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Can you make development more sale able than dole? Can Indian voters, fed on patronage for decades, be more interested in empowerment? Will aspiration be a bigger draw than entitlement? Beyond the specifics of hard socio-economic data, which is available in plenty, the 'Gujarat model' of Chief Minister Narendra Modi highlights these specific shifts in the electoral narrative. The change is neither definitive nor incontestable, with critics suggesting that Modinomics is mere propaganda, in which events such as the Vibrant Gujarat Summit mask poor performance on social indicators. Some parties, including Congress, have decided to focus their election campaign primarily on attacking the public statements made by Modi on the Gujarat model. But there is little doubt that, for once, what is up for debate before the electorate is not just caste and cultural arithmetic, but a development theory heralded by BJP's prime ministerial candidate.So what, really, is the Gujarat model? Does it work? And can it deliver for the rest of India?When you enter Gujarat, the first impression is of wide roads and lush agricultural fields in rural areas, and of how parts of Ahmedabad resemble a top-tier metropolitan city. This is the Gujarat that has seen unprecedented economic growth--between 2004 and 2012 the state grew at 10.1 per cent, far ahead of the national average of 7.6 per cent. But a few miles away from immaculate roads and gleaming highways, a different picture emerges. While there is no denying its success in infrastructure, investment and e-governance, the Gujarat model has limitations. These are highlighted by failings in public health and education, with the state still behind its peers in infant mortality rate and women's literacy.Click here to EnlargeBut how many of these successes, and failings, are due to Modi's policies? Over the course of extensive travel in Gujarat and conversations with government officials and economists, india today identified four major principles in Gujarat governance today:A heavy focus on agricultural transformation and industryEncouraging private enterprise in health and educationTaking urban-level infrastructure to rural areas andA decentralised model of government where schemes are tailored for specific populations.These principles could form the blueprint for Modi's plan for India.Transforming AgricultureRoads, Power and WaterThe Gujarat growth story is essentially founded on the simple policy decision to give roads, electricity and water to everyone. The flagship scheme here is the Jyotigram Yojana, commissioned in 2006, which ensures eight hours of electric supply for irrigation for all of Gujarat's 18,000 villages and 24x7 domestic power supply that has covered up to 97 per cent of all villages. Good roads have enabled farmers with easy access to markets and resources to diversify into multi-cropping and dairy farming. Innovations in irrigation, particularly in the construction of check dams, have ensured Gujarat has recorded the fastest growth in agriculture-10.97 per cent-amongst all Indian states from 2001 to 2010.Driving through Gujarat, there are several examples of this transformation. In Valia tehsil, for instance, farmers say pomegranates, which flower three times a year and were earlier cultivated only in the northern part of the state, have been added to the region's rich harvest of papaya, banana, sugarcane and chikoo (sapodilla). According to Dinesh Padaliya, assistant director of horticulture for Surat and Bharuch, farmers have benefited from having a horticulture officer in every taluka while the state government also encourages dairy farming. Cotton, the high-value segment (livestock, fruits and vegetables) and wheat are identified as the main sources of growth as their production and value has multiplied rapidly.But can this performance in agriculture be repeated in other states? According to Apoorva Oza, CEO of the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP), which has been working in Gujarat for several years, the Jyotigram scheme costs Rs.2,000 crore. "Inflation included, the scheme can be replicated in almost the entire country at a cost of around Rs.65,000 crore," he says. That figure is high but manageable; Rs.65,000 crore was the total amount allotted to just fuel subsidy alone in 2014-15.The flip side to agricultural growth in Gujarat is that it has been accompanied by a decline in the number of farmers, which is a good trend in itself. India does need to move people out of farming to the rural service or industrial services sector in urban India. According to the 2011 census, the number of farmers in Gujarat has decreased by 355,000 in 10 years while there is a concurrent increase in the number of unemployed agricultural labourers. The Census figures also show an increase in this period of over 2.2 million industrial labourers in Gujarat, suggesting that there has been a large migration towards cities from the rural areas. If a similar pattern occurs across the country, then any agricultural growth will have to be accompanied by job creation in non-agricultural sectors.Re-urbanising the StateMaking villages modernAt a function in Ahmedabad in 2011, Modi acknowledged there was a problem of large-scale migration to urban centres while announcing a pilot project called 'rurbanisation' for 50 villages. This, according to Modi, combined a process of preserving the "soul" of villages by providing all the civic and infrastructure facilities available in big towns and cities.Patients wait outside a doctor's clinic at Bhiloda Village in GujaratSince it was launched only in 2011, results on the ground are hard to see, especially in the tribal areas around Gujarat. It conforms, however, to a general commitment to upgrading infrastructure. Several villages from Anthasubah in north Gujarat to Khoraj near Ahmedabad have witnessed upgradation of basic facilities, whether it's new schools, hospital buildings or concrete roads in villages.However, the term rurbanisation is no different from other rural development programmes being run across the country so the debate about whether it can be implemented nationally does not arise. Critics point out that the concept was first coined by Dr APJ Abdul Kalam when he was President. He called it PURA (Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas).IndustryLand and incentivesOne major aspect of physical infrastructure in Gujarat is the specific interventions by government for industry. The state's industrial growth jumped to 12.65 per cent during 2005-09 from just 3.95 per cent during 2001-04. A lot of credit for this goes to the government's policy of supporting big business through infrastructure and availability of land.The industrial policy of 2009 provides a "merit-based" package of assistance to core infrastructure projects involving a minimum investment of Rs.5,000 crore. The state also offers a significant advantage through privately run ports, which were liberalised as far back as 1995. Gujarat saw a radical change in its industry structure from the 1980s as major companies such as Reliance and Essar set up their units in Jamnagar and Vadinar. More recently, Tata Motors shifted its Nano car plant from Singur in West Bengal to Anand in 2008.While allegations by opposition leaders, including AAP founder Arvind Kejriwal, of subsidised sale of land to business houses, have been denied by the companies and the government, the one caveat is that few incentives have been given to small scale industries in cities such as Surat.Sanjay Jagnani, president of the Federation Of Surat Textile Traders Association, says that there is hardly any specific government help for small-and medium- scale factories. The business, which at present grows at 10 per cent, "can grow twice as fast with government help", he says.DecentralisationTaking government to the peopleSince 2005, Gujarat has implemented a host of schemes aimed at decentralising government and taking essential services to people in villages. The marketing around these schemes is innovative-the interaction with villagers is celebrated as a kind of festival. The Krishi Mahotsav, for instance, is a festival where scientists, government officials and agriculturists go to villages to educate farmers about drip irrigation, soil testing, rainwater harvesting.Children at a school in Gujarat's Sabarkantha districtThe government also organises two festivals-Kanya Kelavani to encourage the enrolment of girl children and Gunotsav, an annual drive to assess the quality of primary education. Under these schemes, ministers and bureaucrats go to all 18,000 villages and spend three days surveying schools and talking to families about the importance of educating girls, a traditional weakness in tribal areas. These programmes have been instrumental in taking the primary enrolment rate from about 73 per cent to about 85.3 per cent in 2012.The enabling factor for these schemes is a strong system of local self-governance called the "Apno Taluko, Vibrant Taluko" (Our Taluka, Vibrant Taluka). Another aspect of decentralisation is using the knowledge of local officials to devise area-specific plans for tribal and coastal populations. The Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana, introduced in 2005, is one such scheme where the work of various government departments is synchronised to implement schemes according to the specific needs of the tribal population. The Sagarkhedu Yojana, for coastal populations, follows a similar model. Government figures mention that between 2007 and 2012, the Vanbandhu scheme provided jobs to around 10,000 people who had failed Class 10 or 12 examinations and saw 50 new schools opened in the 42 tribal tehsils of the state.Can this model of decentralisation be taken national? Economist Bibek Debroy says, "Gujarat has a healthy tradition of Panchayati Raj that goes back to the 1960s. That makes decentralised planning easier." Implementation in other states would first involve strengthening local self-government.E-GovernanceOne-on-one interactionThe implementation of e-governance schemes has cut red tape at the ground level. Each tehsil headquarters has a Jan Vikas Kendra where more than 100 certificates are available in a matter of minutes on nominal payment. Many of these certificates are now available to villagers at the village E-Gram Vishwagram Centre, part of the government's unique network connecting all the 13,700 panchayat villages in the state.The E-Jamin project of the Revenue Department has digitised the land record data of almost half of Gujarat's landowners, significantly cutting down cases of fraud in land ownership. Perhaps the most innovative scheme is the Swagat Online Grievance Redressal System run by the Chief Minister's office: Modi goes online to solve the problems in villages by talking to the complainants directly for almost four hours every fourth Saturday.According to Pankaj Gupta, former head of Tata Consultancy Services, who implemented several e-governance projects in Gujarat, the cost for implementing these schemes has been kept low. "Eight big projects in the state and about a dozen small ones implemented since 2003 have been at a cost of about Rs.1,200 crore. If a nodal agency takes it up, it can be easily implemented across India at a cost of just over Rs.20,000 crore," he says.HealthcareThe private choiceDespite the success of interventions such as e-governance and area-specific schemes, social indicators in health and education continue to be dire. According to figures from the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare for 2012, the shortage of doctors at Public Health Centres in Gujarat was 34 per cent while