Cost Proposal: Fill & Download for Free

The border between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland is a relatively recent, artificial, national boundary. It was created in 1920 (and put into effect in 1921) by the partition of Ireland, when the Republic came into existence.In common with many such artificial boundaries, placing checkpoints across it has two areas of complexity - political and geographical.Political ComplexitiesThe island of Ireland was partitioned primarily because a majority of those in six counties of Ulster were in favour of remaining in the United Kingdom, whereas the majority in other counties of Ulster and the other three provinces of Ireland were in favour of Home Rule.The majorities in County Armagh and County Derry were slim, whereas those in County Antrim and County Down were strong - this was largely in line with the plantation of Protestant Scots settlers.The result is that both Armagh and Derry - both border counties - have a very large minority (actually probably a majority at this point) of people who would prefer that the area they live in is part of the Republic of Ireland.Thanks to the open borders of the European Union and the Common Travel Area, this presents very little practical difference - but when borders were still closed, and had checkpoints manned by the British Army, over 3,500 people were killed in the violence.Reimposing such checkpoints doesn’t automatically mean that violence would resume, of course. But the Belfast Agreement (known as the Good Friday Agreement) is predicated on the open borders of the European Union, so re-imposition of border checks could provide an excuse for it.The Good Friday Agreement didn’t simply create a ceasefire, incidentally - it changed the written constitution of Ireland, and altered the statutory stance of the United Kingdom.Geographical ComplexitiesBoth the nature of Ireland as a partitioned country and the nature of both the UK and the Republic of Ireland as member states of the EU mean that the border has only existed as a national boundary for a relatively short period of time. This in turn means there are significant challenges in simply putting a border into place - made more complex still by the increased requirements placed on EU member states with borders with non-EU member states.Customs controls existed only for 70 years, between 1923 and 1993. Military checkpoints, introduced during the Troubles, were fully removed by 2005.As such, the border can be… complicated.Here’s a farm in Ireland. The farmer can leave the farm and join the road, and even with a long trailer he can get in and out of his farm easily while staying within the Republic. But if he drives any distance along the road, he’ll end up in the UK, and presumably need to fill in detailed customs forms.His fields may be in either country. Or both.There are far worse cases, too. The above image comes from a Twitter thread that’s well worth reading:Some fun @BorderIrish crossings between Ireland and the UK. Would love to see 'technology' solve this... #brexit pic.twitter.com/qy7OpHwx3i— Mark Sugrue (@marksugruek) July 29, 2019These are not resolvable. There are lots of places where a road marks the border, and the line of the border actually runs along the centreline. So if you’re stuck behind something slow, you can’t overtake without the right paperwork and your passport.You can’t move the border - which side would you move it to? How would you ever resolve such a question without risking reopening the Troubles?This is why suggestions for resolution of the Irish Border Question relating to Brexit have ended up proposing radical new (and untested) electronic means to avoid any kind of checkpoints.The problem is that no such system exists anywhere, and so Ireland (and backed strongly by the EU) wants to see a concrete and costed proposal before agreeing to it, and in the meantime be assured that the status quo - no border checks at all - remains.

It wasn't a miscalculation as she knew she could use the Brexit pretext and go to the country with a 20% poll lead before the economy properly tanked.The error was in the hubris of believing that uttering a few mantras, like strong and stable, enough is enough and Brexit means Brexit, would mean no scrutiny of what she was proposing and that insulting the leader of the opposition was going to enthuse people. Her nemesis - losing her majority - was deserved for the contempt she displayed towards debate, engagement and properly thought through and costed proposals.

First of all,it's important to know that the total coal reserves as per the Ministry of coal is about 301 billion tonnes,we are roughly producing near about to half a billion tonnes of coal each year,the target for coal production in the next five years is 1.5 billion tonnes annually from the existing half a billion tonnes.Due to the lower coal production in the country by CIL(which comprises of 77% of coal production in the country and rest by companies under state governments and private players),the demand has to be fulfilled by importing coal.Coal linkage rationalization means buying coal from mines which are closer to the power plant,thus saving money on transportation/logistics.Earlier it was compulsory to buy coal from the allocated coal block,but to reduce the generating cost of electricity by reducing the transportation costs,proposals have been made to buy coal from mines which are closer to the power station.This is actually called as coal linkage rationalization.Swapping means exchanging,so its basically supplying coal from one thermal station having sufficient stocks to the other which have deficit.Power stations which are closer to the ports would use more of imported coal than far away from the ports without compromising the PLF and so it would require modifications in the Boiler.Swapping is still in its early stage of implementation and i think government has not implemented it yet.RegardsAshish