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Q. What jobs can I do with an MD without a residency? I want to take a year off before residency.A. NON CLINICAL DOCTORSJOBS FOR PHYSICIANS WITHOUT RESIDENCYCertification and training options for MD’s without residency training/ medical licenseThere are other health related jobs that that MDs can get with some additional training or certification. Most of these options cost money for course tuition and examination fees. Starting salaries for these jobs are generally lower than the starting salaries of residency trained physicians, but they can offer full time employment in the health care field and a stepping-stone to leadership positions and promotions and even entrepreneurial opportunities in the future.*Research is a competitive field that requires experience and completion of a post doctorate-training program. Most post doctorate-training programs will pay you a stipend while you train in a research lab. In general, they do not require residency and they are usually filled outside of the match.*Medical informatics is a growing field that is open to physicians. This field involves working with electronic medical records and implementation of technology. Find information about certification here.*Naturopathic medicine is an option that would allow you to see patients. Naturopathic medical practice requires a license. You can take courses and then sit for qualifying examinations. Find more information about licensure requirements here, about board requirements here and about educational programs here.*Lifestyle medicine is an option that incorporates working with patients on issues such as weight loss and addiction. Find information about courses and certification here.*Preventative medicine is an area that offers the opportunity to gain certification. Information can be found here.*Genetics counselors also see patients and are generally paid through patients’ insurance plans. Most large medical systems and academic hospitals have genetics counselors. Find more information about training, certification and licensing here.*Acupuncture is a field that would allow you to see patients and perform procedures. Find more information about certification and examinations here. More Information about eligibility requirements here.*Cosmetic enhancement with procedures such as botulinum toxin injection require training and certification. More information here.*Aesthetic medicine involves a variety of procedures that range from hair removal to fillers. Find information about licensing here.*Electrodiagnostic medicine technicians work in electrophysiology labs. Find information about eligibility here and learn more about the work of an electrodiagnostic technician, the training and certification process here.*Ultrasound technicians and lab directors need to obtain training, courses and certification. Information can be found here.*Sleep medicine is a post residency specialty, but there are also certifications for non MDs and non residency trained professionals. See eligibility requirements here.*Personal trainers work with people who need fitness counseling and coaching. Fitness trainers must take courses and obtain certification. Find more information here.Job options for MD's without residency trainingTechnical writing/scientific writingWriting is an option for physicians who want to work for pharmaceutical companies or medical media companies to write grants, clinical trials reports, basic science studies, applications for approval of new medical products and safety inserts, among other assignments. Writing should be impeccable and sometimes fluency in another language or translating capabilities are a plus.Medical editingMedical textbook publishers and medical journal publishers often employ writers and editors with a health background for copywriting and editing assignments. These jobs do not require residency training or a medical license.Pharmaceutical industryPharmaceutical companies have jobs for physicians who are not licensed or board certified. These jobs are in the areas of clinical trials, basic science research, product development, marketing, administration and finance.Pharmaceutical sales and pharmaceutical liaison positions generally do not require an MD and there are international medical graduates who find jobs in pharmaceutical sales or pharmaceutical liaison.BusinessFinancial firms that have investments in healthcare companies hire MD's to review and report on investments. These are generally full time jobs that require travel and can provide opportunities for executive level promotions.Health/medical instructionTeaching at the medical school or university level is another career path for physicians. Most science departments in research universities employ full time faculty primarily for research and allow limited time for teaching courses, with research as the primary focus.Researchers in major universities are usually required to obtain funding for research projects through grants. This requires research experience and proficiency with grants. Some colleges employ faculty for teaching jobs without a research obligation. Community colleges, nursing schools and chiropractic medicine schools are among the colleges that have full time and part time teaching positions for doctors without a research requirement.Non-clinical job options that are usually not open to MD’s without residency trainingBesides clinical practice, there are some non-clinical healthcare jobs that generally require a medical license or residency or board certification.They include :*Medical-legal work- usually requires clinical experience, licensing and board certification.*Health writing for the general public typically requires specialization and clinical experience in a prominent medical center.*Chart review jobs, including healthcare utilization review and disability review, require board certification.Of course, there are exceptions to every rule and there are numerous examples of physicians who have achieved exceptional success without residency training.For more instructions on how to find a non-clinical job, explore Nonclinicaldoctors.com or see Careers Beyond Clinical Medicine, available at most http://booksellers.To find links to companies and job websites, visit the useful links page.What if Clinical Medicine Is No Longer Rewarding?1. Move Into Hospital Administration2. Become a Physician Advisor at Your Hospital3. Start a Practice Management Consultancy4. Become a Career Coach5. Work With Computer Technology6. Review Insurance Claims7. Work at a Management Consulting Firm8. Become a Financial Planner9. Work for a Venture Capital Company10. Get Involved in Retail or Manufacturing11. Get a Job in the Pharma Sector12. Become a Physician Recruiter13. Become a Freelance Writer14. Produce CME Presentations15. Become a Teacher16. Start an 'Encore Career'ReferencesWhat if Clinical Medicine Is No Longer Rewarding?If you're thinking of quitting clinical medicine, you're not alone. A 2010 survey[1]by The Physicians Foundation found that 40% of doctors planned to drop out of patient care in the next 1-3 years, either by retiring or seeking a nonclinical job.Doctors who decide to stop seeing patients are usually glad they did -- and in many cases, they're earning as much money as they did in clinical medicine, according to Steve Babitsky. Babitsky is an attorney who runs SEAK Inc., a Falmouth, Massachusetts-based company that trains physicians, including those who want to switch careers."Most, if not all, of the doctors who switch to a nonclinical career are happier," Babitsky said, adding that replacing clinical income is easier than you might think. "Look at what you're earning per hour of work," he said. "You may be getting less than plumbers, electricians, and landscapers."As sobering as that may be, don't take a switch lightly. Finding a new career is a big decision that requires a lot of soul-searching, said Heather Fork, MD, a physician coach at Doctor's Crossing in Austin, Texas. When deciding, "it's important to create some space in one's busy life for something new to come in," she said.Dr. Fork added that in many nonclinical jobs, it's possible to continue clinical work on a part-time basis. Indeed, some jobs require keeping one foot in clinical medicine. Also, clinical assignments, such as working for a locum tenens agency, can provide extra income as you build up your new career, she said.Here are 16 options for second careers, but before we get to them, let's first examine what kinds of doctors switch careers -- and for what reasons.Who Switches, and Why?Doctors have different reasons for leaving clinical care, depending on the stage of their career, their gender, and their specialty.Joseph Kim, MD, who runs a Website for doctors called Nonclinical Jobs, said physicians tend to leave clinical medicine at distinct stages in their careers. In the first wave, a small group of young doctors leaves clinical medicine right after medical school or residency, or just when they start practicing.Dr. Kim is one of them. Graduating from an internal medicine residency, he realized that he didn't want to practice. He instead worked for a consumer health company and then for a continuing medical education (CME) company, MCM Education in Newtown, Pennsylvania, rising to his current position of president.Typically, these doctors didn't plan to leave medicine. "They don't tend to have an entrepreneurial interest," Dr. Kim said, "so they might go into medical writing, medical communications, or pharma at various levels."On the other hand, another group of newly minted doctors never intended to practice medicine at all. "They might get a dual MD/MBA degree, which has really flourished," Dr. Kim said. "They can be very ambitious and very driven, and are willing to put in long hours." These young doctors might focus on financial careers, such as consulting or raising venture capital.Most doctors who leave clinical medicine, however, do so in mid-career, when they're in their late 30s or 40s -- the second wave, if you will. "These physicians have been in practice for a number of years and are getting burned out. They tend to be very disenchanted about the changes in healthcare," Dr. Kim said. "They want to find greener grass. They might go into pharma, health insurance, managed care, or health resource utilization."But the transition into a new career can be very difficult. "They've spent much of their career practicing medicine and haven't been developing other skill sets," he said. "It's hard for these doctors to convince a prospective employer that they have something to offer besides being a clinician."A third group of doctors switches jobs at or near retirement age. In this case, "someone age 50 or 55 years decides to take on a completely different career," Dr. Kim said. This strategy, called an "encore career," involves something the physician may always have been interested in, such as painting or working outdoors. "This isn't the predominate trend, but it became bigger in the recession," he said.Career changing also differs by gender. Women are more likely to exit clinical medicine to deal with family responsibilities. They may work part-time or not at all while their children are young. When their children are older, however, they have a chance to rethink their careers and may choose a job outside of clinical practice. A study[2] by the American Medical Group Association found that 44% of female physicians were working part-time in 2011, twice the level of male physicians.No one has pinpointed which specialties change careers the most, but we do know which specialties report the most burnout, which is a factor in career changes. A 2013 Medscape survey[3]found that the highest incidence of burnout was among physicians in emergency medicine, critical care medicine, anesthesiology, and general surgery, as well as in all major primary care fields except pediatrics.Specialty can also be an impediment to career change. Primary care physicians with high medical-school debts and low practice income may be less willing to exit clinical care because they can't afford to lose the income. On the other hand, specialists with high incomes are likely to have a harder time finding nonclinical work that matches their current income.Despite the risks, however, plenty of doctors still decide to make the leap. Are you ready to consider something new? If so, here are the 16 options for second careers.1. Move Into Hospital AdministrationHospital administration is a long-standing option for physicians, and the opportunities are expanding as hospitals try to align more closely with their doctors. For a practicing physician who is no longer feeling challenged by patient care, here's a chance to make a big difference across a whole institution and still earn a good living.Although chief medical officer is the traditional role of physicians, more key positions are opening up. These include chief operations officer; chief integration officer; chief administration officer; and chief strategy, innovation, or transformation officer.Typically, any of these career paths first involves serving on hospital committees for a few years. Once appointed, you may be able to rise through the ranks. But you'll need to deal with business issues that you might not be familiar with, and you'll run the risk of having some colleagues who won't view you as one of them anymore.Philippa Kennealy, MD, became Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, in California in the late 1990s. She took the traditional route -- serving on hospital committees in order to build her reputation. A practicing family physician, she initially volunteered for a committee because she wanted to help out after an earthquake hit the area. Then she began to relish the role. "I realized I was unhappy in my own practice," she said. "I decided there was a lot more that I could contribute in administration." She initially left her practice in 1996 to become Hospital Medical Director before later becoming CEO.Dr. Kennealy thinks her experience as a practicing doctor made her a better executive. "Another physician really does understand the physician's point of view," she said. On the other hand, "it's a tricky role, because there are physicians who think you've moved over to the dark side."There are many opportunities for administrators these days. Eight in 10 healthcare organizations have at least one doctor in senior management, according to a 2010 survey.