the national figure is 10 per cent. A government hospital in the tribal village of Bhiloda, 150-odd km north of Ahmedabad, presents a snapshot of the state of public healthcare in rural Gujarat. As patients line up outside a single room on the ground floor, a lab technician explains that the 98-bed hospital is catered to by a single medical officer. About 400 patients visit the hospital every day.The state's answer to overcoming the manpower problem is giving people the choice to go to private health providers. The Mukhya Mantri Amrutam Yojana allows up to five members of a BPL family to be treated in a government-approved private centre for up to Rs.2 lakh while the Chiranjeevi Yojana encourages women to deliver children in private hospitals. The 108 ambulance service, run by the GVK group, has a fleet of 450 ambulances that it dispatches even to rural areas.Does the push for private healthcare work? The evidence is mixed. Gujarat's infant mortality rate (IMR) was 38 in 2012, lower than the national average of 42 but much higher than states such as Tamil Nadu (21) and Maharashtra (25). Maternal mortality rate (MMR), or the number of women dying from childbirth per 10,000 births, is 122 for Gujarat, well behind Kerala (66) and Maharashtra (87). One reason for this, however, is the 15 per cent tribal population in far-flung areas.Till recently, doctors in rural areas were free to practice in private hospitals after paying a bond of Rs.1.5 lakh. The government has now increased the bond to Rs.5 lakh and has brought in a further 2,000 MBBS seats in the state. The plan allocation under health has been increased by 24 per cent in the state budget for 2013-14 to address some of these shortfalls.EducationNot enough teachersFigures from the District Information System for Education (DISE), an arm of the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, confirms a problem beyond the primary education level. In a 2011-12 survey, the DISE found that the student-teacher ratio for higher secondary and intermediate education was 54, compared to the national average of 32. And according to a 2013 DISE report, while Gujarat's enrollment ratio is 85.3 per cent at primary level, it plummets to 48.77 per cent at the secondary level. Overall, the dropout rate in schools is 58 per cent compared to the national average of 49 per cent.A variation of the manpower problem in healthcare exists in education as well. In Navbhavnath village in northern Gujarat, the government primary school has impressive infrastructure-10 classrooms, a computer room and separate toilets for boys and girls. The teachers in this school are all part of the Vidya Sahayak Scheme under which they are paid a part-time salary of Rs.5,300 a month--a fact admitted to by BJP leader Amit Shah at the India Today Conclave, though he clarified that they were part-timers for four years, after which they were made permanent.These poor salaries paid to teachers have a ripple effect. A person qualified enough to be a secondary school teacher is more likely to look for other full-time employment, and it naturally follows that the teacher shortage is the worst at the college level. According to a 2013 news report, over 1,700 posts lay vacant in engineering colleges across Gujarat. There is a commitment to improve-the government has increased the number of universities in the state from 15 to 52 since Modi came to power. But so far the benefits have been limited due to shortage of teachers. In 2013-14 government increased its plan allocation on education by 43 per cent.VerdictNot perfect, but a lot to offerEconomists point out that Gujarat has the advantage of ideal conditions-large tracts of land owned by the government can be given to industrial houses, terrain is favourable for building roads, while the Gujarati business acumen is a virtual guarantee of success. It cannot be denied, however, that Gujarat under Modi has seen a singular commitment to infrastructure that has transformed agriculture and is slowly changing the face of Gujarat's villages. Similar levels of economic growth may be hard to replicate in other states.In the period that it experienced a growth rate of 10.1 per cent, Gujarat was overtaken only by two states-Maharashtra (10.8 per cent) and Tamil Nadu (10.3 per cent). According to the 2011 Human Development Index published by the United Nations Development Programme, the latter two have steadily taken their human development index (life expectancy, education and income indices) higher than the national average while Gujarat remains below it.Government interventions in terms of taking services to the villages and introducing technology can be easily implemented across India. But unless they are allied with a commitment to human capital-good doctors, good teachers and skilled workers-social indices will remain a stumbling block. The government has taken steps by raising the bond for doctors and increasing the number of universities. Social indicators take a long time to improve, and investments made today will only offer dividends in a decade or so.Two things are clear. Gujarat is not yet the perfect state that supporters of Modi would have us believe, nor is it as broken as Kejriwal and others suggest. If it irons out certain problems, notably in health and education, it can set the standard for the modern Indian state for others to emulate.

The question of the evolution of the human body hair pattern (that is, a strange cap like scalp on the top of the head from which terminal hairs can grow very long, a largely glabrous forehead despite a high density of follicles there, distinct eyebrows, a relatively denuded body with fine vellus hairs largely replacing thick terminal ones, with peculiar exceptions to do with sexual signalling and dimorphism, such as greater body hair in males such as in beards) is an interesting one that has been rarely given much attention in the literature.For example, “The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution” is a very authoritative account of our evolution, comprising over 500 pages and written by about 50 top anthropologists, yet it simply doesn’t mention the matter at all.Imagine a book written about a species of cat that, unlike all the other cats, was largely naked apart from a strange cap on the top of its head. It is unthinkable that within its pages there would not be even a single mention about its strange body hair pattern. But that’s what we have here. Can you not start to sense a massive scientific oversight being demonstrated?The absence of curiosity about this phenomenon has, thankfully, not been absolute and over the years a number of ideas on the subject have been published. Here’s a brief summary…Sexual SelectionWhenever there is a difficult phenotypic trait to explain in terms of good old simple natural selection, evolutionary biologists are naturally tempted to look at sex to see if there might be some possible explanatory value there. Indeed, in doing so they would be following in the most respected of all possible footsteps. Charles Darwin, as early as 1871, speculated about such matters and came to the conclusion that the human body hair pattern was likely to be the result of some form of sexual selection.As there is clear sexual dimorphism in the adult human body hair pattern, it does feel an intuitively sound hypothesis. But what does one make, then, of the fact that males too lost a great deal of body hair and that many human populations do not exhibit as much sexual dimorphism in body hair pattern as others? And what of the fact that the most naked humans of all are the very least sexually mature?The idea got renewed publicity with Desmond Morris’ book “The Naked Ape” in 1967 in which Morris openly speculated on all manner of physical attributes. He even suggested that women’s breasts had evolved to look like buttocks to arouse males sexually! Needless to say, such ideas were largely ridiculed at the time and since, and the broad idea of sexual selection the driving human body hair pattern has lost some favour.Correlation with body sizePerhaps the next major scientist to consider the phenomenon was Alfred Schultz, in the 1930s, who basically postulated that the phenomenon was more or less due to a correlation with body size. The larger the body, the further apart hair follicles were going to be. The biggest mammals (elephants, whales etc) tend to be the least hairy and vice versa. Indeed, as human hair follicles are largely developed in the foetus at around 7–8 weeks, when the embryo is just a couple of centimeters long, it seems logical that the bigger we grow, the further apart the hair follicles would get. (No wonder, then, that lesser apes, like gibbons, have denser body hair than great apes, like chimps, gorillas and humans - as they are simply smaller.)But the trouble with this idea is that it is a purely quantitative comparison. It completely ignores the qualitative differences in human body hair, namely that most of our inherited ancestral great ape terminal hair has evolved into very fine, almost invisible, vellus hairs.Parasite DetectionAnother hypothesis that has been published from time to time over the years is the one that suggests the human body hair pattern aids ectoparasite detection. The concept is pretty straightforward - if you are covered with dense, thick, terminal hair it is difficult to detect any fleas, body lice or ticks. If you are largely denuded, and/or long terminal hairs are replaced by short vellus ones, detecting parasites becomes easier.One of the latest scientific papers about this was by Pagel & Bodmer in 2003, in which they also weave in aspects of sexual selection (operating on both sexes) and also culture, suggesting that clothing and sheltering gave a more flexible response to changes in the weather.The obvious question here is: Why did only humans evolve this strategy against ectoparasites and none of the other 200–350 species of primate? And why, if this was such an important adaptation, did we not also go bald? It seems to be a case of special pleading to me. Some human ectoparasites have co-evolved with us for millions of years, so it wouldn’t seem to have been a very effective strategy in any case.Mad Dogs and English Men Go Out in the Mid-Day SunMore recently, at the peak of anthropological faith in the savannah theory, it seems, another carefully worked out hypothesis was published on the matter. From the mid 80s to the early 90s, Peter Wheeler published a series of papers promoting the idea that human bipedality, as well as the evolution of our body hair pattern, was due to a selection pressure to keep cool on the hot open plains.His “thermoregulatory hypothesis” of bipedalism proposed that by standing, and then moving whilst in an upright posture, early hominins were able to place most of their upper bodies further from the ground where breezes would help in evapourative sweat cooling. This, would clearly be aided if accompanied with a reduction in body hair. One of the key arguments of this idea was that bipedalism gave our ancestors an advantage over quadrupedal competitors specifically when standing in equatorial habitats around noon, as far less of our body surface would be exposed to solar radiation. Whilst savannah predators lounged under the shady trees to keep cool, we were able to go out and hunt - so the story goes.It all seems plausible enough until you learn that the climate change in East Africa that led to savannahs came much later than the evolution of bipedalism. The paleohabitats of the earliest bipeds were as old as 7 Ma and were dominated by closed and wet forested habitats. Sahelanthropus, probably the earliest evidence for hominin bipedality, was found in the middle of