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I have TAed a scientific writing class before. While your writing sample can be improved, I'm not sure why your mentor said that your writing is confusing. I have seen much much worse, and I could follow what you were saying with zero prior expertise in the topic. That being said, scientific articles have a certain format and a certain style. For journal articles, you should be cognizant of how the content will be consumed by the reader. Also, you should read a few papers from your field to understand the accepted format.FormatThis will vary a bit among journals, but adhering to a specific presentation will make it easier for your readers to follow.Abstract: This might be the only thing a reader reads, so you should present all of the relevant information without being too verbose. Approximately 4-6 sentences is a good length, but use your judgement. Background information should be saved for the introduction. The typical format of an abstract is:Broader context (1 sentence; this is optional, I often see abstracts without)What you did (stated as tersely as possible; something like "we measured X using technique Y")What you found (also terse, but state all your key findings. Don't leave important stuff as a fun surprise for the body of the paper)Broader implications of your findings ("our results suggest that..."; "this has implications for...")Note: Nature and Science (and possibly a few other journals) do their abstracts a little differently, where it also serves as the first paragraph of the paper. Check with example papers from your field.Introduction: Generally, the introduction presents material going from broad scope to very narrow scope. It should present relevant (and only relevant) background information. The last paragraph or sentence of the introduction should be what you did specifically, and should be a restatement of the abstract. Typically people will say "Here we used X to show Y" to signify to the reader that the introduction is over.Methods: Readers will be looking for the details of your experiment or theoretical technique either right after the introduction or in a separate section, depending on the format of the journal.Data: Generally, data (or derivations in the case of theoretical works) are presented first, without too much interpretation. In this section, paragraphs can begin "Fig. 1 shows..."Discussion: This is where you interpret the data. It is sometimes difficult or impossible to disentangle data from interpretation, so presenting this section and the previous one in a cohesive way can be tricky.Conclusions: restate the abstract yet again.Figures: Very important, because most readers will only look at the figures and figure captions. Captions should only describe what is in the figure, without too much interpretation.StyleThe most important style aspect is to be logical and clear. On the clarity part, if you can formulate a sentence or paragraph with less words, you should do so. If you have very long sentences, try to break them up. Generally, a native speaker of your language should not need to use thesaurus.com to read your paper, but it is important to use precise scientific language, so if that happens to be a $20 word, oh well. But don't use buzzwords as crutches. Don't overuse imprecise adjectives like 'unique' and 'unconventional' unless they have a specific meaning in your field. On the logic part, try writing an outline first.How papers are consumed by readersAbstract. If I am not an expert in a topic, I will particularly be interested in the last sentence of the abstract which explains the significance of the work.Figures. Most readers will stop after thisIntroduction: non-experts will read this, experts might not.Methods: an expert in your area should be able to get the gist of the paper just from the abstract, figure, and methods.The rest of the paper: will be read by very few peopleSpecific advice for the writing sample in this questionI think the introduction is mostly fine with regards to the style. It indeed goes from broad to narrow. A few suggestions:work on being less verbose:The effects of the malnutrition are well documented. In addition to the long-term effects of malnutrition including stunted growth, learning disabilities, poor health, and chronic disease in later life [1], life prognosis (all-cause mortality, including cancer and diabetes, among others) was found to be specifically linked with environmental exposure to Cadmium [5].I would rewrite this as: The effects of the malnutrition are well documented and include stunted growth, learning disabilities, poor health, and chronic disease in later life [1]. In addition, life prognosis was found to be specifically linked with environmental exposure to Cadmium [5].Just before "Over the course of X weeks..." you should quickly summarize what experiment you performed (i.e. restate a one or two sentence summary of your abstract)You don't need to state obvious informationData was then collected and analyzed, comparing and contrasting the presence of Cadmium in the hydroponically-grown durum wheat against available data on those grown in soil.Clearly, you collected and analyzed data. Instead of this sentence, you can simply start a new paragraph where you present the data. Alternately, if it makes sense to specify what data you collected and how you analyzed it at this point in the paper, you should rephrase this sentence to be more precise.The abstract needs a bit of work, because it contains too much information and reads too much like an introduction. Also, it could use a sentence at the end summarizing the broader implications of your findings. I would rephrase it as (not the most eloquent, I am going for ideas):"Cadmium accumulation in the genotypes of various strains of wheat is an important factor limiting the nutritional value of wheat crops. A translocation study was conducted on a high and low line of wheat in order to determine how Cadmium is accumulated in various strains over time, as well as to pinpoint the specific geospatial locations of the accumulation within the plant. The finding was X. This has relevance to..."

I will assume that by meaning you really mean purpose, since the meaning of a discipline or area of knowledge it’s a metaphysical question, unless you were directly referring to the definition of the grammatical phrases Quantitative Methods and Statistics.Statistics is the science of collecting and analyzing numerical data, especially for the purpose of inferring proportions and drawing conclusion in a whole from those in a representative sample.Quantitative Methods are the mathematical tools used by Statistics to perform the aforementioned collecting, analyzing and inferring.For further reading please check these articles:StatisticsQuantitative research

Statistics is concerned with scientific methods for collecting organizing,summarizing,presenting and analyzing sample data as well as drawing valid conclusion about population characteristics and making reasonable decision on the basing of such analysis