[4]However, whereas multihospital health systems and academic medical centers were most likely to have several physicians at the top, more than one half of community hospitals did not have any physicians in key roles.As Dr. Kennealy has experienced, MD or DO leaders can bridge the gap between the administration and physicians, the hospital's most important resource. A 2011 survey[5] revealed that 56% of physicians on hospital staffs didn't trust the administration as partners because of a lack of physician leadership, and 50% cited too little communication with the administration.Physician leadership is linked to the more highly regarded hospitals. A 2011 research study[6] found that specialty hospitals headed by physicians rank about 25% higher on U.S. News and World Report's Best Hospital list than those run by nonphysicians.At many hospitals, however, you won't be able to stop practicing altogether. A 2011 survey[7] found that more than two thirds of physician executives at hospitals continue to see patients, even if it's only half a day per week, and more than one half said it was a job requirement.Pluses: This is a relatively easy transition, and the income is good.Minuses: Former colleagues may distrust you in your new role.2. Become a Physician Advisor at Your HospitalOne job in hospital administration that has seen a lot of growth recently is that of the physician advisor. The position involves working closely with doctors to improve documentation of hospital charges, as well as making sure they adhere to quality and safety regulations. You may also interface with Medicare's recovery audit contractors and other regulators.Once a part-time position for physicians nearing retirement, the physician advisor is now usually a full-time gig filled by doctors in mid-career. Dr. Heather Fork, the career coach, expects a lot of growth in this field. Although only one quarter of hospitals currently have the position, most will have it in the near future, she said. Growth is driven by the need for alignment with physicians, the shift to Accountable Care Organizations, and increasing use of performance data.Physician advisors are chosen from within the hospital staff; these folks have earned their colleagues' respect and understand evidence-based medicine. "The physician advisor is a clinical educator, diplomat, and tightrope walker," Dr. Fork said. "This role is only for a certain type of physician who is able to handle conflict and deal with different personality types."Bernard H. Ravitz, MD, has been physician advisor at the 300-bed MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital in Baltimore for 10 years. Beforehand, he had served as an emergency physician at the hospital for 15 years.A key part of his job is to monitor admissions. "If even one hospital day is denied, that means we're still caring for the beneficiary but not getting paid for the care we're providing," he said. Working closely with physicians, he sees himself as an educator, helping with documentation and offering feedback to reduce denials and improve care."You have to be able to get along with the medical staff," Dr. Ravitz said. "You have to have people skills."Dr. Ravitz was a speaker at the 11th Annual Physician Advisor Summit in March and is a founding member of the American College of Physician Advisors, which was launched in May. He said there are roughly 50-100 founding members out of hundreds of physicians in the field. The college plans to provide assistance to doctors interested in this career.Pluses: This is challenging work for those interested in evidence-based medicine.Minuses: You'll have to deal with pushback from physicians.3. Start a Practice Management ConsultancyThousands of physicians have started practice management consultancy firms, based on a skill they learned when they ran a practice, such as coding, claims processing, or practice efficiency. "This is good for people who are self-starters," Babitsky said.For example, David Zielske, MD, an interventional radiologist in Tennessee, founded a company that addressed the difficult coding requirements of his specialty. "The coding for interventional radiology is unusually complex and error-prone," he said, but he enjoyed the challenge. "I've always had a passion for coding."In 2000, Dr. Zielske took his coding skills and cofounded ZHealth in Brentwood, Tennessee, to help physicians and hospitals deal with interventional radiology coding. For a while, he operated out of his home and had to continue practicing for a few years to keep up his income. The transition was "a very expensive, long-term process," he said. "You can't just quit and think you can be successful right away."The company has prospered since then, branching out into coding for vascular and cardiac care, and Dr. Zielske has also written books, hosted webinars, and given speeches and seminars on coding.Some physicians who start consulting firms keep practicing medicine. For example, L. Neal Freeman, MD, a practicing ophthalmologist in Melbourne, Florida, is President of CPR Analysts, coding and physician reimbursement analysts.The work can build on basic skills learned in clinical care. "Consulting is like the problem-solving you do in medicine," Dr. Fork said. "You have to take a project from beginning to conclusion."Pluses: You can build on a skill you learned in running your practice.4. Become a Career CoachLots of physicians stay busy these days serving as career coaches for their colleagues. And considering the high percentage of doctors in The Physicians Foundation survey who reported that they wanted to change careers, demand for this new field may not yet be fully tapped.In addition to counseling on career change, coaches help physicians upgrade their current careers, brush up on their management skills, and develop new sources of income for their practices. They may work with clients one-on-one, speak to small groups, or give seminars and speeches.There are even courses and certification programs for career coaches, who can earn six figures once they've established themselves.Dr. Kennealy left her post as hospital CEO in 2002 to start her own coaching company in Los Angeles. First she taught leadership skills to physician executives, department chiefs, and medical staff presidents. Now, in a business called The Entrepreneurial MD, she coaches physicians who want to start their own business. "It was a natural fit for me, because it allowed me back into the helping relationship that I enjoyed when I practiced medicine," she said.Dr. Fork decided to become a career coach after leaving her dermatology practice in 2004, and Francine Gaillour, MD, has been working in the coaching field for 18 years. In the past five years, Dr. Gaillour has coached more than 300 physicians in one-on-one and group settings, as well as through teleseminars, according to her Website.In 2003, Dr. Gaillour founded the Physician Coaching Institute, which has graduated more than 50 certified physician development coaches, including Dr. Kennealy. Enrollees take a six-month program that includes 12 live training teleseminars, other coaching sessions, and modules on specific skills.Pluses: Demand for coaching is high, and the income can be good once you get established.Minuses: You'll have to work hard to build up a client base.5. Work With Computer TechnologyIf you have expertise in computer technology, you'll have a variety of careers to choose from, including advising an electronic medical record (EMR) company, working for a hospital, creating software applications, and perhaps even launching a technology start-up company.In the flawed launches of EMRs and other systems in hospitals, physicians have blamed non-MD chief information officers (CIOs) for not understanding their needs. As a result, hospitals have started hiring physicians as chief medical information officers (CMIOs). These doctors serve as a liaison to the medical staff and apply a clinician's insights into developing computer technology.The Health Information Management Systems Society (HIMSS) recently stated[8] that the number of physicians who reported working with a CMIO has almost doubled, from 22% in 2012 to 40% in 2013. "When you think about the physicians and CMIOs coming on, they bring in this culture [of] connectivity and analytics," Lorren Petit, Vice President of Market Research for HIMSS, told EHR Intelligence magazine.[9]A model for this approach is John D. Halamka, MD, who has been CIO at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston for many years. He also writes the Geek Doctor blog and puts in time practicing emergency medicine.Similarly, physicians can offer useful input into improving EMR design. A company called Modernizing Medicine, based in Boca Raton, Florida, seeks to bridge the gap between doctors and software engineers by teaching physicians computer coding and having them design specialty-specific EMRs. The physicians even go on the road to market their product, even as they continue to practice medicine.Beyond EMRs, physicians can play a role in developing a variety of new software applications, ranging from at-home patient monitoring to providing doctors with quick access to best practices. For example, Thomas Osborne, MD, a radiologist in Vista, California, has been reading scans for vRad, a large telemedicine company. Recently, he was named the company's medical director of informatics. To demonstrate his abilities and get the job, he did IT work and volunteered for a company project. "My successful involvement has in turn put me in a position to be involved in other areas of the rapidly expanding business," he said.Some physicians dropped out of medicine to work on software even before they completed their residency. Scott Zimmerman, MD, CEO of Xola Booking and Marketing System, a travel Website based in San Francisco, said he became interested in software coding while in medical school and left a neurology residency program at Stanford to devote himself full-time to the company."People told me I was crazy," he said. "I only had $10,000 in the bank and nearly $200,000 in student loans, with a six-figure salary just in reach." But the new company raised $2 million from several investors.Pluses: A variety of career paths are available to those who are computer-savvy.Minuses: Most physicians don't have a strong enough background for these jobs, and additional learning and experience would be required.6. Review Insurance ClaimsThere's a growing demand for physicians to help payers with utilization review (UR). "The health insurance industry is just booming right now," said Steve Babitsky, citing the mandate under the Affordable Care Act requiring all Americans to have coverage.Although some physicians may view this as working for the wrong side, it's "actually a chance to do good," Dr. Fork said. "Your role has to do with stopping overuse of services within the healthcare system and helping to provide quality care for value."The advantages are that you can use your diagnostic skills as a physician; you're often able to work out of your home; and, if you work full-time, it may be possible to make as much money as you did seeing patients, although many UR physicians work part-time.Heidi Moawad, MD, a neurologist in Cleveland, served for several years as a UR physician, working part-time out of her home while raising her young children. Working with a radiology review company that contracted with several health insurers, she dealt with preauthorization requests for radiology from fellow neurologists.Contrary to her trepidations going into the job, she felt under no pressure to deny payments and felt little resistance from the physicians whose requests she was reviewing. In fact, many of them would even ask for her guidance. "They would tell me, 'This is the story; what do you think?'" she