paleo lake Chad and the paleohabitat of the most famous bipedal hominin, that of Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis), was pretty much a wetland for about a million years.Bipedalism evolving on the savannah, then, should be an idea that is well past its sell-by date (if only!) but the idea that walking around on the open plains helped keep the upper body cool and that this might have been a factor in the evolution of the human body hair pattern has, however, remained very much de rigeur.Recently it received fresh impetus by a an evolutionary biologist, Dan Lieberman (pronounced “Leeberman”) and his collegues (see Bramble et al 2004). Again this idea is tied to a form of bipedality, but conceding that human walking is unlikely to have been very adaptive on the open savannah plains, they instead propose long-distance endurance running as the significant shift in the locomotor repertoire.It is undoubtedly true that humans do seem to have a rather unique ability to run long distances and in every town or city you will often see people either jogging to keep fit, or else playing some form of sport that requires a lot of running. But this kind of reasoning suffers from the age-old problem of anthropocentrism. Just because we behave in a certain way today, it does not mean that this is the reason it evolved in the first place. Could the ability for endurance running be a symptom of something else? Perhaps a greater mental agility, or determination to overcome short-term ‘animal’ instincts?The “Endurance-Running Hypothesis” has a number of significant problems that really should be considered before granting this idea too much favour.Firstly, if the idea is that human ancestors lost their body hair in order to aid evapourative sweat cooling whilst chasing down antelope over the hot open African savannahs - as it is, there really should be a robust answer to the question: From where did they get the water to replace this copious loss? This, remember, was in the days long before the handy hip flask. Indeed it begs the question: How big a hip flask would you need to take with you to chase down an antelope in the mid day sun in Africa, even today?Once the prey has been chased down, perhaps 20 km from their base camp, and assuming all the women and children weren’t all chasing along with the hunters who, the model assumes, were males, what then? How was the carcass dragged back to the others in the group without it being a rather easy and obvious target to a whole bunch of very well adapted savannah predators and scavengers?And what about those women and children? This is very much just the old “man the mighty hunter” model that was so prevalent in the 1970s that Elaine Morgan railed against - reinvented as “man the might marathon runner”. The idea then, she supposed, was that the women looked after the kids and picked a few berries whilst they waited around for “tarzan” to return with a lump of meat for them. If they flashed their eyes alluringly enough, they might get a morsel, presumably in return for sex. Ironic, then, that of the two sexes, it’s the women that seem to have lost most body hair - not to mention the children.Swimming is not such a DragWith the mention of Elaine Morgan, we can finally consider surely the most plausible, evidence-based, and reasonable suggestion on this matter - simply that the human body hair pattern is a reflection of a simple adaptation to reduce surface drag whilst swimming in water.If you have ever observed a group of pre-pubescent children at a swimming gala you may have noticed something very pertinent to this subject. (I stress “pre-pubescent” here simply to preclude the possibility of beards, hairy chests and axilliary hair - all clearly a manifestation of sexual signalling and/or some sexual selection.)If you did, you would have quickly noticed that the part of the body most likely to be above the surface of the water, at any one moment, just happens to be the part most likely to be covered with terminal hair, and vice versa. Thin and tiny vellus hairs must individually impart far less drag than thick, longer terminal hairs and the part of the body at the “keel” (the front tip) which would bare most drag, the forehead, is peculiarly glabrous, despite a relatively high density of hair follicles. The local placement of hair on the limbs also seems to be helpful to swimming. Notice how, on the forearms, the dorsal surface (when in the anatomical position, of course) is relatively hairy, whilst the ventral surface is almost completely smooth. I have always considered this to be a way of providing and aerofoil-like lift to the arms during breast-stroke.These apparent adaptations do not stop when you come out of the water, either. Anyone who has gone for a swim, had a shower or even merely been caught in a strong rainstorm will have a sense of gratitude to their eyebrows for helping to keep much of the water from draining into their eyes. People who shave their eyebrows report that this benefit is largely lost.Furthermore, there seems to be a perfectly complementary relationship between the sweat cooling adaptations discussed above, and claimed by savanna theorists as evidence of an adaptation for living on the open plains, and swimming. If you are getting hot, what better way to cool down, immediately, than to go for a dip? Once out of the water, your wet skin further acts to cool you down until such point when it becomes dry at which point you may indeed start sweating. But there is little likelihood of a strategy of sweat cooling evolving if there wasn’t a very reliable supply of fresh water around to supplement it.Further backing comes from the world of elite swimmers, who have long been known to shave what little body hair they have in order to reduce drag and a series of fascinating experiments in the late 1980s (e.g. Sharp & Costil 1989) demonstrated a significant amount of drag reduction in passive push-off trials (so as to preclude the possibility of ‘placebo’ effects) from the side of a swimming pool in males that had shaved their body hair off.If one looks for evidence in comparative biology, one might ask the question Desmond Morris asked in his book “The Naked Ape” in 1967…“There are one hundred and ninety-three [more are recognised today] living species of monkeys and apes. One hundred and ninety-two of them are covered with hair. The exception is a naked ape self-named Homo sapiens. Staring at this strange specimen and puzzling over the significance of its unique features, the zoologist now has to start making comparisons. Where else is nudity at a premium?”The answer Morris flirted with himself for a few pages, concerned aquatic mammals.Of course, there are many exceptions: aquatic mammals that have not lost their body hair, but consider Morris’ question properly “where else is nudity at a premium?” Apart from the hairless wings of bats, the peculiar subterranean naked mole rat and a few very large “pachyderms” like elephants and rhinoceroses (some of which may themselves have a more aquatic past) moving through water seems to be the least far fetched. Ask similar questions about the other fanciful ideas listed above and you’ll soon see the point.Alas, Morris quickly returned to his pet theory - that of sexual selection - but Elaine Morgan, who read the book avidly when it came out, was thrilled by the mention of Sir Alister Hardy’s “more aquatic” idea and would go on to write half a dozen books on the subject, over the next forty years. She would influence a whole generation of interested people in a way the field of anthropology did not and I was one of them.Fossil and Genetic EvidenceI should also add to this list the strong evidence form the fossil record and a recent study of mitochondrial DNA. The earliest unequivocal evidence of modern human symbolic behaviour that have been found are from Pinnacle River Mouth Cave in South Africa, dated at around 164,000 years ago. There is strong evidence that they procured shellfish in their diets. (Marean et al 2014.)And just last week (1st November 2019) a paper was published in Nature, causing a ripple of news around the world. It reported the findings of a study of mitochondrial DNA indicating that the ancestral home of modern Homo sapiens appears to be the massive Okavango delta wetlands in Botswana and from there two major waves of migration followed, one of which was coastal.Waterside Hypotheses of Human EvolutionGoing back to the far-from-adequate response of the field of anthropology to this question, I do not think it is a coincidence that when perhaps the most evidence-based explanation to a basic human phenomenon has “aquatic” undertones, the whole subject is simply conveniently ignored.It is unquestionably the case that anything alluding to the possibility that moving through water might have had the slightest effect on the human phenotype seems to have been actively avoided, and it is still happening even today.The most recently published Handbook of Paleoanthropology included a chapter by Will Harcourt-Smith on "The Origin of Bipedal Locomotion." I was very disappointed (but not wholly surprised) that it contains not a single word about the wading hypothesis nor any discussion on the fact that the single most predictable scenario to induce bipedalism in an otherwise quadrupedal great ape was waist deep water. And many universities (including my own at UWA, Perth) seem determined to continue to teach very “orthodox” savannah-based ideas that surely belong in the 1970s.John Langdon, in his JHE paper in 1997 basically suggested that “the savanna theory” was an invention of Elaine Morgan ! - A straw man she created for the purpose of knocking down. And yet answers to this question from the field show that the old savannah-based notion of “man-the-mighty-hunter” are very much alive and kicking, or at least jogging.The lesson here is surely that scientific paradigms are very hard to shift. Once people’s careers and reputations are tied to memes like this, they are unlikely to welcome anyone coming in with a message that they might have overlooked something so big.But we live in hope.A couple of books on the subject have, at least come out lately:Peter Rhys-Evans book “The Waterside Ape” came out in 2019.Peter H. Rhys Evans : 9780367145484This followed on from another published by several authors in 2011…Was Man More Aquatic in the Past? Fifty Years After Alister Hardy - Waterside Hypotheses of Human EvolutionAnd, to celebrate the centenary of Elaine Morgan’s birth, on 7th November 1920, I have just released a new book outlining her amazing life against a backdrop of our understanding of human origins and her contribution to it.Elaine Morgan ~ 100 Years Towards Origins, Kuliukas, Algis, eBook - Amazon.comReferencesBramble, Dennis R; Lieberman, Daniel E (2004). Endurance running and the evolution of Homo. Nature Vol:432 Pages:345-352Chan EKF, Timmermann A, Baldi B, Moore AE, Lyons RJ, Lee SS, Kalsbeek AMF, Peterson DC, Rautenbach H, Förtsch HEA, Bornman MSR, Hayes V, Human origins in a southern African palaeo-wetland and first migrations. Nature 574:1-16, (2019).Darwin, C (1871). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2 Vols. Murray (London)Harcourt-Smith (2014) Origin of Bipedal LocomotionKuliukas AV, Morgan E, (2011). Aquatic scenarios in the thinking on human evolution: What are they and how do they compare?. In: Vaneechoutte M, Verhaegen M, Kuliukas AV, (eds.), (2011). Was Man More Aquatic In The Past? Fifty Years After Alister Hardy: Waterside Hypotheses Of Human Evolution. Bentham (Basel)Mai, L., Owl, M., Kersting, M. (2005). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Biology and Evolution. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge)Marean CW, The origins and significance of coastal resource use in Africa and Western Eurasia. Journal of Human Evolution 77:017-40, (2014).Morgan, E (1997). The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis. Souvenir Press (London)Morris, D. (1967). The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal. McGraw-Hill (New York)Pagel, M., Bodmer, W. A naked ape would have fewer parasites. Biology Letters 03BL:0060.S2, (2003).Rhys-Evans P, (2019). The Waterside Ape. CRC PressSchultz AH, The Density of Hair in Primates. Human Biology 3:303-321, (1931).Sharp RL, Costill DL, Influence of body hair removal on physiological responses during breastroke swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21:576-580, (1989).Vaneechoutte M, Verhaegen M, Kuliukas AV, (eds.), (2011). Was Man More Aquatic In The Past? Fifty Years After Alister Hardy: Waterside Hypotheses Of Human Evolution. Bentham (Basel)Wheeler PE, The Evolution of Bipedality and Loss of Functional Body Hair in Hominoids. Journal of Human Evolution 13:91-98, (1984).Wheeler, Peter E (1992). The thermoregulatory advantages of large body size for hominids foraging in savannah environments. Journal of Human Evolution Vol:23 Pages:351-362

