATEUR: The Morton Downey Jr. Story – CNN FilmsEyewitnessExit WoundsE X O D U SExperiment In TerrorExtractExtremely Loud & Incredibly CloseEye for an EyeFFinancial Failure Movies: Wall Street + Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps + Too Big to Fail + Margin Call + Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room + Money, Power, and Wall Street: Parts 1 & 2 (PBS) + FRONTLINE: The Untouchables + FRONTLINE: To Catch a Trader + Unraveled + The Wolf of Wall Street +Fair Game + Nothing But the TruthFalling DownFantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them.Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald.FARGOFast FiveFasterFather GooseFather of InventionFearFear Strikes Out: The Jimmy Piersall StoryFemme FataleFierce PeopleFifty Shades of GreyFifty Shades DarkerFifty Shades FREEDFinding AmandaFinding NeverlandFireflies in the GardenFlannel PajamasFlash of GeniusF L I G H TFog Over FriscoForeign CorrespondentForever MineFor Love of the GameForrest GumpFour’s a CrowdFOX: Legends & Lies: The Civil War. #1: John Brown: This Guilty Land. #2: Abraham Lincoln: The War Begins. #3: Robert E. Lee: Choosing Sides. #4: Frederick Douglass: The Dawn of a New Day. #5: Stonewall Jackson: Friendly Fire #6: Gettysburg: The High Water Mark. #7: Ulysses S. Grant: Intoxicated by War #8: Jefferson Davis: The Black Flag. #9: Abraham Lincoln: The Campaign. #10: William Techumseh Sherman: Total War. #11: John Wilkes Booth: The Killing Of Lincoln. #12: The Civil War: Brother vs. Brother.Fox News: Charles Krauthammer: A Life That Matters.Fox News: Three Days in MoscowFoxcatcherFractureFrancis of AssisiFriendly PersuasionFriends with KidsFrom HellFrom Paris with LoveFrom Time to TimeFRONTLINE: Trump’s ShowdownFront Page WomanFunny PeopleFuryFX: Fosse/Verdon. Episodes, 1, 2, 3, 4,5,6,7,8.FX: The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story.GGolf Movies: The Legend of Bagger Vance + Bobby Jones, Stroke of Genius + Seve the Movie + From the Rough +Game Change (HBO Films)Gangster SquadGarden of EdenGaslightGentlemen Prefer BlondesGetawayGet HardGet Him to the GreekGet LowGhosts of Girlfriends PastGideon’s TrumpetG. I. JaneGinger and CinnamonGirl on the BridgeGirl with a Pearl EarringGive Me LibertyGlorious 39God’s PocketGodzillaGoing the DistanceGoodbye, Mr. Chips 1939 (Robert Donat; Greer Garson; Paul Henried)Goodbye, Mr. Chips1969 (Peter O’Toole; Petula Clark)Gone GirlGoodfellowsGosford ParkGosnell: The Trial of America’s Biggest Serial KillerGRAND HOTELGrand PrixGrand TorinoG R A V I T YGreenbergGreen LanternGreetings from the ShoreGrown-UpsGuess WhoGuess Who’s Coming to DinnerGulliver’s Travels I, II (1995 / Ted Danson)HHall PassHank Gathers: Made in PhillyHannaHappy TearsHarlem NightsHarley and the Davidsons – Discovery Channel. Parts 1, 2, & 3.Harold and MaudeHarry BrownHarry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (2001)Harry Potter and Chamber of Secrets (2002)Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005)Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007)Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009)Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (2010)Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011)Hart’s WarHarvard Beats Yale 29-29Hatfields & McCoys I, II, III (History Channel)HavanaHBO Documentary Films - Frank Sinatra: All Or Nothing At All. Parts 1 & 2HeartburnHeatH E A V E NHeavenly CreaturesHeavens FallHeidi (1937) & (2005)Hello, My Name Is DorisHemingway and GellhornHerHereafterHere Comes the BoomHe Was Her ManHis Girl FridayHitchcockH.M. Pulham, Esq. (Robert Young & Hedy Lamarr)Hog IslandHold Back the DawnHolidayHoliday InnHollow TriumphHonky TonkHope Springs (Meryl Streep & Tommy Lee Jones)Hope Springs (Colin Firth & Heather Graham)HopscotchHorrible BossesHorrible Bosses 2H O S T I L E SHOTELHotel RwandaHOT FUZZHot Tub Time MachineHoudiniHour of the WolfHouse of StrangersHow About YouHow Do You KnowHow to Marry a MillionaireHow To Steal A MillionHow To Sub-LetHOWLHUGOHunter KillerHyde Park on HudsonIIrish Movies: Michael Collins + The Wind That Shakes the Barley + Some Mother’s Son + Bloody Sunday + Hunger + Fifty Dead Men Walking + Omagh + Five Minutes of Heaven + Perrier’s Bounty + InterMission + The Eclipse + Hidden Agenda + Calvary + The Boxer + The Field + Parnell. +Iraq/Afghanistan War: Green Zone + The Messenger + Stop-Loss + Three Kings + American Sniper + Lone Survivor +I Am Number FourI Capture the CastleIdentity ThiefI Don’t Know How She Does ItILLEGALI Love You to DeathImagine Me & YouIn A Lonely PlaceIn BrugesIncendiaryI N C E P T I O NIndiscreetInhaleInherit the WindInkheartInside Llewyn DavisInside North Korea: Dangerous GamesInside North Korea: The Kim DynastyInside North Korea: Then and Now with Lisa LingNorth Korea From The Inside, with Michael PalinInsidiousIn The BedroomIn This Our LifeIntroducing Dorothy DandridgeIris (Iris Murdoch & John Bayley)Irish JamIronman I, IIIronweedIt Happened One NightIt’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad WorldIt’s a Wonderful Lifeit’s kind of a funny storyIt Started in NaplesI, TONYAI Vitelloni (The Bulls)I Want to LiveI Want to Marry Ryan Banks (HALLMARK)I Was a Male War BrideJJack and JillJack & SarahJack ReacherJack Ryan: Shadow RecruitJames “Jimmy” Stewart: A Wonderful Life.J A N E E Y R E (2011)Java HeatJean De Florette-Part 1 + Manon of the Spring-Part 2J. EdgarJezebelJFK + Thirteen DaysJimmy the GentJobsJohn Adams (HBO)JOHN and MARYJohn WickJourney to ItalyJoyJoyce Mitchell and the New York Prison Break (Lifetime Movie)JuliaJulia MisbehavesJulius CaesarJumanjiJune BrideJunoJust Go with ItJust Like HeavenJust VisitingKKarlaKate & LeopoldKeeping