recalled. "When I said the test was unnecessary, they were actually relieved." The job helped her get on the Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Academy of Neurology.When her kids got older, Dr. Moawad switched to a teaching job, but she looks back fondly on her UR career. However, she thinks UR physicians are now under increasing pressure to closely follow practice guidelines rather than follow their own reasoning.Amy E. Odgers, MD, an internist in Chicago, also switched from clinical practice to UR work. Initially she worked in a call center, handling physicians whose charges were being challenged. "At times, the work can be contentious," she said. "Doctors don't like to be questioned about why they're ordering tests."After 9 years of reviewing claims, she now has a new position at the same company, studying ways to improve workflow. Working just 20 hours a week, she said she doesn't make as much money as clinical care physicians, but she isn't in debt either. Plus, she has time to pursue gardening and ceramics. "I love the balance I have between work and other things," she said from a cell phone while in her garden.Pluses: Reviewing claims pays relatively well, and in many cases, you can work part-time from your home.Minuses: The work is becoming more and more regimented.7. Work at a Management Consulting FirmA management consulting company might be a good fit for ambitious physicians who like problem solving and working in teams, but expect to put in long hours and don't mind having to be away from home a lot.Many doctors work for such companies as Accenture, Boston Consulting Group, Deloitte, McKinsey & Company, and Milliman. The work involves making in-depth studies on behalf of clients that include hospitals, government, and insurers. Salaries at the top firms start at around $150,000, with the chance to earn raises each year.Consulting firms often recruit doctors directly out of medical school, but also hire them in mid-career. McKinsey has a Webpage to answer questions from physicians and other people with advanced degrees looking for jobs there.Dr. Fork said assignments can last months, during which consultants usually work on-site for most of the week. "In many cases, you're traveling four days a week and putting in long hours," she said. This makes it impossible to work in clinical practice even at a minimal level.In 2001, Michael P. Ennen, then a senior medical student who had accepted a position with McKinsey, wrote an article[10] about the career in JAMA. Physicians attracted to this work often cite a "fear of reaching a professional plateau," he wrote. They like "the challenge of continually working on new problems and shaping new industries as a source of professional satisfaction."He emphasized the need to adjust to a team approach. "To be successful, physicians must modify their expectations about their role in a hierarchy, their individual input, and the service being provided to clients," he wrote.Pluses: The work is challenging, and the pay is good.Minuses: You'll work long hours and travel a lot.8. Become a Financial PlannerPhysicians who are successful in financial planning can use some of the skills they honed as clinicians and attain previous earning levels, but building the business involves hard work over several years.Joel Greenwald, MD, was a practicing internist in the Minneapolis area for 11 years before switching to financial planning. "I was in my mid-30s, and I said to myself, 'I can't feel like this for 30 more years,'" he recalled. He was always interested in financial planning, which he says is a lot like practicing medicine: Clients come to him with problems; he asks questions, comes up with solutions, and develops a program for them.But the switch took years. First came the required classes and an exam to become a certified financial planner (CFP), which he completed while still in practice. Then he quit practicing to launch his new business, Greenwald Wealth Management. But during the first three years, he wasn't allowed to represent himself as a CFP and didn't have many customers.When he could finally hang his CFP shingle, Dr. Greenwald realized that his best clientele would be other physicians. Very focused on their work, they often don't have time to tend to their finances. "Free time away from your practice is a precious commodity," he said. And because of the MD after his name, Dr. Greenwald could gain their trust, which is necessary when handling someone else's money.Dr. Greenwald has worked hard to get new clients, writing articles on his new profession in major publications and speaking before physician groups. But even with all of the effort he's put into his second career, he thinks the work is a lot simpler than running a practice. "I serve 80 households of clients, and I have two employees," he said. "All I need to do is make them happy." Now that he has a busy practice, "I make more money than I would as a general internist," he said.Pluses: This path is a good fit for physicians who have financial skills, and in time you can potentially match your clinical income.Minuses: You need to have a knack for managing finances, and it takes years to establish the business.9. Work for a Venture Capital CompanyWant a chance to earn millions? Then take a closer look at a second career at a venture capital firm. There, you'll often find greater challenges and even greater risks, with a shot at a huge income if you succeed.In this line of work, physicians closely analyze start-up companies in healthcare -- in such areas as software, drugs, and medical devices -- and help determine whether the venture capital company should invest in them. The work is best suited for doctors with strong analytical skills, an aptitude for finances and statistics, and a willingness to take risks on largely untested start-ups.Companies are often looking for young physicians with MBA degrees, but they also hire physicians who have proven their chops as consultants. Doctors can work full-time directly for the venture capital company or be hired as a freelance consultant.Physicians even start their own venture capital companies. Marlene R. Krauss, MD, left an ophthalmology practice many years ago to start KBL Healthcare Ventures in Manhattan, after working for 8 years at an investment bank, according to the company Website.Dr. Fork said physicians consulting with venture capital firms earn $300-$500 per hour. Working directly for a firm pays about $150,000 a year for entry-level positions, whereas some in the upper echelons can potentially earn millions.Pluses: Competitive physicians with strong analytical skills can earn as much or more (way more) than they could in medicine.Minuses: It's hard to break into this field -- and it's a real pressure cooker once inside.10. Get Involved in Retail or ManufacturingSome physicians enter businesses that have little or nothing to do with healthcare and do quite well, thanks in part to skills and temperament learned in practice. In business, "you need to be a smart, hard-working person who can stay focused," Babitsky said. "Those are things that physicians do quite well."Babitsky recalled a doctor who opened a bagel shop near him on Cape Cod. It was a shrewd move, because there were still no bagel shops in the area. The doctor worked hard and the business flourished. It wasn't a sure thing, because many restaurants and other retail businesses fail, especially when the economy sags.Similarly, Daniel E. Kohn, MD, an emergency physician in Baltimore, switched from practicing in an emergency department to running a manufacturing company full-time. Like many physicians, he had for many years been investing in real estate, buying old buildings and rehabbing them, when in 1997 he came across a dilapidated factory.The factory housed a shirt company that was about to go out of business. Dr. Kohn decided to buy the company, called Aetna Shirt, and bring it out of bankruptcy. "It was kind of a fire sale," he said. "The price was reasonable, and there was a book of business already there."As an emergency physician, Dr. Kohn had experience bringing back patients from near death, but rescuing a whole manufacturing concern proved to be a greater challenge. "I didn't understand how relentless the financial needs of this kind of enterprise can be," he said, "but I was determined to make it work."He left the emergency department and introduced a new product he knew intimately: white lab coats. "I never found a decent lab coat," he said. He set about producing a sturdier product that could also be custom-tailored to create a more fashionable look. The lab coat business, called On Call Medical Coats, now makes up 70%-80% of sales.After 17 years in business, Dr. Kohn still hasn't recovered his full investment, but the company is firmly in the black. To find customers, he used to go to 20 medical meetings a year, but he cut back that schedule as business improved. "It's still a work in progress," he said. "I want to continue to grow this company."Pluses: A successful business can provide a great deal of satisfaction and financial rewards.Minuses: You'll have to work hard, and failure is a very real probability.11. Get a Job in the Pharma SectorPhysicians can easily develop a side income by speaking about a drug to colleagues on behalf of a pharmaceutical company, but full-time work in pharma is more difficult to obtain. Although a few physicians work on the marketing side, most are involved in research and development. Even here, the field is hard to break into, in part owing to a complex set of rules and regulations not found anywhere else in medicine.Experts on pharma trends point to somewhat greater demand for full-time physicians in prescription-heavy specialties, such as oncology, cardiology, gastroenterology, neurology, and psychiatry. It also helps to have experience with drug trials or to have worked for the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for a few years. FDA pay is quite low, but the experience can be a springboard to a career at a drug-maker, where salaries start at $130,000 and top out at about $500,000 plus bonuses.Another way to share in the storied wealth of the pharma industry is to start an independent company that contracts with drug companies. For example, former plastic surgeon Mike McLaughlin, MD, cofounded Peloton Advantage, a New Jersey-based medical communications company that works with pharma, biotech, and medical device companies.Dr. McLaughlin also runs a side company, Physicians Renaissance Network, which provides information for physicians seeking a career change. "I quit clinical care all at once," he recalls. "I wouldn't recommend doing that, because it's important to test the waters to make sure it's a good fit."Pluses: Being a physician can help open some doors, and successful employees can match their old clinical income.Minuses: Landing a position often takes a lot of networking.12. Become a Physician RecruiterOne unusual but financially rewarding job is to recruit physicians for various jobs, such as clinical research, hospital employment, and group practice. As with many other jobs that require interaction with a lot with doctors, it helps to be a physician and understand what makes them tick.John Goldener, MD, runs a company that recruits doctors for drug trials. Although it took years of hard work to get Goldener Executive Search Associates, in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, off the ground, he said he's now making more money than he did in clinical medicine.In 2000, Dr. Goldener traded his lab coat for a position with an executive search company that worked with pharma companies. It meant giving up clinical work, because "if a client calls and wants to talk to me, they don't want to hear that I'm seeing patients," he said. Three years later, he founded his own company, but a noncompete clause in his contract meant he couldn't solicit any of his old employer's clients. "I had to start at the bottom," he said.That meant making cold calls to pharma executives asking to do their physician searches and driving up to New Jersey to meet with them. "I'm rather introverted, so I had to learn how to call people one after another," he said. It took him six months before he landed his first search.As with any job that involves working with physicians, it helps to be one of them and demonstrate that you understand medical concepts, Dr. Goldener added.Pluses: Physicians who are willing to be patient and work their contacts can earn a high income.Minuses: It can be a tough field to break into.13. Become a Freelance WriterDo you like to write? If so, and you can prove that you have a talent for it, there are countless clinical writing and editing opportunities with pharmaceutical companies, marketing agencies, CME contractors, quality and performance improvement initiatives, and medical publications. In most cases, the work is done on a freelance basis, which means you have to build up your business.Once you have an established set of clients, however, your income can reach primary care levels. Dr. Fork said freelancers' average income is $70,000-$130,000 a year, and the starting salary