Department of Textile TechnologyIITD - Google Drive (courses notes, for textile GATE also)tXL110 Polymer chemistry3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: CML100The course will deal with chain and step growth polymerizationmethods, polymer’s macromolecular architecture, molecular weight ofpolymers, copolymerization, cross-linked polymers, general structureand characteristics of polymers, properties of fiber forming polymersand their applications.tXL111 textile Fibres3 credits (2-0-2)Pre-requisites: PYL100/MTL100/CML100Classification of fibres. Basic structure of a fibre. General propertiesof a fibre such as moisture absorption, tenacity, elongation, initialmodulus, yield point, toughness, elastic recovery. Relationship betweenpolymer structure and fiber properties. Detailed chemical and physicalstructure of natural fibres: cotton, wool and silk, their basic properties.Introduction to important bast and leaf fibres. Basic introduction toFibre spinning. Introduction Manmade and synthetic fibres: Viscose,Acetate, Acrylic, Nylon, polyester. High Performance Fibres.Laboratory exercises would include experiments on fibre identificationthrough physical appearance, microscopic (optical, SEM), and burningbehaviour. Chemical identification through solvent treatment andelemental analysis.tXL211 Structure and Physical Properties of Fibres3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100Molecular architecture. Configuration. Conformation. Amorphous andcrystalline phases. Glass transition. Crystallization. Melting. Structuresin natural and synthetic fibres. Characterization techniques. Fibreproperties. Moisture absorption properties. Mechanical properties.Fibre friction. Optical properties. Thermal properties.tXL212 Manufactured Fibre technology3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100Polymer rheology in shear as well as extension. Polymer entanglements.Flow instabilities in polymer fluids. Principles of solidification. Heat andmass transfer. Melt spinning. Force and momentum balance in spinline.Stress induced crystallization. Experimental observations from meltspinning of polyamides and polyesters. Solution spinning. Dry and wetspinning. Transport phenomena. Kinetic and thermodynamic effects insolution spinning. Solution spinning of viscose and acrylic fibres. Dryjet wet spinning. Post spinning processes. Drawing and heat setting.Stress-strain-structure relationship. Effect of post spinning operationson fibre structure and properties. Spin finish applications. Introductionto electrospinning.tXP212 Manufactured Fibre technology Lab1 credit (0-0-2)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100The laboratory experiments are planned to provide knowledge on fibreformation of selected synthetic polymers and the characterization offibres/tapes produced. Melt-spinning, extrusion, wet spinning anddry-jet wet spinning techniques is used to produce fibres or tapes.The evaluation of structure through thermo-mechanical properties,polymer solution rheology and microscopic analysis of materials iscarried out using established methods.tXL221 Yarn Manufacture-I3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100Impurities in natural fibres. Separation of trash and lint. Pre-balingoperations for staple fibres. Purpose of opening, cleaning, mixing andblending of fibres. Blow room machinery and operating elements.Principles of fibre opening and cleaning in blow room. Transportation offibre mass. Influence of process parameters on opening and cleaning.Analysis of opening and cleaning processes. Principles and methods offibre mixing and blending. Principles of carding. Machine elements andoperations in card. Sliver formation, packing and fibre configurationsin sliver. Objectives, principles and methods of roller drafting. Purposeand principle of condensation of fibres. Causes of mass variation offibrous assembly and control. Automation and recent developments inblowroom, card and draw frames. Fibre opening, carding and drawingfor wool, jute and other fibres. Modification in process parameters forprocessing blended fibres in blowroom, card and drawframe.tXP221 Yarn Manufacture Laboratory-I1 credit (0-0-2)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100Experiments related to the lecture course entitled “Yarn ManufactureI (TXL221)”.tXL222 Yarn Manufacture-II3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100Fibre fractionation and combing. Preparation of fibre assembly forcombing. Principle of operations in a rectilinear comber. Combingmachine elements. Theory of fibre fractionation. Roving formation:Elements of roving frame, drafting, twisting and winding in speedframe, principle and mechanism of builder motion in speed frame.Yarn formation: Elements of ring frame, drafting, twisting and windingin ring frame, design aspects of spindles, rings and travellers, buildermotion in ring frame. Spinning geometry. Twist and yarn strength. Yarndoubling : Purpose of doubling and plying of yarns, ring doubling, twofor-one and three for one twisting. New spinning methods: Principlesof yarn formation in rotors, friction, airjet, vortex and electrostaticspinning. Yarn structure and property comparison.tXP222 Yarn Manufacture Laboratory-II1 credit (0-0-2)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100Experiments related to the lecture course entitled “Yarn ManufactureII (TXL222)”.tXL231 Fabric Manufacture-I3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100Introduction to various fabric forming principles: weaving, knitting,nonwoven and braiding. Stages of woven fabric manufacturing:winding, warping, drawing and tying in and weaving. Winding:principles, precision and random winding, digicone winding, yarntensioning and clearing. Warping: direct and sectional warping. Sizing:size materials, sizing machines, process and quality control, moderntrends. Drawing and tying in. Basic fabric designs: plain, matt, rib,twill and satin, drafting and lifting plans. Primary motions of shuttlelooms: cam shedding, cam designs, dobby and jacquared systems,picking systems, loom timing, beat up, sley eccentricity. Secondaryand auxiliary motions: take up, let off, warp and weft stop and warpprotecting motions.tXP231 Fabric Manufacture Laboratory-I1 credit (0-0-2)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100Experiments related to the theoretical paper TXL231.tXL232 Fabric Manufacture-II3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100Shuttleless looms: Principles of weft insertion in projectile, rapier,air-jet and water-jet looms, comparison of various weft insertionsystems, principles of two phase, multiphase, circular and narrowfabric weaving. Leno weaving, Triaxial weaving. Knitting: Basic weftTextile284and warp knitted constructions, cams and needles, different weft andwarp knitted structures and their properties, weft and warp knittingmachines. Nonwovens: Definitions and classifications, productiontechnology, selection criteria and important properties of fibresused, different types of webs and bonding techniques, productionand properties of needle punched, adhesive bonded, thermallybonded, hydroentangled, spun bonded and meltblown fabrics. Braidedstructures: Types of braiding processes, classification of braids, braidgeometry, structure-property relationship, over braiding.tXP232 Fabric Manufacture Laboratory-II1 credit (0-0-2)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100Experiments related to the theoretical paper TXL232.tXL241 technology of textile Preparation & Finishing3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100Natural and added impurities in textiles. Singeing, desizing, scouring,bleaching, mercerisation and optical whitening of cotton. Combinedpreparatory processes Carbonisation, scouring and bleaching of wool,degumming of silk. Preparation of synthetic fibres and blends, heatsetting. Machinery for preparation of textiles. Surfactants and theirapplication. Introduction to chemical and mechanical finishes. Chemicalfinishes for hand modification. Biopolishing, easy care, oil, water andsoil repellent finishes. Fire retardancy, antimicrobial finishes. Finishesfor wool. Mechanical finishes like shrink proofing and calendering;Raising, sueding and emerising. Low liquor application techniquesand machinery; Stenters and dryers.tXP241technology oftextile Preparation & Finishing Lab1.5 credits (0-0-3)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100Natural and added impurities in textiles. Singeing, desizing, scouring,bleaching, mercerization and optical whitening of cotton. Combinedpreparatory processes Carbonization, scouring and bleaching ofwool, degumming of silk. Chemical finishes for hand modification.Bio-polishing, Resin finishing, Water and Oil repellent finishes. Fireretardant finish, Antimicrobial finish, Weight reduction of cotton.tXL242 technology of textile coloration3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100The principles of dyeing and printing of textile materials. Basiccharacteristics of dyes, chemical structure of dyes, and classificationof dyes. Dyeing equipment and the specific dyes and procedures usedto dye textiles. Evaluation of Fastness. Methods of printing namely,roller, screen, transfer, ink jet and the preparation of printing paste.Direct, discharge and resist printing styles. Physical chemistry of fibre/fabric dyeing. Physicochemical theories of the application of dyestuffsto textile and related materials, including the thermodynamics andkinetic principles involved.tXP242 technology of textile coloration Lab1.5 credits (0-0-3)Pre-requisites: TXL110/TXL111/TXN100The principles of dyeing and printing of textile materials. Dyeingequipment and the specific dyes and procedures used to dye textiles.Evaluation of Fastness. Methods of printing namely, screen, transfer,ink jet and the preparation of printing paste. Direct, discharge andresist printing styles.tXd301 Mini Project3 credits (0-0-6)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC65tXr301 Professional Practices2 credits (0-1-2)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC65tXS301 Independent Study3 credits (0-3-0)Pre-requisites: EC65tXL321 Multi and Long Fibre Spinning3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL221/TXL222 and EC50Blending of fibres during staple fibre spinning , Characteristics ofmanmade fibres and their spinnability. Blending at draw frame.Fundamentals of strictly similar yarns. Processing of manmade fibresand blends on staple fibre spinning system. Properties