SecretsKey LargoKid GalahadKiller JoeKillersKilling JesusKilling John Lennon (Fox Documentary)Killing KennedyKilling LincolnKilling ReaganKilling Them SoftlyKillshotKingdom of HeavenKing Kong (1933)King Kong (1976)King Kong (2005)King of CaliforniaKing of KingsKing Solomon’s Mines (Stewart Granger + Debra Kerr)Kingsman: The Secret ServiceKissedKit Kittredge: An American GirlKnight and DayKnocked UpKramer vs. KramerLLove Stories: Chances Are + French Kiss + Shakespeare In Love + Romeo & Juliet (1968 / Franco Zeffirelli) + When Harry Met Sally + Only You + The Notebook + The Lost Valentine (HALLMARK) + No Strings Attached + The Ghost and Mrs. Muir + Love Affair + The Valley of Decision + Random Harvest +Labor DayLadies in LavenderLa Femme Nikita (1990)LaPointe CourteLarceny, Inc.Larry CrowneLast OrdersLa StradaLast VegasLaurel CanyonLaw Abiding CitizenLawrence of ArabiaLeatherheadsLe Divorce + We Don’t Live Here Anymore + Mother and Child +Leona Helmsley: The Queen of MeanLes Miserables (1998) Liam Neeson, Geoffrey Rush, Claire DanesLeslie Caron: Reluctant StarLewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery (PBS Documentary)Libeled LadyLiberal ArtsLies and IllusionsLifeLife of PiLife of the PartyLight in the PiazzaLimitlessLittle Black BookLittle CaesarLittle ChildrenLittle Miss SunshineLittle Women (1933)Little Women (1949)Liz & Dick (Lifetime Movie)Loch NessLolita (1962) & (1997)London Has FallenLonesome Dove I, II, III, IVLone StarLong Walk to FreedomLooperLord JimLord of WarLorenzo’s OilLottery TicketLove ActuallyLove Affair (1932)Love and Other DrugsLove and RageLove HappensLove in the AfternoonLove Is All You NeedLove Is A Many Splendored ThingLove LizaLovely, StillLove on the RunLove RanchLove, Wedding, MarriageL U C YMMusicals: Guys and Dolls + My Fair Lady + Mamma Mia! + The Sound of Music + Man of La Mancha + West Side Story + Chicago + The King and I (Debra Kerr) + Can-Can + Cabaret + Brigadoon + Funny Girl + Hello Dolly + Easter Parade + Music Man + Pocketful of Miracles + Oliver! + Across the Universe (Beatles) + Paint Your Wagon + Les Girls + South Pacific + Yankee Doodle Dandy + Singing in the Rain + 7 Brides for 7 Brothers + Oklahoma + ABBA: The Movie + On Moonlight Bay + Gypsy + Shall We Dance + That’s Entertainment + An American in Paris + Camelot + Gigi + The Great Waltz(1938) + Lili + Fiddler on the Roof + Rhapsody in Blue + Showboat + It’s a Great Feeling + On the Town + Carousel + Pal Joey + Kiss Me Kate + For Me and My Gal + Anchors Aweigh + High Society + Rhapsody + The West Point Story + It Happened In Brooklyn + The Great Waltz(1972) + Sayonara + The Producers + The Great Caruso + The Glass Slipper + French Cancan + Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory + The Barkley’s of Broadway + La La Land + Night and Day + A Damsel in Distress + Deep In My Heart +Murder Movies: Blind Faith + Fatal Vision + The Hunt for the Unicorn Killer (Made for TV Movies) + Murder in New Hampshire: The Pamela Wojas Smart Case (Made for TV Movie) + The Deliberate Stranger (Ted Bundy - Made for TV Movie) + Machete +Marlon Brando Movies: On The Waterfront + Sayonara + A Streetcar Named Desire + The Tea House of the August Moon + The Chase + Flower Drum Song + Last Tango in Paris + Viva Zapata +Made in DagenhamMadelineMain StreetMalcolm XMamma MiaMamma Mia! Here We Go AgainMandela and de KlerkMan of the HouseMan on a LedgeMan on the TrainMao’s Last DancerMarieMarion BridgeMarley and MeMars AttacksMartha, Inc. + Martha Behind BarsMary of ScotlandM*A*S*HMASKMaster of BallantraeMata HariMatildaMaybe BabyMcCabe & Mrs. MillerMcFarland, USAMeet John DoeMercy or Murder? (Made for TV Movie)MermaidsMiddle MenMidnight in the Garden of Good and EvilMidnight LaceMidnight RunMile 22Milk MoneyMillion Dollar ArmMillion Dollar BabyMindwalkM I R A C L EMiseryMiss ConceptionMississippi BurningMission Impossible: GhostMission To MarsMiss JulieMiss Pettigrew Lives for a DayMistaken Identity (Made for TV Movie)Mister ElevenMister 880Mister FoeMitt: Netflix documentaryMixed Nuts + Planes, Trains and Automobiles + The Ref + Used CarsMogamboMONEYBALLMoney for NothingMonsterMonster’s BallMoonrise KingdomMorlangMorning GloryMozart and the WhaleMoulin Rouge (1952)Moulin Rouge! 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Simpson(FX mini-series)The Petrified ForestThe Philadelphia StoryThe Place Beyond the PinesThe PlayboysThe Prime of Miss Jean BrodieThe Prince and the ShowgirlThe Private Lives of Elizabeth & EssexThe Private Lives of Pippa LeeThe ProfessionalThe ProposalThe Proud OnesThe PurgeThe Purge2The QueenThe ReaderThe ReboundThe ResidentThere’s Something About MaryThe Return of Martin Guerre(Le retour de Martin)The RewriteThe River MurdersThe River Wild + DeliveranceThe Roaring TwentiesThe Roman Spring of Mrs. StoneVivien Leigh – 1961The Roman Spring of Mrs. StoneHelen Mirren – 2003The RunawaysThe Sand PebblesThe SandpiperThe SavagesThe Sea HawkThe Secret Garden (1949)The Secret Life of PetsThe Seven Year ItchThe Siege at Ruby RidgeThe Sign of ZorroThe Simple Life of Noah DearbornThe SistersThe SitterThe Shape of ThingsThe ShiningThe Shipping NewsThe ShootingThe Sixth SenseThe Skeleton TwinsThe Snows of KilimanjaroThe Social NetworkThe SoloistThe Sorcerer’s ApprenticeThe Spanish MainThe Spirit of St. LouisThe StarThe StingThe Stone AngelThe Story of OThe Story of Three LovesThe Strange Love of Martha IversThe Stratton StoryThe Strawberry BlondeThe Substitute I, II, IIIThe Sun Also RisesThe SundownersThe Sweet HereafterThe Tailor of PanamaThe Talk of the TownThe Theory of EverythingThe Three Faces of EveThe Time Traveler’s WifeThe TouristThe TownThe Treasure of the Sierra MadreThe TrialThe