for in-house clinical writers ranges from $75,000 to $180,000; the higher end of the range is usually reserved for those with an advanced medical degree."If you have the skills, it's not a big transitional hurdle," Dr. Fork added. Characteristics of good medical writing include thorough research, accuracy, logical organization, clear thinking, and readability, according to the American Medical Writers Association.This has been a growing field. According to a report[11] by CenterWatch, which studies the pharma industry, the medical writing market more than doubled in value from 2003 to 2008, increasing to almost $700 million. CenterWatch reported that pharmaceutical companies cut many in-house writing jobs, meaning there's more work available for freelancers.Diane W. Shannon, MD, MPH, a freelance healthcare writer in Brookline, Massachusetts, writes on performance improvement in healthcare as well as other topics. Her exit from general internal medicine in the early 1990s was an act of "self-preservation," she recalled. "I was less immune than others to the stresses of practicing medicine."First, she worked as editor and staff writer for a medical communications company for three years. As a freelancer, she's making more money than when she was working in clinics. "Leaving a relatively low-paying job probably made it easier to walk away from clinical medicine," she said, adding that she uses a variety of medical skills in writing, such as interviewing patients, having to be well-organized, and breaking down very complicated material.Mandy Armitage, MD, also moved from medicine to writing. In an article on Dr. Fork's Website, Doctor's Crossing, she said she stopped practicing sports medicine and rehabilitation after a year, and "I haven't missed it a bit." She initially enrolled in a six-week online writing course and then started a freelance company, collecting such assignments as conference coverage, medical news, and feature stories."What I love most about freelance medical writing is that I cover fields outside of my own specialty, so I'm always learning something new," she wrote. "Plus, I can set my own schedule, and this work is much less stressful."Pluses: Physicians who can write well have good prospects in this field.Minuses: It may take some time to get established, and for specialists especially, income is relatively low.14. Produce CME PresentationsDoctors can help organize and write presentations for companies that host CME for doctors and other health professionals, an industry that generates more than $2 billion in annual sales.These companies must meet a demanding set of requirements from the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), such as documenting their target audience, stating course objectives, explaining how the course fills gaps in knowledge, and testing participants afterwards.Talented doctors can rise fast in the CME industry. For example, Dr. Kim joined MCM Education, a small CME company in Pennsylvania, in 2006 and is now President, making an income similar to that of physicians in clinical practice.Dr. Kim said he brought skills in both writing and computer software to the company. As an MIT undergraduate, he wanted to combine his interest in technology with population-based health, so he enrolled in medical school and trained in internal medicine but didn't go into practice."I just felt I could apply my skill set better somewhere else," he said. So he went to work at a consumer health company, where he helped build some computer-based education modules. But he preferred writing for doctors, which brought him to CME. He's currently studying for an MBA. "A lot of doctors have to learn executive skills to be successful in business," he said.According to the ACCME's 2012 Annual Report, the latest available, the total income for accredited CME providers exceeded $2.4 billion in 2012, a 5% increase over 2011. Accredited CME providers differentiate themselves from medical communications companies that work with pharmaceutical companies to provide seminars to doctors. Although CME companies still derive some income from pharma companies, the ACCME report said those payments fell by more than 10% in 2012.Pluses: Physicians with writing and computer skills can thrive at CME companies.Minuses: The production process is often cumbersome, because it must meet a variety of accreditation requirements.15. Become a TeacherMany doctors dream of becoming teachers, and for a lot of them, it's a good fit in many ways. Physicians know how to talk to patients about complicated medical concepts in simple terms, and they have had to speak in front of small groups. However, opportunities are limited to part-time work at colleges, and the pay doesn't match what can be made in clinical care.Despite the financial drawbacks, doctors have a surprisingly strong interest in teaching. In the 2011 Medscape Physician Compensation Report,[12] physicians who wanted to drop clinical medicine chose teaching as one of their top three alternatives. Indeed, teaching is regarded as a relatively stable refuge from the disruptive modern workplace. Among 14 categories in the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index,[13] teachers rank second.Dr. Moawad was satisfied with the move from her UR job to working as a college science teacher. After 4 years in the job, "I'm really, really happy," she said. The work draws on her skills dealing with patients. "Doctors are used to talking to people who don't know about the subject matter and have a limited interest in wanting to learn more about it," she said.She's an adjunct professor at John Carroll University in University Heights, Ohio, teaching two courses on human physiology and global health. The hourly pay is about the same as in clinical practice, but she works just 10-25 hours a week. Only full-time professors get 40 hours, she said, adding that fewer hours are a good fit for physicians raising a family or in semi-retirement. Her work schedule also puts her in sync with her school-age kids' vacation schedules."College teaching is the best teaching opportunity," Dr. Moawad said. Teaching high school science pays too little, and medical school also isn't an option, she said. Dr. Moawad, who served on the faculty at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, said there aren't any nonclinical teaching jobs for physicians who are not full-time faculty.Pluses: A good fit for physicians raising families or entering retirement.Minuses: Opportunities are limited to part-time, relatively low-paying positions at colleges.16. Start an 'Encore Career'The "encore career," the job switch made by older doctors, which Dr. Kim explained earlier, typically doesn't pay very well but may answer some personal calling. Dr. McLaughlin said he knows of plastic surgeons who have taken up sculpture full-time, and Dr. Moawad knows a physician who quit practicing to open an aromatherapy and jewelry shop.The Medscape Physician Compensation Report included responses of "chef" and "musician," which could represent doctors beginning encore careers. Steve Babitsky said one of his clients always wanted to work in the outdoors, so he found a job as a park ranger. "The job only paid $30,000-$40,000 a year, but that's what he really wanted to do."Michael Alberti, MD, gave up a job as an emergency physician in Scottsdale, Arizona, to become a portrait photographer. Working in a busy emergency department, "I was losing my love of medicine," he said. Then two things happened: He got a digital camera as a gift in 2001, and his wife had a baby four years later. "It rocked my world," he said.Having already mastered Photoshop, he began taking lots of pictures of his new baby, and within two years he had opened a portrait studio. By 2009, he had acquired a steady customer base in his affluent hometown, and he cut back on his emergency department shifts. In 2010, he was diagnosed with cancer, and by the next year he had quit medicine altogether.He isn't making as much money as in clinical medicine, but his wife, also a doctor, makes up for that. "Giving up my old salary was not easy," he said, "but I don't do this to make money. I do this because of the love I have for it."Pluses: This is a chance to pursue a personal passion while heading into retirement.Minuses: Income from these jobs is generally low.

just see her works and you may answer on your own,Indian Police Service career[edit]As a young woman, Bedi frequented the Service Club in Amritsar, where interaction with senior civil servants inspired her to take up a public service career. On 16 July 1972, Bedi started her police training at the National Academy of Administration in Mussoorie. She was the only woman in a batch of 80 men, and became the first woman IPS officer. After a 6-month foundation course, she underwent another 9 months of police training at Mount Abu in Rajasthan, and further training with Punjab Police in 1974. Based on a draw, she was allocated to the union territory cadre (now called AGMUT or Arunachal Pradesh-Goa-Mizoram-Union Territories cadre).[4]:26§First posting in Delhi[edit]Bedi's first posting was to the Chanakyapuri subdivision of Delhi in 1975. The same year, she became the first woman to lead the all-male contingent of the Delhi Police at the Republic Day Parade in 1975.[2]Her daughter Sukriti (later Saina) was born in September 1975.[4]:26Chanakyapuri was an affluent area that included the Parliament building, foreign embassies, and the residences of the Prime Minister and the President. The crimes in the area were mainly limited to minor thefts, but political demonstrations (which sometimes turned violent) were a regular occurrence. During the 1970s, there were many clashes between Nirankari and Akali Sikhs. On 15 November 1978, a group of Nirankaris held a congregation near India Gate. A contingent of 700–800 Akalis organized a demonstration against them. DCP Bedi's platoon was deployed to stop the protesters and prevent violence. As the protesters resorted to brick-batting, Bedi charged them with a cane, although there was no tear gas squad to support her unit. One of the demonstrators ran towards her with a naked sword, but she charged him as well as other demonstrators with a cane. Ultimately, her unit was able to disperse the demonstrators. For this action, Bedi was awarded the President's Police Medal for Gallantry (1979), in October 1980.[12]:33In 1979, Bedi was posted to Delhi's West District, where there were not enough officers to handle the high volume of criminal activity. To compensate, she started recruiting civilian volunteers. Each village in the district was night patrolled by six civilians led by an armed policeman. She enabled anonymous reporting of any knowledge about crimes. She clamped down on bootlegging and the illicit liquor business to reduce crimes in the area. Bedi implemented an open door policy, which encouraged citizens to interact with her. She implemented a "beat box" system: a complaint box was installed in each ward, and the beat constables were instructed to have their lunch near this box at a set time each day. She regularly asked people if they knew about the beat constable assigned to their area, and also walked with the constables to raise their self-esteem. Within 3 months, there was a reduction in crimes. There was a drop in cases related to "eve-teasing" (sexual harassment of women) and wife beating. This gained her the goodwill of local women, who also volunteered their services to help fight crime in the area.[11]In October 1981, Bedi was made DCP (Traffic). The preparation for the 1982 Asian Games had caused traffic snarls in the city. The construction of 19 sports stadiums and several flyovers had resulted in a number of blockades and diversions. Bedi encouraged coordination between the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking and Delhi Development Authority. She clamped down on errant motorists with a heavy hand. She replaced challans (traffic tickets) with spot fines. Her team towed improperly parked vehicles using six tow trucks ("cranes") for traffic control. This earned her the nickname "Crane Bedi". On 5 August 1982, an Ambassador car (DHI 1817) belonging to Prime Minister Office was towed away by sub-inspector Nirmal Singh, as it was wrongly parked outside the Yusufzai Market at Connaught Place. Singh was fully supported by Bedi and her superior Ashok Tandon.[5][12]:149To raise funds for traffic guidance materials, Bedi presented Asian Games traffic management plan to a group of sponsors. The sponsors committed to providing road safety and other educational material worth3,500,000. She also bought traffic police jeeps for her officers; for the first time, four wheelers were allocated to inspectors in the traffic unit. After the Asian Games were over, she was given Asian Jyotiaward for excellence. She refused to accept the award for herself alone, and recommended that it be given to entire traffic unit.[4]:32–33Bedi did not spare errant motorists from the rich and influential section of the society, which resulted in a powerful lobby against her. Her victims included the Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation and her own sister-in-law.