of blendedyarns. Spinning of dyed fibres. Mélange yarns. Worsted /semi-worsted/Woolen spinning. Jute and Flax Spinning. Tow to top Conversion. Bulkyarn. Spun silk yarn.tXL331 Woven textile design3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL231/TXL232 and EC50Elements of woven design. Construction of elementary weaves; plain,twill, satin weaves and their derivatives. Rib and cord structures.Construction of standard woven fabrics; poplin, sheeting, denim,drill and jean, gabardine, granite, diamond and diaper weaves,Honey comb, Huckaback and Mockleno weaves. Colour effect onwoven design. Dobby design, stripes and checks. Construction ofjacquard design. Figuring with extra threads. Damasks and Brocades.Double cloths. Multilayer fabrics. Tapestry structures. Gauze andLeno structures. Whip cord and Bedford cord. Pique and Waddedstructures. Terry pile structures. Velvet and velveteen. Axminstercarpet structures. Indian traditional designs. Introduction to CAD forwoven designs.tXL341 colour Science2 credits (2-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL241/TXL242 and EC50The course will deal with aspects of colour science that are importantto the colour technologist in the day-today manufacture and controlof coloured products in textile applications.tXL361 Evaluation of textile Materials3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC50Introduction to textile testing; Sampling and basic statistics: Selectionof samples for testing; Random and biased samples; Differenttypes of sampling of textile materials; The estimation of populationcharacteristics from samples and the use of confidence intervals;Determination of number of tests to be carried out to give chosendegree of accuracy; Test of significance of means and variance; Relatednumerical; Quality control charts and their interpretation; Standardtests, analysis of data and test reports, Correlation and coefficient ofdetermination; Analysis of variance (ANOVA).Testing methods: Measurement of length, fineness and crimp of fibres;Determination of maturity, foreign matter, and moisture content ofcotton; Principles of AFIS, HVI etc.; Measurement of twist, lineardensity and hairiness of yarn; Evenness testing of silvers, rovings andyarns; Analysis of periodic variations in mass per unit length; Usterclassimat; Spectrogram and V-L curve analysis; Tensile testing of fibres,yarns and fabrics; Automation in tensile testers; Tearing, burstingand abrasion resistance tests for fabrics; Pilling resistance of fabrics;Bending, shear and compressional properties of fabrics, fabric drapeand handle (KESF, FAST etc); Crease and wrinkle behavior; Fastnesscharacteristics of textiles; Matching of shade; Air, water and water-Textile285vapour transmission through fabrics; Thermal resistance of fabrics;Testing of interlaced and textured yarns; Special tests for carpetsand nonwoven fabrics. Testing of special yarns (textured yarns, coreyarn, ropes, braids etc). Testing of special fabrics (different types ofnonwovens, carpets, different types of technical textiles like bulletproof fabrics, UV protective fabrics, EMS fabrics etc.).tXP361 Evaluation of textiles Lab1 credit (0-0-2)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232, EC50Introduction to textile testing; Experiments related to the lecturecourse entitled “Evaluation of Textile Material”.tXL371 theory of textile Structures4 credits (3-1-0)Pre-requisites: TXL221/TXL222, TXL231/TXL232, EC50Basic characteristics of yarn structure. Koechlin’s theory of relationsamong yarn count, twist, packing density, and diameter. Helical modelof fibres in yarns. Radial migration of fibres in yarns. Tensile behaviorof yarns. Theory of yarn mass variation. Theory of plied yarn. Basiccharacteristics of fabric structure. Flexible and rigid thread models ofwoven fabric geometry. Tensile, bending, and shear deformation ofwoven fabric. Geometry of knitted and nonwoven fabrics.tXL372 Speciality Yarns and Fabrics2 credits (2-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL221/TXL222 and TXL231/TXL232 and EC50Design, manufacture, characterization and applications of specialtyyarns. Hybrid yarns. High bulk yarns. Electro-conductive yarns.Technical sewing threads. Coated yarns. Reflective yarns. Elastomericyarns. Yarn quality requirement. Yarn preparation & productiontechnology. Structural design, properties-Performance and applicationsof specialty fabrics. Denim. Pile fabrics. Narrow fabrics. 3D fabrics.Spacer fabrics. Profiled fabrics. Contour fabrics. Polar fabrics. Spiralfabrics. Multi-functional fabrics.tXL381 costing and its Application in textiles4 credits (3-1-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC50Importance of costing. Material costing in textile industry. Methodsof inventory costing. Economic order quantity, price discount, safetystock, lead time. Allocation of labour cost-shift premium, overtime,idle time, rush orders in garment industry. Allocation of overheadsin composite mills. Job order costing in garment industry. Economicbatch quantity. Process costing in mill. Unit cost of yarns, fabric andprocessing. Joint and by-product costing. Absorption costing. Variablecosting for decision making. Profit planning in textile industry, variationof price, costs etc., breakeven capacity. Standard costs of fibres, yarns,labour etc. HOK, OHS, UKG etc. Cost variance analysis-iteration ofactual costs of fibre, labour and overhead with respect to standardcosts. Work allocation to spinner. Balancing of machine for optimizingproduct mix in a spinning mill. Financial information-balance sheet,profit/loss account, balance sheet. Ratio analysis.tXd401 Major Project Part I4 credits (0-0-8)Pre-requisites: TXL361/TXP361/TXL371/TXL372 and EC100Formation of project team (up to two students and up to two facultyguides); formulation of work plan completing targeted work for thesemester and presentation of complete work of progress for awardof grade.tXd402 Major Project Part II8 credits (0-0-16)Pre-requisites: EC100 and Minimum B Grade in TXD401Continuation of planned tasks started in Major Project Part I, TXD411,to completion, thesis writing and presentation of complete work ofprogress for award of grade.tXL700 Modelling and Simulation in Fibrous Assemblies3 credits (2-0-2)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC 75Introduction to Textile Modelling and Simulation, types of model.Curve Fitting Techniques: Prediction of mechanical properties offibrous assemblies.Artificial Neural Network (ANN): Mathematical models of artificialneurons, ANN architecture, Learning rules, Back propagationalgorithm, Applications of ANN. Fuzzy Logic: Crisp and fuzzy sets,Operations of fuzzy sets, Fuzzy rule generation, Defuzzification,Applications of fuzzy logic. Genetic Algorithm (G.A.): Basics of G.A.,G. A. in fabric engineering.Stochastic and Stereological Methods: Random fibrous assemblies,anisotropy characteristics, two and three-dimensional fibrousassemblies. Statistical Mechanics: Monte Carlo simulation of randomfibrous assemblies,Multiscale Modelling: Geometrical modelling of textile structures,modelling of properties of fibrous assembliesComputational Fluid Dynamics: Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluidsand their applications in extrusion processes, Computer simulationof fluid flows through porous materials, heat and mass transfer infibrous assemblies.tXV701 Process cont. and Econ. in Manmade Fibre Prod.1 credit (1-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC 75Introduction to manmade fibres. Consumption pattern in Indiaand World. Factors affecting their growth. Economics of manmadefibre production. Modern polyester manufacturing plant technology.Capacities, raw materials and economics. Process and parametersat polymerization. Melt spinning and draw line. Control of modulus,tenacity, crimp properties, Dye affinity during production. Typicalproperties of polyester staple fibre. Partially oriented yarn and fullydrawn yarn. Commodity and specialty polyester fibres. Recycledpolyester staple fibres. Bio-degradable polyester PLA. Applications,properties and selection of fibres as per end uses.tXV702 Management of textile Business1 credit (1-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC 75The textile industry of India : Past & its evolution to the present day.The structure of the Indian textile industry. Cotton textile sector, Jutetextile sector. Silk textile sector. Manmade textile sector. Wool textilesector. Statistics of Indian textile business (domestic & export) andworld textile trade. Textile policy 2000. Govt. of India. World tradepractices. Norms, barriers etc. Various pertinent issues prevailingimpacting textile industry and trade. Corporate social responsibility.Other compliances. ISO accreditation, etc. Retailing in textiles vis-a-visconsumer trend and behaviour. The challenging future of the Indiantextile industry and trade.tXV703 Special Module in textile technology1 credit (1-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC 75The course aims at introducing special topics in textile technology.The course topics and content are likely to change with each offeringdepending upon the current requirement and expertise available withthe department including that of the visiting professionals.tXV704 Special Module in Yarn Manufacture1 credit (1-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC 75Textile286The course aims at introducing new or highly specialized technologicalaspects in yarn manufacture. The course topics and content are likelyto change with each offering depending upon the current requirementand expertise available with the department including that of thevisiting professionals.tXV705 Special Module in Fabric Manufacture1 credit (1-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC 75The course aims at introducing new or highly specialized technologicalaspects in fabric manufacture. The course topics and content are likelyto change with each offering depending upon the current requirementand expertise available with the department including that of thevisiting professionals.tXV706 Special Module in Fibre Science1 credit (1-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC 75The course aims at introducing new or highly specialized technologicalaspects in fibre science. The course topics and content are likely tochange with each offering depending upon the current requirementand expertise available with the department including that of thevisiting professionals.tXV707 Special Module in textile chemical Processing1 credit (1-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC 75The course aims at introducing new or highly specialized technologicalaspects in textile chemical processing. The course topics and contentare likely to change with each offering depending upon the currentrequirement and expertise available with the department includingthat of the visiting professionals.tXL710 High Performance and Specialty Fibres3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL212 and EC75Definition, classification and structural requirements of highperformance and specialty fibres, Polymerization, spinning andproperties of aramids, aromatic polyesters, rigid rod and ladderpolymers such as PBZT, PBO, PBI, PIPD, Manufacture of carbonfibres from polyacrylonitrile, viscose and pitch precursors, Conceptof gel spinning and spinning of UHMPE fibres, Elastomeric polymersand fibres, Lyocell fibre production, Conducting fibres, Thermallyand chemically resistant polymers and fibres, Methods of synthesis,production and properties of: glass and ceramic fibres. Specialty fibres:profile fibres, optical fibres, bicomponent fibres and hybrid fibres,Superabsorbent polymers and fibres.tXL711 Polymer and Fibre chemistry3 credits (3-0-0)The course will deal with chain and step growth polymerizationmethods, polymer’s macromolecular architecture, molecular weight ofpolymers, copolymerization, cross-linked polymers, general structureand characteristics of polymers, spectroscopic analysis of polymers,properties of fiber forming polymers and their applications.tXP711 Polymer and Fibre chemistry Laboratory1 credit (0-0-2)Identification of fibres by chemical and burning tests, polymerization ofvinyl monomers such as styrene, acrylamide using bulk polymerization,solution polymerization, emulsion polymerization, radiation inducedpolymerization. Condensation polymerization and interfacialpolymerization of nylon-6, Molecular weight measurement. Intrinsicviscosity and end group analysis, preparation of phenol-formaldehyderesin. Analysis of chemical structure by FTIR, UV spectroscopy.tXL712 Polymer and Fibre Physics3 credits (3-0-0)Molecular architecture, configuration, conformation of ideal and realchains, Random Walk models of polymer conformations, Gaussianchain, Self-avoiding walks and excluded-volume interaction, theamorphous phase and its chemical-physical aspects, the glasstransition phenomenon, the WLF-equation, crystalline state and itschemical-physical aspect, cross-linked polymers and rubber elasticity,behaviour of polymers in solutions and mixtures, viscoelasticity andrheology of polymers, mechanical properties, physical properties offibres: moisture absorption properties, mechanical properties, opticalproperties, thermal properties.tXP712 Polymer and Fibre Physics Laboratory1 credit (0-0-2)Laboratory Experiments on Characterization of fibres by Infraredspectroscopy, Density measurements; Thermal analysis:Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning calorimetry(DSC) and Thermo-Mechanical Analysis (TMA); Dynamic MechanicalAnalysis (DMA); Sonic modulus ;X-ray diffraction studies; Birefringencemeasurement; Optical microscopy studies; Scanning ElectronMicroscopy (SEM) of fibres: Creep and Stress Relaxation study,Mechanical property testing such as tensile and flexural rigidity.tXL713 technology of Melt Spun Fibres4 credits (3-1-0)Importance of transport phenomena in fibre manufacturing;Fundamentals of momentum transfer, heat transfer, mass transfer,building differential equations using shell balance and generalizedequations; Polymer rheology- shear flow, elongational flow; Meltspinning lines for filament and staple fibre; Role of spin finish;Necessary conditions for fibre formation, elasticity versus plasticityof melts; Melt instabilities; Thermodynamic limitations; Force balanceand heat balance in melt spinning; Low speed melt spinning; Neckingand stress induced crystallization in high speed melt spinning; Effectof process parameters on fibre spinning and structure of nylon 6, PETand PP; Drawing Process and its necessity; Neck or flow deformationaldrawing; Drawing machines; Effect of parameters on structuredevelopment in nylon 6, PET, PP; Types of heat setting, Effect of settingparameters on structure and properties; Concept of bulking/texturing.tXL714 Advanced Materialscharacterization techniques1 credit (1-0-0)Relevance of advanced characterization techniques in materialdevelopment; scattering techniques (SAXS/WAXS); advanced surfacecharacterization techniques (X-ray photoelectrosn spectroscopy(XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), secondary ion massspectroscopy (SIMS)); microscopy techniques: basics of electronmaterials interaction; SEM combined with FIB techniques; TEM andcryo-TEM; chemical analysis utilizing microscopy techniques; AFM;confocal laser microscopy.tXL715 technology of Solution Spun Fibres3 credits (3-0-0)Prerequisites: TXL711/TXL713PAN properties; Solution rheology and its dependence on parameters.Effect of parameterson entanglement density, fibre spinning andsubsequent drawing; Various solvent systems; Dope preparation; Wetand dry spinning processes; Effect of process parameters such as dopeconcentration, bath concentration, temperature and jet stretch ratioon coagulation rate, fibre breakage and fibre structure; Modeling ofcoagulation process; properties and structure of dry and wet spunfibres; Dry jet wet spinning. Solution spinning of PAN.Bicomponent and bulk acrylic fibres. Acrylic fibre line, crimpingand annealing, tow to top conversion systems; Viscose rayonprocess, Spinning with and without zinc sulfate; Polynosics and highperformance cellulosic fibre; Non viscose processes, Lyocell spinningprocess, structure and properties; Gel spinning of PE, Gel spinningof PAN and PVA. Introduction to high performance fibres and theirspinning systems such as rigid rod polymer, liquid crystalline polymers,polylactic acid and spandex fibre manufacturing.Textile287tXP716 Fibre Production and Post Spinning operationLaboratory2 credits (0-0-4)Experiments related to fibres production processes. Effect of moistureand temperature on MFI of PET and PP. Melt spinning of PET, PP &nylon-6 filament yams on laboratory spinning machines. Single and twostage drawing of the as-spun yams or industrial POY. Demonstrationof high speed spinning machine. Wet and dry heat setting of PETand nylon drawn yarns. Effect of temperature and tension on heatsetting. Determination of structure and mechanical properties of asspun, POY, drawn and heat set yams using DSC, X-ray, FTIR, density,sonic modulus. Effect of shear rate, temperature on polymer solutionviscosity using Brookfield Rheometer and ball-fall method. Wetspinning or dry jet wet spinning of PAN copolymers. False twist andair jet texturing processes. Determination of structure of texturedyam under microscope.tXL719 Functional and Smart textiles3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL212/TXL221/ TXL231 and EC75Definition and Classification of Functional and Smart textiles ;Introduction to Composites : Theory, Types, Properties ; HighPerformance fibers, thermoplastic and thermosetting Resins;Composite Manufacturing and Applications; Coated and laminatedTextiles: materials, formulations, techniques and applications ;Protective Textiles- Materials, design, principles and evaluation forprotection against fire, harmful radiation, chemicals and pesticides;Sportswear: design, testing and materials – fibers , yarns, fabrics fortemperature control and moisture management; Medical textiles:Classification, types and products, Health and Hygiene Textilesprotection against microbes, Wound management- dressings, sutureand bandages, Implants and drug delivery systems ; Smart andIntelligent Textiles : Passive and Active functionality, stimuli sensitivetextiles, Electronic Textiles : wearable computers, flexible electronics.tXL721 theory of Yarn Structure3 credits (3-0-0)General description of yarn structure, Fibre packing arrangement inyarns, Fibre directional arrangement in yarns, Geometry of pores inyarns, Relationship among yarn count, twist, and diameter, Helicalmodel of fibers in yarns, Yarn retraction, Limits of twisting, Radialmigration of fibers in yarns, Model of ideal fibre migration, Model ofequidistant migration, Tensile mechanics of yarns, Yarn tensile behaviorin light of helical model, Relationship between tensile behaviors offiber and yarn, Yarn strength as a function of gauge length, Bendingmechanics of yarns, Mass unevenness of yarns, Martindale’s model ofmass irregularity, Model of hierarchical structure of fibre aggregates,Hairiness of staple fiber yarns, Single- and double-exponential modelsof yarn hairiness, Structure and mechanics of plied yarns.tXL722 Mechanics of Spinning Processes3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL221/TXL222 and EC75Principles of bale management. Forces acting on fibres during openingand cleaning, analysis of fibre compactness and blending in blowroom.Carding process, cylinder load and transfer efficiency, design ofhigh production card, fibre shedding and card wire geometry, fibreconfiguration in card and drawn sliver. Fibre movement in draftingfield, drafting wave, drafting force, roller slip, roller eccentricityand vibration, autolevelling. Fibre fractionation in comber, combingperformance. Analysis of forces on yarn and traveller, spinning tensionin ring and rotor spinning, spinning geometry, twist flow in ring androtor spinning, end breaks. Mechanism of drafting and yarn formationin high speed spinning systems.tXL724 textured Yarn technology3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL221/TXL222 and EC75Principles of texturing and modern classification; False twist texturingprocess- mechanisms and machinery, optimization of texturingparameters, barre’, structure-property correlation of textured yarns;Draw-texturing- the need and fundamental approaches; Frictiontexturing- the need and development, mechanics of friction texturing,latest development in twisting devices, optimization of qualityparameters. Noise control in texturing.Air jet texturing- Principle, mechanisms, development of jetsand machinery, process optimization and characterization, air jettexturing of spun yarns. Air interlacement-Principle and mechanism,jet development and characterization. Bulked continuous filamentyarns- Need, principle, technology development. Hi-bulk yarns- AcrylicHi-bulk yarn production, mechanism and machines involved, othersuch products. Solvent and chemical texturing- Need, texturing ofsynthetic and natural fibres.tXL725 Mechanics of Spinning Machines3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL221/TXL222 and EC75Drive systems, belt drives, belt tensions, power transmission, variable,PIV and reversing drives. Polygonal effect in chain drives. Gear types,design aspects, interference and periodic faults, thrust loads andelimination, gear selection, planetary gear trains in spinning machines.Design of cone pulleys, design of transmission shafts and draftingrollers-materials, design against torsional & lateral rigidity. Clutchesand brakes (design, torque transmission capacity, applications intextile machines, bush bearings-theory of lubrication, Rolling contactbearings in textile machines. Machine balancing (static, couple,dynamic unbalance, balancing of cylinder-plane transposition, practicalaspects of balancing. Cams in roving and ring spinning machines.tXP725 Mechanics of textile Machines Laboratory1 credit (0-0-2)Students will do experimental analysis of various machine elementson textile machines.tXL731 theory of Fabric Structure3 credits (3-0-0)Engineering approach to fabric formation. Fibre, yarn and fabricstructure- property relationships. Crimp interchange in woven fabric.Elastica model for fabric parameters and crimp balance. Concept offabric relaxation and set. Practical application of geometrical andelastica models, Uniaxial and biaxial tensile deformation of wovenfabric. Bending deformation of woven fabric, bending behaviour ofset and unset fabrics and bending in bias direction. Bending, Shearand drape properties of woven fabric. Buckling and compressionalbehaviour of woven fabrics. Mathematical models and their applicationin the study of tensile, bending, shear, compressional and bucklingdeformation of woven fabrics. Structure and properties of knittedfabrics, Structure-property relationship of nonwoven fabrics,Mechanical behavior of braided structures.tXL732 Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Systems3 credits (3-0-0)Fabric manufacturing systems, Yarn quality and weavability, YarnPreparation for High speed weaving, Preparation of high performancefibres/tows for weaving, Sizing of filament yarn, Shuttle less weavingsystems: Advancements in each system with respect to productivity,yarn characteristics and fabric quality, energy requirement, designflexibility, applications and limitations, Specialty weaving: 3D weaving,Multilayer