TrotskyThe Truth About CharlieThe Umbrellas of CherbourgThe Valley of DecisionThe VanishingThe Velveteen RabbitThe Vicious KindThe VillageThe V.I.P.sThe Virgin SpringThe VowThe Wagons Roll at NightThe War of the RosesThe WarriorsThe War ZoneThe WatchThe Way We WereThe Way Way BackThe Wendell Baker StoryThe Whales of AugustThe Wild OneThe Wind and the LionThe Winning SeasonThe Witches of EastwickThe Wizard of OzThe WordsThe World’s EndThe WrestlerThe YardsThey Drive by NightThe Yellow Rolls-RoyceThey Met in BombayThe Young PhiladelphiansThird PersonThis Boy’s LifeThis is the EndThis Land Is MineThis Must Be the PlaceThree StrangersThrough a Glass DarklyTimerTimelineTitanicToby TylerTo Die ForTo Each His OwnTo Have and Have NotTogetherTo Kill a MockingbirdTo Paris With LoveTorn CurtainTo Sir, With LoveTouching HomeToy Story I, 2, 3T R A D ETrains, planes, and automobileTrainwreckTranceTranscendenceTranssiberianTrespassTristan & IsoldeTriumph of the Nerds (PBS)Tron + Tron: LegacyTrouble with the CurveTroyTrue BelieversTrue Grit (2010)True StoryTurbulenceTucker: The Man and His DreamTwilight ITwilight II: New MoonTwilight III: EclipseTwinsTwo Family HouseTwo for the MoneyTwo LoversTwo Weeks in Another TownUUmberto DUncertaintyUncle BuckUnder FireUnder Siege (Steven Segal)Under the Influence (Andy Griffith / Keanu Reeves) Made for TV MovieUnder the Tuscan SunUndertow (2004)U N K N O W NUnthinkableUntil the End of the WorldUp In the AirUp the Down StaircaseUptown GirlsVV for VendettaVietnam: Full Metal Jacket + Platoon + Coming Home + Born on the 4th of July + Rescue Dawn + We Were Soldiers + Hamburger Hill + The War at Home + Good Morning, Vietnam + Apocalypse Now + Ken Burns’ PBS – The Vietnam War + The Post + Air America + History Channel: Vietnam in HD +Vacancy, I & IIVanity FairVeronica GuerinVertigoVictoria & AbdulVoices of Auschwitz (CNN Special Report)WWoody Allen Movies: Annie Hall + Midsummer’s Night Sex Comedy + Everything You Wanted Know About Sex + Vicky Cristina Barcelona + September + The Purple Rose of Cairo + Deconstructing Harry + Zelig + You Will Meet A Tall Dark Stranger + Anything Else + Celebrity + Midnight in Paris + To Rome With Love + Scoop + Hannah and Her Sisters + Match Point + Scenes From a Mall + Woody Allen: A Documentary: Parts 1 & 2 + Blue Jasmine + Interiors + Café Society + The Front +World Champions: The Story of the ’08 Phillies.World War I: A Farewell To Arms (Gary Cooper) + All Quiet on the Western Front + Sergeant York + The White Cliffs of Dover + The Fighting 69th + The Eagle and the Hawk + The Shopworn Angel + The Dawn Patrol +World War II: The World at War: Collector’s Edition (11 Disc) + The Winds of War + The Great Escape + The Great Raid + The Guns of Navarone + Patton + The Train + Das Boot (The Boat) + Band of Brothers + The Execution of Private Slovik + Saving Private Ryan + Sink the Bismarck + Schindler’s List + Mister Roberts + The Bridge on the River Kwai + Sophie Scholl: The Final Days + Bonhoeffer + The Dirty Dozen + Force 10 From Navarone + Everything is Illuminated + Jakob the Liar + MacArthur + From Here To Eternity + Out of the Ashes + A Woman in Berlin + Rosenstrasse + The Last Train + Battle of the Bulge + Judgment at Nuremberg + The Debt + Edges of the Lord + Triumph of the Will + Paradise Road + Attack On Leningrad + Mrs. Miniver + The Caine Mutiny + Sahara + Fat Man and Little Boy + The Heroes of Telemark + The Boy in the Striped Pajamas + The Secret of Santa Vittoria + Where Eagles Dare + Tora! 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Tora! + Red Tails + Raid on Rommel + The Battle of Britain + Eye of the Needle + The Hindenburg + U-571 + Midway + Miracle at Santa Anna + Ensign Pulver + The War Lover + Run Silent, Run Deep + Von Ryan’s Express + Sands of Iwo Jima + Hell Is For Heroes + The Longest Day + The Monuments Men + Memphis Belle + Memphis Belle (Documentary) + Twelve o’clock High + Strategic Air Command + Valkyrie + Stauffenberg + Windtalkers + Enemy at the Gates + Stalin + The Diary of Anne Frank + The Way Back + The Book Thief + A Bridge Too Far + The Enemy Below + Fury + Anzio + Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison + Hornet’s Nest + The Bridge at Remagen + La Rafle (The Roundup) + Sands of Iwo Jima + The Imitation Game + Okinawa + Woman in Gold + The Ghost Army and Saints and Soldiers + Apt Pupil + The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel + Sink the Bismarck + Stalag 17 + Reunion in France + Kings Go Forth + The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler + Sophie’s Choice + The Desert Rats + Chain Lightning + Les Maudits (The Damned) + Reach for Glory + Action in the North Atlantic + Homecoming + Hotel Berlin + Above Suspicion + DUNKIRK + The Gallant Hours + Julia + Objective: Burma + The Last Time I Saw Paris + Betrayed + Battleground + Passage To Marseilles + A Foreign Affair + Flying Leathernecks + Darkest Hour + Flags Of Our Fathers + Company of Heroes + Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo + Operation Pacific + The Fighting Sullivans + The Wings of Eagles + The Seventh Cross + 36 Hours + Force of Arms (A Girl for Joe) + Until They Sail + Gaby + Darkest Hour + Churchill + Two Thousand Women + Operation Finale + W.