[17] After the Asian Games were over, she was transferred to Goa for 3 years. According to contemporary rumours, Indira Gandhi's aides R. K. Dhawan and Yashpal Kapoor, as well as her yoga instructor Dhirendra Brahmachari (whom Bedi had personally fined for a wrongly parked car), played a role in her transfer.[18] According to another theory, the loss of revenue resulting from her experiment of holding classes for traffic violators (instead of fining them) was a major factor in her transfer.[12]:78Her 7-year old daughter suffered from nephritic syndrome since the age of 3, and was seriously ill at the time. Bedi requested the Home Ministry to not to transfer her out of Delhi until her daughter's condition became stable.[4]:34–35 According to Bedi, she had put herself in a "very vulnerable situation", and the only people who could help her were the ones "who had been offended by my 'equal enforcement of law'".[11] Her request was not entertained, and she had to leave behind her daughter, who was too ill to accompany her.§Goa[edit]Bedi arrived in Goa in March 1983, on a three-year assignment. A few months after her arrival, the Zuari Bridge was completed but not opened to public; the state government wanted Indira Gandhi to come from Delhi and inaugurate it formally. However, they were not able to secure confirmation from Indira Gandhi for several days. The public had to use ferries to transfer their vehicles across the Zuari River. One day, during a patrol, Bedi noticed that there was a huge mess at the ferry boarding point. She drove to the bridge, removed the blockades and diverted the traffic waiting at ferry to the bridge. This unofficial inauguration angered many politicians.[4]:36 In November 1983, Goa hosted the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meet (CHOGM). Bedi involved NCC cadets in Goa for traffic regulation along the VIP routes.[4]:36Shortly after the CHOGM ended, her daughter's medical condition worsened. Bedi applied for leave, so that she could go to Delhi and take care of her daughter. Until this point, she had not taken privilege leave in her decade-long career, and her leaves had always lapsed.[4]:37–38[17] Inspector General of Police (IGP) Rajendra Mohan recommended her leave application, but the leave was not officially sanctioned by the Goa government. Bedi left for Delhi anyway, since she had enough leaves in her account. Her daughter was hospitalized at AIIMS for one week. After her daughter was released from hospital, Bedi decided to stay in Delhi until her recovery. Bedi sent a personal letter to the IGP, as well as a detailed explanation to the Goa government, with medical reports and certificates. However, in a statement to United News of India (UNI), the Goa Chief Minister Pratapsingh Rane declared her absconding and absent without leave. After seeing Bedi's daughter's condition in Delhi, UNI published a rebuttal to the Chief Minister's statement. This made Goa government even more hostile to Bedi.[4]:37–38§Back to Delhi[edit]After being declared absent without sanctioned leave, Bedi was not given any assignment for six months. When her daughter's condition became stable, she met the Union Home Secretary TN Chaturvedi, who reinstated her. She was assigned to the Railway Protection Force in New Delhi, as an Assistant Inspector General of Police. Six months later, after appealing to a senior official in Prime Minister's Office, she was reassigned to the Department of Industrial Development, as a deputy director. There, she worked under the Directorate General of Industrial Contingency (DGIC), as a strike mediator between labor and management. Bedi left DGIC in October 1985, and shortly after her departure, the organization was wound up as part of an economy drive.[4]:38In 1985, Police Commissioner Ved Marwah made a special request for Bedi to be assigned to the police headquarters. There, Bedi cleared several pending files and sanctioned 1,600 promotions in a single day to motivate the staff.[5]§Campaign against drugs[edit]In 1986, Bedi became DGP of Delhi's North District, where the primary problem was drug abuse. At that time, Delhi had only one centre for treatment of drug addicts – Ashiana, which was run by the New Delhi Municipal Corporation. With help from her superiors, Bedi set up a detox center in one of the police premises. The center relied on community donations of furniture, blankets, medicines and other supplies. It also received voluntary services from doctors and yoga teachers. Within a year, five more detox centers were set up. Each center was intended to serve up to 30 patients, but at one time, each center catered to around 100 patients. The initiative was widely noticed, and Bedi travelled all over India, giving presentations and lectures on the programme. Before she was transferred to a new post, she and 15 other police officers institutionalized the detox centers as Navjyoti Police Foundation for Correction, De-addiction and Rehabilitation. Bedi served as the General Secretary of the Foundation.[4]:40–41§Lawyers' strike[edit]In the 1980s, Bedi attracted ire of Delhi politicians and lawyers. First, she ordered lathi charge on a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) assembly in Red Fort area, and arrested its leaders. A few months later, she arrested Congress(I) MP J.P. Agarwal for violating curfew orders.[17]In January 1988, the Delhi Police caught a man stealing from a girl's purse at St. Stephen's College. A few weeks later, he was arrested again for trespassing into a women's toilet and writing obscene graffitiinside.[19] One of Bedi's officers arrested and handcuffed the man. When he was produced in the court, he was recognized as Rajesh Agnihotri, a lawyer practicing at the Tis Hazari Courts Complex. The man had given a different name when he was arrested, and his lawyer colleagues claimed that he had been falsely framed.[5] The protesters also argued that lawyers must not be handcuffed even if there are proper grounds for their arrest. Bedi vociferously defended her officer's action.[17] The lawyers organized a strike and led a procession to DCP (North) office. Not finding DCP Bedi at the office, the lawyers manhandled Additional DCP Sandhu. This led to a scuffle between the cops and the lawyers. The lawyers escalated their strike, and several politicians supported the lawyers in demanding suspension of Bedi.[5]On 21 January, the police lathi-charged the striking lawyers in Tis Hazari complex.[20] This further enraged the lawyers. On 17 February, a mob of an estimated 600–1000 people led by the Congress corporatorRajesh Yadav arrived at Tis Hazari court. The mob was armed with brickbats, hockey sticks and small rods. It raised slogans in support of Bedi and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. It stoned the lawyers' chambers and smashed the windscreens of their cars. The police force deployed in the area did not try to stop the mob violence, although some individual policemen tried to control the mob. Bedi denied any connivance in the incident.[21][22] The police arrested Rajesh Yadav, and charged him with rioting and conspiracy. The Congress distanced itself from Yadav and ousted him.[22]For the next two months, the lawyers stopped courts from functioning in Delhi and neighbouring states, demanding Bedi's resignation. The strike was called off after the Delhi High Court constituted a two-judge committee to investigate the matter. Known as Wadhwa Commission, the committee consisted of Justice DP Wadhwa and Justice NN Goswamy. KK Venugopal, the lawyers' counsel, produced evidence that on 17 February, all police stations in the zone knew that a 2000-strong mob was heading towards Tis Hazari Courts Complex, where the lawyers were on a hunger strike. Despite this, no police force was deputed to protect them. In its interim report, the Commission expressed concern over police lapses. The judges said that they wanted to investigate the matter further, and recommended transfer of five police officers (including Bedi) out of North Delhi, during the investigation period. Even before the report was made public, in April 1988, the Union Government transferred Bedi to the post of Deputy Director (Operations) in the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), also in Delhi. Two days later, the four other officers mentioned in the report were also transferred.[21]The members of the Delhi Bar Association were not satisfied with Bedi's transfer, and wanted her suspended. However, the Police Commissioner Ved Marwah refused to suspend Bedi.[21] The Commission's final report, released in April 1990, censured all the parties.[5] The report stated that the arrest of Rajesh Agnihotri was justified, but his handcuffing was illegal. It also concluded that an "indiscriminate and unjustified" lathi-charge on the lawyers was ordered by Bedi, and that she had connived with the municipal councillor to organize the mob attack on the lawyers.[23] The scholarly legal commentary was divided, with some supporting Bedi, citing her "unblemished" service record.[19]§Mizoram[edit]After Bedi was censured by the Wadhwa Commission, it was decided to transfer her out of Delhi. She wanted a challenging posting in either Andamans, Arunachal Pradesh or Mizoram. She hoped that this would lead to her reassignment to Delhi Police after a few years (after "hard" postings, government servants are unofficially entitled to a post they desire). She requested Joint Secretary (Union Territories) to transfer her to Mizoram, a remote border state in North-East India. When she didn't get any firm response, she wrote to the home secretary Naresh Kumar. Along with Bedi's batchmate Parminder Singh, Naresh Kumar convinced the Joint Secretary to transfer her to Mizoram. They pointed out that officers who were given Mizoram posting refused to go there, while Bedi was volunteering to go there. Bedi reported to the Mizoram Government in Aizawl on 27 April 1990. Her designation was Deputy Inspector General (Range). Her father, mother, and daughter also moved to Mizoram.[4]:42–43Consumption of alcohol, especially home-brewed rice liquor Zu, was very common in Mizoram. Several of Bedi's officers were alcoholics. At first, she didn't stop them since Zu was a part of Mizo culture, and she didn't want to be seen as someone who interfered with the local culture. Later, she opened an indoor de-addiction facility for alcoholic policemen. The major crimes in the district were heroin smuggling across the Burmese border. A number of teenagers were drug addicts, with proxyvon and heroin being the most common drugs. Most of the repeat criminal offenders were alcoholic. Since Mizoram was aChristian-majority state, Bedi utilized Christian prayers to reduce drug and alcohol-induced criminal behavior. She declared Saturdays "prayer and rehabilitation day" at district police stations, despite protests from the Superintendent of Police, who was an atheist. Every Saturday, past criminals would be brought to the police station to pray and learn and to receive treatment for alcoholism.[4]:43–44While in Mizoram, she completed a major part of her Ph.D. research. (Later, in September 1993, she was awarded a doctorate by IIT Delhi's Department of Social Sciences, for her thesis on Drug Abuse and Domestic Violence.)[4]:43 During her stay in Mizoram, she also started writing her autobiography.In September 1992, her daughter Sukriti applied for a seat in Lady Harding Medical College (Delhi), under a quota for Mizoram residents. Students of Mizoram launched a violent agitation against the allocation, on the grounds that she was a non-Mizo. Sukriti had topped the merit list with 89% marks, and was given seat from the Central pool, according to the government guidelines. Mizoram's Chief Minister Lal Thanhawla asked her to surrender the seat in "the larger interests of the state", although he accepted that "there was nothing illegal in her daughter getting the seat". Bedi refused to surrender the seat, saying that her daughter deserved the seat.[24]As the protests turned violent, Bedi received threats that her house would be set on fire. Her superiors told her that they could no longer protect her.[4]:44 She left Aizawl after submitting her leave application. Her parents and daughter had already left for Delhi by this time. Lal Thanhawla accused her of insubordination.[24]§As Delhi Prisons Inspector-General[edit]After leaving her Mizoram assignment incomplete in September 1992, Bedi had to wait eight months for a new posting. In May 1993, she was posted to the Delhi Prisons as inspector general (IG). The Tihar Jail of Delhi was built as a four-jail complex with a capacity of 2,500 prisoners. However, by the time Bedi became its in-charge, its prisoner population varied from 8,000 to 9,500. About 90% of its inmates were undertrials, who had been accused of non-bailable offences. Some of them had been waiting for years to get a trial in a badly clogged court system. The prison had a budget of15 crore, which was just enough to pay for basic expenditure, leaving little for welfare programmes. Tihar was notorious as a violent and unmanageable place, and no officer wanted to be posted there. The post had been lying vacant for nine months, before Bedi was posted there.