weaving, Spacer weaving, Profiled weaving, Polar and Spiralfabric, Circular Weaving, Honeycomb weaving, Denim manufacturing,Multiaxial weaving, Multiphase weaving, Terry weaving, Leno Weaving,Filament Weaving, Properties and applications of fabrics producedin these systems. Weft and warp knitted structures for technicalapplications, Braiding; biaxial and triaxial braids, 3D braiding,Structure, properties and applications of braided fabrics, Developmentsin nonwoven technologies, Stitch bonding methods, Nonwovencomposite fabrics, Electrospinning, 3D nonwovens.Textile288tXL734 nonwoven Process and Products3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC75Definitions of nonwoven and their scopes and limitations. Staple fibrepreparation processes. Staple fibre web formation processes: carding,air-laying, and wet-laying. Staple fibre web stacking processes:parallel-laying, cross-laying, and perpendicular-laying, Mechanicalbonding processes: needle-punching and hydroentanglement.Thermal bonding processes: calendar, through-air, impingement,infra-red, and ultrasonic bonding. Chemical bonding process.Spunmelt processes: spunbonding and meltblowing, Medicalnonwovens, Hygiene nonwovens, Nonwoven wipes, Nonwoven filters,Geononwovens, Automotive nonwovens, Case studies.tXL740 Science & App. of nanotechnology in textiles3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: EC75Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; Size and surfacedependence of their physical and chemical properties such asmechanical, thermodynamical, electronic, catalysis etc; Synthesis ofNanomaterials used in Textiles such as carbon nanotube, fullerenes,metal and metal oxide nanoparticles i.e. nano silver, nano silica,nano titania, nano zinc oxide, nano magnesium oxide etc.; Surfacefunctionalization and Dispersion of nanomaterials; Nanotoxicity,Characterization techniques i.e. XRD, AFM, SEM/TEM, DLS etc.;Nanomaterial applications in textiles and polymers; Nanocomposites:definition types, synthesis routes; nanocomposite fibres and coatingse.g. gas barrier, antimicrobial, conducting etc.; Nanofibres: preparation,properties and applications i.e. filtration, tissue engineering etc.;Nanofinishing: self-cleaning, antimicrobial, UV protective etc.;Nanocoating on textile substrates: Plasma Polymerisation, Layer-bylayer Self Assembly, Sol-Gel coating etc.tXL741 Env. Manag. in textile and Allied Industries3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL212/TXL241/TXL242 and EC 75Importance of ecological balance and environmental protection.Definition of waste and pollutant. Pollutant Categories and types.International and Indian legislation and enforcing agencies in pollutioncontrol. Waste management approaches; Environmental ManagementSystems’ ISO 14000. Environmental impact along the textile chainfrom fibre production to disposal. Toxicity of intermediates, dyes andother auxiliaries etc. Pollution load from different wet processingoperations. Textile effluents and their characterization. Technologyand principles of effluent treatment. Advanced colour removaltechnologies, Recovery and reuse of water and chemicals. Air andnoise pollution and its control. Eco labeling schemes. Industrialhygiene and safe working practices. Analytical testing of eco andenvironmental parameters. Eco friendly textile processing: wasteminimization. Standardization and optimization, process modification.Safe & ecofriendly dyes and auxiliaries. Organic cotton, natural dyes,naturally coloured cotton, Solid (fibre & polymer waste) recyclingrecovery of monomers, energy recovery and chemical modificationof fibre waste.tXL742 theory and Practice of textile Finishing3 credits (2-0-2)Classification of finishes- mechanical / chemical / functional /aesthetic. Developments in mechanical finishes - calendering,raising, emerising. Low wet pick up technologies. Principles andchemistry of chemical finishes- easy care, antimicrobial, anti UV,antistat, softening, Flame retardant, water repellent. Specialisedfinishes for aroma, wellness, freshness and insect repellence. Newtechnologies for finishing - microencapsulation, plasma, inkjetprinting, ultrasonic spray. Nanotechnology for special finishingeffects. Finishing of technical textiles. Membranes and laminatesfor multipurpose performance.tXL743 Principles of colour Measurement andcommunication3 credits (2-0-2)Light and light interactions. Physical, physiological and psychophysicalaspects of colour, colour perception, colour specification, colourmeasurement. Basis of modern techniques for colour specification,measurement and communication, Applications of colour science totextiles, colour reproduction, computer-based imaging and displaysystems, Basic concepts of computer colour graphics.tXL744 coloration of textiles3 credits (3-0-0)Developments in dyes and dyeing processes for the dyeing ofvarious textile substrates with various dye classes; Dyeing ofblends; Mass coloration of man-made fibres; Advances in dyeingmachinery, Development in printing methods and machines; Direct,resist and discharge styles of printing; Printing of blends; Transferprinting; Physicochemical theories of the application of dyestuffsto textile and related materials, including the thermodynamics andkinetic principles involved; Dye-polymer interactions; Role of fibrestructure in dyeing.TXL745 Green Processing Techniques and Certification3 credits (2-1-0)The course would highlight the processing technologies for organicfibers and eco-friendly lignocellulosic natural fibers. The further focuswould be on new dyeing and finishing technologies which require fewerchemicals and consume less energy and water while also releasingcleaner effluent. Process technologies highlighted would include newenzymes and ozone technologies that replace harsh chemicals infabric finishing, very low-moisture foam dyeing technologies, wasteand solvent-eliminating digital printing technologies, low-salt reactivedyes, bleaching processes that reduce water and energy use, andtechnologies that combine dyeing and finishing in one step, amongother technologies. Cleaner Effluent technologies would be discussed.Biocomposites and their manufacturing techniques would be detailedout. Effective recycling techniques would be discussed at length andthe laws related to environmental protection would be explainedspecially with reference to textile industry.tXL746 Bio-processing of textiles3 credits (3-0-0)Basics of Biotechnology. Bio-modified Plant Fibres and Fibresfrom Biopolymers. Bio dyes. Bio surfactants. Enzymes in ChemicalProcessing – cotton, wool, silk, jute and other bast fibres, polyester.Bio effluent treatment. Enzyme based detergents. Bio-tagging.tXL750 Science of clothing comfort3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC75Clothing Comfort: Brief introduction to the various processes relatedto comfort, Application of science of clothing comfort. Psychology andcomfort: basic concepts, Psychological research techniques, Generalaspects and measurement of aesthetic properties, changes in aestheticbehaviour. Neurophysiological Processes of Comfort: Neurophysiologicbasis of sensory perceptions, Perceptions of sensations related tomechanical, thermal and moisture stimuli. Thermal transmission:Thermoregulatory mechanisms of human body, heat transfer theories,thermal conductivity of fibrous materials, steady state measurementtechniques for heat transfer, transient heat transfer mechanism:warm-cool feeling. Moisture Transmission: transfer of liquid moistureand vapour transfer through fibrous materials. Dynamic Transmissionof heat and moisture: Relationship of moisture and heat, multiphaseflow through porous media, moisture exchange between fibre andair, temperature and moisture sensations: theories and objectivemeasurement techniques, impact of microclimate. Tactile Aspects ofComfort: Fabric mechanical properties and tactile- pressure sensationslike fabric prickliness, itchiness, stiffness, softness, smoothness,roughness and scratchiness, fabric hand value, clothing comfortaspects in relations with garment size and fit.Textile289tXL751 Apparel Engineering and Quality control3 credits (2-0-2)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC75Introduction to clothing manufacture, Apparel EngineeringConcept in Garment Industry, Need of Apparel engineering, Roleand Methodology of Apparel Engineering, Industrial engineeringconcept in apparel engineering, Standardization and Productionscheduling, Sewing Dynamics, Mechanics of sewing operation,Measurement and controls in sewing operation, Automation insewing process, Modeling of sewing machine and operation, Fabricquality assessment for clothing industry, Evaluation and Applicationof low stress mechanical properties for making up process, Fabricmechanical properties and sewing operation interaction, Conceptof Tailorability, Formability and Lindberg theory, Quality control inapparel manufacturing, Determination of sewability, Effect of sewingon fabric mechanical and aesthetic properties, Fabric defects andtheir impact on garment quality, Quality inspection and defectsin apparels, Evaluation of sewing threads, Evaluation of clothingaccessories, Material Functionality in clothing, Engineering offunctional clothing.tXL752 design of Functional clothing3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC75Functional clothing - definition and classification. Techniques indesign of functional clothing - 3D body scanning, human motionanalysis, 2D/3D CAD and 3D modelling. Design of patterns,garment assembling methods. Ergonomics in design of functionalclothing. Principles and practice of Anthropometrics. Biomechanicalconsiderations in design of clothing. Performance evaluation ofperformance clothing - subjective and objective methods, modelingand simulation. Human mechanics and operational performance.Modelling, optimization and decision making techniques indesign of functional clothing. Certification and standardization.Case studies - swimwear, sportswear, pressure garments, spacesuit, military clothing with a view to study specific design andmanufacturing considerations.tXP761 Evaluation of textile Materials2 credits (0-0-4)Evaluation of clothing comfort, flammability, bursting strength,bandage pressure, UPF, impact resistance, pore size andfiltration efficiency.tXL766 design and Manufacturing of textile Structuralcomposites3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC75Definition of composites, textile composites and textile structuralcomposites, Textile materials for composites, Matrix andReinforcements, Classification of Textile Reinforced Structures basedon axis and dimension; non-axial, mono-axial, biaxial, triaxial andmultiaxial structures, UD, 2D,3D structures, Structural anisotropy,parallel arrangement and series arrangement of components,Chopped strand and Milled fibres, Hybrid fabrics, Non-crimp fabrics,Laminates, Stitched structure, Embroidery structures, CompositeRope, Design, manufacture and applications of reinforcements,Manufacture and characterization of extra-light 3D hollow textilestructures for composites, Methods of composite processing,Manufacturing techniques of complex structural Composites,Characterization of structural Composites, Theory of composites,Composite concepts and theory, Rule of mixture, the synergy effect,Logarthmic mixing rule, Geometry of reinforcement, Particular,granular, fibrillar, lamellar, Properties of components, propertiesof interface, mechanism of adhesion, Mechanics of composite,Failure theory, Damage analysis, Modeling and simulation of variousreinforcement structures and their composites, Applications of Textilestructural composites, Textile Reinforced Concretes, Fibre concretebonding, textile structure reinforcement concrete architecture,Characterization