+ Unbroken + Rick Steves Special: The Story of Fascism in Europe + The Stranger + Flying Tigers + Normandy: Surviving D-Day (You Tube video) + Over Normandy (NJTV) + The Longest Day + Hacksaw Ridge + The Glass Wall +Wait Until DarkWaiting for SupermanWaking Ned DevineWaking Up In RenoWalk of ShameWalk the LineWar HorseWAR, Inc.Warm SpringsW A S A B IWater for ElephantsW.E.Week-End at the WaldorfWeather GirlWe Bought a ZooWedding DazeWeird ScienceWelcome to the PunchWelcome to MooseportWe Own the NightWe’re No AngelsWe’re the MillersWhat Doesn’t Kill YouWhat Ever Happened To Baby JaneWhat’s the Worst That CouldHappenWhat To Expect When You’re ExpectingWhen in RomeWhen Love Is Not EnoughWhen Nietzsche WeptWhere Angels Fear to TreadWhere the Heart IsWife vs. SecretaryWhile She Was OutWhite ChristmasWhite HeatWhite House DownW I L DWild Strawberries + Cries and Whispers + Persona +Wild TargetWillWilly Wonka and the Chocolate FactoryW I L S O NWinter’s BoneWITNESSED: The Assassination of Malcolm X (CNN Special Report)Witness for the ProsecutionWizard of OzWONDERWorld War ZWuthering Heights (1939)Wuthering Heights (1992)XXX/XYYYankee Doodle DandyYentlYou Kill MeYou’re So CupidYouth in RebellionZZorba the GreekZulu Dawn____________________________RFK assassination: June 5/6, 1968Ted Kennedy tragedy at Chappaquiddick: July 18, 1969JFK Jr. & wife killed in airplane crash: July 16, 1999.Ted Kennedy died: August 25, 2009NatGeo: Russia and the West: Putin Takes Control.NatGeo: Russia’s Toughest Prisons.NatGeo: Inside North Korea: Dangerous Games.NatGeo: Inside North Korea: Then and Now with Lisa Ling.NatGeo: Inside North Korea: The Kim Dynasty.Michael Palin in North Korea.

Spain was the hegemonic power of the world from 1500 to 1800, only 300 years…Personalities from other countries and from other languages ​​and cultures spoke and wrote about Spanish America.Intellectuals, scientists, historians, politicians, and others who had the luck and the opportunity to find out what was the discovery, exploration and conquest of America by the Spanish.And deepening and comparing the facts in the context of their time, they verified that the American indigenous populations had another fate, depending on whether they had fallen in the Spanish zone or on the contrary they had done it in the English, French, Portuguese, Dutch or later zones North American.Of these facts and of the enormity of the Spanish company they spoke and wrote:Sir Walter Raleigh (Devonshire 1552-London 1618), sailor, politician and writer during the reign of Elizabeth I.World History Book, 1617:“I cannot but praise the patient virtue of the Spanish. Few nations, or perhaps none, have endured so much misery and suffering as the Spaniards during their discovery of the Indies. And yet, persisting in their endeavors, with indomitable constancy, they have annexed so many extraordinary provinces to their kingdom as to bury the memory of the dangers faced. Storms and shipwrecks, hunger, overthrows, riots, cold and heat, plague and all kinds of diseases, old and new, together with extreme poverty and lack of what is most necessary, have been the enemies they have had to face, at one time or another, each and every one of his noblest discoveries ”.————–Alexander von Humboldt (Berlin 1769-1859), geographer, astronomer and naturalist. Father of universal modern geography.Book: Political essay on the kingdom of New Spain, 1811:He is surprised that four hundred leagues from Mexico City, in Durango, pianos and harpsichords were made and that as early as the 16th century the Spanish had introduced water-wheel mills.Letter dated 8-11-1803, addressed to Manuel Espinosa and Tello. Published in: Moheit, Ulrike (ed.), Humboldt. Briefe aus Amerika. 1799-1804. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1993, p. 253:“Mexico is one of the most beautiful cities that Europeans have founded in both hemispheres, clearly surpassing Washington. None of the governors of Mexico can be accused of corruption or lack of integrity.“The most remote posterity will thank the Spanish sailors for the immense and important work that they have been able to collect in the last 20 years. At least I don't know of another nation that has advanced nautical astronomy further and published more exact maps in such a short time ”.Letter dated 2-3-1800 from Caracas to Philippe de Forell. Published in: Minguet, Charles (ed.), Alejandro de Humboldt. American letters. Venezuela: Ayacucho, 1980, p. 44.“I admire among the inhabitants of these distant places that loyalty, that simplicity of character, that mixture of authority and bonhomie, which has always been characteristic of the Spanish nation. If the lights are not widespread, much less is immorality. (…) The more I live in the Spanish colonies, the more I like them. Upon returning to Europe I will de-Spanishize with great regret ”."The paternalistic Spanish regime is preferable to the relentless destruction that is taking place in the North in the name of progress."————-Walter Whitman (New York 1819-New Jersey 1892) American poet, essayist, journalist and humanist:“We Americans still have a lot to learn from our past. Until now, dazzled by New England writers and teachers, we have tacitly abandoned ourselves to the idea that only the British Isles gave birth to the United States, essentially forming a second England, which is a huge mistake.For the complex American identity of the future, it will be the Hispanic character that contributes its most necessary aspects. No legacy exhibits a greater historical burden, nor is it comparable with its religiosity and loyalty, or with its patriotism, courage, decorum, seriousness and honor ”.————Hippolyte Taine (Vouziers 1828-París1893), historiador y philósofo. In “Hippolyte Taine, his life and his correspondence (1903-1907):"There was a strange and superior moment in the human species, with a mixture of monomania and exaltation: Spain from 1500 to 1700".————-Eliseo Reclus (France 1830-Belgium 1905), geographer and writer:“Spain and Portugal occupy the first place in the history of geographical knowledge. The importance of the discovery of the New World is such and so great that the beginning of the modern age must be set on the date that such a momentous event took place ”.