[25]Bedi decided to turn Tihar into a model prison. She introduced several reforms. She arranged separate barracks for the hardened criminals, who used their time in prison to recruit gang members, sell contraband and extort money. These prisoners unsuccessfully challenged Bedi in court for unfairly segregating them.[11]For other prisoners, Bedi arranged vocational training with certificates, so that they could find a job after their release. During her tenure, Indira Gandhi National Open University and National Open School set up their centers inside the prison.[2] Legal cells were set up to help the undertrials.[25] Bedi banned smoking in the prison. The move faced a lot of resistance from the staff as well as the prisoners. She introduced yoga and Vipassana meditation classes to change the prisoners' attitudes. She organized additional activities such as sports, prayer, and festival celebrations. She also established a de-addiction center, and pulled up or imprisoned the staff members involved in drug supply.[5] A bank was also opened inside the prison.[2] A bakery and small manufacturing units, including carpentry and weaving units, were set up in the jail. The profits from the products sold were put into the prisoners' welfare fund.[5]Bedi went on daily prison tours, observing the staff, listening to prisoners'complaints, inspecting food quality and evaluating overall management. She developed a panchayat system, where prisoners who were respected for their age, education, or character represented other inmates and met every evening with senior officers to sort out problems. She also established petition boxes so that prisoners could write to the IG about any issue. While the jail had suggestion boxes earlier too, the jail staff would destroy the complaints received through these boxes. On the other hand, the prisoners writing to Bedi received acknowledgment and information about the status of their petition.[5]In this prison reform programme, Bedi involved outsiders – including NGOs, schools, civilians and former inmates.[25] As a result of Bedi's reforms, there was a drop in the fights and disturbances in the jail.[5]Even the hardened criminals, who had been isolated in separate barracks, started behaving well. Bedi then arranged for them to attend education and meditation courses.[11]In May 1994, Bedi organized a 'health day', during which around 400 doctors and paramedics were invited to attend to Tihar's patients. Based on visits to two of Tihar's adolescent wards, a cardiologist associated with the Delhi Government's AIDS Control Programme, claimed that two-thirds of the inmates had acknowledged engaging in homosexual acts. He recommended distribution of condoms in the prison, a move supported by Delhi's Health Minister Harsh Vardhan and National AIDS Control Organisation. However, Kiran Bedi opposed the move pointing out that there were no HIV+ prisoners in Tihar. She stated that the distribution of condoms would encourage homosexual activity (illegal as per Section 377) among criminals. Based on a survey conducted through petition boxes, she claimed that incidence of consensual homosexual activity was negligible, and that the doctor's claim had hurt her prisoners. In response, the activist group ABVA filed a writ petition in the Delhi High Court demanding distribution of condoms in Tihar. Bedi termed the move as an attempt to force "western solutions" on "Tihar Ashram", and filed a counter affidavit opposing the demand.[26][27]§Removal from Tihar[edit]Bedi's reform programme at Tihar received worldwide acclaim. But it also attracted envy from her superiors, who accused her of diluting prison security for personal glory. She was not on good terms with her immediate supervisor in the government, the Minister for Prisons Harsharan Singh Balli. Many members of Balli's party, the BJP, had not forgiven Bedi for her lathi charge on the party's assembly in the 1980s. However, until March 1995, Bedi was on good terms with BJP's Delhi Chief Minister Madan Lal Khurana. Khurana was a prisoner in Tihar during the Emergency, and appreciated her work for prisoners.[28]In 1994, Bedi was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award and the Nehru Fellowship. The Magsaysay Foundation recognized her leadership and innovations in crime control, drug rehabilitation, and humane prison reform. The US President Bill Clinton invited her to National Prayer Breakfast in Washington, D.C.. When the Delhi Government refused to let her accept the invitation, Bedi lobbied with the Union Home Ministry to get the clearance. However, the Home Minister S.B. Chavan declined the permission. Clinton repeated the invitation in 1995, and this time, Bedi approached the media. The New York Timespublished a report stating that "several politicians and her superiors were feeling cut up with her assertive style and the success that followed her". Under pressure from the public and the media, Chavan allowed Bedi to attend the Breakfast. However, this episode won her several detractors in the government.[28][29]Sometime later, Bedi was invited by the United Nations to discuss social reintegration of prisoners at the Copenhagen Social Summit. When the Delhi Government refused to permit her, Bedi met the Minister of State for Home Rajesh Pilot on 4 March 1995. The meeting got extended, because of which Bedi had to cancel an appointment she had with the Chief Minister Khurana. Pilot gave her the permission, but this irked Khurana, who later exclaimed "If she thinks we have no importance, then why does she want to work for the Delhi Government?"[28] While Bedi was in Copenhagen, the prominent farmers' leaderMahendra Singh Tikait was imprisoned in Tihar after a rally, and sought the BJP leaders' help in getting a hookah inside. However, the jail authorities refused to give permission for a hookah, since Bedi had earlier declared Tihar a no-smoking zone.[28]Subsequently, Delhi's Lieutenant Governor P.K. Dave wrote a letter to the Union Home Secretary K. Padmanabhiah, accusing Bedi of "manipulating foreign trips", and leveled other charges against her. Dave accused Bedi of "compromising" the prison's security by allowing visitors – including American officials and foreign TV crews – inside the jail, without the Delhi government's permission. Another charge was that she had allowed NHRC representatives to meet TADA detainees from Kashmir, who had raised anti-national slogans. In her defence, Bedi argued that the TADA detainees had gone on a relay hunger strike demanding speedy trials. She also stated that the foreign TV crews had only shot the Vipassana meditation classes, and that she had the right to admit them under the rules. She also pointed out that the Union Government had itself asked her to allow the Americans – Lee P. Brown and Christine Wisner (wife of Frank G. Wisner) – inside the prison.[28]Another charge against Bedi was giving undue favours to the notorious criminal Charles Sobhraj. At that time, the Delhi Jail Manual (written in 1894 and modified in 1988) listed a number of prohibited articles, one of which was a typewriter. However, the manual also gave the jail superintendent the power to allow any of these prohibited items in special cases. Using this power, Bedi permitted Sobhraj the use of an electronic typewriter (Sobhraj had already been given a manual typewriter before Bedi became the officer in-charge). Bedi had also allowed NGOs to start typing classes for prisoners, but Sobhraj claimed that he was using the typewriter to write her biography, which gave the authorities a reason to accuse Bedi of misusing her powers. Khurana also alleged that Sobhraj had been supplied with a pipe and foreign-made cigars, a charge refuted by the testimony of Sobhraj's former cell-mate. The prison manual also had an antiquated rule which stated that "caught escapees will wear a red cap". Sobhraj had escaped in 1986, before he was recaptured. Khurana alleged that Bedi had specially exempted him from wearing a red cap. However, a senior jail officer stated that he had never seen the 'red cap' rule being implemented in Tihar.[29][30]PK Dave and Madan Lal Khurana united to get Bedi removed as the prisons in-charge on 3 May 1995. Bedi accused "unethical politicians" of "telling lies, making false allegations and misinforming people". She alleged that her supervisors in the government had no "interest, vision or leadership". She argued that she should not have been transferred on the basis of unverified charges, and demanded an inquiry committee. Rajesh Pilot defended her publicly, but the Union Government did not officially support her. Khushwant Singh stated that her transfer was "a victory for a handful of small-minded, envious people over a gutsy woman".[28]§After Tihar[edit]After her removal from Tihar, Bedi was posted as head of training at the police academy on 4 May 1995.[29] Her designation was Additional Commissioner (policy and planning).[28] She served as the Joint Commissioner of Police of Delhi Police. Later, she served as the Special Commissioner (Intelligence) of Delhi Police.On 5 April 1999, she was appointed as Inspector-General of Police in Chandigarh. Her mother accompanied her, but soon suffered a suffered a stroke and went into coma. Bedi requested a transfer back to Delhi, where her family would be able to take care of her mother. The Union Ministry of Home Affairs transferred her back to Delhi on 15 May. However, her mother died in Delhi three days later, after having been in coma for 41 days.[4]:72In 2003, Bedi became the first woman to be appointed the United Nations civilian police adviser. She worked in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.[31] In 2005, she returned to Delhi after her UN stint. The Delhi Bar Association lobbied to ensure that she didn't get a post that would put her on track to become Delhi's police chief. The lawyers, who had still not forgiven Bedi for the 1988 controversy, wrote to government authorities arguing that Bedi's appointment to a top most might "unnecessarily create a conflict between the legal fraternity and the police".[32] She was made the Director General, Home Guards. Before her retirement, she was serving as the Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and Development.In 2007, Bedi applied for the post of Delhi Police Commissioner. She was overlooked in favour of Yudhvir Singh Dadwal, who was junior to her, reportedly because the senior bureaucrats saw her as too "outspoken and radical". Bedi alleged bias, and stated that her merit had been overlooked.[33] She also proceeded for a three-month 'protest leave', but canceled it later.[34] Journalists like Karan Thapar and Pankaj Vohra criticized her for crying bias, and stated that her service record was tainted with controversies like incomplete Goa, Mizoram and Chandigarh assignments; the lawyers' strike controversy; and the removal from Tihar.[35][36]Bedi resigned from police service in November 2007, citing personal reasons. She stated that she wanted to focus on academic and social work.[37]§Social activism[edit]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiran_Bedi_at_the_SWIM_Conference.JPGBedi at Successful Women in Management (SWIM) Conference in 2009The Navjyoti Delhi Police Foundation founded by Bedi and her colleagues was renamed to Navjyoti India Foundation in 2007. Since its establishment, the Foundation received strong support from the local communities, as well several Indian and foreign charitable trusts and government bodies. Over next 25 years, it provided residential treatment to nearly 20,000 drug and alcohol addicts. It also started crime prevention programmes such as education of street children and slum kids. It established 200 single-teacher schools, vocational training centers, health care facilities and counselling centers for the vulnerable sections of society. In 2010, it also established the Navjyoti Community College, affiliated to IGNOU.[4]:40–41Bedi set up India Vision Foundation (IVF) in 1994. IVF works in fields of police reforms, prison reforms, women empowerment and rural and community development.[38]In police reform area, Bedi emphasized better training, while opposing hazing of trainees. She opposed frequent transfers, stating that these lead to poor cadre management. She also proposed creation of a new level of police administration, which would protect rank-and-file officers from politicians and bureaucrats. In women's rights area, she has advocated equitable educational opportunities and property ownership (including co-ownership) for women. She has emphasized faster empowerment of rural women.[11]During 2008–11, Bedi hosted the reality TV show Aap Ki Kachehri on STAR Plus. In this court show, Bedi resolved everyday conflicts in a simulated courtroom.[39] In 2008, she launched the website Mission Safer India, to help people whose complaints are not accepted by the local police.