and applications of reinforced concretes.tXL771 Electronics and controls for textile Industry4 credits (3-0-2)Overview of electronics and controls in modern textiles equipmentsand machines. Overview of basic analog electronics: Elements (R, L, C,V, I), circuit laws and theorems. Overview of basic digital electronics:Gates and ICs. Sensors and transducers (displacement, position,force, temperature, pressure, flow). Control elements, systems andexamples. Data acquisition, analysis, control and automation bymicroprocessors and micro controllers. Motor and power drives. Powercontrol devices. Some applications of data acquisitions and controlsystems in textiles and case studies.tXL772 computational Methods for textiles3 credits (2-0-2)Numerical analysis, First-degree approximation methods, Linearalgebraic equations, ordinary differential equations, interpolation,Fundamentals of Computer Programming, ProgrammingMethodology: Structured Programming and concepts of ObjectOriented Programming. Programming in C++ - Statementsand Expressions, Control statements. Structure, Functions:Function Overloading etc. C++ as Object-Oriented ProgrammingLanguage- Classes and Objects, Data Abstraction, Inheritance -Multilevel and Multiple inheritance etc., Polymorphism - operatoroverloading and virtual functions, file handling. Applicationdevelopment using C++.tXL773 Medical textiles3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC75Natural and synthetic polymers and Textile-based techniques usedfor medical application, Fibrous extracellular matrix of humanbody and their characteristic features, Cell-Polymer interaction,Non-implantable materials (Wound-dressing, related hydrogel andcomposite products, Bandages, Gauges), Implantable biomedicaldevices (Vascular grafts, Sutures, Heart valves), Extra-corporealmaterials (Scaffolds for Tissue engineering, Rapid prototyping,Cartilage, Liver, Blood Vessel, Kidney, Urinary bladder, Tendons,Ligaments, Cornea), Healthcare and hygiene products (SurgicalGowns, masks, wipes, Antibacterial Textiles, Super absorbentpolymers, Dialysis, Soluble factor release), Safety, Legal and ethicalissues involved in the medical textile materials.tXL774 Process control in Yarn & Fabric Manufacturing3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC75Basics of automatic control, Statistical considerations in processcontrol. Online and offline control measures in spinning. Control ofyarn quality attributes. Spinning process performance. Post spinningproblems. Control of winding, warping, sizing, weaving and knittingprocesses. Control of fabric defects and value loss. Yarn qualityrequirement and assessment for weaving.tXL775 technical textiles3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC75Definition, classification, products, market overview and growthprojections of technical textiles. Fibres, yarns and fabric structuresin technical textiles and their relevant properties. Type and importantcharacteristics of sewing threads. cords, ropes, braids and narrowfabrics. Textile and other filter media for dry and wet filtration.Textile290Fibre and fabric selection for filtration. Types and application ofgeosynthetics. Fibres and fabric selection criteria for geotextileapplications. Application of textiles in automobiles. Requirement anddesign for pneumatic tyres, airbags and belts. Clothing requirementsfor thermal protection, ballistic protection. Materials used in bulletproof and cut resistant clothing. Material, method of production andareas of application of agrotextiles. Different types of fabrics usedfor packaging. Methods of production and properties of textilesused in these applications.tXL777 Product design and development3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC75Introduction to product development, distinguishing features oftextile products, and its classification. Generic product developmentprocess, identifying customer need and its analysis, developmentof specification, need to metric conversion. Concept generationmethodology, concept selection. Material selection, performancecharacteristics of apparel, home textile and technical products,criterion for material selection. Role of fibre, yarn and fabric andfinishing process on product performance. Industrial design,ergonomics and aesthetics, Product architecture, Anthropometricprinciples, fit. Principles of prototyping, 3 D computer modeling,free-form fabrication. Design options for improving properties andfunctional attributes of different products. Design logic for developingselected products, Analysis of products; Calculation of designparameters for a given end use, developing detail specification foreach structural element.tXL781 Project Appraisal and Finance3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL/TXL231/TXL232 and EC75Introduction to Project Finance - Description of Project FinanceTransaction, difference between corporate finance and projectfinance, Indian Financial system, Structuring the Project, LimitedResource Structures, Capital Investments : Importance & Difficulties,CPV analysis, Financial statements, Financial statement analysis,Working capital management, Inventory management, Projectcycle, Project Formulation, Project Appraisal, Financial appraisal,Economic Appraisal, Social Cost Benefit Analysis- Shadow Pricesand Economic rate of return, Financing Projects, Sources of funding,Valuing Projects, NPV, IRR, MIRR, Real Options, Decision Trees andMonte Carlo Simulations, Financial Estimates & projections, TechnicalAnalysis, Market & Demand Analysis, Investment Criteria, Cost ofcapital, Project Risk analysis, Sensitivity Analysis, Leverage analysis,Environment Appraisal of the project and Detailed Project Report,Case studies on Textile projects.tXL782 Prod. & operations Management in textileIndustry3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC75Indian textile industry scenario. Textile Policy. Productionandoperations management function. Operation strategy. Facilitylocation and capacity planning. Production planning and control,aggregate planning, scheduling, PERT and CPM, product mix linearprogramming concepts. Inventory models, optimal order quantity,economic manufacturing batch size, classification of materials,materials requirement planning, Just in time concept. Supply chainManagement. Maintenance management. Plant modernisation. Motionand time study. Job evaluation and incentive scheme. Productivity,partial and total productivity, machine, labour and energy productivity,efficiency and effectiveness, benchmarking, measure to increaseproductivity. Forecasting, methods of forecasting. Total qualitymanagement and Six Sigma. Product pricing. Financial and profitanalysis, investment decisions. Management information system.tXL783design of Experiments and Statisticaltechniques3 credits (3-0-0)Pre-requisites: TXL211/TXL221/TXL222/TXL231/TXL232 andEC75Objectives, principles, terminologies, guidelines, and applications ofdesign of experiments. Completely randomized design. Randomizedblock design. Latin square design. Two level and three level fullfactorial designs. Fractional factorial designs. Robust design. Mixtureexperiments. Central composite and Box-Behnken designs. Responsesurface methodology. Multi-response optimization. Analysis ofvariance. Statistical test of hypothesis. Analysis of multiple linearregression. Use of statistical software packages.tXL784 Supply chain Management in textile Industry3 credits (3-0-0)Definition, objectives, stages and metrics of textile supply chain;Life cycle of textile products, demand and fashion forecasting,forecasting techniques, bull-whip effect, aggregate forecasting inapparel industry; Designing of textile supply chain network, make vsbuy and location decisions of textile SCM, reverse logistics in textileSCM; Risk mitigation in global textile supply chain, coordination amongfabric, apparel and accessories manufacturers, role of dominantpower; Transportation and distribution strategies; Supplier selectionin textile SCM, quantitative models; Lean, agile and leagile textilesupply chains and their enablers, designing resilient textile supplychain; Push-pull supply chain, decoupling point in textile SCM; Greenand low carbon textile supply chain; Case studies related to textileand apparel supply chains.tXd801 Major Project Part-I (tXE)6 credits (0-0-12)To learn about preparation of research plan and systematically carryout research project.tXd802 Major Project Part-I (tXF)6 credits (0-0-12)To learn about preparation of research plan and systematically carryout research project.tXd803 Major Project Part-II (tXE)12 credits (0-0-24)To learn about preparation of research plan and systematically carryout research project.tXd804 Major Project Part-II (tXF)12 credits (0-0-24)To learn about preparation of research plan and systematically carryout research project.tXS805 Independent Study (textile Engineering)3 credits (0-3-0)Student should undertake a research oriented activity includingsoftware development, machine design & development, product &process development, instrumentation and in-depth study of a subjectwhich is outside the regular courses offered in the program. This studyshould be carried out under the guidance of a faculty member. Thesubject area chosen by the student should be sufficiently differentfrom the area of major project being pursued by the student.The student should submit a detailed plan of work to the programcoordinator before approval of registration for the course. The studentregistered for this course should give one mid-term presentationfollowed by a final presentation before a committee constituted bythe program coordinator.tXS806 Independent Study (ttF)3 credits (0-3-0)Student should undertake a research oriented activity including291software development, machine design and development, product &process development, instrumentation and in-depth study of a subjectwhich is outside the regular courses offered in the program. This studyshould be carried out under the guidance of a faculty member. Thesubject area chosen by the student should be sufficiently differentfrom the area of major project being pursued by the student.The student should submit a detailed plan of work to the programcoordinator before approval of registration for the course. The studentregistered for this course should give one mid-term presentationfollowed by a final presentation before a committee constituted bythe program coordinator.tXL807 Seminar (textile Engineering)2 credits (0-2-0)A comprehensive literature review on a research topic of currentinterest or futuristic, pertaining to a textile process or product ortechnology. Student should perform a comprehensive literature reviewon a research topic of current interest or futuristic, pertaining to atextile process or product or technology. The student should give anoutline of the review and get approval from the program coordinatorfor registration of this course. The student registered for this courseshould give one mid-term presentation followed by a final presentationbefore a committee constituted by the program coordinator.tXd809 Mini Project (textile Engineering)4 credits (0-0-8)This is an open ended course where the students are expected todesign and develop a product or equipment or instrument relevantto the field of textile technology. In this process, the students areexpected to demonstrate their ability to think on their own in designand development of hardware item. They are also expected to putdown their thinking process in a report form with relevant literaturebackground, methodology of design and development processand should have conducted some experiments with the developedhardware system. Finally, they need to present their work for theaward of grade.