“The discovery of the New World has exercised and does exercise on the destinies of humanity an influence far superior to anything that could be imagined in theoretical disquisitions, because not only has this discovery produced its immediate and natural consequences in the progress of geographical science and science. astronomical, but has reached other spheres of human life, such as religion, philosophy and politics, which due to their spiritual nature, let's put it this way, seemed far removed from the terrain in which the facts of the purely physical order are verified ”.————-Edgar Sanderson (Nottingham 1838-England 1907), professor at the University of Cambridge.Book: Out Lines of the World´s History, History of Civilization, 1885."The honor of giving America to the world, the consequent aggrandizement of Spain, from now on with new territorial contributions at the cost of a secular exploration unmatched by any other nation in any region and which together constitutes the most wonderful series of courageous feats recorded in history, eventually aroused animosity in most of the European nations and no means was spared to counteract the greatness of the glorious people who, led by their intrepidity to the other side of the "Dark Sea" ... had found and was colonizing a new world. Such an anti-Spanish colonial legend, however, has not been able to resist the glow of truth brought by new and dispassionate investigations, which has illuminated and continues to clarify the background of crass ignorance and sometimes bad faith that existed,————–Theodore Roosvelt (New York 1858-1919), 26th President of the USA:Speech in defense of Catholicism and Spain delivered in Baltimore in 1912. Revista Razón Española, nº 133, September-October 2005, p. 132:“The Spaniards with the transmission of their blood, their life and their faith, implanted in our soil a civilization very different from that of other conquering peoples. More humanitarian than that which kills and enslaves races, as the French, the English and ourselves did with the Indians in North America ”.————-Charles Fletcher Lummis (Lynn, Massachusetts 1859-Los Angeles 1928), journalist, historian and activist in favor of American Indians. Founder of the Southwest Museum in 1914 in the city of Los Angeles.Book: The Spanish pioneers, The Spanish explorers of the 16th century, 1920:“The honor of giving America to the world fell to Spain; the credit not only of discovery, but of centuries of pioneering work such that no other nation in any other country can match it. Virtually a single nation had the glory of discovering and exploring America, of changing the world's ideas about geography, and of carrying knowledge and trade alone for a century and a half. And that nation is Spain ”.Los Angeles, 1916: “Because I believe that every young American loves justice and admires heroism as much as I do, I have decided to write this book. The reason we have not done justice to the Spanish explorers is simply because we have been misinformed. His story is unparalleled, and yet our textbooks have not recognized the truth, although now they dare not discuss it. […] In this country of free and brave men, racial prejudice, the most supine of all human ignorances, must disappear. […] The facts that humanity raises do not come from a single race. […] We love bravery, and the exploration of the Americas by the Spanish was the greatest, the longest, and the most wonderful series of brave feats in history. In my youth it was not possible for an Anglo-Saxon boy to learn that truth and even today it is extremely difficult, since it is possible.Convinced that the task of searching, in one or all the English textbooks, for an exact account of the Spanish heroes of the New World is futile, I decided that no other young American lover of heroism and justice would need to walk to you grope in the dark as it has happened to me […] ”.“Not only were the Spanish the first conquerors of the New World, but also its first civilizers. They built the first cities, the first churches, schools and universities, set up the first printing presses and published the first books; they wrote the first dictionaries, histories, and geographies, and brought the first teachers and missionaries. One of the most amazing things about the Spanish is the humanitarian and progressive spirit that from the beginning to the end characterized their institutions ”.“Some stories have painted this heroic nation as cruel to the Indians; but the truth is that the conduct of Spain in this regard should embarrass us. Spanish legislation concerning Indians everywhere was incomparably more extensive, comprehensive, systematic, and humane than that of Great Britain, the Colonies, and the United States combined.————Edward Gaylord Bourne (New York 1860-1908), Professor of History and writer at Yale University:Libro: Spain in America (1450-1580). New York.-Hasper&brothrs publihers.- 1904."The behavior of Spain in America, offers one of the most important examples of the transmission of culture by sovereign rule, preferable to that exercised in particular by groups of emigrants on their own impulse, as happened to the English who arrived in the United States. ”."Each mission was a school of religion, arts, industry, languages, as well as reading and writing for the natives, who were taught all the trades used in Spain.""Spain undertook the enormous, if not impossible task of bringing an entire race of millions of people into the sphere of European thought, life and religion."