[40]§Anti-corruption movement[edit]In October 2010, Arvind Kejriwal invited Bedi to join him in exposing the CWG scam. Bedi accepted the invitation, and by 2011, the two had allied with other activists, including Anna Hazare, to form India Against Corruption (IAC) group. Their campaign evolved into the 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement.[41] Anna Hazare planned an indefinite hunger strike to demand the passage of a stronger Jan Lokpal Bill in the Indian Parliament. On 16 August 2011, Bedi and other key members of IAC were detained by the police, four hours before the hunger strike could start.[42] Bedi and other activists were released later on the same day.[43] After twelve days of protests and many discussions between the government and the activists, the Parliament passed a resolution to consider three points in drafting of Lokpal bill.[44]Some members of parliament proposed to bring a breach of privilege motion against Bedi and other activists for allegedly mocking the parliamentarians during the Lokpal bill protests,[45] however they withdrew these notices later.[46]During the anti-corruption movement, Bedi faced controversy when some newspapers questioned discrepancies in her past travel expenses between 2006 and 2011. In 2009, for example, Bedi was invited as the keynote speaker at a conference arranged by Aviation Industry Employees Guild. She accepted the invitation without a speaking fee, but her NGO was to be reimbursed for travel expenses. Bedi's travel agent Flywell, invoiced her hosts business class fare for air tickets, but arranged Bedi to travel in economy class.[47] Between 2006 and 2011, there were several discrepancies in travel-related expense statements, as well as instances where she travelled at no cost to her hosts for a cause. In these cases, Bedi stated she did not personally receive or incur the disputed difference, only India Vision Foundation did, an NGO she headed.[48][49] In November 2011, the Delhi Police, under directions of the additional chief metropolitan magistrate, registered an FIR – police case for cognizable offense – against Bedi for allegedly misappropriating funds through Indian Vision Foundation and other NGOs.[50][51] The investigation that followed found no evidence of fraud against her or of siphoning of NGO funds for personal use, and subsequently filed closure of the case.[

When Charlie Chaplin wanted to make The Great Dictator (1940), a movie mocking Hitler, he had to make it with his own money because Hollywood was afraid of losing money if they took a stand as USA hadn’t entered the war yet then.In the biopic about his life Chaplin (1992), his daughter Geraldine Chaplin, played her own grandmother, Hannah Chaplin.In 2015, the first Oscar he ever won for the movie The Circus (1928) was stolen from the Parisian office of Chaplin Association during a break in. The Oscar is valued at US$1 million and hasn’t been recovered since.When he received an Honorary Lifetime Achievement Award in 1972, he received a 12 minute standing ovation, a record which hasn’t been matched since.The Wizard of Oz (1939)Three different Cairn terriers were used to play ‘Toto’ but the first two ran away and one returned to the same MGM lot two years after filming ended.In one scene, they showed apples on a tree and they were originally green (as in the novel) but they didn’t show up well on film and had to be repainted in red. Nobody thought to tell Judy Garland when she took a bite out of one.How Terry the Rug-Wetting Terrier Became TotoThe Godfather (1972)The word "mafia" is never mentioned in the film because the actual mafia demanded it.The infamous dead horse scene on the bed was an actual head of a horse.The actors researched their roles by hanging out with real mobsters. Brando prepared for his role by meeting with a Bufalino gangster. Pacino, Caan, and Duvall have all acknowledged meetings with mobsters, as well, with Caan becoming especially familiar with Carmine "The Snake" Persico and noting "how they're always touching themselves. Thumbs in the belt. Touching the jaw. Adjusting the shirt. Gripping the crotch."Marlon Brando did not memorize most of his lines and read from cue cards during most of the film. When he auditioned for the part he stuffed his cheeks with cotton to give him a distinctive look. During the filming of the movie, he had a dentist make him a mouth piece to simulate that effect.He also modeled his speech after mob boss Frank Costello whom he saw testifying in a trial on TV. Brando also played pranks on the set all the time; one of them was he put weights under him when he was being carried into the house, up the stairs, on a stretcher. The actors who had to carry him were not amused.The Exorcist (1973)The character of the priest, Father Dyer, is played by William O'Malley, an actual priest who taught at Fordham Prep, a Jesuit high school, until 2012.The radiologist’s assistant was played by Paul Bates, who was a convicted murderer. He dismembered and killed several gay men in the late 1970′s.Mercedes McCambridge swallowed raw eggs, drank whiskey, and smoked copious amounts of cigarettes in order to produce the demon voice.The scene where Regan projectile vomits at Father Karras was intended to hit Jason Miller in the chest, but the plastic tubing misfired, hitting him in the face. His reaction of shock and disgust while wiping away the vomit is genuine, and Miller later admitted in an interview that he was very angered by this mistake.Carrie (1976)It was Stephen King’s first novel to be adapted into a movie and he was only paid US$2,500 for it. On hindsight of the film’s success, King expressed no regrets as it was his first time and he had a lot to learn about the whole experience.Stephen King’s name was misspelled in the trailer as ‘Steven’, not ‘Stephen’.Brian De Palma and George Lucas did their casting for both this movie and Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope (1977) at the same time. As the two directors were good friends, they decided to hold joint auditions which was rather unorthodox and ended up becoming a bit confusing. De Palma liked Amy Irving for the lead role in this movie but she also ended up being considered for the role of Princess Leia before De Palma finally cast her as ‘Sue Snell’ for this movie. William Katt, who played Irving’s boyfriend, Tommy Ross, in the movie, also auditioned for Luke Skywalker and the two of them dated briefly in real life. Also in the running for the title role of Carrie was Carrie Fisher, who would, of course, play Princess Leia.It was John Travolta’s big screen debut. Prior to this movie, audiences had only known him from the TV series Welcome Back, Kotter (TV Series 1975–1979) but he was such a big star that his name was second billed even though he had only a minor supporting role.Sissy Spacek wasn’t De Palma’s first choice for the title role who only agreed to give her an audition as a favour to her husband, art director Jack Fisk. She showed up at her audition in an old dress she hadn’t worn since grade school and with her hair slicked back with Vaseline and waited in the parking lot while her husband reviewed her audition with the rest of the production team. After Fisk came out to tell her that the part was hers, “We sped off before anybody could change his mind,” Spacek said. She also spent most of the production isolated from the rest of the cast to fully embrace the part but did explain to everyone before the start of the production so as to avoid any offence to anyone.Spoilers: The scene where a hand reaches out from Carrie’s grave to grab Sue Snell, Spacek insisted on doing it even though they already had a stunt person ready on hand. Spacek ended up being buried for the shoot.Coal Miner's Daughter (1980) & Raging Bull (1980)Sissy Spacek won the Best Actress Oscar for playing Loretta Lynn in the movie with the real-life Loretta Lynn in attendance in the audience witnessing the victory. That same evening, Robert De Niro won the Oscar for Best Actor for his portrayal of LaMotta in Raging Bull (1980) with the real life Jake LaMotta in attendance in the audience too. It was the first such time an event like that has ever happened.E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)The legendary movie is perhaps the most family friendly fare ever but when it was released, it was banned in a few countries in Scandinavia. One of the cited reasons was how it featured ‘adults being enemies of children’. When Scandinavia banned E.T. for the under-11s.The candy E.T. eats was supposed to be M&M's, but Mars (M&M's manufacturer) turned down Spielberg's request to use it in the film. Spielberg then approached Hershey's, who allowed him to use its Reese's Pieces. This product placement of course skyrocketed Reese’s sales after the success of the movie.Harrison Ford, already a good friend of Steven Spielberg, plays a cameo as the principal of Elliott’s school in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). So as not to distract audiences from the main principal actors of the movie, his role was filmed in silhouette. Some edits of the film deleted the scene completely.Poltergeist (1982)The corpses in the rainy Poltergeist pool scene were real skeletons. It was supposedly cheaper than fabricating fake ones, and the actress who starred in the scene, JoBeth Williams, wasn't told they were real until after shooting.In the scene where Robbie (played by Oliver Robins) gets choked by the clown, he almost turned purple before the director realised he was being choked for real.The franchise was also beset with tragedies starting with Dominique Dunne who played the oldest sister. She was killed by her abusive ex-boyfriend, John Sweeney, just a few months after the movie was released. This series of tragedies have given rise to the theory that the movie was cursed right from the start.The Terminator (1984)James Cameron was homeless when writing the movie "The Terminator," and sold the rights for US$1, on the condition he could direct it.O.J. Simpson almost played the Terminator, but James Cameron thought his persona was “too pleasant”to portray such a dark character.Schwarzenegger was paid approximately US$21,429 for every word he said in Terminator 2 (1991).In Terminator 2 (1991), Linda Hamilton’s twin sister, Leslie Hamilton Gearren, played her twin in the scene with the two Sarah Connor’s.20 Things You (Probably) Didn’t Know About Terminator 2: Judgment DayIndiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)Indiana Jones was based on a real archaeologist named Otto Rahn who was openly gay.The Indiana Jones movies inspired a lot more young people to take up archaeology. Universities reported a sharp increase in the intake for the archaeology department after the movies premiered.Harrison Ford’s stunt double for all three movies was Vic Armstrong whom the rest of the cast and crew kept mistaking for Ford. Ford once remarked to him “if you learn how to talk, I’m in deep trouble”.Jurassic Park (1993)The dinosaur noises were made from recordings of tortoise sex.Jurassic Park, Pulp Fiction, Forrest Gump and The Shawshank Redemption were all in theatres at the same time in October of 1994.Titanic (1997)The budget for the movie was higher than the Titanic itself.James Cameron sought Hollywood funding for the movie, not because he wanted to make the movie, but because he wanted to dive to the shipwreck which he commemorated in Ghosts of the Abyss (2003).It won 11 Oscars, but none for acting.The scene of the old couple in bed together as the water rose around them was based on a real life couple, Isa & Isidor Strauss, owners of Macy’s Department Store.Isidor Strauss, together with Benjamin Guggenheim and Jacob Astor were three of the most powerful men in USA at the time and they all perished in the Titanic. They were also the same men who opposed the creation of the Federal Reserve which has given rise to the conspiracy theory that the ship was sabotaged on purpose by the Rothschilds who were determined to proceed with it.James Cameron wanted to show a reproduction of Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon in a scene in which Kate Winslet is seen unpacking it. When the ship goes down, the painting is shown sinking below the waves but the Picasso estate decided that it could not authorize the inclusion of Les Demoiselles d'Avignon in the film because the painting has been on display at the Museum of Modern Art for well over 60 years and it wouldn’t make sense for it to be on the ship. Despite being refused permission, Cameron included it in anyway and they spotted it and the filmmakers had to negotiate a substantial fee, which included a hefty penalty.Leonardo DiCaprio’s (in)famous line "I'm the king of the world!” was improvised and wasn’t in the original script.29 days after the Titanic sank, a movie about it was released titled Saved from the Titanic (1912) starring Dorothy Gibson, an actress who was one of the survivors of the sinking. It was a one reel short film and it was her last before she retired from acting and moved to Europe. She lived in Italy and France and was even suspected of spying for the Nazis during World War II. She died in Paris of a heart attack just as the war had ended.Rocky (1976)Sylvester Stallone was so poor, he had to sell his dog for $50. A week later, he sold the script for Rocky and bought him back for $3,000.United Artists offered Stallone up to US$340,000 to sell them the rights to the screenplay of Rocky if he agreed to not star in the movie. He refused.Sylvester Stallone wrote the script in 3.5 days by hand with a bic pen.The movie was made for a budget of US$1 million, a record for a Best Picture winner which was only broken by the movie Moonlight (2016), 40 years later.The movie was shot in 28 days.Rocky's pet turtles were played by the same two turtles in both this movie and Rocky Balboa (2006).Star Wars - WikipediaYoda was modelled after Albert Einstein.After watching Star Wars, James Cameron decided to quit his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry.The sounds of the light saber was made by combining the hum of an idle film projector and the buzz from an old TV set.Depending on which Star Wars movie you're watching, Yoda has a different number of toes.While filming in the woods of the Pacific Northwest, Peter Mayhew (who plays Chewbacca) was warned not to wander off set as they were afraid his 2.21 m height would get him mistaken for a forest animal and get shot.All the door frames for Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace (1999) had to be rebuild due to Liam Neeson’s height (6' 4" (1.93 m)). The changes racked up an additional $150,000 in production costs.In 2013, Star Wars was dubbed in Navajo, making it the first major film to be dubbed in a Native American language.Carrie Fisher became iconic as Princess Leia but regretted taking the role as nobody took her seriously as an actress afterwards and she had trouble finding good roles for herself.Candyman (1992)Eddie Murphy was almost cast but lost out as he wasn’t considered tall enough to be the menacing figure his character was supposed to be.Tony Todd, who played Candyman in the film by the same name, had actual bees in his mouth while filming the climactic scene. He wore a throat guard for protection and was stung 23 minutes with a bonus given for each sting he received.Virginia Madsen's face was also showered with live bees.Virginia Madsen was supposed to have played the role of Bernie but the actress who was supposed to have played Helen got pregnant and had to drop out of the movie. Although Ms Madsen earned a Best Supporting Actress nomination for her role in Sideways (2004), she says she is still recognised for her role in this movie.The role of Helen was almost given to Sandra Bullock but she was still an unknown then and lost out to the more recognisable Virginia Madsen.Though the Chicago-based legend of Candyman is a work of fiction, there was an actual serial killer known as “Candyman” or “The Candy Man.” Between 1970 and 1973, Dean Corll kidnapped, tortured, and murdered at least 28 young boys in the Houston area and earned his sweet nickname from the fact that his family owned a candy factory.Scream (1996)The mask is mostly based on the painting "Scream" by Edvard Munch.At the tenth minute mark, when the killer smashes his head through a window, Casey (Drew Barrymore) hits him in the face with the phone, it was actually director Wes Craven playing the killer and the hit on his face was real.Courteney Cox was riding high on the success of Friends (TV Series 1994–2004) and had difficulty convincing the producers of this movie that she would be perfect for the role of bitchy journalist Gale Weathers. She convinced them that BECAUSE nobody would expect her to play such a vicious role and auditioned so many times that they were finally won over.For her role as Tatum Riley, Rose McGowan dyed her hair blonde to differentiate herself between co-star and lead actress Neve Campbell. McGowan also discovered that she could fit into a pet door in real life.The high school scenes were supposed to be shot at Santa Rosa High School in California but the school board had mistakenly thought they were shooting a comedy and realised their mistake very close to the shooting date and denied permission at the last minute. Production had to be moved to another location to Healdsburg, California, which infuriated director Wes Craven and he included under the "Special Thanks" section, "NO THANKS WHATSOEVER TO THE SANTA ROSA CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT GOVERNING BOARD."This film has been credited for the triple fold increase of the sale of caller ID’s.The actor whose voice is used to play the killer, Roger Jackson, did not meet any of the actors until filming ended so as to maintain the intensity and mystery of the movie.Wes Craven directed all three sequels of this movie, something which has never been done before in the slasher horror genre where the director of the first movie goes on to direct the sequels of the franchise.The party scene near the end of the film runs forty-two minutes long and was shot over the course of twenty-one days from sundown to sunrise. It proved to be so arduous that when the film shoot finally ended, the crew had t-shirts made that read " I SURVIVED SCENE 118" (which was the name of the scene during shooting). The cast and crew jokingly called it "The longest night in horror history."This movie is the highest grossing movie in the slasher horror genre.The Matrix (1999)The movie took five years to write.The green falling code is just loads of sushi recipes.Keanu Reeves gave US$80 million of his US$114 million salary to the special effects and makeup staff whom he felt were the ones to have made the movie the success it was.Oldboy (2003)Min-sik Choi had to eat four whole living octopi on camera before the director captured the perfect shot. Min-sik is also a Buddhist, and would pray for forgiveness after each take.Hostel (2005)Hostel began life as a documentary about an underground extreme thrill-seeking practice director Eli Roth discovered online whereby participants pay $10,000 to kill someone. The practice was supposedly not illegal because people volunteered to be murdered, specifically extremely poor people from rural communities who sacrificed themselves so their families could have money. Afraid of incurring the wrath of the people running the place, Roth decided to turn it into a movie instead.The Strangers (2008)This sleeper 2008 hit was partially based on the director’s Bryan Bertino’s childhood experience. "At the door were some people asking for somebody that didn't live there. We later found out that these people were knocking on doors in the area and, if no one was home, breaking into the houses." .Gravity (2013)The movie Gravity was more expensive than the Indian Mars mission.In the movie, debris in space is depicted as moving from east to west when in real life, it should move the other way round.Mad Max: Fury Road (2015)The stunt doubles for Charlize Theron and Tom Hardy, Dayna Porter and Dane Porter fell in love on set and got married. Theron and Hardy themselves didn’t get along while on set but have since made up.The flame-shooting guitar weighed 132 pounds and shot real flames.BatmanRobin Williams was offered The Joker role when Jack Nicholson hesitated but when Nicholson finally agreed, Williams was unceremoniously dropped. Williams resented being used as bait and would later reject the role of The Riddler when offered to him even though many agree he would be perfect for the role.Batman Returns (1992) - Michelle Pfeiffer (playing Catwoman) had to wear a latex suit which she had to be vacuumed into and it was so tight that she could only wear it for a limited no. of time for each take or she would pass out. Because of that too, she couldn’t really hear her own voice and Tim Burton had to direct her to talk loudly when she began speaking too softly.The scene where Catwoman dismembers the mannequin heads with the whip was shot in one take. Michelle Pfeiffer rehearsed for weeks and did it perfectly in one try, prompting a rousing applause from cast and crew.Nicholson had also warned Heath Ledger about playing the role when he took it up in Christopher Nolan’s 2008 adaption The Dark Knight (2008. Ledger would profess to being tortured by the role, eventually succumbing to an accidental overdose of a combination of prescription medications in January 2008. Heath Ledger's father reveals dead actor's 'Joker diary' writtenLedger was so good in that role that when Michael Caine (playing Alfred) saw him in the first scene they shared together, he (Caine) forgot his lines. Nolan liked his genuine reaction and kept it for the movie.Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (2006)This movie was a huge hit in Israel, in part because Borat's "Kazakh" lines were all actually in Hebrew. (Lead actor Sasha Baron Cohen is Jewish)It was initially heavily criticised by the Kazakh government but the movie inadvertently boosted tourism in the country and is now encouraged viewing by them.The parody national anthem of Kazakhstan from the movie was accidentally downloaded and played in the 2012 Olympics for a Kazakh gold medalist.As much as the movie has been embraced in Kazakhstan, some of its lesser finer elements hasn’t been, namely, the fluorescent coloured mankini. In November 2017, 6 male Czech tourists were fined when they wore the mankinis when they were visiting Kazakhstan. Baron Cohen offered to pay their fines for themCars (2006)This was the last feature film for Paul Newman, before his death of lung cancer in 2008. It also turned out to be the highest-grossing movie of his career.It was also the last film by co-writer and co-director Joe Ranft, who died in a car crash in 2005 while the film was still in production.Se7en (1995) & Contagion (2011)Gwnyeth Paltrow’s severed head which was used in the final scene of Se7en (1995) was later used again in the autopsy scene in the movie Contagion (2011)A United Kingdom (2016)This is based on the true story of the then-prince of Botswana whose marriage to an English clerk in 1960’s UK created political and diplomatic turmoil between the two countries. This movie was filmed in Botswana and the then President of Botswana, Ian Khama, dropped by the set unannounced one day. He was the son of the king portrayed in the movie and he watched a reel of the movie of a scene between the two leads, after which he turned to David Oyelowo (who plays his father) and said that he never thought he'd see his parents together again.Finding Nemo (2003)Extensive motion capture was used of actual great white sharks to get Bruce the ‘shark’s look. Six different sharks were used including two from the private collection of Mandalay Bay Casino in Las Vegas.Manoel de Oliveira was the oldest living director when he died in 2015. He began directing movies in 1931 with Labor on the Douro River (1931) and didn’t stop working until he passed away at the age of 106. His last credit is a documentary short Um Século de Energia (2015) shot the same year he passed away.Steven SpielbergAccording to a study on Academy Awards speeches, Steven Spielberg has been thanked more than God.He completed his degree course in 2016, 33 years after dropping out, by submitting Schindler's List (1993) as his final project.After being given the story of Schindler's List, he waited 10 years to make the film as he didn't feel mature enough at the time.He had also declined to direct the Harry Potter movies and said "It's just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts. There's no challenge."James Bond 007Sean Connery wore a toupee in all of the James Bond movies because he started balding at age 21.The deadliest James Bond was Pierce Brosnan, who killed an average of 33.8 people per movie.James Bond is known as ‘Mr Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang' in Italy.From Dr. No to Quantum of Solace, James Bond has killed 352 people and slept with 52 women.Liam Neeson, now an action movie star, declined the role of James Bond in 1994 because he "wasn't interested in starring in action movies." His belief was compounded by his wife, Natasha Richardson, who had warned him against taking the role after Pierce Brosnan vacated it stating that she wouldn’t marry him if he took it.Actor John Hurt holds the record for dying in more than 40 different movies including Alien (1979), Spaceballs (1987), Hellboy (2004) and V for Vendetta (2005).Actor Sean Bean has died on 32% of his movies, the highest percentage of any living actor of note. He has gone on record as saying that he refuses to take anymore roles where he gets killed off and there is a hashtag to support his cause on that #DontKillSeanBean.[1]Picture source:-[Remember This?] Spielberg Dumps JoBeth Williams In A Pool With Real Skeletons In 'Poltergeist'! - Bloody DisgustingUK Movies GroupMad Max and Furiosa's stunt doubles marry after meeting on setFiery TunesThe green code in The Matrix has finally be translated 20 years laterWorld’s Oldest Director, Manoel de Oliveira, Dies at 106Steven Spielberg's Advice To Harvard Grads: Be A Movie Hero14 Celebrities Secretly Hidden in Your Favorite Movies10 Things You Didn't Know About "The Godfather" Including the Horse's Head Was Real!A United Kingdom vs True Story of Seretse Khama and Ruth WilliamsFootnotes[1] After Being Killed 23 Times Sean Bean Refuses To Die On Screen Again By Rejecting Some Roles