————Herbert Eugene Bolton (Wisconsin 1870-Berkeley 1953), historian and professor at the Universities of Berkeley and Wisconsin-Milwaukee:Libro: The Colonization of North America. 1492-1783. New York. Mac Millan Company 1920."It must be admitted that Spain's success remains a force that made the preservation of the Indians possible, as opposed to their destruction that was so characteristic of the Anglo-American frontier."————Lesley Byrd Simpson (Missouri 1891-Berkeley 1984), historian and university professor:Books: a) Many Mexicos, University California Berkeley 1941, 1946, 1957, 1960, 1967 (spanish: Mexicoo / Madrid 1977)b) The Encomienda in New Spain. The Beginning of Spanish Mexico, The University of California Press, 1950. Primera edición 1929.a) “I consider that the average capacity of the viceroys of New Spain was so great that no country, in my opinion, was more fortunate with its rulers. New Spain had many things against it ... but it enjoyed a long life (300 years!) Of relative peace, stability and prosperity, in stark contrast to the quarrelsome nations of Europe. Some of the men who made this possible deserve to be known.b) "The hatred provoked by the Aztecs among their vassal states is what made the conquest of an empire by a mere handful of Spaniards possible."————-Arthur Scott Aiton (California 1894-1955), Professor of History at the University of Michigan:Libro: Antonio de Mendoza, First Viceroy of New Spain. Duke University Press, 1927“Americans have been given a false and incomplete view of the Spanish conquest and colonization of America. The first century of the Spanish effort in America witnessed the most extraordinary events of exploration and conquest in the American continent that, in all probability, can be remembered in any other period of history. ”“ Readers are satisfied with the old fable that the Spaniards, attracted by gold, only explored and conquered but did not found, and ignore the equally spectacular story of the transplantation of European culture to America. In that (16th) century Spain had a civilization equal to or superior to that of any other European power ”.————-John Tate Lanning (North Carolina 1902-1976), Professor of History at Duke University:Libro: Academia Culture in the Spanish colonies. N. Y. y Londres Oxford University Press, 1940. Roland Denis Hussei, H.A.H.R.“The exchange of ideas and the trade of books was constant between Europe and Hispanic America, and university life there was no different from what existed in the old continent. Until a generation ago the theory that every European intellectual product was excluded from America by a jealous monarch and the Inquisition, was accepted without question. But now, no prestigious researcher would pronounce on the abundance of books that existed in America based exclusively on the appreciable "Recopilacion de Indias" or on the "Index of Prohibited Books." The arrival of the European Enlightenment in Latin America was never so hampered as can be deduced from regulations and catalogs ... A great and tenacious injustice,————–Ronal Syme (New Zealand 1903-Oxford (UK) 1989, historian and university professor at the University of Oxford:Book: Colonial Elites. Rome, Spain and the Americas. Oxford University. London 1958.Despite the geographical disadvantages and distances, Spain was able to maintain its extensive dominions for three centuries, and gave them the indelible stamp of its language, thought and institutions. That feat deserves more honor than it is commonly awarded, and a thorough investigation. "————-Lewis U. Hanke (Oregon 1905-Massachusetts 1993), Professor of History at Harvard, Columbia and Texas Universities.Book: The Struggle for Justice in the Spanish Conquest of America, La lucha española por la Justicia en la Conquista de América, 1949:“This book sets out to demonstrate that the conquest of America by the Spanish was not only an extraordinary military feat in which a handful of conquerors subdued an entire continent in a surprisingly short period of time, but, at the same time, one of the greatest attempts the world has seen to enforce justice and Christian standards in a brutal and bloody age.————–Sverker Arnoldsson (Sundsvall, Sweden 1908-Gothenburg 1959), researcher and historian:Book: The Black Legend. Study on its origins, 1960:"The Black Legend in truth, was for two centuries one of the most significant collective hallucinations in the West and precisely for this reason the most eagerly disclosed and assimilated by all.""Its origins were located in the tensions for the dominance of the Mediterranean between the Crown of Aragon and the Italian city-states." He also conducts a study of the oldest German sources. In this way, "when it comes to the ideological combat against the empire of the Hispanic monarchy, its enemies will preferably use these sources in their particular combat in the field of mentalities."————–Philip Wayne Powell (California 1913-Santa Barbara 1987), historian, writer and professor at the Universities of Berkeley, Pennsylvania and Northwestern.Book: Tree of Hate, The Tree of Hate, 1972:“There is nothing in all of Spanish history that proves that the Spaniards of then or now can be classified as more cruel, more ambitious or more corrupt than other peoples. I do not believe in the existence of any respectable intellectual who, free from racial and religious prejudices, can contradict this statement.“From the study of contemporary Europe (16th century), the universal pattern of cruelty, intolerance and inhumanity that characterized the social, religious and economic life of the continent is clearly evident. Humanism was at that time, a simple concept of human relations still in a latent and undeveloped state, being on the contrary universal the disregard of the rights inherent to the individual. For a conqueror, to behave in a compassionate way towards the conquered, was still generally considered, as a sign of weakness ”.“The possibility is rarely considered that the Spaniards set out on the route to America out of a simple desire to improve their fortune, or that they might be animated by sincere religious zeal or a mere desire to establish homes and colonize, or that they were interested in starting industry. cattle, commercial, agricultural or that will execute any form of service to the Crown. It is logical and evident that the majority of those who emigrated did so guided by reasons of a similar nature and diversity ”.“In contrast to its English counterpart, the Spanish Crown spared no reinforcement to prevent criminals and other socially undesirable elements from emigrating to America. The Spanish, unlike many Englishmen, did not feel the need to go to America to escape religious or other persecutions.“The Spanish conquest of America was more an achievement of diplomacy than of war. It had to be this way since the forces of exploration and invasion were so small that they could not have otherwise survived and conquered. Compared to shrewd Spanish diplomacy, firearms, horses, and steel swords were often less effective ”.“The Spanish interest in the riches of the new world seems entirely logical, entirely normal and nothing unique. In contrast to the pride, efficient performance, and interest with which the English, French, Dutch, Jews, Germans, Anglo, or Italian-Americans seek material wealth, the Spanish generally appears less preoccupied with, and even contemptuous of, such goals. He has and had a greater inclination to achieve other objectives, risking his life and his property at the chance of a letter or a war conflict, adjusting to wealth and poverty (perénnemente the latter), with an equanimity that surprises most of the foreign".“The fact that Spain seriously ruled a huge part of the New World with a deep sense of responsibility for some three centuries is usually overlooked in our textbooks. And in popular literature ”.“The norms of legality and application of the laws were in force as in other civilized societies. In general, the Crown did not try to impose on America something strange or inferior to what was in force in the peninsula. Taxes, municipal ordinances, university statutes, criminal and civil legislation, justice, promotion of the arts, charities, commercial practices, etc. were, mutatis mutandis, very similar to Spanish usage and the norms of European states. In governmental and private practices concerning the public welfare, there is abundant evidence that the actions of the Spaniards demonstrated a very advanced consideration for their time ”.————–John F. Kennedy (Massachusetts 1917-Dallas 1963), 35th president of the USA:International Archives Seminar: Reception Speech at the White House December 24, 1961.“I have always thought that one of the great needs of the Americans of this country in their knowledge of the past has been their ignorance of the Spanish influence, its exploration and development throughout the 16th century in the southwestern United States, which it is a tremendous story. Unfortunately too, Americans think that America was discovered in 1620 when the pilgrims came to my own state and they forget the tremendous adventure of the 16th and early 17th centuries in the South and Southwest of the USA ”.————–Arthur M. Schelinger (Ohio 1917-New York 2007), historian of the Universities of Ohio and Harvard. Pulitzer Prize.“Anti-Catholicism is the deepest prejudice in the history of the American people. I forgive all Protestants for crucifying the history of Europe with its insidious and indecorous black legend, which poisoned the minds of hundreds of millions of people, who prefer to believe the lies about the Inquisition rather than take the risk of reading a book about it " .————-Jean Dumont (Lyon 1923-2001), historian and editor:“If unfortunately Spain had gone to reform, it would have become a puritan and would have applied the same principles as North America (“ the Bible says it, the Indian is an inferior being, a son of Satan ”), an immense genocide it would have eliminated all indigenous peoples from South America. Today, when visiting the few "reserves" of Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, tourists would take photos of the survivors, witnesses to the racial slaughter, carried out also on the basis of "biblical" motivations.————-Pierre Chaunu (France 1923-2009), historian and writer at the University of Paris:Libro: “The Black Anti-Hispanic Legend”, Journal of People's Psychology. 1964.“The anti-Hispanic legend in its American (North American) version has played a healthy role of escape valve. The alleged massacre of the Indians by the Spanish in the 16th century covered up the North American massacre on the western frontier, which took place in the 19th century. Protestant America thus managed to free itself of its crime by launching it anew on Catholic America ”.————-John H. Elliot (UK 1930), Professor of History at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge:Book: Empires of the Atlantic world. Spain and Great Britain in America (1492-1830). 2006."The worldwide projection of those exploits more than justifies the identification of his name with that of an entire era: that of the Spanish Empire, since it revealed with such a formidable undertaking its true dimension in the history of humanity."————-Joseph Pérez (Laroque-dÓlmes, France 1931), University professor of History and writer:“At an academic level, all historians, whether Spanish or not, agree to underline that the accusations contained in the Black Legend are false, in bad faith and greatly exaggerated. There is unanimity in this regard. "————-Stanley George Payne (Texas 1934), Professor of History at Columbia and Wisconsin-Madison Universities and writer.Book: In defense of Spain, 2017."The black legend of Spain has been believed more by Spaniards than foreigners."“The miracle of the Spanish Empire is amazing. In 40 years the Spanish conquered in America what it cost the English a century and a half. However, the Spanish know very little about its history. Most of the population was loyal to Spain. It was essentially the minority of Spaniards who revealed themselves while the Indians and blacks wanted the King ”."The struggle to treat the Indians fairly in Spain took on larger dimensions than in any other transoceanic empire."————–Hugh Thomas (Windsor 1931-London 2017), Professor of History, politician and writer:“The Indians of North America have practically disappeared and those of South America, although it is true that decimated, still exist. There was also a great miscegenation between the Spanish and the Indians that was not seen in North America, with some exceptions such as the famous John Smith in Virginia. The very idea of ​​miscegenation was a great scandal in England ”."No woman in the era of feminism has achieved such great achievements as those of Isabel la Católica.""It is true that the Spanish had interests in the slave trade, but until the 19th century slaves were sold by the Portuguese, French and English, who in turn bought them from the Africans themselves."————–William S. Maltby (United States 1940), Professor of History at the University of Missouri, St. Louis.Book: The Black Legend in England, 1971. The Black Legend in England: development of anti-Hispanic sentiment, 1558-1660:“The misrepresentations and exaggerations of Bartolomé de las Casas are so serious that they cast doubt on his entire thesis. That this generally has not happened is a tribute to the fanaticism of its foreign readers. "“The creation of national stereotypes implies a standard of comparison with one's own country, and in practice such comparisons usually produced envy. For a nation conscious of its own dignity, contemplating the exaltation of a supposedly inferior rival is humiliating, and Spanish power was continually exalted in the 16th century.“The English encouraged such grotesque exaggerations, while the Spanish, as a rule, did not. A completely conclusive solution cannot be given to such a problem, but it may have to do with the different internal conditions of the two countries. Spain, for once in its long and eventful history, was relatively free from religious or ideological strife, while its rival had a sizeable Catholic minority, an enthusiastic community of more or less violent Puritans, and a large mass of citizens whose beliefs ranged from a firm Anglicanism to a complete indifference ”.————–Harm der Boer (Holland 1960), professor at the Universities of Amsterdam and Basel:“The most powerful weapon of the Netherlands and England against the Hispanic Monarchy was defamation. The enemies of the Empire attacked the Spanish on three fronts: a) the king's tyranny, b) the horrors of the Inquisition, the antithesis of tolerance and Protestant progress, and c) the atrocities committed in America ”.“The printing press played a fundamental role. The Dutch discovered the value of the pamphlet in wartime.“The image that was released publicly of Felipe II, the Spanish army and the Inquisition is based on a pure and simple forgery. Especially significant was the use of bloody (false) illustrations with which the books published in Holland, France and England were adorned. In these drawings, children appear grilled or tortured in the presence of the secretary of a court of the Inquisition ”.————– Niall Ferguson (Glasgow 1964), Professor of History and writer at Harvard and New York Universities.Book: Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, The British Empire. How Britain forged the world order, 2003:Honestly acknowledge more than one of those mistakes / horrors. In the first place, the British Empire would have been born on the indiscriminate plunder and looting of the Spanish Empire at the hands of pirates and criminals (also precursors of mercenaries), encouraged and protected by the English king on duty, with “a gale of robbery and violence maritime ”and by an unhealthy envy of the Spanish."The English were aware that they could not defeat the Spanish in a formal war, according to the rules established by knights, and they feared that with the resources it was obtaining in America, Spain would be invincible for many centuries."————–Robert Goodwin (London 1968), historian:Book: Spain. The center of the world, 1519-1682, Spain, center of the world, 1519-1682. 2016:“It is an image of Spain as the center of a world created by the Spanish in the 16th century. My intention has not been to offer a positive or negative image, but rather an image of the Spain of the time. And that encompasses both the Inquisition and the Golden Age. Of course, comparing it with the classic image of the black legend, it is a positive image. But that's because the black legend is, precisely, a black legend "“A magnificent story, an imperial story, always has the good and the bad. But with such an impressive history there are many reasons to be proud of being Spanish. Come on, there are many more reasons to be proud of being Spanish than of being British, or even French. Today's Spaniard has many reasons to be proud of his people, of his people, and of all Spaniards. The political world is another matter ”.————–